FREUDIAN NARCISSISM in CROSS-MEDIA STORYTELLING: CROSS-MEDIA in NARCISSISM FREUDIAN © 2019 Објавио Часопис Политеиа (Politeia.Fpn.Unibl.Org)

25.11.2019. on: received Paper 10.5937/politeia0-24203 DOI: science Communication Field: [email protected] Correspondence: Portugal. Porto, of University (CITCEM) the of Memory’ and Space ‘Culture, Centre Transdisciplinary Research at Researcher Academic is Sousa Almeida Dr. Rodrigo Author: Refugiados. Migrantes; Idealización; Prejuicio; Agresividad; Posverdad; Refugees; Migrants; Idealisation; Prejudice; Aggressiveness; Post-truth; Keywords: 25.12.2019. on: publishing for accepted Paper Rodrigo Almeida Sousa Almeida Rodrigo FREUDIAN NARCISSISM IN CROSS-MEDIA STORYTELLING: CROSS-MEDIA IN NARCISSISM FREUDIAN © 2019 Објавио часопис Политеиа (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). Ово је чланак отвореног приступа и дистрибуира часопис© 2019Објавио Политеиа идистрибуира (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). приступа отвореног јечланак Ово се у складу са “Creative са ускладу се Commons” лиценцом (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs)

The Curious Case of Case NujeenThe Curious Mustafa. ‘storytelling’ de la posverdad: devaluación de los hechos, apel hechos, los de devaluación posverdad: la de ‘storytelling’ Abstract Basado en la teoría del narcisismo de Freud, nuestro artículo artículo nuestro Freud, de narcisismo del teoría la en Basado Only stories can provide us with a sense of identification and and of identification asense with us provide can stories Only En efecto, esto nos ayudará a comprender mejor la historia historia la mejor acomprender ayudará nos esto En efecto, de la refugiada Nujeen Mustafa, que parece ilustrar tan bien bien tan ilustrar parece que Mustafa, Nujeen refugiada la de einterdisciplinar objetivo modelo un propone investigación de proporcionarnos pueden historias las Solo identidad. de deseo ación a las emociones, parcialidad extrema y retórica agresiva. agresiva. yretórica extrema parcialidad emociones, alas ación we which can from model interdisciplinary and objective an post- what precisely is this and response; narcissistic and al Resumen recognise, depict and analyse narcissistic patterns intoday’s patterns narcissistic analyse and depict recognise, of self-love. of proposes article research our of narcissism, theory Freud’s on truth storytelling is all about: fact-devaluation, appeal to the tothe appeal fact-devaluation, about: all is storytelling truth cional y narcisista; y esto es precisamente lo que ocurre en el el en ocurre que lo precisamente es yesto ynarcisista; cional nuestro satisfacen no solos sí por hechos Los indiscutible. es better us to help will this In effect, storytelling. cross-media Based rhetoric. aggressive and partiality extreme emotions, nuestras dinámicas explícitas e implícitas de amor-propio. de e implícitas explícitas dinámicas nuestras y analizar reconocer, representar podemos cual del a partir io las embargo, Sin pertenencia. y identificación de sentido un which Mustafa, Nujeen refugee of the story the understand identity. for desire our satisfy not do alone Facts indisputable. seems to illustrate so well our explicit and implicit dynamics dynamics implicit and explicit our well so to illustrate seems padrones narcisistas en el ‘storytelling’ de los medios actuales. actuales. medios los de ‘storytelling’ el en narcisistas padrones historias también pueden exacerbar nuestra respuesta emo respuesta nuestra exacerbar pueden también historias belonging. However, stories can also exacerbate our emotion our exacerbate also can However,belonging. stories The importance of storytelling in the 21st Century’s media is is in the media 21stCentury’s storytelling of importance The La importancia del ‘storytelling’ en los medios del siglo XXI XXI siglo del medios los en ‘storytelling’ del importancia La 11 Original Scientific Paper Scientific Original - - - -

Almeida Sousa R., FREUDIAN NARCISSISM IN CROSS-MEDIA STORYTELLING: The Curious Case of Nujeen Mustafa. , pp 11-26 1. INTRODUCTION tic traits which are much harder to perceive. Furthermore, by reinterpreting a peculiar Human perceptions are grounded on Freudian insight, we will finally see that emotions and identification processes rath- not only can ‘minor differences’ exacerbate er than facts and figures. Those who work in objectification and aggressiveness, but so too the culture and entertainment industries and can ‘minor similarities’. media are well aware of this reality. Indeed, it is one of the main reasons why storytelling 2. METHODOLOGY ПОЛИТЕИА · 2019 · Год. 9 · Бр. 18 · 2019 Год. ПОЛИТЕИА has taken over the early 21st century, consequently reinforcing subjectivity and emotion In order to address these questions, we over objectivity and facts. But how far can have adopted combined qualitative methods, this go? Given the post-truth environment according to three specific objectives: that we are living in, can we still distinguish 1.1. Based on critical hermeneutics, we between simple, credible news stories and first contextualise the relationship between biased, deceitful and manipulative ones? In storytelling, emotionalism, subjectivism and other words: How can we tell the difference their potential exacerbation, which leads to between subjectivism and narcissism in con- our research problem: What interdiscipli- temporary media storytelling? nary criteria/model can we use to effectively We begin by contextualising this prob- recognise, describe and analyse narcissistic lem by taking as a reference the European traits in cross-media narratives? We then migrant crisis and the curious case of Nujeen suggest the Freudian concept of narcissism Mustafa – a teenage Syrian refugee who as a reasonable hypothetical model due to its arrived in Europe in September 2015 and coherence and comprehensive nature. soon became a viral phenomenon. Taking 1.2. Subsequently, we extend our herme- into account Freud’s influence in modern neutical analysis with a comparative analysis. culture and the interdisciplinary nature of In this way, we aim to examine different types his psychoanalytic approach, we then suggest of cross-media content and see how they fit the Freudian concept of narcissism as a hypo- Freud’s model of narcissism, on different thetical model through which we can recog- levels and according to different specificities. nise, depict and analyse narcissistic patterns 1.3. Furthermore, throughout our anal- and dynamics in cross-media narratives. ysis we continually refer back to the case of Bearing in mind the need to test our Nujeen Mustafa, as a representative illustra- hypothesis, we then proceed to examine how tion of points 2.1. and 2.2. certain types of cross-media contents (news stories; jokes; stock characters) fit into the By the end of this research article we aim Freudian model, on different levels and with to have demonstrated how the Freudian con- different specifications. Once more, through- cept of narcissism is still of major interdisci- out our analysis we will make constant ref- plinary relevance today, since it has proven erences to the case of Nujeen, for she can to be a highly adequate model for analysing easily recognise even the subtlest nuances this phenomenon in cross-media narratives. of explicit prejudice, based on her experience as a refugee. But of course, there are also other implicit, camouflaged narcissis- POLITEIA · 2019 · Vol 9 · No 18 9 · No · 2019 Vol POLITEIA 12 © 2019 Published by Politeia (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) 2. CONTEXTUALISATION OF THE integration has been a failure. According to PROBLEM the Eurostat (2019b), between 2015 (Q3) and 2017 (Q3), non-EU-citizens not only showed Before approaching our research problem, the lowest employment rates (53.7% to 54.6%) we must first consider three common insights but also the lowest growth (0.9%), when regarding contemporary society and its cor- compared to nationals (66% to 68.1%) and respondent narratives: mobile-EU-citizens (70.5% to 73%). Likewise, • Facts about people (e.g. biograph- non-EU-citizen unemployment rates reached ic events, ethnicity) stimulate our 19.5% in 2015 and 16% in 2017, still more than empathy towards them (identification) 8% above other groups. And as far as precari- because they provide them with a per- ous or less well-paid jobs are concerned (tem- sonal story (identity); porary, part-time), non-EU-citizens proved • We are living in the age of identi- once again to be the most vulnerable group ty, which is effectively portrayed by of all (ibid). storytelling; Notwithstanding, if we approach this • There is generally a narcissistic ele- matter with a view to the long term, other sta- ment in post-truth media reporting/ tistical facts emerge. For instance, the long- stories; term unemployment rate (as a percentage of total unemployment, ibid.), is actually lower These insights are not new to social scienc- for non-EU-citizens (44.2%) than for nation- es and humanities, of course. The following als (45.8%); and since 2015 it has decreased points (3.1 and 3.2) only substantiate what 4.5% among this first group, as compared to can be perceived by our ordinary experience a smaller decline (3.1%) among the second as citizens of the 21st Century, particularly in (ibid.). Also, non-EU-citizens are compar- the western world. However, they lead us to atively proactive entrepreneurs (Juchno & realise why it is so important these days to Agafitei 2017:24), as they share with nation- identify and analyse narcissistic patterns and als (28.8%) almost the same rate of self-em- dynamics in media storytelling. ployed employers (28.4%) – business owners with at least one employee – clearly above 2.1. Facts, Stats and Stories mobile-EU-citizens (23%). In light of this, based exclusively on On September 2, 2015 a group of Syr- numbers, we may find several reasons both ian refugees from Aleppo arrived in Les- against and in favour of Nujeen’s asylum bos. Among them was 16-year-old Nujeen approval. But of course, she is not a num- Mustafa. Based exclusively on statistical facts, ber (Young-Powell 2017), and this apparent nothing would distinguish her from any cliché is far more relevant than it seems, as other asylum applicant in the EU-28, among will become apparent from looking at facts

over 5 million who had arrived since 2008, of another kind. Not merely statistical facts, 11-26 , pp Mustafa. Case Nujeen of Curious The STORYTELLING: IN CROSS-MEDIA NARCISSISM Almeida Sousa R., FREUDIAN including approximately 1.5 million teenag- but facts about the people behind the stats ers (Eurostat 2019a). Did the EU make the and their fascinating lives (Mustafa & Lamb right decision by approving her application? 2017:17). Therefore, let us also add a few facts Short-term statistics are not very encour- of the latter kind about Nujeen herself: She aging; they might even suggest that migrant is the youngest of her nine siblings, and the

13 © 2019 Објавио часопис Политеиа (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). Ово је чланак отвореног приступа и дистрибуира се у складу са “Creative Commons” лиценцом (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) only one born with cerebral palsy. Back in ry, Socio-Constructivism, Feminist/Gender Aleppo, the building she lived in did not have Studies) as well as their academic antipodes an elevator. Since she was unable to use the (critiques of Post-Modernism/Neo-Marxism). stairs, she was confined to living indoors. Political movements from both sides have Instead of going to school she spent infinite explored this antagonism among interna- hours watching cable television, from Disney tional and intranational political tribes (Chua cartoons to science documentaries, comedy 2018), thus increasing social conflicts which shows such as Mr. Bean and soap operas, continue to hinder minority and migrant ПОЛИТЕИА · 2019 · Год. 9 · Бр. 18 · 2019 Год. ПОЛИТЕИА such as Days of Our Lives. This is how she integration. Interestingly though, these con- learned English, which she speaks far better flicts occurred at a time when a new trans- than all her family and friends (O’Connor cultural youth (Suárez-Orozco 2008:111-120) 2015; Gianatasio 2018). In other words, her fused peculiar trades of different global cul- unfortunate disability and peculiar social tures as means to create their own distinctive conditions led her to become fascinated by personal identities. our beloved pop culture. Much has changed in the media world, We are certainly less reluctant to welcome particularly in news reporting, analysis and Nujeen as a new EU citizen now, after reading opinion. Plain facts have lost their objec- these facts, and everybody knows why. We tive value as they have become increasing- just gave her a unique identity. She became ly dependent on the subjective narratives someone who we can empathise with, a pro- through which they are told. As preparation tagonist onto whom we can project our own for the coming decade, the United Nations emotions, fears, hopes and dreams. This is Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) exactly what happens when we tell a story, published a guide on how to make data mean- and is the reason why storytelling has spread ingful, “(…) a practical tool to help managers, across all media narratives today – for identi- statisticians and media relations officers use ty is the key-concept of the early 21st Century. text, tables, graphs and other information to bring statistics to life using effective writing 2.2. Identity, Storytelling and Narcissism techniques” (2009:v). The art of storytelling has therefore become the main vehicle to The World Wide Web became a tool for effectively illustrate the identity crisis we are bringing together the small contributions of living in, since it has taken over almost all millions of people and making them mat- forms of media narratives, from present day ter (Grossman 2006). Since then, millions citizen journalism (Boa-Ventura & Rodrigues of human identities have been taking over 2008) to future big data discourse automation the communicational spotlight of our times, (Veel 2018). whether in entertainment, opinion or the Notwithstanding, as our quarrels over news industry. Furthermore, the 2010’s was identity graciously intertwine with the pro- a decade of identity politics reinforcement, liferation of storytelling, it is mainly the sub- revival and revisionism. New citizen activ- jectivist aspect of these narrative dynamics ism explored the confluence between digital that concerns us the most. This is, on the one and public spaces, consequently favouring hand, because subjectivism has been an emi- the pragmatic dissemination of subjectivist nent driving force behind post-factual report- approaches to world politics (Critical Theo- ing, fake news and false data dissemination POLITEIA · 2019 · Vol 9 · No 18 9 · No · 2019 Vol POLITEIA 14 © 2019 Published by Politeia (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) (Prado 2018:1-14), which severely affect our mother as a mere extension of his own body perception of society. On the other hand, it (Freud 1962:13-14), as an alternative, she is because narcissistic traits are highly associ- becomes his property (Freud 1989a:138). But ated with the current post-truth environment this is precisely when a shocking event sud- (Peters 2017; Thurston 2018; Hannan 2018), denly interrupts his life as he finds that she particularly on social media (Buffardi & has transferred her love and care to a new Campbell 2008; Bergman, Fearrington, Dav- arrival (ibid.). The father is, therefore, his first enport & Bergman 2011; Hannan 2018). And competitor, and a very traumatic one, for he naturally, these latter reasons are extremely is the strongest, most powerful and menac- worrying. Regardless of what we specifical- ing opponent the child has ever seen. In this ly mean when we use the term Narcissism, context, Freud introduces the anxiety of cas- whether referring to its mythological roots, tration as the child’s primary trauma (Oed- literary/historical characters, popular con- ipus complex); consequently triggering two ceptions or psychological/psychiatric defi- major defence mechanisms which will shape nitions, it is always directly related to traits his psychological structure: such as grandiosity, the need for admiration, • Repression: to avoid the father’s pun- a sense of entitlement and manipulative ishment he represses his desires for the behaviour. In a word, aggressiveness. mother and enters the latency stage In order to finally understand the dis- (until puberty). quieting abundance of verbal and emotional • Introjection: to deal with his fear of aggressiveness in post-truth media storytell- confronting the father – which is so ing, we should be able to identify and analyse traumatic that it cannot be solved by its narcissistic patterns and dynamics. Con- simple repression – he instinctive- sidering the variety of its cultural and inter- ly makes way for a stronger defence disciplinary touchpoints – from mythology to mechanism. That is, he absorbs (intro- psychology – we therefore propose the Freud- jects) his parent’s main psychological ian concept of narcissism as a model from features and moral values, namely the which we can address this problem. ones which impressed him the most.

3. NARCISSISM IN FREUDIAN PSYCHOA- This introjection process happens by way NALYSIS: PATTERNS AND DYNAMICS of a series of unconscious (Id) object-choic- es. Unable to fulfil his desires and fearful In Freud’s perspective, the mother’s breast of being punished, the child identifies with represents all sources of pleasure which the his first others/objects (parents, one of them infant does not yet distinguish from his own especially), assimilating parts of their charac- ego. He cannot always be satisfied though, so ter and of what he perceives to be their moral he starts to cry. Here is when the idea of the principles and sexual taboos (incest being

‘other’ first emerges, as whenever he cries his the major one, of course) – in other words, 11-26 , pp Mustafa. Case Nujeen of Curious The STORYTELLING: IN CROSS-MEDIA NARCISSISM Almeida Sousa R., FREUDIAN mother provides him with whatever pleas- the rules of how not to be ‘castrated’ by the es him again (affection, more heat, less heat, ‘other’ (family, and later, society itself). This water). Nonetheless, the ego still tends to introjected figure who personifies the moral associate good pleasurable things with itself. conscience is what we call Superego (Ego Thus, when the infant can no longer see his Ideal). It is the heir of the Oedipus complex

15 © 2019 Објавио часопис Политеиа (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). Ово је чланак отвореног приступа и дистрибуира се у складу са “Creative Commons” лиценцом (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) (Freud 1989b:37-38), and it corresponds to has no other option but to radically our ideals. The Ego Ideal provides us with identify itself with the Ego Ideal. Rath- religion, morality, social guidance (ibid.) and er than introjection, it resorts to radi- everything else we idealise as being the most cal identification as a desperate defence noble and elevated in human nature (ibid.). mechanism. Giving up all its sexual Even the commandment “Love thy neighbour interests, it is no longer able to love the as thyself” is nothing but a Super Ego defence ‘other’. Just like Narcissus captivated by structure, although it is certainly the strong- his own reflection, it engages in a per- ПОЛИТЕИА · 2019 · Год. 9 · Бр. 18 · 2019 Год. ПОЛИТЕИА est one against human aggressiveness (Freud verse self-referring dialogue: “Listen, 1962:90). It reverses the direction of aggres- you can love me instead – I am just like sion by turning it against the ego, thus favour- your object” (Freud 1989b:30). None- ing civilised society over the interests of the theless, how could this Oedipal Nar- self. This means that no one is born generous. cissus love himself with all his defects It is the Oedipus event that forces us to rec- and limitations? He must be a lovable ognise the rights of the ‘other’, according to one, not some false prince rejected by the terms of the unconscious armistice agree- his own mother, but a perfect king, an ment we signed the day we introjected our Ideal Ego. In other words, secondary ideal beliefs and moral standards. So, what narcissism is mainly an exacerbation is narcissism according to Freud? He distin- of an ordinary event (Freud 2010c:180). guishes two types, plus a peculiar phenome- But of course, this also implies the cor- non which may aggravate them: respondent exacerbation of previously • Primary Narcissism. It is the earliest natural patterns and dynamics, lead- form (described above) ruled by the ing them to their most radical and principle of pleasure. Usually the Oedi- aggressive forms: such as extreme pus complex is overcome by repression repression, projection, idealisation and (latency stage) and the introjection of devaluation. the Super Ego. To some extent we all • Narcissism of Minor Differences. preserve this kind of natural narcissism Inspired by the British anthropologist throughout our lives, which allows us Ernest Crawley, the first time Freud to face the difficulties and challenges used the expression ‘Narcissism of of life without sacrificing our sexual Minor Differences’ was in his paper instincts (in Freudian terms, our rela- The Taboo of Virginity (1917), where tionship with others). This means that he exposes Crowley’s ‘Taboo of Per- we still preserve its usual patterns and sonal Isolation’ – the notion that every dynamics. For instance, as adults we individual, having his own idiosyn- still tend to identify good pleasurable cratic space, generally becomes more things with ourselves and bad unpleas- aggressive with the ones with whom he ant things with others (pattern) using shares most in common, and precise- projection as a common defense mech- ly because of small differences (Freud anism (dynamic). 2013:292). To a great extent, history • Secondary Narcissism. When the Oed- only confirms this, for the most lasting ipus complex is too traumatic and can- and irreconcilable rivalries are in fact not be overcome, the Ego feels that it between neighbours, e.g. English vs POLITEIA · 2019 · Vol 9 · No 18 9 · No · 2019 Vol POLITEIA 16 © 2019 Published by Politeia (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) French, Danish vs Swedish, Germans According to Freud, alterity has probably vs Dutch, Portuguese vs Spanish, Israe- been the main cause for anxiety ever since lis vs Palestinians, et cetera. our childhood. The ‘other’ might be pleas- • In this way, if we are to consider the urable and comforting (e.g. the mother) but Freudian model to be valuable and also a painful, menacing or a very unpleasant effective as an academic tool to address external source (Freud 1962:14) – e.g. a sharp our research problem, we should be object, a scary clown on the TV, a jealous sib- able to distinctly identify narcissis- ling. After all, the most defining trauma of tic traits in cross-media storytell- our lives, the Oedipus complex, results pre- ing according to the aforementioned cisely from the encounter with an intimidat- grades, patterns and dynamics. ing ‘other’ (the father). Therefore, from this point of view: How could Europeans not be anxious about welcoming 5 million ‘others’ 4. NARCISSISM IN CROSS-MEDIA STORY- – especially those whose axiological frames TELLING: EXPLICIT TRAITS (provided by their Super Ego as a means of collective survival), seem to have completely When asked if she felt the need to prove failed? How could our Egos ever benefit from she is not a problem, the young girl from such a fragile group of ‘others’? Aleppo, Nujeen Mustafa, stated: “Yes, you feel This certainly is unfair and extremely prej- like you’re in a constant test. (…) You feel udiced. But our psychological structures are guilty until proven innocent.” (Young-Powell deeply rooted in prejudices; i.e. long-term 2017). This is indeed symptomatic of the com- accumulated instinctive and unconscious plex political circumstances we have been liv- mechanisms, experiences and shared percep- ing in since the migrant crises emerged. Back tions, not in fairness and selfless generosity. in 2015, when Nujeen arrived in Germany, Morality to Freud is exclusively grounded in the majority of local voters still believed that survival, and from a perspective of survival, welcoming refugees was an opportunity for helping others is frequently a risky business. their country (Nardelli 2015); unlike roughly People in need might take advantage of our a third of voters in Britain, Italy, Denmark kindness (victim playing, manipulation), and Spain, and a fifth of voters in France become dependent on us instead of changing and the Netherlands who believed it was not their ways (secondary gains; Freud 2014:22- (ibid.). In effect, most Europeans do not feel 23), or even contaminate us with whatever is that their respective countries have the eco- causing their misery – e.g. in the Bible, lepers nomic means necessary to welcome refugees, could no longer be part of the community, because they already have too many immi- they would be put aside as the impure ‘other’ grants and cannot cope with welcoming more and called ‘unclean’ (Mt. 8:1-4; Mk. 1:40–45, (ibid.). In addition, this social perception has Lk. 5:12–16); for societies generally tend to

been further aggravated ever since, as has choose pragmatic self-defence over generosity. 11-26 , pp Mustafa. Case Nujeen of Curious The STORYTELLING: IN CROSS-MEDIA NARCISSISM Almeida Sousa R., FREUDIAN been reflected in populist vindications, elec- Nonetheless, could we ever face the unvar- toral demands and the ensuing results (Hen- nished truth about ourselves? How much ley 2018). But why do migrants seem to make truth can a spirit endure, how much truth Europeans so anxious? Can this reaction be does it dare to hear? (Nietzsche 1997:20). Una- explained from a Freudian perspective? ble to recognise our cold-hearted pragmatism

17 © 2019 Објавио часопис Политеиа (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). Ово је чланак отвореног приступа и дистрибуира се у складу са “Creative Commons” лиценцом (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) towards the ‘other’, we use sublimation as a nities in the EU and the current migrant cri- defence mechanism in order to convey our ses. Apart from spreading fake news (Çavuş narcissistic need to preserve ourselves from 2018), a vast number of these sites and Face- a painful self-perception. Therefore it is not book pages typify immigrants as the perfect surprising to notice how, according to the fetishistic object for our darkest projections aforementioned news report (Nardelli 2015), (Awan 2016). most Europeans feel it is a humanitarian Naturally, our research does not intend duty to help refugees (general moral princi- to judge their political motivations or even ПОЛИТЕИА · 2019 · Год. 9 · Бр. 18 · 2019 Год. ПОЛИТЕИА ple) – but not in their own countries (con- their constitutional legitimacy. But it is our crete application). In any case, neither of these objective to point out how cherry-picking the self-preserving patterns and dynamics exceed worst characteristics of ‘others’, while com- ordinary human narcissism. They are part of pletely ignoring their slightest qualities, per- our instinctive egocentrism, the natural heir fectly corresponds to a drastic reinforcement of Primary Narcissism, which is reflected all of primary narcissism. In effect, “(…) hate is across our cultural industry and is generally older than love, it derives from the primor- acceptable. We frequently use the ‘other’ as dial rejection of the external world (…) by an explicit object of humour, from stand-up the Narcissistic Ego” (Freud 2010a:57). All comedy stereotypical jokes (e.g. Ricky Ger- these explicit patterns and dynamics evolve vais, Russell Peters) to mischievous Youtube in direct proportion to exacerbated self-love. pranks (e.g. the famous Jalal Brothers); which Both far-left and far-right pages/channels (e.g. sometimes might be of poor taste or offen- Antifa International, Redneck Revolt, Breit- sive, though certainly not pathological in a bart, Infowars), known for their peculiar Freudian sense. Our pop culture has always aggressive posting, reporting and storytell- portrayed stereotyped fictional objects (car- ing, embrace their own political movement icatures, stock characters), on whom we pro- as an object to themselves (Freud 2010c:180), ject our negative emotions such as anxiety, so extinguishing the perception of the ‘other’ distrust, indignation, fear of ridicule/rejec- as a relevant autonomous counterpart. tion, shame or destructiveness. For instance, Social media has redefined our political the way American cinema has depicted Arabs and ideological debate, drastically increas- across the 20th Century is a typical illustration ing the hostility between parties, movements of these kinds of dynamics (Shaheen 2003). and voters, not only in America but also in However, the post-truth environment Europe. From 1970 to 2010 the most success- has seriously aggravated this phenomenon, ful European parties generally adopted mod- especially in news reporting and storytell- erate, empathic and inclusive visual identities ing. Living as we are in the midst of endless to persuade their voters. For instance, Ger- diatribes between mainstream and alterna- many’s Christian Democratic Union (CDU- tive media, fact devaluation and extremist CSU) is still represented only by letters in blue viewpoints are generally compensated with and/or red, and a rampant lion which stands likes, comments, shares and other forms of for rather generic values such as courage and user-producer interaction. Demonisation of nobility. Likewise, European Socialist parties the ‘other’ has become commonplace and use red colours and/or a rose, symbolising this explicitly reflects how so many sites the diversity of languages and cultures shar- have been characterising emigrant commu- ing the same democratic ideals. And even POLITEIA · 2019 · Vol 9 · No 18 9 · No · 2019 Vol POLITEIA 18 © 2019 Published by Politeia (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) most right-wing populists also adopt some ently inexplicable phenomenon becomes contention and vague symbolism in their clearly perceptible as a form of Narcissism visual communication; apart from Le Pen’s of Minor Differences. National Rally, of course, which still uses the red-white-and-blue flame (a former Nazi col- 5. NARCISSISM IN CROSS-MEDIA STORY- laborationist reference). However, something TELLING: IMPLICIT TRAITS has definitely changed in the 2010s as pop- ulism has introduced a new political brand The index of the collected works of Sig- of voice. On the one hand, populist parties mund Freud does not contain ‘generosi- have reinforced self-references regarding ty’ as an entry and the word does not even either their own movement, party, region or appear in psychoanalysis textbooks (Akhtar country; even positioning themselves above 2013:75). From the Freudian Ego point of view, political spectrums as they claim to represent the ‘other’ can be either a source of pleas- the people as a whole – e.g. “Prima el Nord” ure or pain, love or hate. But mostly, it is the (Liga Nord), “Neither Right nor Left. French!”, object through which the ego defines itself, “in the name of the People” (Rassemblement building its own identity. Therefore, others National). On the other, they severely con- can be extremely useful as instruments of demn those who are not part of their ideolog- psycho-emotional dialysis. Instead of rec- ical movement or are considered ‘unwelcome ognising our own defects we project them others’ – e.g. “Roma Ladrona (Rome, the big onto others – just as Dorian Gray and his thief)” (Liga Nord), “Islam is not at home portrait. This is why secondary narcissism, i.e. here” (Freedom Party of Austria). the intense exacerbation of self-love is directly Thus, post-truth politics and its highly proportional to aggressiveness. confrontational media reporting/storytelling However, there is another side to this coin. has established a peculiar relationship with Until now we mostly described explicit neg- the Freudian concept of Secondary Narcis- ative emotions towards the ‘other’, such as sism. It fits the main pattern like a glove: the suspicion, distrust, indignation or even hate. objectification of the ‘other’ in direct pro- But are we not forgetting about love? In his portion to self-love. As a result, all explicit Contributions to the Psychology of Love (2013), behaviour between belligerent counterparts Freud explains the dynamics of eroticism can be better understood considering its cor- and overestimation based on the psycho- respondent dynamics, such as severe projec- sexual transition between the Oedipus event tion and devaluation. Moreover, the Freudian and puberty. That is to say the Latency Stage model also helps us to understand another throughout which sexual reality is repressed specific phenomenon, which generally comes giving place to fantasy (ibid.:273). In effect, as an exacerbation of the narcissistic patterns fantasy plays an essential role in the broad- and dynamics we have described: integrat- er experience of love, as so many poets and

ed immigrants voting against immigration. novelists have illustrated over the centuries 11-26 , pp Mustafa. Case Nujeen of Curious The STORYTELLING: IN CROSS-MEDIA NARCISSISM Almeida Sousa R., FREUDIAN This fact has been unequivocally demonstrat- (ibid.:260). But there is a peculiar kind of ed (Strijbris & Polavieja 2018), even though overestimation that can frequently be relat- it might seem contradictory or almost inex- ed to secondary narcissism: Idealised Love. plicable. Once again, though, if we take the As we have seen above, secondary nar- Freudian approach as a reference, this appar- cissism occurs when the infant is unable to

19 © 2019 Објавио часопис Политеиа (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). Ово је чланак отвореног приступа и дистрибуира се у складу са “Creative Commons” лиценцом (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) overcome the Oedipus trauma, for it is too Nujeen is a disabled 16-year-old Syrian girl, much for him to handle. He feels extremely who is extremely pleasant and empathic and weak and worthless, absolutely incapable of has an extraordinary shining energy. Espe- meeting his parents’ expectations and moral cially for someone so young who has had to standards. Thus, instead of introjecting the face such a traumatic experience as a refugee: Super Ego he simply identifies with it. In “(Her) shy laugh and excited optimism – and order to maintain an immaculate perception her matter-of-fact description of the terror of himself, the ego maintains an instrumental of civil war – had already made her stand ПОЛИТЕИА · 2019 · Год. 9 · Бр. 18 · 2019 Год. ПОЛИТЕИА relation with the other according to a pattern out amid the media coverage of the Syrian of psycho-emotional dialysis (the ‘other’ as refugee crisis” (Walters 2015). an object of moral purification). But there is Shortly after being discovered by report- another pattern the Freudian narcissist might ers, her story rapidly invaded the news and engage in, perhaps a subtler and more ingen- entertainment shows. But what really mes- ious one, which, rather than causing disgust merised us, Western spectators, was when or meeting with social disapproval, might she told an ABC journalist how she came to even cause praise and admiration. Instead speak English so well; i.e. by watching the of using the ‘other’ as his devalued mirror, soap opera Days of Our Lives. In her words: he prefers to overestimate him to the high- “That’s a great show (...) But they killed the est degree. He overvalues the qualities of the main character that I loved!” – Mr. Scott’s ‘other’ in order to incorporate them as an character, E.J. DiMera, had indeed been object in his own self. This is what happens killed off (Mackey 2015). It did not take long in idealised love (Freud 2010b:33-34). Ideali- for Nujeen to become a viral phenomenon, sation is, therefore, the reverse side of deval- thus attracting one of the wittiest celebrities uation. Although it is generally perceived by in American Television, John Oliver. In his society as radiant, luminous and virtuous, it Last Week Tonight show, Oliver even decided is certainly no less narcissistic. to invite the soap opera’s character (EJ DiMe- We have already established a parallel ra) and his loving fictional partner (Sami between media narratives and the explicit Brady) to do a comedy sketch. As expected behaviour of the Freudian Ego in defend- and obviously deserved, Nujeen was men- ing his narcissistic self-interests. Now a new tioned in the clip as an example of courage. question arises: Can we establish a similar Nothing can be harder than traveling from parallel with regard to another kind of nar- Syria to Germany, said E.J.: “There are some cissistic trait (idealisation), which necessar- amazing people coming through that border. ily involves much more concealed, implicit This amazing 16-year-old girl, Nujeen Musta- behaviour? To answer this question, we have fa, she’s our kind of people” (Walters 2015; once again resorted to the curious case of Mackey 2015). Nujeen Mustafa. In effect, it perfectly illus- In fact, it is almost impossible not to like trates how implicit narcissistic patterns and her. But to what extent is this just an illusion? dynamics can also spread across contempo- Is Nujeen really our kind of people? Can her rary media, contributing to a deceptive and upbringing, her sociocultural context back illusionary post-truth environment. in Syria and her experience as a refugee be Let us start by remembering who she is even remotely compared to our own? The and why she caused such an impact on us: only things in common between her and us POLITEIA · 2019 · Vol 9 · No 18 9 · No · 2019 Vol POLITEIA 20 © 2019 Published by Politeia (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) seem to be human nature and loving pop sively manifest itself in explicit, but rather culture. Naturally, this first characteristic implicit narcissistic traits, which also estab- alone is probably enough for her successful lish a peculiar relation to Freud. Specifical- integration, while the second can be taken ly, implicit traits can be better understood as a complement – but is it enough for us to considering his concepts of overestimation immediately possess her as a flag for our fin- and idealisation. Defining herself as a fan of est western ideals, such as tolerance, multi- our beloved pop culture, Nujeen has touched culturalism or democracy? In other words, our emotional g-spot. After all, pop culture do we actually care about this Syrian girl? is the social fantasy we have been using to Or are we just using her as an excuse to keep define and recreate ourselves as post-modern perceiving ourselves as tolerant, multicultur- individuals, at least since the 1950s. It is the al and democratic egos – just as our western core of our imaginary authenticity, the vis- Superego wants us to be? ible and surely the brightest side of western The authenticity of our attitude towards consumerism and the magical source of our Nujeen can be evaluated by two criteria. The constant self-adulation – that is to say, the first relies on actual tolerance: How would mythical fountain, where late contemporary our right-wing movements react if this inno- Narcissus found his Ego Ideal. cent Syrian girl started wearing Muslim sym- Consequently, we would not dare to cher- bols and quoting the Quran? Likewise, what ry-pick Minor Differences as an excuse to would our progressive movements say if she project negative feeling towards Nujeen. But suddenly decided to become a pro-life or instead, we engage in a new kind of behav- anti-gay activist? Presumably, we all know iour we might call Narcissism of Minor Sim- the answers to these questions. The second ilarities. Dismissing all major differences, we criteria concerns the test of time: more than cherry-pick a few superficial pop-cultural four years have passed since Nujeen became affinities between her and any postmodern a viral phenomenon and a mainstream European or North-American. Hence, we media sensation. Today, she seems to have can absorb her exceptional qualities (cour- been discarded – only a few videos about her age, determination, positive thinking), as if were posted on Youtube in 2018 and 2019 – they were our own. According to the Freud- although she might be recovered as a symbol ian model, we may find an implicit narcis- (in a movie, another documentary or book), sistic pattern behind our shallow kindness. since the migrant crisis is far from being over. Our media coverage and correspondent sto- On the other hand, according to the latest epi- rytelling seems to have transformed her into sodes of Days of Our Lives (S53), E.J. DiMera a fictional ‘ideal other’ – i.e. an auxiliary bond was found still to be alive as the soap opera attaching us to our western Super Ego (Freud, keeps surprising us with unexpected plots 2010b:34). Far from being generous, we are and twists. Perhaps E.J. was right after all, probably resorting to defence mechanisms

Nujeen might be precisely his kind of people, and dynamics, such as idealisation, so as to 11-26 , pp Mustafa. Case Nujeen of Curious The STORYTELLING: IN CROSS-MEDIA NARCISSISM Almeida Sousa R., FREUDIAN a fictional character. In this case, not in a soap convert her into a fetishistic object of self-love. opera but for news reporting and cross-media And that kind of love, of course, would be just storytelling. the other side of aggressiveness. In this way, the contemporary post-truth environment we are living in does not exclu-

21 © 2019 Објавио часопис Политеиа (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). Ово је чланак отвореног приступа и дистрибуира се у складу са “Creative Commons” лиценцом (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) 6. CONCLUSIONS the mainstream audience as being par- tial, rude, conflictive or even insane. The increasing prominence of storytelling For this phenomenon shares a major in contemporary cross-media narratives has pattern with Freud’s Secondary Nar- been accompanied by post-truth subjectiv- cissism, which is the explicit objectifi- ism (e.g. fact-devaluation; lack of objectivity; cation/demonisation of the ‘other’ in appeal to the emotions). This escalation of direct proportion to self-love. In effect, subjectivism has manifested itself in a highly this pattern can also apply to self-glo- ПОЛИТЕИА · 2019 · Год. 9 · Бр. 18 · 2019 Год. ПОЛИТЕИА confrontational environment, which is often rification as it is frequently adopted by described as narcissistic, especially in social populist parties (Liga Nord, National media. Hence, in order to better understand Rally), even though they seem to have our post-truth diatribes, we need to elaborate gained the voter’s confidence in many or adopt a model from which we can depict European countries. and analyse narcissistic traits in today’s media • The objectification of the ‘other’ is narratives and their relation to aggressiveness. explicitly manifested in dynamics such Given its interdisciplinary nature, we have as extreme projection and devaluation. selected the Freudian model as a hypothesis After all, as a refugee, Nujeen Mustafa to address this problem: has felt on her own skin the negative • Primary Narcissism, as described by effects of social prejudice and distrust. Freud, provides us with a reasonable However, her case illustrates particu- explanation for why societies tend to larly well another pattern of objectifi- choose pragmatic self-defence over cation which is harder to detect and generosity. Even after the Oedipus recognise; for it usually manifests event, almost all of us still preserve a itself in implicit, subtle ways, although mild narcissistic predisposition. This they are no less narcissistic. Having becomes apparent in our culture and declared herself to be a huge fan of entertainment industries whenever our beloved pop culture, she became we project negativity onto others (e.g. a viral phenomenon across the Internet stereotyped fictional characters, jokes, and mainstream media. By means of caricatures), as a means to continually intense overestimation (idealisation) identify ourselves with good, pleasura- we seem to have transformed her into ble, noble western values (e.g. Cowboys an ‘ideal other’, i.e. a fetishistic source vs Indians; American heroes vs Arab of self-adulation. terrorists). Although these patterns • Finally, we noticed how the peculiar and dynamics may be naïve, simplis- phenomenon of Narcissism of Minor tic or sometimes offensive, they merely Differences can be applied nowadays express natural and generally accepted to the apparently contradictory atti- social instincts. tude of integrated immigrants voting • The Freudian model can also explain against immigration. However, we why post-truth reporting and storytell- have reinterpreted this Freudian con- ing, often delivered by far-left and far- cept to better understand the dynamics right Internet channels, sites and pages of our own process of overestimation (e.g. Antifa, Infowars), are perceived by regarding Nujeen - for we have based POLITEIA · 2019 · Vol 9 · No 18 9 · No · 2019 Vol POLITEIA 22 © 2019 Published by Politeia (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) our ‘idealised love’ for her (which is in cissism and Social Networking Web Sites. fact ‘idealised self-love’) on an unre- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, alistic process of cherry-picking small 34 (10), 1303-1314. affinities between pop-culture fictional characters, Nujeen and us; and this is Çavuş, G. (2018). 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25 © 2019 Објавио часопис Политеиа (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). Ово је чланак отвореног приступа и дистрибуира се у складу са “Creative Commons” лиценцом (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) POLITEIA · 2019 · Vol 9 · No 18 ПОЛИТЕИА · 2019 · Год. 9 · Бр. 18 Кorespodencija: Portugal. uPortu, Univerziteta (CITCEM) isjećanje’ prostor ‘Kultura, centru istraživačkom u Transdisciplinarnom istraživač akademski je Sousa Almeida Rodrigo Dr Autor: izbjeglice. migranti; predrasude; idealizacija; postistina; agresivnost; riječi: Кljučne Komunikologija Oblast: [email protected] 25.11.2019. članka: prijema Datum 10.5937/politeia0-24203 DOI: Sousa Almeida Rodrigo 25.12.2019. objavljivanje: za članka prihvatanja Datum FROJDOVSKI NARCISIZAM U MEĐUMEDIJSKOM PRIPOVIJEDANJU: UMEĐUMEDIJSKOM FROJDOVSKI NARCISIZAM © 2019Published by Politeia (politeia.fpn.unibl.org). This is article an access distributedopen article the under terms and con ditions of Creative the Commons Attribution license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs) Čudesni slučaj Nudžin Mustafe slučajČudesni Nudžin ljubavi prema samom sebi. samom prema ljubavi dinamiku iimplicitnu eksplicitnu ilustruje odlično se, čini koja, Mustafe, Nudžin izbjeglice priču razumijemo bolje da nam će pomoći istraživanje ovo U suštini, današnjice. pripovijedanju u međumedijskom modele narcisističke i analizirati oslikati, prepoznati, možemo kojega pomoć uz model interdisciplinarni i objektivni predlaže istraživanje naše narcisizma, teoriji Frojdovoj na Zasnovano retorika. iagresivna parcijalnost izuzetna osjećanja, izazivanje činjenica, vrijednosti umanjivanje post-istine: vremenu uovom u pripovijedanju iupravo radi se otome reakciju; inarcisističku emocionalnu našu ipogoršati mogu No, priče ipripadanja. prepoznavanja osjećajem ispunjavaju nas priče Samo identitetom. za potrebu našu zadovoljavaju ne sebe, za same Činjenice, Sažetak Neosporan je značaj pripovijedanja u medijima 21. vijeka. 21. umedijima vijeka. pripovijedanja značaj je Neosporan 26 Originalni naučni rad naučni Originalni -