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Life and Economy in Tsugaru, Japan. Ann D Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1999 Apples and Regional Change: Life and Economy in Tsugaru, Japan. Ann D. Brucklacher Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Brucklacher, Ann D., "Apples and Regional Change: Life and Economy in Tsugaru, Japan." (1999). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6978. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6978 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. in the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPLES AND REGIONAL CHANGE: LIFE AND ECONOMY IN TSUGARU, JAPAN A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Ann D. Brucklacher B.S., Pennsylvania State University, 1993 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1995 August 1999 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9945705 UMI Microform 9945705 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. Ail rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments I am very grateful to numerous persons and institutions for their help and support throughout various stages of this dissertation research. A National Science Foundation/Monbusho Summer Institute grant, a National Science Foundation Dissertation Enhancement Fellowship, and a National Security Education Program Graduate Enhancement Fellowship made long-term research in Japan economically feasible and also helped me establish valuable professional and personal contacts. A Dissertation Writing Fellowship from the Louisiana State University permitted me the luxury of working on my dissertation full-time, and the Social Science Research Council-sponsored Japan Studies Dissertation Workshop provided valuable insight and inspiration at a crucial time during the dissertation write-up. Hirosaki University’s Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Agricultural Economics/Regional Environmental Science kindly permitted me to enroll as a Research Student under the direction of Dr. Kanda Kensaku. Dr. Kanda not only generously served as my advisor, he and his family also made me feel at home in Hirosaki. I am also fondly indebted to numerous other Hirosaki University faculty members, graduate and undergraduate students, and their friends and families who helped me with my project and included me in their lives, making my time abroad not only more productive, but also more meaningful and delightful. Many more thanks than I can state in these short pages are due to these generous friends who helped me with translations, surveys, interviews, and daily life. I am most appreciative too, for the copious support of my advisors and friends here in the United States. In particular, I wish to thank Dr. Gregory Veeck for his ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. guidance and friendship during all stages of this dissertation research as well as my graduate career. Thanks too to my helpful committee members, Dr. Steven Hoelscher, Dr. Jeff Kuehny, Dr. Jane Luzar, and Dr. Miles Richardson. Finally, but certainly not least on the list, I am beholden to my supportive and understanding family. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................ii Abstract............................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1 Introduction .....................................................................................1 1.1 Prelude ..........................................................................................................1 1.2 Introduction .................................................................................................11 1.3 Objectives and methods ............................................................................ 13 1.4 Theoretical framework and related literature ...........................................19 Chapter 2 A History on the Edge ................................................................. 26 2.1 Place names and places of the imagination ............................................. 26 2.2 Geography of isolation... ......................................................... 29 2.3'Agriculture and rural life in the early modem period .............................33 2.4 Pushing the frontier ................................................................................... 39 2.5 From Tokugawa to Meiji ...........................................................................40 Chapter 3 Saplings and Samurai ....................................................................45 3.1 Apples: ecology and diffusion .................................................................. 45 3.2 New crops and new lands ..........................................................................47 3.3 Samurai, missionaries, and apples ............................................................ 52 3.4 Merchants and peasants ............................................................................. 58 3.5 Tenants and landlords ................................................................................ 63 3.6 Poverty or prosperity? ................................................................................ 67 3.7 Interweir agriculture .................................................................................... 70 3.8 Why Tsugaru? .............................................................................................77 3.9 Tsugaru and the regions of Aomori .......................................................... 80 Chapter 4 Postwar Reconstruction and Restructuring ..............................84 4.1 Land reform ................................................................................................85 4.2 Agricultural cooperatives ...........................................................................88 4.3 Promotion .................................................................................................... 91 4.4 Changing times, changing technologies ....................................................96 4.5 Part-time farming and socioeconomic changes ...................................... 100 4.6 Leaving the country ...................................................................................105 4.7 Staying on the land .....................................................................................106 4.8 Dekasegi, the “fourth sector”....................................................................107 Chapter 5 Agriculture, Trade, and Regional Change ................................119 5.1 Apples and the mountain and river market ..............................................119 5.2 Eating, buying, and giving apples .............................................................124 5.3 Growing perfect fruit ..................................................................................132 5.4 Cutting costs ..............................................................................................
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