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LINCOSAMIDES (Veterinary—Systemic)

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LINCOSAMIDES (Veterinary—Systemic) This monograph includes information on the following: Clindamycin; species, Staphylococcus species, and Streptococcus species Lincomycin. (except Streptococcus faecalis), as well as anaerobic organisms, such as Actinomyces species, Bacteroides species, Clostridium Some commonly used brand names are: perfringens (but not necessarily other clostridia), Fusobacterium For veterinary-labeled products— species, Peptostreptococcus species, and many Propionibacterium Antirobe Aquadrops LincoMed Soluble Powder species. [Clindamycin] [Lincomycin] Antirobe Capsules Lincomix 100 Accepted [Clindamycin] [Lincomycin] Dental infections (treatment)— Clincaps [Clindamycin] Lincomix 20 Feed Cats: Clindamycin oral solution is indicated in the treatment of Medication dental infections caused by susceptible bacteria.{R-1; 2; 30} [Lincomycin] Dogs: Clindamycin capsules, oral solution, and ELCANtabletsEL are ClindaCure Capsules Lincomix 50 Feed indicated in the treatment of dental infections caused by [Clindamycin] Medication susceptible bacteria.{R-1; 2; 62} [Lincomycin] Dysentery, swine (treatment)—Pigs: Lincomycin hydrochloride for ClindaCure Oral Liquid Lincomix Injectable medicated feed, soluble powder, and ELUSinjectionEL are indicated [Clindamycin] [Lincomycin] in the treatment and control of swine dysentery caused by Clinda-Guard Oral Liquid Lincomix 44 Premix susceptible organisms.{R-5; 21; 28; 38; 41; 42} [Clindamycin] [Lincomycin] Enteritis, necrotic (treatment)—Chickens: Lincomycin Clindrops [Clindamycin] Lincomix 110 Premix ELCANhydrochloride for medicated feedEL and soluble powder are [Lincomycin] indicated in the control of necrotic enteritis in chickens caused by Clinsol [Clindamycin] Lincomix Soluble Powder susceptible organisms, such as Clostridium perfringens.{R-22; 28; 38; [Lincomycin] 41; 42; 56} Clintabs [Clindamycin] Lincomycin 44G Premix Growth promotion and feed efficiency, increased—Chickens and [Lincomycin] ELCANpigsEL: Lincomycin hydrochloride for medicated feed is Lincocin Aquadrops Lincomycin 110 Premix indicated for increased weight gain in growing-finishing pigs and [Lincomycin] [Lincomycin] for increased weight gain and feed efficiency in broiler Lincocin Sterile Solution Lincosol Soluble Powder chickens.{R-38; 42} [Lincomycin] [Lincomycin] Joint infections (treatment)—Pigs: Lincomycin injection is indicated Lincocin Tablets nvClindamycin Capsules in the treatment of infectious arthritis caused by susceptible [Lincomycin] [Clindamycin] organisms, including susceptible Staphylococcus species, Linco-Ject 300 Streptococcus species, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and [Lincomycin] Mycoplasma species.{R-4; 5} ELCANMetritis (treatment)EL—Dogs: Lincomycin injection, syrup, and Note: For a listing of dosage forms and brand names by country tablets are indicated in the treatment of metritis caused by availability, see the Dosage Forms section(s). susceptible organisms.{R-3} Osteomyelitis (treatment)—Dogs: Clindamycin capsules, and oral CAN Category: Antibacterial (systemic). solution, and EL tabletsEL are indicated in the treatment of osteomyelitis caused by susceptible organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus.{R-1; 2; 35; 36; 62} Indications Pneumonia, bacterial (treatment)—Pigs: ELCANLincomycin injectionEL Note: The text between ELUS and EL describes uses that are not included ELCAN EL and lincomycin hydrochloride for medicated feed are indicated in in U.S. product labeling. Text between and describes uses the treatment of pneumonia caused by susceptible Mycoplasma that are not included in Canadian product labeling. species.{R-4; 5; 42} US CAN The EL or EL designation can signify a lack of product Porcine proliferative enteropathies (treatment)—Pigs: Lincomycin availability in the country indicated. See the Dosage Forms hydrochloride for medicated feed is indicated in the control of section of this monograph to confirm availability. porcine proliferative enteropathies (ileitis) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis.{R-38; 42} General considerations ELCANRespiratory tract infections (treatment)EL— The lincosamides have activity against many gram-positive bacteria Cats: Lincomycin injection, syrup, and tablets are indicated in the and many anaerobic bacteria, but are not effective against most treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible gram-negative organisms. organisms.{R-3} Lincomycin has been shown to have efficacy against Erysipelothrix Dogs: Lincomycin injection, syrup, and tablets are indicated in insidiosa, Leptospira pomona, Mycoplasma species, the treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by Staphylococcus species, and Streptococcus species (except susceptible organisms.{R-3} Streptococcus faecalis).{R-3; 4} The activity of lincomycin against ELCANSkin infections (treatment)EL—Dogs: Lincomycin injection, obligate anaerobes is seldom addressed in published literature; syrup, and tablets are indicated and ELUSclindamycinEL{R-20} is one exception is in vitro activity against Fusobacterium effective in the treatment of skin infections, such as pustular necrophorum.{R-60} According to the National Committee for dermatitis, caused by susceptible organisms.{R-3} To assure Clinical Laboratory Standards in the United States, clindamycin is efficacy in the treatment of skin infections, underlying primary the class antibiotic for the lincosamide family and the clindamycin disorders, such as allergic inhalant dermatitis, should be identified disk is used in in vitro testing to assess susceptibility to both and controlled.{R-1; 30} clindamycin and lincomycin.{R-31} Therefore, it is presumed that Soft tissue infections (treatment)— most anaerobes susceptible to clindamycin would likewise be Cats: Clindamycin oral solution and ELCANlincomycin injection, susceptible to lincomycin, provided compensations for potency syrup, and tabletsEL are indicated in the treatment of soft and kinetic disposition are made.{R-39} tissue infections, including abscesses, caused by susceptible Clindamycin has a spectrum of activity that includes Mycoplasma organisms.{R-1- 3; 30} © 2008 The United States Pharmacopeial Convention All rights reserved 1 Dogs: Clindamycin capsules, oral solution, and ELCANtabletsEL; and crystalline powder. Is odorless or has a faint mercaptan-like ELCANlincomycin injection, syrup, and tabletsEL are indicated in odor. Is stable in the presence of air and light. Its solutions are the treatment of soft tissue infections, including abscesses and acidic and are dextrorotatory.{R-26} infected wounds, caused by susceptible organisms.{R-1-3; 62} Lincomycin Hydrochloride USP—White or practically white, crystalline powder. Is odorless or has a faint odor. Is stable in Potentially effective the presence of air and light. Its solutions are acid and are {R-26} ELUS,CANInfections, bacterial (treatment)EL—Cattle: Although there are dextrorotatory. insufficient data to establish safety and efficacy, lincomycin Lincomycin Hydrochloride Injection USP—Clear, colorless to {R-26} injection may be used in combination with other antibiotics to slightly yellow solution, having a slight odor. provide a wide range of coverage to treat susceptible infections pKa: that may involve aerobes resistant to more commonly used Clindamycin—7.7.{R-14} medications or anaerobes, including Bacteroides fragilis.{R-14; 44; 60; Lincomycin—7.6.{R-14} 65; 66} Solubility: Metritis (treatment)—Dogs: There are insufficient data to confirm the Clindamycin Hydrochloride USP—Freely soluble in water, in efficacy of ELUS,CANclindamycinEL in the treatment of metritis in dimethylformamide, and in methanol; soluble in alcohol; dogs; however, because lincomycin is indicated for this use, practically insoluble in acetone.{R-26} clindamycin can be expected to be at least equally effective in the Lincomycin Hydrochloride USP—Freely soluble in water; soluble treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms.{R-15} in dimethylformamide; very slightly soluble in acetone.{R-26} Osteomyelitis (treatment)—ELUS,CANCatsEL: There are insufficient data to confirm the efficacy of clindamycin in the treatment of Pharmacology/Pharmacokinetics osteomyelitis in cats; however, the safety and predicted {R-24; 53; 54; 57} Mechanism of action/Effect: The lincosamides inhibit protein antimicrobial efficacy are supported by research. synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the 50 S ribosomal Respiratory tract infections (treatment)—Cats and dogs: There are ELUS,CAN EL subunits of bacterial ribosomes and preventing peptide bond insufficient data to confirm the efficacy of clindamycin in formation.{R-43} The lincosamides are usually considered the treatment of respiratory infections in cats and dogs; however, bacteriostatic;{R-43} however, when clindamycin is present at because lincomycin is indicated for this use, clindamycin can be {R-15} sufficient concentrations, it may act as a bactericidal antibiotic expected to be at least equally effective. {R-43} ELUS,CAN EL against sensitive organisms. Toxoplasmosis (treatment) —Cats: There are insufficient data to establish the efficacy of clindamycin in the treatment of Other actions/effects: Clindamycin may interfere with the Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats; however, it is considered to attachment and entry of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites into host have fewer side effects and perhaps to be more effective in {R-33} {R-17-19; cells. treating some aspects of the disease than is pyrimethamine. 34; 59} Clindamycin may not effectively clear organisms from areas Absorption: Oral absorption
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  • Farrukh Javaid Malik

    Farrukh Javaid Malik

    I Farrukh Javaid Malik THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE GRADE OF DOCTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BORDEAUX Doctoral School, SP2: Society, Politic, Public Health Specialization Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance By Farrukh Javaid Malik “Analysis of the medicines panorama in Pakistan – The case of antimicrobials: market offer width and consumption.” Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Albert FIGUERAS Defense Date: 28th November 2019 Members of Jury M. Francesco SALVO, Maître de conférences des universités – praticien hospitalier, President Université de Bordeaux M. Albert FIGUERAS, Professeur des universités – praticien hospitalier, Director Université Autonome de Barcelone Mme Antonia AGUSTI, Professeure, Vall dʹHebron University Hospital Referee Mme Montserrat BOSCH, Praticienne hospitalière, Vall dʹHebron University Hospital Referee II Abstract A country’s medicines market is an indicator of its healthcare system, the epidemiological profile, and the prevalent practices therein. It is not only the first logical step to study the characteristics of medicines authorized for marketing, but also a requisite to set up a pharmacovigilance system, thus promoting rational drug utilization. The three medicines market studies presented in the present document were conducted in Pakistan with the aim of describing the characteristics of the pharmaceutical products available in the country as well as their consumption at a national level, with a special focus on antimicrobials. The most important cause of antimicrobial resistance is the inappropriate consumption of antimicrobials. The results of the researches conducted in Pakistan showed some market deficiencies which could be addressed as part of the national antimicrobial stewardship programmes. III Résumé Le marché du médicament d’un pays est un indicateur de son système de santé, de son profil épidémiologique et des pratiques [de prescription] qui y règnent.