COVID-19 Training DATE: December 11, 2020 PRESENTED BY: Andrea Dayot, RN, BSN Program Manager, Occupational Health Become a COVID-19 Immunizer

Most crucial mass immunization program in history.

• Contribute to a public health cause • Make a global impact • Be part of the solution • Save lives

2 Timelines

• On Dec 11th: FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the Pfizer COVID-19 • On Dec 13th: FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization for use of Pfizer vaccine in persons aged ≥16 years • Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine still awaiting EUA but expected soon. FDA emergency approval meeting scheduled on Dec 17th for Moderna’s vaccine • More info to come after authorization of each vaccine

3 Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)

Allows access to critical medical products during a public health emergency. An EUA is different from licensure.

Criteria for an EUA to be issued: • Used for a serious or life-threatening disease or condition • May be effective based on scientific evidence • Known and potential benefits outweigh risks • There is no adequate FDA-approved alternative available

4 EUA Considerations for Vaccine Providers

Scope of authorized use will be specified in a Fact Sheet for HCP.

Use Requirements: • Provide the Fact Sheet for Recipients via hard copy or electronic means • Report vaccine administration data to CDC • Report administration errors and adverse events to VAERS

Pfizer’s Fact Sheets: • EUA Fact Sheet for Vaccine Providers • EUA Fact Sheet for Recipients and Caregivers

5 COVID-19 Vaccination Program Objectives

• Ensure safety and effectiveness of • Reduce incidence of serious illness and deaths due to COVID-19 disease • Help minimize disruption to society and economy • Maintain healthcare capacity • Ensure equity in vaccine allocation and distribution

6 Training and Education is Critical

ALL HCP should receive comprehensive, competency-based training BEFORE administering vaccines.

• Prevent errors, injuries, adverse events • Preserve a precious, life-saving resource • Prevent compromising vaccine efficacy • Prevent loss of confidence in the vaccine • Prevent loss of confidence in our care AND practice

7 Benefits of Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine

• Help decrease your risk of getting COVID-19 • Prevent serious illness if you do end up with COVID-19 • May also protect people around you • A safer way to help build protection • An important tool to help stop the pandemic

Stopping a pandemic requires all the tools we have available.

8 Vaccine Types

Viral vector (e.g. AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson) Uses an inactivated viral vector to induce production of immunogenic SARS- CoV2 spike protein

Protein-based (e.g. Novavax, Sanofi and GlaxoSmithKline) Virus protein packaged into a nanoparticle is delivered into cells with an adjuvant to enhance immune response

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) (e.g. Pfizer/BioNtech and Moderna) Encodes virus protein. When inserted into cells, induces production of harmless but immunogenic SARS CoV-2 spike protein

9 mRNA Vaccines

Contains genetic instructions for building a harmless coronavirus protein, known as “spike” which then gets released into the body and provokes a response from the immune system without causing infection.

• New but not unknown • Studied for more than a decade and rigorously tested for safety • Does not use inactivated or live virus • Does not affect a person’s DNA • Cell breaks down and gets rid of the mRNA soon after it is finished using the instructions

10 Vaccine Safety

11 Vaccine Efficacy and Immunity

FDA requires vaccines to be >50% effective • Pfizer: – 52% effective after 1st dose – 95% effective after 2nd dose – Equally effective regardless of age, race, ethnicity, weight or sex • Moderna: – 94.5% effective after 2nd dose; 100% against serious disease • Generally, it takes a week or two for immunity to develop post vaccination • Since we do not yet know how long immunity after infection lasts, immunity following vaccination will also have to be determined 12 Vaccine Efficacy and Immunity

Phase 3 Clinical Trials Typical size: Hundreds to thousands of volunteers COVID Vaccine Trials: Many of the COVID-19 vaccine trials are much larger than a typical phase 3 clinical trial

Pfizer had 44, 000 participants – 162 cases of symptomatic disease in placebo; 8 in vaccine group – 10 cases of severe disease; 9 in placebo, 1 in vaccine

Moderna had 30, 000 participants – 90 cases of symptomatic disease in placebo; 5 in vaccine group – 11 cases of severe COVID all in placebo group

13 Possible Side Effects

• Anticipated, self-limiting, benign • Sign that the immune system is being primed

14 Managing Side Effects

Usually last 24-48 hrs and resolve on their own.

• For local reactions or fever, may take OTC meds • Rest and hydrate. No strenuous activity/exercise for a few hours • Reduce soreness by moving arm throughout the day • Apply cold packs to site 15-20 mins, initially for 24 hours • Plan for possible absenteeism due to side effects

15 Vaccine Information

COVID-19 Vaccine Pfizer Moderna

18-55 yrs., 56+ (may change Age indication 16 yrs and older after authorization) Dose 0.3 ml 0.5 ml

Route & Site IM, deltoid muscle IM, deltoid muscle

Schedule 2 dose (0, 21 days) 2 dose (0, 28 days)

Multi-dose vial Multi-dose vial Presentation 5 doses of 0.3 ml per vial 10 doses of 0.5 ml per vial

1.8 ml of 0.9 % sodium chloride Diluent None (normal saline) 16 *COVID-19 vaccines will NOT be interchangeable Storage and Handling “To protect our vaccine recipients we must protect our vaccine supply” Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine cold chain 6 months In ultra-low temp freezer (-80° to -60°C) 30 days In Pfizer’s thermal shipping container refilled with dry ice (-23kg) at 5 day intervals 10 days In unopened thermal shipping container 5 days Refrigerated (2°-8°c) 6 hrs After reconstitution 17 Storage and Handling “To protect our vaccine recipients we must protect our vaccine supply”

Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine cold chain

STORE FROZEN -25°to -15°C until ready for use

1 month Refrigerated

12 hrs in room temp

6 hrs After first use

18 Storage and Handling “To protect our vaccine recipients we must protect our vaccine supply”

Pfizer Moderna Thaw before use: Thaw before use: • Thaw for 30 minutes at room • Thaw in refrigerated conditions temp before dilution between 2°C to 8°C for 2 hours • Once thawed, it must be diluted • Let vial stand at room within 2 hours. If unable to temperature for 15 minutes dilute within 2 hours, store at before administering 2°C–8°C • Alternatively, thaw at room • Can’t be re-frozen temperature between 20°C to 25°C for 1 hour • Can’t be re-frozen 19 Vaccine Preparation

It is critical to prepare the vaccine correctly to:

• Maintain the integrity and efficacy of the vaccine • Protect against contamination • Limit risk of adverse events • Prevent waste of precious resource: If we err on preparation we waste 5-10 doses of vaccine

20 Vaccine Reconstitution

Process of mixing lyophilized (freeze-dried) vaccine powder with a diluent (liquid). Basic steps: 1. Remove protective caps and wipe each stopper with an alcohol swab 2. Insert needle of syringe into diluent vial and withdraw 1.8 ml of diluent 3. Inject diluent into lyophilized vaccine vial 4. Invert the vial 10 times gently to mix (do not shake) 5. Check the appearance of the reconstituted vaccine (should be off-white with no visible particulates.) For any discoloration/particulate matter or obvious lack of resuspension

21 https://www.cvdvaccine-us.com/images/pdf/How-To-Prepare-and-Administer-the-Vaccine-Poster.pdf Managing Temperature Excursions

Any temperature reading outside the recommended range for vaccine storage.

Follow these steps: • Store the vaccines properly • Sequester/Isolate from other vaccine supplies • Mark “Do NOT Use” • Contact OHSU Drug Information Service (4-7530) for guidance • Document the date and length of time of the excursion • Report vaccine wastage/spoilage, date, and reason

22 ACIP Recommendations

• December 12th: recommended use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID- 19 vaccine in persons 16 years of age and older under the EUA • Recommends that the following groups be offered vaccination in the initial phase of the COVID-19 vaccination program: 1) Health care personnel 2) Residents of long-term care facilities

23 Contraindications and Precautions to Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine

24 Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine Administration Considerations

• Recommended for persons 16 years of age and older • 2-dose series administered IM 3 weeks apart (4-day grace period (e.g. 17-21 days) is valid) • Use same product for both doses. However, if two different products inadvertently given, no additional doses recommended • Wait at least 14 days before or after administration of any other vaccines, if inadvertently administered within 14 days of another vaccine, doses do not need to be repeated

25 Vaccination of Special Populations

1.) Persons with a history of COVID-19 infection: should be offered regardless of history of prior symptomatic or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viral or serologic testing for acute or prior infection not needed 2.) Persons with known current COVID-19 infection: defer until recovery from acute illness and de-isolation criteria is met. No minimal interval between infection and vaccination – Residents of congregate healthcare settings (e.g., long-term care facilities): May be vaccinated, as likely would not result in additional exposures. – Residents of other congregate settings (e.g., correctional facilities, homeless shelters): May be vaccinated, in order to avoid delays and missed opportunities for vaccination

26 Vaccination of Special Populations

3.) Persons who recovered from COVID-19 in the last 90 days: reinfection uncommon in the 90 days after initial infection, may defer vaccination until the end of this period, if desired 4.) Persons who previously received passive antibody therapy for COVID-19: defer for at least 90 days to avoid interference of the treatment with vaccine-induced immune response 5.) Persons with a known SARS-CoV-2 exposure: defer until quarantine period has ended to avoid exposing vaccine providers and other recipients

27 Vaccination of Special Populations

6.) Persons with underlying medical conditions: may receive vaccination, as long as no contraindications to vaccination. Phase 2/3 clinical trials demonstrate similar safety and efficacy profiles in persons with underlying medical conditions 7.) Immunocompromised persons: may receive vaccination, as long as no contraindications to vaccination, since they are at risk for severe COVID-19 disease. Individuals should be counseled about: – Unknown vaccine safety and efficacy profiles in immunocompromised persons – Potential for reduced immune responses – Need to continue to follow all current guidance to protect themselves against COVID-19

28 Vaccination of Special Populations

8.) Pregnant women: If a pregnant woman is part of a group (e.g., healthcare personnel) recommended to receive a COVID-19 vaccine she may choose to be vaccinated. Discuss with HCP can help make informed decision. – mRNA vaccines are not live vaccines and degraded quickly by normal cellular processes and don’t enter the nucleus of the cell –No data on the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant women, however, pregnant women are at increased risk of severe illness and might be at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth – Pregnant women who experience fever post vaccination should take acetaminophen, as fever has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes – Routine testing for pregnancy prior to vaccination is not recommended

29 Vaccination of Special Populations

Considerations for vaccination:

– level of COVID-19 community transmission (risk of acquisition) – her personal risk of contracting COVID-19 (by occupation or other activities) and risks to her and potential risks to the fetus – the efficacy of the vaccine and its known side effects – the lack of data about the vaccine during pregnancy

9.) Breastfeeding/Lactating women: If a lactating woman is part of a group (e.g., healthcare personnel) who is recommended to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, she may choose to be vaccinate

30 Mass Immunization Clinic Flow

COVID-19 Precautions during an Immunization Clinic:

• COVID symptom screening will be required • One way entry and exit • Social distancing guidance will be followed • One vaccinator and vaccine recipient per 6 ft. table • PPE will be required for vaccinator and vaccine recipients • Hand hygiene and infection control supplies will be available • Vaccines will be prepared using aseptic technique • Cleaning and Disinfection guidelines will be followed

31 Personal Protective Equipment

No glove use rationale: Per CDC, ACIP and OSHA: “gloves are not required to be worn unless persons administering have open lesions on their hands or are likely to come into contact with a patient’s body fluids.”

“Hands should be cleaned with alcohol sanitizer before preparing vaccines for administration and between each patient contact.”

32 Intramuscular Injection Technique

33 Prevent Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration (SIRVA)

• A debilitating injury to the musculoskeletal structures of the shoulder (bursa, joint space) • Caused by incorrect injection technique (too high) • Pain w/n 48 hrs unrelieved by OTC meds, limited range of motion can persist months-years • 30% of cases will need surgery • SIRVA is 100% preventable!

34 COVID-19 Vaccine Administration Procedure (Pfizer)

35 COVID-19 Vaccine Administration Procedure (Pfizer)

36 Documentation and Dose Reminders

• Submit records of all doses given to ALERT IIS within 24 hrs • MUST provide recipient an Immunization Record Card • Make every attempt to schedule a recipient’s second-dose appointment when they get their first dose • Second-dose reminders ensure compliance with vaccine dosing intervals and achieve optimal vaccine effectiveness • Second dose must be from the same manufacturer

37 Reporting Vaccine Adverse Events for HCP

HCPs are required to report the following to VAERS:

• Vaccine administration errors • Serious AEs should be reported even if the cause is uncertain • Hospitalization or death from COVID-19 disease in a vaccine recipient • Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (if vaccine is authorized for use in children) or adults

There are two ways to file a VAERS report: • Online — https://vaers.hhs.gov/esub/index.jsp • PDF — https://vaers.hhs.gov/uploadFile/index.jsp 38 Reporting Vaccine Adverse Events for Recipients

• If symptoms do not resolve, are severe or getting worse, please seek prompt medical evaluation • Notify Occupational Health or Student Health For employees: Email [email protected] or call 503-494-5271 For students: Email [email protected] or call 503-494-8665. • Employees fill out a Worker injury report (WSIRS) • Make sure you enroll in CDC’s V-safe

39 CDC V-Safe

• Recipients sign up voluntarily and receives text messages or email from CDC to check-in • Provides telephone follow up to recipient with any medically significant adverse event report • Available in 5 languages

40