INDEX

Aboriginal identity, 31 representation in mass American culture, media, 81 globalisation of, role of political leaders in 148À150 legitimating heroism Anti-authority in Australia, of, 91À92 66, 69 as the tradition, 77 Antipodes, 45 trajectory of, in Australia, Anti-Vietnam war 80 movement, 48 Ashes cricket series, 100 Anzac Cove, 79, 92À93 Australia Anzacs, 50À54, 99, 114, early twenty-first century, 116, 137, 140, 143 49 attitudes towards, 81À84 economic growth and Day ceremonies, 76À78, European immigration, 87À89, 92, 94, 120, 46 132 flow of free settlers and legend in context of gold miners, 45À46 modern warfare and homeownership, 47 multiculturalism, national cricket team, 90À91 101 likelihood of prioritising, organised sport in, 101 85 population, between portrayal in arts and 1946 and 1974, films, 92À93 46À47 in relation to national sale of Crown land, 46 identity, 79À86, trade with overseas 89À91, 93, 117À119, countries, 49 121, 125, 138 White Australia policy, 46

171 172 Index

Australian citizenship, 139 British convicts, 44 Australian Constitutional laws of, 45 Referendum Survey , 55À56, 60, (ACRS), 30, 33À34 117À118, 120, 137 Australian icon, 65À66 ‘Captain Moonlite’,60 Australian identity, ‘’,60 conception of, 48 as folk hero and larrikin, Australian Imperial Force 62 (AIF), 75 Gardiner, Frank, 60 Australian Institute of Hall, Ben, 60, 121 Sport (AIS), 102 ‘Mad’ Dan Morgan, 60 Australian military heroes, See also Kelly, Ned 77, 139 Byrne, Joe, 61 degree of confidence in, 86À87 Carey, Peter, 56, 137 See also Anzacs Chang, Victor, 129, 151 Australian national Chinese labour, 45 identity, settler Civic culture, 24 influence in, 50À52 Civic national identity, 25 Great Divide, 50 Columbus’‘discovery’ of Australian nation building America, 80 project, 46À47 Convict ancestry, claims Australian nativism, 24 of, 21À28 Australian Survey of acknowledgement of Social Attitudes Australia’s convict (AuSSA), 33, 51À52, heritage, 23 81À82, 103, 107, 117, age-related differences, 31 119, 138 as an assertion of one’s Australian way of life, 76, families’ temporal 97 primacy, 25À26 Australians and British, Baby boom generation, 31 33À39, 42 Bean, Charles, 91 claim to British or Irish Bradman, Sir Donald, ethnic identity of a 104À105, 107À108, particular type, 25 111, 114, 116, 127, cultural differences 133, 137, 139, 143, between English and 146, 151 Irish convicts, 40À41 Index 173

dispersion of convicts, 26 Drewe, Robert, 56 ethnic basis, 28 Dunlop, Sir Edward foundation myths and ‘Weary’, 129, 140, 151 collective memory, 24 indigenous identity Ethno-nationalists, 28, 139 claims in Australia, Ethno-nationals, 25 31À32 in , 26 Florey, Sir Howard, 129, primordial ties, 25 140, 151 re-enactments during the Fraser, Dawn, 104À105 bicentennial Fraser, Malcolm, 141 celebrations, 23 Freeman, Cathy, 104 taste cultures, 27 Free settlers, 44À45, 110, in United Kingdom, 23 117, 119À120 Convict identity, 26 contributions to civic form, 28 formation of essentialist aspects of, multicultural society, 26 54 identifiers, 41 influence in development level of education, 29, of national identity, 39À40 50À52 likelihood of identifying social location, 52À54 convict ancestors, 30 religious denomination, Gallipoli campaign, 29 77À78, 91À93 social construction of, 27, Generation X, 31 29À32 Gillard, Julia, 132À133, transformation of, 31 141 Convict identity in Greens supporters, 125, Australia, 23 129 Convict labour, 44 Convicts, transportation to Hart, Steve, 61 Australia, 22À23 Hawke, Bob, 102, 127, Cook, Captain James, 43 137, 141, 143 Court, Margaret, 106 Historical figures, 114, Crowe, Russell, 104 119À125, 139 Crown land, sale of, 46 Hollows, Fred, 128À129, Curtain, John, 46À47 131 174 Index

Hollows Foundation, 129 depictions in film and Homeownership, 47À48 literature, 57, 60 Hood, Robin, 58 figures in Sydney 2000 Howard, John, 45, 48À49, Olympic Games, 61 53, 88, 91À92, 107, importance by 109, 127À129, descriptions, 69 131À132, 134, importance for national 140À143, 151 identity, 72 Howard’s battlers, 142 importance in Australian culture, 63 Imagined descendants, 28 political leanings ‘imagined’ nation, 62, 100 towards, 73 Immigration Restriction representations in print Bill, 46 media, 57 Irish Catholics, 45 Sidney Nolan’s ‘Kelly Irish convicts, 24, 40, 44 series’ of paintings, 61, Irish ethnic identity, 25, 65 32, 41 social class differences and support for, James, Jesse, 116, 71À72 149À150 Kelly Gang, 61À62 Jones, Alan, 147 Kenneally, J. J., 56 Kirkpatrick, John Simpson, Keating, Paul, 48, 88, 134, 77 142 Kelly, Daniel, 61 Labor supporters, 125, Kelly, Ned, 55À56, 97, 114, 129 116, 121, 127, 134, Lambert, Ronald, 33 140, 146, 149À151 Lap, Phar, 105 as an ‘Australian Laver, Rod, 106 identity’,57 Legitimate culture, 27 as an important symbol Lincoln, Abraham, 116 of Australian identity, Lucky country, 24 64À71 background of Kelly MacKillop, Mary, 141, Gang, 61À62 129 battle at Stringybark McArthur, General Creek in 1878, 61 Douglas, 116 Index 175

Media owners, portrayal postmaterialists and of, 144À147 materialists, attitude Menzies, Bob, 131 of, 124À125 Menzies, Sir Robert, 47, social factors influencing, 127, 129, 131À132, 121À124 140À142, 151 sporting heroes, 98À107, Middle class Australians, 114, 116À118, 120, 50, 139 133, 138 Migrant mentality in value orientations as a nineteenth century, 45 discriminating factor, Monash, Sir John, 77À78, 85À86 140, 149 See also Anzacs; Kelly, Ned Murdoch, Keith, 91 Nationalism, myth and Murdoch, Rupert, memory of, 23À24 144À147 Nationally important My Place (Sally Morgan), individuals, 126À131, 31 140À144 social background, 130 National foundational National mythscape, 99, principles, 88À94 126, 145, 151 National identity in : A Short Life Australia, 24, 62À73, (Ian Jones), 57 82À83, 115 Neil, Sam, 104 contemporary Australians Nolan, Sidney, 97 view, 132À133 depiction of Australian cosmopolitan national soldiers, 92À93 identity, 131À134 ‘Kelly series’ of paintings, future hold for, 61, 65, 137 147À152 heroes, saints and sages Olympic Games events, 61, in, 116À117 98, 102, 110 historical figures, 114, Outlaws, 58À62, 121 119À125, 139 Anglophone, 58 nationally important Australian, 60 individuals, 126À131 identity, 62À73 political party legends and myths identification effects, surrounding, 58 125, 129, 132 Owen, Wilfred, 93 176 Index

Packer, Kerry, 144À145 sporting heroes for Philip, Arthur, 44 Australian identity, Post-war immigrants, 50, 98À107, 114, 52, 54, 139 116À118, 120, 133, influence on Australian 138 identity, 50 Squatters, 45

Re-enactments, 23 Tasmanians, 26, 29, 40 Rosewall, Ken, 106 Taste cultures, 27 Rudd, Kevin, 142 Taylor, Mark, 107 ‘terra nullius’,43 Sassoon, Siegfried, 93 Thorpe, Ian, 111 Scottish convicts, 24, 41 True History of the Kelly Smith, Dick, 129, 140 Gang (Peter Carey), 60 Social bandits, 58À59 Social order, 47 War heroes, 77 Spiritual kinship, 21 Warne, Shane, 111, 137 Sport in Australian culture, Washington, George, 116 112, 114 Weir, Peter, 93 male sporting White Australia policy, 46 personalities, 100À101 discrimination against Olympic medal counts, non-British migrants, 110 46 politics and, 107À111 Immigration Restriction public funding for elite Bill, introduction of, 46 sportspeople, 102 Whitlam, Gough, social and political 128À129, 131, background 140À142, 151 characteristics, 106 Williamson, David, 146 social background of Working-class Australians, sporting heroes, 108 21, 28À29, 42 sporting achievements, 109À110 Zones of taste, 27, 65