DOCSLIB.ORG

Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health Trace elements in human nutrition and health World Health Organization Geneva 1996 WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Trace elements in human nutrition and health. 1.Trace elements - metabolism 2.Trace elements - standards 3.Nutrition 4.Nutritional requirements ISBN 92 4 156173 4 (NLM Classification: QU 130) The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or ~nfull. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. @ World Health Organization 1996 Publications of the World Health Organlzatlon enjoy copyright protection In accordance wlth the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention All rlghts reserved The designations employed and the presentation of the materlal ~nthls publlcatlon do not imply the expression of any oplnlon whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organlzatlon concernlng the legal status of any country territory, clty or area or of its authorities, or concernlng the delim~tatlonof ~tsfrontiers or boundaries The mention of speclflc companies or of certaln manufacturers' products does not Imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organlzatlon In preference to others of a s~mllarnature that are not ment~onedErrors and omlsslons excepted the names of proprietary products are dist~ngulshedby lnltlal capltal letters The contributors alone are responsible for the views expressed in th~spublication TYPESET IN INDIA PRINTED IN BELGIUM Contents Preface xv Abbreviations used in the text xvii Technical note xviii 1. Introduction 1 1 .l Background 1.2 Structure and content of the report References 5 2. Trace-element requirements and safe ranges of population mean intakes 2.1 Definitions 7 2.1 .l Definitions relating to the needs of individuals 8 2.1.2 Definitions relating to population group mean intakes I0 2.2 Derivation of estimates 12 2.3 Application and interpretation of requirement estimates 15 2.3.1 Prescriptive application-food and nutrition planning 15 2.3.2 Diagnostic application-assessment of observed intakes 17 References 2 0 3. Trace-element bioavailability and interactions 2 2 3.1 Physiological variables influencing trace-element utilization 2 3 3.1 .l Age-related changes 2 3 3.1.2 Influence of trace-element intake and status 2 5 TRACE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN NUTRITION AND HEALTH 3.2 Metabolic and functional aspects of bioavailability 3.2.1 Multielement interactions ~nvolvingiron 3.2.2 Tissue anabolism/catabolism and utilization of tissue zlnc 3.2.3 Selenium status and iodine utilization 3.2.4 Other functional interactions 3 3 lnteractions limiting element mobility 3.3.1 Interactions involving dietary phvtate and other inositol phosphates 3.3.2 Influence of phytate/protein interactions on zinc availability 3.3.3 lnteractions of phytate with other metals 3.3.4 Iron-related antagonistic interactions 3.3.5 Other factors influencing element mobility and utilization 3.3.6 Other extrinsic variables influencing bioavailabil~ty 3.4 Conclusions and nutritional implications 3.4.1 Copper 3.4.2 lodine 3.4.3 Lead and cadmium 3.4.4 Selenium 3.4.5 Zinc References A. Essential trace elements 47 4. iodine 4 1 Introduction 4.2 Iodine-deficiency disorders 4.2.1 Goitre 4.2.2 Fetal iodine deficiency 4.2.3 Neonatal iodine deficiency 4.2.4 lodine deficiency in children 4.2.5 lodine deficiency in adults 4.2.6 lodine deficiency in animals 4 3 Epidemiology and control of iodine-deficiency disorders 4.4 Assessment of status CONTENTS 4.5 Intake, absorption and bioavailability 4 6 Requirements 4.7 Correction of Iodine deficiency 4.7.1 Iodized salt 4.7.2 lod~nesupplements for animals 4.7.3 lodized oil by injection 4.7.4 Iodized oil by mouth 4.7.5 Indications for different methods of iodine supplementation 4.8 Toxicity and hyperthyroidism 4.8.1 Toxicity 4.8.2 Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism 4.8.3 Safe upper limits of intake 4 9 Recommendations for future research and other activities 67 References 68 5. Zinc 5.1 Biochemical function 5.2 Deficiency and toxicity 5.2 7 Deficiency 5.2.2 Toxicity Epidemiology of deficiency Assessment of status Metabolism Absorption and bioavailability Dietary sources and intake Physiological requirements 5.8.1 Adults 5.8.2 Infants, children and adolescents 5.8.3 Tissue growth 5.8.4 Pregnancy 5.8.5 Lactation Dietary requirements 5.9.1 Bioavailability of dietary zinc 5.9.2 Infants consuming maternal milk or formula feeds 5.9.3 Estimation of individual requirements 5.9.4 Estimation of population requirements TRACE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN NUTRITION AND HEALTH 5.9.5 Implications and limitations of requirement estimates 94 5.10 Upper limits of intakes 5.1 1 Recommendations for future studies References 101 6. Selenium 105 6.1 Biochemical function 6.2 Deficiency and toxicity 6.2.1 Deficiency 6.2.2 Toxicity 6.3 Epidemiology of deficiency and toxicity 108 6.4 Assessment of status 109 6.5 Absorption and bioavailability 109 6.6 Dietary intake 110 6 7 Requirements and safe range of population mean intakes 112 6.7.1 Requirements of adults, adolescents and infants 112 6.7.2 Pregnancy and lactation 114 6.8 Tolerance of high dietary intakes 6.9 Recommendations for future studies References 120 7. Copper 123 7.1 Tissue distribution 7.2 Biochemical function 7.3 Symptoms of deficiency and toxicity 7.3.1 Deficiency 7.3.2 Toxicity 7.4 Epidemiology of deficiency 127 7.5 Dietary intake and bioavailability 127 7.6 Requirements and safe ranges of population mean intakes 130 7.6.1 Adult basal requirement 1 30 7.6.2 Adult normative requirement 132 7.6.3 Minimum population mean intakes 133 7.6.4 Requirements of infants 133 CONTENTS 7.6.5 Basal and normative requirements of children and adolescents 7.6.6 Requirements for pregnancy and lactation 7.6.7 Safe upper limits of population mean intakes 7.6.8 Comparison of reference values with dietary intakes 7.7 Recommendations for future studies References 8. Molybdenum 8.1 Biochemical function 8.2 Deficiency and toxicity 8.2.1 Deficiency 8.2.2 Toxicity (molybdenosis) 8.3 Epidemiology of deficiency and toxicity 8.3.1 Cancer 8.3.2 Dental caries 8.3.3 Keshan disease 8.4 Absorption and bioavailability 8.5 Dietary intake 8.5.1 Infants and children 8.5.2 Adolescents and adults 8.5.3 Tissue status 8.6 Requirements 8.7 Safe population mean intake References 9. Chromium Biochemical function Deficiency and toxicity Epidemiology of deficiency and toxicity Assessment of status Absorption and bioavailability Dietary intake Safe range of population mean intakes Recommendations for future studies References TRACE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN NUTRITION AND HEALTH B. Trace elements that are probably essential 10. Manganese Biochemical function Deficiency and toxicity Epidemiology of deficiency and toxicity Assessment of status Absorption and bioavailability Dietary intake Requirement and tolerable intakes Recommendations for future studies References 11. Silicon References 12. Nickel 12.1 Biochemical functron 12.2 Deficiency and toxicity 12.3 Epidemiology of deficiency and toxiclty 12.4 Assessment of status 12.5 Absorption and bioavailability 12.6 Dietary intake 12.7 Requirement and tolerable intakes References 13. Boron Biochemical function Deficiency and toxicity Epidemiology of defrciency and toxicity Assessment of status Absorption and bioava~lability Dietary intake Safe range of population mean intakes Recommendations for future studies References CONTENTS 14. Vanadium 14.1 Biochemical function 14.2 Deficiency and toxic~ty 14.3 Epidemiology of deficiency and toxicity 14.4 Assessment of status 14.5 Absorption and bioavailability 14.6 Dietary intake 14.7 Requ~rementand tolerable intakes References C. Potentially toxic elements, some possibly with essential functions 15. Fluoride 15.1 Absorption 15.2 Biochemical function 15.3 Tissue fluoride 15.4 Balance studies 15.5 Toxicity 15.5.1 Interactions with calcium 15.6 Intake 15.6 1 Infants 15 6.2 Children and adults 15.7 Safe levels 15.8 Recommendations for future studies References 16. Lead, cadmium and mercury 16.1 Variables influencing tolerance 16.1.l Stage of physiological development 16.1.2 Nutrition 16.1.3 Liquid diets 16.1.4 Other variables 16.2 Entry into food chains TRACE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN NUTRITION AND HEALTH 16.3 Toxicity of lead 16.3.1 Neurological, neurobehavioural and developmental effects in children 16.3.2 Haematological effects 1 6.3.3 Renal effects 1 6.3.4 Effect on blood pressure 16.3.5 Other effects 16.3.6 Biochemical signs of intoxication 16.3.7 Maximum tolerable intakes 16.4- Toxicity of cadmium 16.4.1 Kidney damage 16.4.2 Skeletal damage 16.4.3 Pulmonary damage 16.4.4 Biochemical signs of intoxication 16.4.5 Maximum tolerable intakes 16.5 Toxicity of mercury 16.5.1 Signs of intoxication 16.5.2 Maximum tolerable intakes 16.6 Possible essentiality of lead and cadmium 16.6.1 Lead 16.6.2 Cadmium References 17. Arsenic References 18. Aluminium References 19. Lithium References 20. Tin 20.1 Biochemical function 20.2 Claimed deficiency and toxicity 20.3 Epidemiology of deficiency and toxicity 20.4 Assessment of status CONTENTS 20.5 Absorpt~onand bioavailability 20.6 Dietary intake 20.7 Requirement and tolerable intakes References D. Conduct and interpretation of trace-element investigations 21. Analytical methodology 21 .l Biomedical specimens 21 .l .l Sample quality 21 .l .2 Presampling factors
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 957 Geophagia, a Soil
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Adnan Menderes University International Meeting on Soil Fertility Land Management and Agroclimatology. Turkey, 2008. p: 957-967 Geophagia, a Soil - Environmental Related Disease Hadi Ghorbani Assistant Professor in Soil and Environmental Pollution Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran [email protected] ABSTRACT Geophagia or geophagy is a habit for an uncontrollable urge to eat earth that commonly is occur in poverty-stricken populations and particularly there are in children under three years of age and pregnant women. The custom of involuntary or deliberate eating of soil, especially clayey soil, has a long history and is amazingly widespread. Some researchers have described an anomalous clay layer at a prehistoric site at the Kalambo Falls in Zambia indicating that clay might have been eaten by hominids. Von Humboidt reported from his travels in South America in early 18th century that clay was eaten to some extent at all times by the tribe in Peru. In the mid 19 century it was customary for certain people in the north of Sweden to mix earth with flour in making bread whether the clay effected an improvement in taste. In Iran, geophagia has seen in some of children and pregnant which that is solved with eating starch daily. For example, some reports are shown that there has been geophagia disease in some parts of Fars province, around Shiraz city which have been made different health as well as environmental complications. Clay with a large cation exchange capacity that is also fairly well saturated can release and supplement some macronutrients and micronutrients such as Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn.
    [Show full text]
  • Cobalt Publications Rejected As Not Acceptable for Plants and Invertebrates
    Interim Final Eco-SSL Guidance: Cobalt Cobalt Publications Rejected as Not Acceptable for Plants and Invertebrates Published literature that reported soil toxicity to terrestrial invertebrates and plants was identified, retrieved and screened. Published literature was deemed Acceptable if it met all 11 study acceptance criteria (Fig. 3.3 in section 3 “DERIVATION OF PLANT AND SOIL INVERTEBRATE ECO-SSLs” and ATTACHMENT J in Standard Operating Procedure #1: Plant and Soil Invertebrate Literature Search and Acquisition ). Each study was further screened through nine specific study evaluation criteria (Table 3.2 Summary of Nine Study Evaluation Criteria for Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs, also in section 3 and ATTACHMENT A in Standard Operating Procedure #2: Plant and Soil Invertebrate Literature Evaluation and Data Extraction, Eco-SSL Derivation, Quality Assurance Review, and Technical Write-up.) Publications identified as Not Acceptable did not meet one or more of these criteria. All Not Acceptable publications have been assigned one or more keywords categorizing the reasons for rejection ( Table 1. Literature Rejection Categories in Standard Operating Procedure #4: Wildlife TRV Literature Review, Data Extraction and Coding). No Dose Abdel-Sabour, M. F., El Naggr, H. A., and Suliman, S. M. 1994. Use of Inorganic and Organic Compounds as Decontaminants for Cobalt T-60 and Cesium-134 by Clover Plant Grown on INSHAS Sandy Soil. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I) 15, 17 p. No Control Adams, S. N. and Honeysett, J. L. 1964. Some Effects of Soil Waterlogging on the Cobalt and Copper Status of Pasture Plants Grown in Pots. Aust.J.Agric.Res. 15, 357-367 OM, pH Adams, S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Deiodination of Thyroid Hormone in Rat Liver
    The deiodination of thyroid hormone in rat liver De dejodering van schildklierhormoon in de lever van de rat PROEFSCHRIFT T er verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de geneeskunde aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. M. W. van Hof en vo1gens bes1uit van het college van dekanen. De openbare verdediging zal p1aatsvinden op woensdag 12 juni 1985 te 15.45 uur door Jan Adrianus Mol geboren te Dordrecht BEGELEIDINGSCOMMISSIE PROMOTOR PROF. DR. G. HENNEMANN OVERIGE LEDEN PROF. DR. W.C. HuLSMANN PROF. DR. H.J. VANDER MOLEN PROF. DR. H.J. VAN EIJK The studies in this thesis were carried out under the direction of Dr. T.J. Visser in the laboratory of the Thyroid Hormone Research Unit (head Prof. Dr. G. Hennemann) at the Department of Internal Medicine III and Clinical ·Endocrinology (head Prof. Dr. J.c. Birkenhager), Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The investigations were supported by grant 13-34-108 from the Foundation for Medical Research FUNGO. Kennis, zij zal afgedaan hebben •... zo blijven dan: Geloof, hoop en liefde •.•. (I Korintiers 13) aan mijn Ouders aan Ellen, Gerben en Jurjan CONTENTS List of abbreviations. 7 Chapter I General introduction. 9 Chapter II The liver, a central organ for iodothyronine 17 metabolism? Chapter III Synthesis and some properties of sulfate 45 esters and sulfamates o_f iodothyronines. Chapter IV Rapid and selective inner ring deiodination 61 of T4 sulfate by rat liver deiodinase. Chapter V Modification of rat liver iodothyronine 75 5'-deiodinase activity with diethylpyrocarbo­ nate and Rose Bengal: evidence for an active site histidine residue.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Trace Minerals in Animal Production
    ROLE OF TRACE MINERALS IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION What Do I Need to Know About Trace Minerals for Beef and Dairy Cattle, Horses, Sheep and Goats? Connie K. Larson, Ph.D. Research Nutritionist, Zinpro Corporation Eden Praire, MN 55344 Presented at the 2005 Nutrition Conference sponsored by Department of Animal Science, UT Extension and University Professional and Personal Development The University of Tennessee. Introduction The role of trace minerals in animal production is an area of strong interest for producers, feed manufactures, veterinarians and scientists. Adequate trace mineral intake and absorption is required for a variety of metabolic functions including immune response to pathogenic challenge, reproduction and growth. Mineral supplementation strategies quickly become complex because differences in trace mineral status of all livestock and avian species is critical in order to obtain optimum production in modern animal production systems. Subclinical or marginal deficiencies may be a larger problem than acute mineral deficiency because specific clinical symptoms are not evident to allow the producer to recognize the deficiency; however, animals continue to grow and reproduce but at a reduced rate. As animal trace mineral status declines immunity and enzyme functions are compromised first, followed by a reduction in maximum growth and fertility, and finally normal growth and fertility decrease prior to evidence of clinical deficiency (Figure 1; Fraker, 1983; Wikse 1992). In order to maintain animals in adequate trace mineral status, balanced intake and absorption are necessary. Figure 1. Effect of declining trace mineral status on animal performance Mineral Status Immunity & Enzyme Function Adequate Maximum Growth/Fertility Normal Growth/Fertility Clinical Signs Subclinical Clinical Trace Mineral Function To better understand the role of trace minerals in animal production it is important to recognize that trace elements are functional components of numerous metabolic events.
    [Show full text]
  • Molybdenum Studies with Sheep
    MOLYBDENUM STUDIES WITH SHEEP By GIUMA M. SHERIH.A Bachelor of Science Cairo University Cairo, Egypt 1957 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma State Univ~rsity of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Kay, 1961 MOLYBDENUM STUDIES WITH SHEEP Thesis Approved: I Dean of the Graduate School ii OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY JAN 2 1962 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to express his deep appreciation to Dr. A. D. Tillman, Professor in the Department of Animal Husbandry, for his valu- able suggestions in planning and carrying out these studies and in writing this thesis. Grateful acknowledgement is also extended to Dr. R. J. Sirny, Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry for his invaluable assistance in determining the molybdenum content of the basal rations fed in these studies. 481211 iii- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION. • • • REVIEW OF LITERATURE • • • • • • • • • • 2 Molybdenum Toxicity in Ruminants. • • • • 2 Molybdenum, Copper, Sulfur, and Phosphorus Interactions. • 4 Molybdenum and Xanthine Oxidase • • • • 7 Molybdenum as a Dietary Essential for Growth. • • 13 EXPERD"iENT I • • • 1.5 Experimental Procedure. • • 15 Results and Discussion. • 1? Summary • 18 EXPERIMENT II • • • • 19 Experimental Procedure • 19 Results and Discussion. 21 Summary • • • 22 EXPER L'VIENT III • • 23 Experimental Procedure. • • • 2J Results and Discussion. • • • • • • • 24 Summary. • • 2.5 EXPERIMENT IV • • 26 Experimental Procedure. • • • • 26 Results and Discussion. • • • 0 26 Summary • • • • • 29 EXPERIMENT V. • 30 Experimental Procedure. • • • • JO Results and Discussion. • • • • J1 Summary 32 LITERATURE CITED. 33 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Perc.entage Composition of the Semi-Purified Ration •• • • • • 16 II.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Safety Risk Assessment Related to Methylmercury in Seafood August 4
    ※ This report is translated by Food Safety Commission Secretariat, The Cabinet Office, Japan. Food Safety Risk Assessment Related to Methylmercury in Seafood August ４，２００５ The Food Safety Commission, Japan The Contaminant Expert Committee Methylmercury in Seafood 1. Introduction To assure safety against methylmercury in seafood, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare collected opinions of Joint Sub-Committees on Animal Origin Foods and Toxicology under the Food Sanitation Committee (Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council(1))and published “Advice for Pregnant Women on Fish Consumption concerning Mercury Contamination” for pregnant and potentially pregnant women. Subsequently, after the application of the conventional assessment to a general population was reconfirmed, methylmercury was reassessed in the 61st Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in mid-June 2003 with a concern that fetuses and infants might have greater risks, based upon the results of epidemiological studies conducted in the Seychelles and Faroe Islands on effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury via seafood on child neurodevelopment(the 61st JECFA (2), WHO (3)). To reassess the above Advice, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare recently requested a food safety risk assessment of “methylmercury in seafood” to the Food Safety Committee in the document No. 07230001 from the Department of Food Safety, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare under the date of July 23, 2004, in accordance with Article 24, Paragraph 3, Food Safety Basic Law (Law No. 48 2003). The concrete contents of the document requested for not only setting a tolerable intake of methylmercury to reassess the Advice for pregnant women and others concerning intake of methylmercury in seafood, but also discussing a high-risk group that might be subject to the Advice, since the high-risk group is not necessarily the same as those in foreign countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Facette-2019.Pdf
    INTERNA TIONAL IS S U E N0 . 2 5 , FEBR U A R Y 2 019 TRACEABILITY & BLOCKCHAIN / MOZAMBIQUE RUBIES / COLOUR CHANGE DNA FINGERPRINTING / PARAIBA TOURMALINE / SSEF AT AUCTION SSEF COURSES / SSEF IN USA & ASIA 1 · FACETTE 2019 EDITORIAL Dear Reader It is my great pleasure to present you the 25th issue of the SSEF Facette, The traceability of gems and responsible sourcing is another important the annual magazine of the Swiss Gemmological Institute. Published now topic which has emerged in recent years in the trade and gained since a quarter of a century, it has definitively grown up to become an momentum. In the past few months, the SSEF has participated in important resource of information for both the gemmological community conferences and meetings to contribute to this important issue. We and the trade, and is often referenced in gemmological publications. also felt that it is necessary to clarify and explain the many terms often used as buzzwords in discussions to avoid any misconceptions. As in previous years, this issue will again summarise our current work As such, a summary of our publication in the Journal of Gemmology is and research, and I am proud to say that in the past few months we have our headline article in this issue of the SSEF Facette. As a consequence achieved important breakthroughs, which we will share with you in the of these discussions with stakeholders and the trade, I am also glad to following pages. announce that SSEF is offering a new tracking service starting from 2019, gemmologically documenting the journey a gem from rough to cut and These breakthroughs are only possible thanks to the work of motivated even when mounted in jewellery.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy
    foods Article Detection, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals/Metalloids, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Goat Carcasses Processed for Human Consumption in South-Eastern Nigeria Emmanuel O. Njoga 1,* , Ekene V. Ezenduka 1 , Chiazor G. Ogbodo 1, Chukwuka U. Ogbonna 2 , Ishmael F. Jaja 3 , Anthony C. Ofomatah 4 and Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala 5,* 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; [email protected] (E.V.E.); [email protected] (C.G.O.) 2 Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State 110124, Nigeria; [email protected] 3 Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; [email protected] 4 National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; [email protected] 5 Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland Citation: Njoga, E.O.; Ezenduka, * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.O.N.); [email protected] (C.O.R.O.) E.V.; Ogbodo, C.G.; Ogbonna, C.U.; Jaja, I.F.; Ofomatah, A.C.; Okpala, Abstract: Notwithstanding the increased toxic heavy metals/metalloids (THMs) accumulation in C.O.R. Detection, Distribution and (edible) organs owed to goat0s feeding habit and anthropogenic activities, the chevon remains Health Risk Assessment of Toxic increasingly relished as a special delicacy in Nigeria. Specific to the South-Eastern region, however, Heavy Metals/Metalloids, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Goat there is paucity of relevant data regarding the prevalence of THMs in goat carcasses processed for Carcasses Processed for Human human consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Undocumented Water Column Sink for Cadmium in Open Ocean Oxygen-Deficient Zones
    Undocumented water column sink for cadmium in open ocean oxygen-deficient zones David J. Janssena, Tim M. Conwayb, Seth G. Johnb, James R. Christianc, Dennis I. Kramera, Tom F. Pedersena, and Jay T. Cullena,1 aSchool of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2; bDepartment of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208; and cFisheries and Oceans Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3V6 Edited by Edward A. Boyle, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and approved April 4, 2014 (received for review February 6, 2014) 3− Cadmium (Cd) is a micronutrient and a tracer of biological this sink induces local changes in Cd:PO4 must be understood productivity and circulation in the ocean. The correlation between to correctly interpret paleoceanographic records. dissolved Cd and the major algal nutrients in seawater has led to the use of Cd preserved in microfossils to constrain past ocean nutrient Results and Discussion distributions. However, linking Cd to marine biological processes Cadmium and other trace metals such as copper (Cu) and zinc requires constraints on marine sources and sinks of Cd. Here, we (Zn) are known to form solid sulfide precipitates in the ocean show a decoupling between Cd and major nutrients within oxygen- under conditions of anoxia where sulfide is present. For example, deficient zones (ODZs) in both the Northeast Pacific and North precipitation of Cd sulfide (CdS) (13) leading to dissolved Cd Atlantic Oceans, which we attribute to Cd sulfide (CdS) precipitation depletion is observed at oxic–anoxic interfaces in stratified basins in euxinic microenvironments around sinking biological particles.
    [Show full text]
  • Master of Public Health/Master of Science in Nutrition Dual Degree Proposal (Plan B, Non-Thesis Requiring) Document of December
    Master of Public Health/Master of Science in Nutrition Dual Degree Proposal (Plan B, non-thesis requiring) Document of December 8, 2014; Revised February 2, 2015 This is a dual degree program that is offered jointly by the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Nutrition. The core Master Degree courses include a mixture of those from nutrition, biochemistry and public health. 1. Background and Justification The World Health Organization, (WHO), identifies diet and nutrition as a lifestyle factor critical for maintenance of health and well-being, as well as a factor influencing risk of chronic disease. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and obesity are examples of chronic diseases significantly related to diet and nutrition. Obesity is one of the most common conditions and is growing to epidemic proportions. The two most common associated co-morbidities of obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension, are highly prevalent health risks and are among the principal causes of death in the general population. Additionally, in third world countries, malnutrition is a very common cause of infection or death, especially in young children. Accordingly, knowledge of the basic elements of good nutrition and the biochemical pathways associated with the metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate offers important contributions to mitigate these health problems. The proposed dual degree program will provide the student with a core understanding of the mechanics of metabolism combined with advanced courses in public health and nutrition. This combined approach will yield a highly qualified and competitive public health practitioner trained to develop evidence based policy, programs, strategies and advocacy to address these health risks and problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Point Mutation Detection in the Cotton Rat. Christine H
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 Indices of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Bioindicator Species: Point Mutation Detection in the Cotton Rat. Christine H. Lemarchand-carpentier Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Lemarchand-carpentier, Christine H., "Indices of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Bioindicator Species: Point Mutation Detection in the Cotton Rat." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7277. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7277 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients
    GUIDELINES ON FOOD FORTIFICATION FORTIFICATION FOOD ON GUIDELINES Interest in micronutrient malnutrition has increased greatly over the last few MICRONUTRIENTS WITH years. One of the main reasons is the realization that micronutrient malnutrition contributes substantially to the global burden of disease. Furthermore, although micronutrient malnutrition is more frequent and severe in the developing world and among disadvantaged populations, it also represents a public health problem in some industrialized countries. Measures to correct micronutrient deficiencies aim at ensuring consumption of a balanced diet that is adequate in every nutrient. Unfortunately, this is far from being achieved everywhere since it requires universal access to adequate food and appropriate dietary habits. Food fortification has the dual advantage of being able to deliver nutrients to large segments of the population without requiring radical changes in food consumption patterns. Drawing on several recent high quality publications and programme experience on the subject, information on food fortification has been critically analysed and then translated into scientifically sound guidelines for application in the field. The main purpose of these guidelines is to assist countries in the design and implementation of appropriate food fortification programmes. They are intended to be a resource for governments and agencies that are currently implementing or considering food fortification, and a source of information for scientists, technologists and the food industry. The guidelines are written from a nutrition and public health perspective, to provide practical guidance on how food fortification should be implemented, monitored and evaluated. They are primarily intended for nutrition-related public health programme managers, but should also be useful to all those working to control micronutrient malnutrition, including the food industry.
    [Show full text]