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D5 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure 1 4000126063/18/NL/MP NAVISP-EL3-001 D5 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure 28th February 2020 MarRINav – 4000126063/18/NL/MP – 2020-02-28 2 D5 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure v2.0 MarRINav is a project delivered on behalf of the European Space Agency MarRINav – 4000126063/18/NL/MP – 2020-02-28 3 D5 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure v2.0 MarRINav – Maritime Resilience and Integrity in Navigation Work Package 4 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure Version Date Author Reason for change 1.0 12.12.2019 P Williams Initial Submission 2.0 28.02.2020 P Williams Update re RIDS © NLA International Limited 2020 The copyright in this document is vested in NLA International Limited. This document may only be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, either with the prior permission of NLA International Limited or in accordance with the terms of ESA Contract No. 4000126063/18/NL/MP. MarRINav – 4000126063/18/NL/MP – 2020-02-28 4 D5 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure v2.0 Document Information Client ESA MarRINav – Maritime Resilience and Integrity in Navigation Project Title 4000126063/18/NL/MP NAVISP-EL3-001 Deliverable Number D5 Report Title WP4 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure Report Version V2.0 Report Version Date 28th February 2020 Name: Paul Williams Lead Author(s) Organisation: General Lighthouse Authorities of UK and Ireland (GLA) Chris Hargreaves (GLA) Mike Fairbanks (Taylor Airey) Contributing Author (s) George Shaw (GLA) Alan Grant (GLA) Paul Wright Richard Greaves Project Manager [email protected] NLA International Ltd 1. Client Circulation 2. Project Files File Name 20 02 28 D5 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure v2.0.docx File Location Googledrive/Dropbox MarRINav – 4000126063/18/NL/MP – 2020-02-28 5 D5 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure v2.0 Executive Summary This report is Deliverable D5 of the MarRINav Stage 1 project, describing the conceptual architecture of a system-of-systems to provide resilient high-integrity Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) as part of UK maritime Critical National Infrastructure (CNI). The concept aims to provide suitable navigation capability during long periods of GNSS degradation or loss, for all types of commercial vessels and leisure craft, throughout the waters of the 200NM Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of the UK and Ireland, as well as in ports (including land-side operations in ports). The report describes the principles of a unified shore-based conceptual architecture, which combine PNT and communications technologies to underpin future aids- to-navigation and e-Navigation services within the timeframe to 2030. The conceptual solution considers principally UK sovereign solutions that complement GNSS (specifically GPS, Galileo and EGNOS). Terrestrial components of the architecture are geographically limited to being sited within the UK, insofar as a UK-only solution is feasible, whilst conforming to international standards and fully supporting international shipping operations within the EEZ. The architecture extends to operations in ports, with the aim of ensuring the resilience and integrity of PNT across the land/sea interface in the logistics chain. A further objective is that the conceptual solution should also have the potential to contribute to robust PNT capability for land transport and many other applications in the diverse UK sectors impacted by GNSS vulnerabilities. The solution is described in the report as a conceptual geographic (physical) architecture of a system-of-systems and as a conceptual operational architecture. It considers a combination of terrestrial radio navigation systems that are independent of GNSS, dissimilar and complementary. These systems are primarily the relatively mature technologies of eLoran and LOCATA, the less mature Ranging Mode (R-Mode) of the VHF Data Exchange System (VDES) and the emerging capability of ships’ radars to derive absolute positioning from imaging of the coastline. Just as GPS performance varies fundamentally with physical factors (e.g. number of satellites, geometry of the user’s sightlines to satellites, signals’ propagation delays through the earth’s atmosphere and radio noise environment at the receiver), terrestrial radio navigation depends similarly on the number of transmitters, their locations, transmission paths and reception of their signals. The siting of shore-based transmitters is crucial to the resulting reach and area coverage of the resilient PNT service that can be achieved by the maritime CNI. Hence the geographic architecture of transmitters is crucial in providing the user with appropriate signals to establish sufficient positioning accuracy and integrity over as wide a coverage area as possible. This applies to all radionavigation systems that use the signal’s time of arrival to determine position, to wide area systems such as eLoran, regional area systems such as VDES R-Mode and local area systems such as LOCATA. Within the present MarRINav analysis, siting of eLoran transmitters has been determined judiciously to maximise both PNT service coverage and cost-effectiveness. This is achieved MarRINav – 4000126063/18/NL/MP – 2020-02-28 6 D5 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure v2.0 through the use of locations with existing TV mast infrastructure in the UK, capable of accommodating current operations simultaneously with relatively low power LF transmissions, and by maintaining the existing high-power installation at Anthorn. In the case of VDES R-Mode, sites have been selected predominantly at a subset of existing AIS station locations that would be expected to be upgraded to VDES in due course. A few additional VDES R-Mode stations have been considered where the degree of navigational risk indicates a need for extension of the service coverage area. The hybrid system-of-systems PNT solution also follows the principle of primarily using the wide area eLoran system for maximum overall geographic coverage, then supplementing with regional VDES R-Mode and/or radar absolute positioning to fill capability gaps in the wide area coverage. This approach generally results in PNT capability being delivered chiefly by each system standalone within the limits of its specific coverage area. Where more than one separate PNT solution is available, they can then be combined in the ship’s Multi System Receiver (MSR) as a loosely-coupled (or tightly-coupled for wider coverage) integrated navigation solution. This combination of the systems provides the user with the overall best estimate of the vessel’s position, with a level of integrity, availability and continuity that is better than each individual system. In total, six eLoran transmitters are proposed to comprise a UK-only baseline eLoran system. The five lower power locations are distributed widely towards the extremities of the UK land mass at existing TV masts, with an innovative method of using integral parts of the mast’s supporting infrastructure as the antenna. One lower-power eLoran transmitter site is considered in each of Shetland, Northern Ireland and Scotland, with a further two located at the east and west extremities of southern England. The resulting UK baseline eLoran provides extensive coverage of maritime positioning capability with integrity and availability at 10 metres (95%) accuracy for 9 out of the 10 UK most major ports (considered by economic value of goods in transit) and their maritime approaches and beyond this delivers 20 metres (95%) accuracy for extensive regions of the UK EEZ. This baseline also covers many of the areas of highest navigational risks of collision or grounding, such as around the Solent and the Humber. With international cooperation, the UK baseline eLoran system’s coverage could be extended significantly with the use of a single additional transmitter in mainland Europe. In particular, analysis has shown that re-establishing (and possibly upgrading) the transmitter at Sylt in Germany would greatly extend the coverage to the east across the UK EEZ. This would fill a notable gap in UK-only eLoran coverage, at the Port of Dover, the Dover Straits and an area of higher risk associated with approaches to the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) to the north east of Dover. The infrastructure at Sylt, although mothballed and not currently transmitting, remains in place and renewed eLoran transmissions are feasible. The strategic and policy implications of a European eLoran transmitter would need to be considered further. Additionally, the study has found that the hybrid solution of UK-only eLoran augmented by UK-only VDES R-Mode would fill the capability gap in the environmentally sensitive area in the vicinity of the Pentland Firth and Orkney Islands. However, this solution would only MarRINav – 4000126063/18/NL/MP – 2020-02-28 7 D5 Conceptual PNT Infrastructure v2.0 partially fill gaps in capability at the Port of Dover and two key areas of higher navigational risk: the Dover Straits and the TSS to the north east. Total coverage of these gaps around Dover require cooperation with France on VDES R-Mode, involving just three French VDES stations to be established as upgrades to existing AIS stations at Calais and its surroundings, thereby serving the entire high risk area of the Channel on both the UK and French sides. France would be expected to have the obligation to fulfil the requirements on its half of La Manche and would benefit equally. The strategic and policy implications of such cooperation have not been considered at this stage of the project, although it is noted that R-Mode currently appears as a prime candidate for maritime PNT backup technology within the EC’s draft Implementation Plan to progress the resilient PNT solutions of the European Radio Navigation Plan (ERNP). Even so the requirement for French cooperation has not been considered in the roadmap, nor has it been confirmed that VDES R-Mode is planned to be implemented by France at this stage. This consideration of international political is deemed to be outside the scope of work of MarRINav Stage 1, which is concerned only with infrastructure requirements from a UK perspective.
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