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Myth & Truth Church, Priesthood & Ordination Myth & Truth Church, Priesthood & Ordination V. NORSKOV OLSEN Myth and Truth about Church, Priesthood and Ordination V. NORSKOV OLSEN Loma Linda University Press Riverside, California Copyright © 1990 by Loma Linda University Press No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. This book was Edited by Raymond F. Cottrell Cover design by Joey Huerta Printed in U.S.A. Unless otherwise indicated, all Scripture quotations are from the New American Standard Bible, © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977 by the Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. Bible texts credited to KJV are from King James Version, to LB are from Living Bible, to RSV are from Revised Standard Versions, to NEB are from New English Bible, to PME are from Phillips Modem English, to JB are from The Jerusalem Bible, to NIV are from New Interna­ tional Version. Cataloging in Publication Data Olsen, V. Norskov (Viggo Norskov). Myth and truth about church, priesthood and ordination. 1. Church. 2. Ordination. I. Title BV600.2 262 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-062720 ISBN 0-944450-09-1 Other books by V. Norskov Olsen The New Testament Logia on Divorce. A Study of Their Interpretation from Erasmus to Milton. John Foxe and the Elizabethan Church Papal Supremacy and American Democrary Man, The Image of God: The Divine Design—The Human Distortion. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe heartfelt thanks to Dr. B. B. Beach, Secretary of the Con­ ference of Secretaries of Christian World Communions, and Dr. Ar­ thur F. Glasser, Dean Emeritus, School of World Mission, Fuller Theological Seminary, for their willingness to write the Forwords. Both being known as churchmen who have their hand on the ec­ clesiastical pulse worldwide, their insights hold special value. The unfailing encouragement of Dr. Barton W. Rippon and Dr. Niels-Erik Andreasen, respectively deans of the Graduate School and the School of Religion of Loma Linda University during the time devoted to the preparation of this book, has meant much to the writer. As with previous publications it was a privilege to associate with Dr. Raymond Cottrell, the book editor. Dorene Sample assisted him in proofreading. In the overall planning for the publication of the book the cordial relationship with Dr. Bailey Gillespie, Director of the Loma Linda University Press, has been greatly appreciated. The efficient services given by the Loma Linda University Library, especially the Department of Inter-Library Loan, has made my research easier. To Antoinette Yakush, my secretary for many years, I am greatly indebted. Her patience, professional skill, and efficiency made it possi­ ble that the successive drafts of the manuscript could finally be presented as a book. Last but not least, by my wife’s unfailing support, expressed in so many ways, this book has been made possible. V. Norskov Olsen Loma Linda, California CONTENTS Forwords vi Introduction 1 Part 1. The Church: Its Biblical Foundation 7 The God-Man Covenant Relationship 7 The Church of the Covenants 9 The Remnant 12 An Eschatological Community 15 The Christological Foundation 17 The Endowment of the Holy Spirit 18 Ekklesia Defined 20 Structural Metaphors 22 The Church Is One 23 The Church Is Holy 25 The Church Is Catholic 26 The Church Is Apostolic 28 The Gospel Rightly Taught 30 The Sacraments Rightly Administered 31 Part 2. The Priesthood of Believers 33 Israel A Kingdom of Priests 34 Christ the True High Priest 36 The Community of Believers as a Royal Priesthood 39 Laity and Clergy 46 Vocation and Calling 47 Medieval Priesthood 50 Precursors of a New Order 57 Roman Catholicism and Vatican Council II 62 Part 3. The Ministry: New Testamental Perspectives 66 The Nature of the Ministry 66 The Apostolate 69 The Charismatic Ministry 71 Jewish Religious Life 78 The Appointed Ministry 81 Part 4. The Ministry: Historical-Theological Observations 90 A Historical Note 90 A Transition Period (A.D. 100-200) 91 A Changed Ministry 97 Luther and the Ministry 104 Calvin and the Ministry 107 The Radical Reformation 112 World Council of Churches 118 Part 5. Ordination: A Biblical-Historical Inquiry 121 Ordination Defined 121 Laying on of Hands in the Old Testament 125 The Installation of Priest, King, And Prophet 128 Rabbinical Ordination 130 The Hand of God in the New Testament 139 The Laying on of Hands and the Ministry 140 Early Historical Sequel 149 Luther and Calvin’s Concept of Ordination 153 Epilogue 165 Reference Notes 181 vi Myth and Truth FOREWORD Another helpful book has come from the pen of Dr. V. Norskov Olsen. This work should prove to be a landmark in Seventh-day Adven­ tist ecclesiology. However, it should appeal to a wider ecumenical au­ dience, for many, if not most, current theological problems boil down to issues in ecclesiology. The author deals gently, but ably, with some of these important questions. The book quite rightly points in a comprehensive way to the func­ tional correlation and theological interaction between ecclesiology and such other branches of theology as Christology, soteriology, and pneumatology. After establishing a solid ecclesiological foundation, Dr. Olsen goes on to elaborate on the priesthood of believers and its organiza­ tional offspring, the pastoral ministry. Though the author does not avoid controversial issues, he deals considerately, albeit uncompromis­ ingly, with several myths that have developed throughout church history connected with official ministerial priesthood, ordination to pastoral ministry, and threefold ministry to be allegedly found in the New Testament. Not only does the writer come to grips with deep theological themes, but he also deals with questions of practical church life, such as the vital role of the laity in evangelism and the stifling nature of clericalism. If I may be permitted a personal observation: Dr. Olsen has done some of his best and most creative theological writing since retire­ ment. He is thus a living advertisement for the virtue of free time for cognitive thinking and for the fruitfulness of the “third age.” B. B. Beach, Secretary Conference of Secretaries of Christian World Communions Foreword vii FOREWORD I have been asked by one whom I esteem highly, Dr. Viggo Nor- skov Olsen, to write the foreword to this book. By chance he let me read some of the responses earlier received from his friends and col­ leagues. I found that after they studied this manuscript, their words were so expansive and respectful of his profound scholarship and wide reputation that to me his request was embarrassing: “I need to be bap­ tized by you, and do you come to me?” But the persuasion of respect and friendship is such that I eventually capitulated—and now confess the pleasure that is mine in introducing this book to you and in giving you my reasons for endorsing it. Church, priesthood, ordination—Dr. Olsen contends that a cor­ rect understanding of the biblical import of these themes is one of the most crucial issues facing the worldwide Christian movement in our day. Indeed, he contends that there is an urgency behind their significance. This follows because in many quarters, particularly among the older churches, membership is diminishing. All too often this is due to the clergy’s everpresent temptation in their world-wise pursuit of “relevance” to reduce the “good news of the Kingdom” to social responsibility and political action—in short, to the humanization of society. Such reductionism of the gospel invariably accelerates membership decrease. And the reason is obvious: such themes do not satisfy the unprecedented argumentation, and sociological concerns have nothing to say to this hunger. Actually, the only means of satis­ fying it remains the bread of life which Jesus offers and which He accompanies with the promise that those who partake of it will never hunger again. His promise stills stands. However, even among evangelicals with their professed accep­ tance of the authority and relevance of the whole Bible, significant church growth is not invariably what they are achieving. For instance, during the 1980s urban evangelism was widely promoted and acknowledged as the churches’ top priority, to be matched only by a continuing concern for unreached people groups in rural areas throughout the two-thirds world. Never have there been so many publications, seminars, and case studies on the growing numbers of unsaved individuals in the cities of the world. But with what result? Despite the significant increase in knowledge of urban evangelism and much diligence in networking urban resources for evangelism, most viii Myth and Truth city churches the world over are struggling to survive. Few report significant growth. More often than not those that are growing are led by people who have not been shaped by traditional theological education, nor are they within the older evangelical movement. There must be some basic flaw in the traditional understanding of ministry. This is what makes Dr. Olsen’s book so timely. He knows the Bible, is a top-notch historian, and has been burdened to produce this protest and to reinforce it with the appeal that Christians of all church traditions get back to the basic, by which he means the Word of God. He particularly encourages those preparing for or involved in a “career” ministry to face up to the full implications of the nature of church, her priesthood, and the abuse of ordination. He wants all Christians to sense the importance of discovering and implementing the implications of such questions as : What is the church? Who are called to its priesthood, it ministry? And what is the real significance of ordination? Behind these questions is Dr.
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