DOCSLIB.ORG

Affliction, Consolation and the Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern England Published Online March 15, 2018

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Affliction, Consolation and the Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern England Published Online March 15, 2018 Journal of Early Modern Christianity 2018; 5(1): 1–34 Jan Frans van Dijkhuizen* “Never Better”: Affliction, Consolation and the Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern England https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2018-0001 published online March 15, 2018 Abstract: This essay examines the central role of consolation in early modern Protestant culture. It first maps a number of the important tropes in early modern Protestant consolation literature, focusing on England. It then analyses the lan- guage of consolation in early modern printed and manuscript sources on the legal proceedings against the Puritan pamphleteers Bastwick, Burton and Prynne, show- ing how consolation was both widely shared and politically contentious, under- mining the very idea of a unified Protestant cause which it served to foster. Finally, I examine the notebooks of the London wood-turner Nehemiah Wallington as a case study of the ways in which self-writers, in recording and reflecting on affliction, drew on consolation discourses. While consolation is a central strand in Wallington’s reflections on affliction, it is also elusive and provisional, especially where everyday, personal suffering is concerned. In Wallington, consolation seems available especially if the religious suffering it alleviates has a political dimension, and can be construed as a way of suffering for the true faith. Keywords: suffering, consolation, protestantism, early modernity, self-writing 1 Introduction In February 1524 Martin Luther (1483–1546) wrote a letter of consolation to the fledgling evangelical congregation in the German town of Miltenberg, whose pastor Johann Drach (Johannes Draconites, 1494–1566) had been excommuni- cated in 1523, with some of his followers executed and the Evangelical move- ment in Miltenberg suppressed.1 Luther’s christlicher Trostbrief appeared in 1 Following Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided 1490–1700 (London: Penguin books ltd, 2003), I use the term “evangelical” to refer to “sympathizers with reform in the first half of the sixteenth century” (xx). *Corresponding author: Jan Frans van Dijkhuizen, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands, E-mail: [email protected] Brought to you by | Universiteit Leiden / LUMC Authenticated Download Date | 6/5/19 1:26 PM 2 J. F. van Dijkhuizen seven editions, printed in five German cities.2 The letter to the Miltenberg congregation is one of a body of consolation letters written by Luther during the 1520s, and addressed to specific early evangelical communities facing per- secution, such as those in Halle and Worms, or to persecuted Protestants more generally, such as the 1522 Letter of Consolation to All Who Suffer Persecution.3 In these letters, Luther not only comforts his coreligionists but also addresses the question of what constitutes effective and theologically sound consolation in the first place. Indeed, for Luther, the true Christian community is defined to a significant extent by the ways in which it understands and practices consola- tion – by the manner in which it bears and attaches meaning to suffering and adversity. Luther’s consolation letters are part of a broader preoccupation with con- solation that was characteristic of early modern Protestant culture from its very inception.4 This interest in consolation among Protestants was occasioned in 2 Neil R. Leroux, Martin Luther as Comforter: Writings on Death (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2007), 108. For Luther and consolation, see also Hans B. Leaman, “‘Count Every Step in my Flight’: Rhegius’s and Luther’s Consolations for Evangelical Exiles, 1531–3,” in Exile and Religious Identity, 1500–1800, ed. Jesse Spohnholz and Gary K. Waite (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2014), 9–24; Susan Karant-Nunn, The Reformation of Feeling: Shaping the Religious Emotions in Early Modern Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010); and Ronald Rittgers, The Reformation of Suffering: Pastoral Theology and Lay Piety in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). 3 In Martin Luther, “Devotional Writings II,” in Luther’s Works, vol. 43, ed. Gustav. K. Wiencke (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1968), 57–71; translation of Martin Luther, Eyn Missive allen den, so von wegen des Wortt Gottes Verfolgung lyden tröstlych (Strasbourg, 1522). 4 There is, of course, a long Christian and classical tradition of consolation literature, with the consolation letter as one subgenre. Important examples from classical antiquity are Plutarch’s On Exile; Cicero’s Consolatio and Tusculan Disputations; and Seneca’s Consolatione ad Marciam, De Consolatione ad Polybium, Epistolae ad Lucilium and De Consolatione ad Helviam. Chad D. Schrock, Consolation in Medieval Narrative: Augustinian Authority and Open Form (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) reads Augustine’s Confessions and City of God as consolatory, in that they offer narratives of consolation after the sack of Rome in 410 had rendered problematic the idea of history as a gradual and inevitable spread of Christianity. For Augustine and consola- tion, see also Mary Melchior Beyenka, Consolation in Saint Augustine (Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1950). The most famous medieval work of consolation is Boethius’ sixth-century Consolation of Philosophy, which, in spite of its pervasive influence on medieval Christianity, drew predominantly on classical rather than Christian models, especially the Stoicism of Seneca and Cicero, and the Neo-Platonism of Plotinus (see Pierre Courcelle, La ‘Consolation de Philosophie’ dans la tradition littéraire: Antécédents et postérité de Boèce [Paris: Études augustiniennes, 1967] and Howard Rollin Patch, The Tradition of Boethius [New York: Oxford University Press, 1935]). For consolation in Italian humanism, see George McClure, Sorrow and Consolation in Italian Humanism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991). My concern in this essay is not with the classical and earlier Christian lineage of early modern Brought to you by | Universiteit Leiden / LUMC Authenticated Download Date | 6/5/19 1:26 PM “Never Better” 3 part by the fact that the persecution which they faced gave new urgency to the experience of suffering. As various scholars have shown, persecution and mar- tyrdom became central to early modern notions of Protestant identity, with the immense importance in England of the Book of Martyrs (1563) by John Foxe (1516/17–1587) as only one example among many.5 Protestants saw themselves as sufferers for a righteous cause, a community held together to an important extent by the shared experience of suffering and persecution. This centrality of martyrdom brought with it a need for consolation in the face of persecution, as is suggested, for example, by the pervasiveness of the language of consolation in the Book of Martyrs. Two examples from many in Foxe are the narratives of the Marian martyrs John Philpot (1515/16–1555) and Lawrence Saunders (d. 1555). In a letter to Lord John Careless, Philpot claims to feel “the consolation of heaven” and expresses a hope that Careless too will experience God’s “inward consolation”, while Saunders is described as being “expert” in “consolations” and “able to comforte other which were in any affliction, by the consolation wherwith the Lord did comfort him”.6 As Luther’s letters to early evangelical congregations also make clear, discourses of consolation provided a crucial framework for articulating a sense of community-in-suffering. The need to claim consolation for the Protestant cause was intensified by the existence of a body, often highly politicized, of early modern Catholic consolation writing. Prominent English examples include Thomas More’s Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (1534, reprinted in 1553 and 1573); An epistle of comfort to the reverend priestes (1587) and The triumphs over death (1595) by Robert Southwell (1561?–1595); the Spiritual Consolation (1578) by the bishop and martyr John Fisher (c.1469–1535); and Robert Persons’ The First Booke of the Christian Protestant consolation discourses, but with these discourses as a coherent framework for attaching meaning to suffering in their own right. 5 Among a large number of relevant titles, see John R. Knott, Discourses of Martyrdom in English Literature, 1563–1694 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Brad Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1999); Susannah Brietz Monta, Martyrdom and Literature in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Adrian Chastain Weimer, Martyrs’ Mirror: Persecution and Holiness in Early New England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). A useful recent study of Foxe is John N. King, Foxe’s Book of Martyrs and Early Modern Print Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). 6 John Foxe, Actes and monuments (London, 1583), 1833, 1494. Foxe appended a series of letters by Philpot, many consolatory in nature, to the narrative of Philpot’s examination and martyrdom. Brought to you by | Universiteit Leiden / LUMC Authenticated Download Date | 6/5/19 1:26 PM 4 J. F. van Dijkhuizen Exercise, Appertayning to Resolution (1582), hugely popular in the 1584 Protestant adaptation by Edmund Bunny.7 In spite of the strong link between consolation and martyrdom, the dom- inance of consolation in early modern Protestant culture extended beyond the experience of persecution and martyrdom. As Ronald Rittgers has shown, the Protestant Reformation was to an
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "This Court Doth Keep All England in Quiet": Star Chamber and Public Expression in Prerevolutionary England, 1625–1641 Nathaniel A
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 8-2018 "This Court Doth Keep All England in Quiet": Star Chamber and Public Expression in Prerevolutionary England, 1625–1641 Nathaniel A. Earle Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Earle, Nathaniel A., ""This Court Doth Keep All England in Quiet": Star Chamber and Public Expression in Prerevolutionary England, 1625–1641" (2018). All Theses. 2950. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2950 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "THIS COURT DOTH KEEP ALL ENGLAND IN QUIET" STAR CHAMBER AND PUBLIC EXPRESSION IN PREREVOLUTIONARY ENGLAND 1625–1641 A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts History by Nathaniel A. Earle August 2018 Accepted by: Dr. Caroline Dunn, Committee Chair Dr. Alan Grubb Dr. Lee Morrissey ABSTRACT The abrupt legislative destruction of the Court of Star Chamber in the summer of 1641 is generally understood as a reaction against the perceived abuses of prerogative government during the decade of Charles I’s personal rule. The conception of the court as an ‘extra-legal’ tribunal (or as a legitimate court that had exceeded its jurisdictional mandate) emerges from the constitutional debate about the limits of executive authority that played out over in Parliament, in the press, in the pulpit, in the courts, and on the battlefields of seventeenth-century England.
    [Show full text]
  • The English Civil Wars a Beginner’S Guide
    The English Civil Wars A Beginner’s Guide Patrick Little A Oneworld Paperback Original Published in North America, Great Britain and Australia by Oneworld Publications, 2014 Copyright © Patrick Little 2014 The moral right of Patrick Little to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by him/her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 9781780743318 eISBN 9781780743325 Typeset by Siliconchips Services Ltd, UK Printed and bound in Denmark by Nørhaven A/S Oneworld Publications 10 Bloomsbury Street London WC1B 3SR England Stay up to date with the latest books, special offers, and exclusive content from Oneworld with our monthly newsletter Sign up on our website www.oneworld-publications.com Contents Preface vii Map of the English Civil Wars, 1642–51 ix 1 The outbreak of war 1 2 ‘This war without an enemy’: the first civil war, 1642–6 17 3 The search for settlement, 1646–9 34 4 The commonwealth, 1649–51 48 5 The armies 66 6 The generals 82 7 Politics 98 8 Religion 113 9 War and society 126 10 Legacy 141 Timeline 150 Further reading 153 Index 157 Preface In writing this book, I had two primary aims. The first was to produce a concise, accessible account of the conflicts collectively known as the English Civil Wars. The second was to try to give the reader some idea of what it was like to live through that trau- matic episode.
    [Show full text]
  • Revealing Dissent Under Charles I's 'Personal Rule'
    ‘An Engine Which the World Sees Nothing Of ’: Revealing Dissent Under Charles I’s ‘Personal Rule’ Jared van Duinen In 2000, Jonathan Scott characterized the years of Charles’s personal rule by the term the ‘peace of silence’. By this he meant that the seeming peace and quiescence of the 1630s was chiefly due to the silencing of dissent. For much of the twentieth century, this ‘peace of silence’ could be found reflected in the historiography of early Stuart England. Even when the personal rule received its first full-length study – Kevin Sharpe’s 1992 The Personal Rule of Charles I – the story of dissent in the 1630s remained largely underexplored. In order to uncover the covert and diffused nature of dissident thought under Charles’s personal rule, it is necessary for research to adopt a commensurately localized or decentred frame of reference. Work which has done this has often revealed previously obscured veins of dissent. A future direction for studies of dissident thought and action in the 1630s could lie in network analysis and, in particular, the examination of puritan networks of association. ‘Not only all mouths are stopped, but the parliament doors sealed for many years.’ ‘When we ... have any great things to be accomplished, the best policy is to work by an engine which the world sees nothing of.’1 Both these contemporary quotes, from quite different perspectives, refer to the Caroline 1630s, the years of Charles I’s ‘personal rule’. The first is from, if not an ‘insider’ figure then at least a servant of the establishment, the diplomat Sir Thomas Roe.
    [Show full text]
  • Canterbury Christ Church University's Repository of Research Outputs Http
    Canterbury Christ Church University’s repository of research outputs http://create.canterbury.ac.uk Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. Heron, J. (2013) The trial of John Lilburne October 1649: a new perspective. M.A. thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University. Contact: [email protected] The Trial of John Lilburne October 1649. A new perspective. By John Heron Canterbury Christchurch University Thesis submitted for the Degree of M.A. by Research September 2013 John Heron Contents: Abstract: ii Abbreviations: iii Acknowledgements: iv Introduction: p 1 Chapter 1: John Lilburne biographical detail p 6 Chapter 2: The path to trial p 24 Chapter 3: The Trial p 39 John Heron Chapter 4: Conclusion p 71 Bibliography: p 77 John Heron Abstract The trial of John Lilburne for treasonable, seditious libel that took place at the Guildhall in London on the 24th,25th and 26th of October 1649 has held a clear and unambiguous place in the consciousness of the majority of those that have written on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Puritan Martyrs in Island Prisons David Cressy
    Journal of British Studies 57 (October 2018): 736–754. doi:10.1017/jbr.2018.112 © The North American Conference on British Studies, 2018 Puritan Martyrs in Island Prisons David Cressy Abstract Charles I’s Star Chamber prosecution of the lawyer William Prynne, the min- ister Henry Burton, and the physician John Bastwick generated both contemporary and historiographical controversy, mostly concerned with their writings, their trial, and their punishment in London. This article turns attention to their unusual offshore incarcera- tion on the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and the Scillies between 1637 and 1640. It exam- ines the material, social, and spiritual circumstances of island detention, and shows how the “puritan martyrs”1 coped with separation from the world. Though the discourse of martyrdom invited a compilation of miseries, invoking scriptural comparisons, this tri- umvirate experienced isolation that did not necessarily incapacitate them. Prynne savored the hospitality of his jailers, Burton smuggled out polemical tracts, and all three found inspiration in the book of Revelation, written by St. John while a prisoner on the island of Patmos. Each returned to the fray in the 1640s, writing works of witness and justification. Their experience of island imprisonment provided a model and an inspiration for dozens more who were similarly confined during the Protectorate and the Restoration. hen the government of Charles I retaliated in 1637 against its most Woutspoken puritan critics, it subjected the clergyman Henry Burton, the physician John Bastwick, and the lawyer William Prynne to a controversial repertoire of legal degrading, pillorying, physical disfigurement, fines, and imprisonment. Their prosecution and sentence in Star Chamber was, in Kevin Sharpe’s words, “one of the causes célèbres … of seventeenth-century English history,”2 the fount of a vibrant historiography.
    [Show full text]
  • The Levellers Movement and Had Been Amongst the Leaders of a Mutiny Against Cromwell, Whom They Accused of Betraying the Ideals of the ‘Civil War ’
    Levellers Day book cover_Levellers Day book cover 04/05/2015 08:33 Page 1 Written by PETA STEEL T H E L E THE V Published in May 2 01 5 by SERTUC E Congress House, Great Russell Street L L London WC1B 3LS E R LEVELLERS MOVEMENT 020 7467 1220 [email protected] S M O V AN ACCOUNT OF PERHAPS THE FIRST POLITICAL MOVEMENT E M TO REPRESENT THE ORDINARY PEOPLE E N T Additional sponsorship from Including THE DIGGERS AND RANTERS, ASLEF, Unison South East Region, and Unite OLIVER CROMWELL, THE AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE and MAGNA CARTA South East S E R T U C Printed by Upstream PUBLISHED BY SERTUC 020 7358 1344 [email protected] £2 Levellers Day book cover_Levellers Day book cover 04/05/2015 08:33 Page 2 CONTENTS THE LEVELLERS 1 THE DIGGERS AND THE RANTERS 11 THE CIVIL WARS 15 THE NEW MODEL ARMY 19 AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE 23 THE PUTNEY DEBATES 27 THOMAS RAINSBOROUGH 31 PETITIONS 34 THE BISHOPSGATE MUTINY 37 THE BANBURY MUTINY 38 THE MAGNA CARTA 40 OLIVER CROMWELL 43 JOHN LILBURNE 49 GERRARD WINSTANLEY 55 RICHARD OVERTON 58 KATHERINE CHIDLEY 60 KING CHARLES I 63 THE STAR CHAMBER 66 JOHN MILTON 68 Levellers Day book new_Levellers book new to print 04/05/2015 09:07 Page 1 FOREWORD THERE’S little to disagree with the Levellers over: “they wanted a democracy where there was no King, and a reformed House of Commons that represented the people, and not the vested interests of the ruling classes ”.
    [Show full text]
  • Radical Republicanism in England, America, and the Imperial Atlantic, 1624-1661
    RADICAL REPUBLICANISM IN ENGLAND, AMERICA, AND THE IMPERIAL ATLANTIC, 1624-1661 by John Donoghue B.A., Westminster College, New Wilmington, PA, 1993 M.A., University of Pittsburgh, 1999 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2006 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Faculty of Arts and Sciences This dissertation was presented by John Donoghue It was defended on December 2, 2005 and approved by William Fusfield, Associate Professor, Department of Communication Janelle Greenberg, Professor, Department of History Jonathan Scott, Professor, Department of History Dissertation Director: Marcus Rediker, Professor, Department of History ii Copyright by John Donoghue 2006 iii RADICAL REPUBLICANISM IN ENGLAND, AMERICA, AND THE IMPERIAL ATLANTIC, 1624-1661 John Donoghue, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, April 30, 2006 This dissertation links the radical politics of the English Revolution to the history of puritan New England. It argues that antinomians, by rejecting traditional concepts of social authority, created divisive political factions within the godly party while it waged war against King Charles I. At the same time in New England, antinomians organized a political movement that called for a democratic commonwealth to limit the power of ministers and magistrates in religious and civil affairs. When this program collapsed in Massachusetts, hundreds of colonists returned to an Old England engulfed by civil war. Joining English antinomians, they became lay preachers in London, New Model Army soldiers, and influential supporters of the republican Levellers. This dissertation also connects the study of republican political thought to the labor history of the first British Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • “Meddle Not with Them That Are Given to Change”: Innovation As Evil
    ‘Meddle Not With Them That Are Given to Change’: Innovation as Evil Benoît Godin 385 rue Sherbrooke Est Montreal, Quebec Canada H2X 1E3 [email protected] Project on the Intellectual History of Innovation Working Paper No. 6 2010 Working Papers 1. B. Godin, Innovation: the History of a Category. 2. B. Godin, In the Shadow of Schumpeter: W. Rupert Maclaurin and the Study of Technological Innovation. 3. B. Godin, The Linear Model of Innovation (II): Maurice Holland and the Research Cycle. 4. B. Godin, National Innovation System (II): Industrialists and the Origins of an Idea. 5. B. Godin, Innovation without the Word: William F. Ogburn’s Contribution to Technological Innovation Studies. Project on the Intellectual History of Innovation 385 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, Canada, H2X 1E3 Telephone: (514) 499-4074 Facsimile: (514) 499-4065 www.csiic.ca 2 Abstract Innovation has become a central value of modern society. It has not always been so. As a matter of fact, innovation had a pejorative connotation for centuries. This paper looks at one episode of the contested use of the category ‘innovation’. It documents the first controversy on innovation in the seventeenth century. Starting in the mid-1620s, Henry Burton, a Church of England minister and Puritan, accused the bishops of innovating in matters of Church doctrine and discipline, contrary to His Majesty’s instructions. In 1636, Burton published two of his sermons in a polemical form and was brought before the Court. His opponents produced answers accusing Burton himself of innovating. Burton had his ears cut and was sentenced to imprisonment.
    [Show full text]
  • The War Won with Words, and the Country Rebuilt by Them
    University of Hawai‘i at Hilo · Hawai‘i Community College HOHONU 2013 Vol. 11 swiftly became an indispensable component of ensuring The War Won with Words, and a Royalist position of authority: “During the frst half of the Country Rebuilt by Them the sixteenth century, the English gentry came to realize Corey Patton, [email protected] that its continued access to the controls of power would English 304, UH Hilo depend less on birth and military prowess and more on literacy and learning” (Levy 11). Cavalier poets, such as The downfall of many leaders throughout the Richard Lovelace and Robert Herrick, contributed their annals of history is best attributed to their failure to artful talents to garnering support for King Charles I, understand the paramount importance of confronting flling volume upon volume with verses dedicated to the foes with the use of a pen, rather than a sword. European royal family in the hopes that their words would inspire politics underwent a monumental transformation in loyalty to the sovereignty of the crown. the period from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century However, by the same token, the Royalists came due to the sudden, widespread development of literary to fear the revolutionary potential of literature as texts comprehension amongst the middle and lower classes began to surface that called for a purging of government in European society. As a result, the English Civil War corruption under the reign of King Charles I. A plethora became one of the frst major conficts in British history of Puritan authors, all frm supporters of Parliamentarian to rely heavily upon the infuence of written media to ideals, used their writing as a means of releasing determine the outcome of the war.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Did People Want the King Back in 1646
    Civil War > Why did people go to war in 1642? > 1637-39 > Source 7 Why did people go to war in 1642? Case study 1: 1637-39 – Source 7 Report to Archbishop Laud from informers, 31 May 1639 (Catalogue ref: SP 16/422/113) What is this source? This is a report to William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, from some of his informers. Laud had a network across the country that sent him regular reports about what people were saying. What’s the background to this source? Throughout the 1630s Charles I and William Laud tried to bring changes to the organisation of the church and to the way people worshipped in church. As a result, Laud made many enemies. Laud punished some of his critics harshly. For example, in 1637 William Prynne, Henry Burton and John Bastwick printed pamphlets attacking Laud. All three men were Puritans. They believed that Laud’s changes were making the Protestant Church of England too much like the Catholic Church of Rome. Laud had their ears cut off and their faces branded with a hot iron. It’s worth knowing that … Laud and Charles tried to increase the power of the church in England and Scotland. They also wanted everyone to worship in the same way. Both of these things alarmed many Protestants, particularly the hard-line Protestants known as Puritans. On the other hand, many approved of Laud’s policies. They just disliked the way he clamped down on free speech and treated his critics badly. Both England and Scotland split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s and became Protestant.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arrest and Trial of Archbishop William Laud
    THE ARREST AND TRIAL OF ARCHBISHOP WILLIAM LAUD By NICHOLAS ROBERT CHARLES FORWARD A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Modern History School of Historical Studies College of Arts and law University of Birmingham March 2012 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Archbishop William Laud was arrested on 18 December 1640, and specific treason charges were brought forward early in 1641. However he did not stand trial until 1644. This study aims to assess the charges; consider the reasons for the significant delay between the arrest and trial; review the law of treason pertaining at the time and how this was applied to Laud; analyse the condemnatory and often vindictive views of Laud within the public sphere as reflected in the pamphlets and newsbooks of the period; and assess in detail the trial itself. Along with Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford, Laud was a principle counsellor to the king and a major hate figure for parliament who considered the two men responsible for leading the king astray during the period of the personal rule.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins & Causes of the English Civil
    The Origins & Causes of the English Civil War By Victoria Masson We English like to think of ourselves as gentlemen and ladies; a nation that knows how to queue, eat properly and converse politely. And yet in 1642 we went to war with ourselves. Pitting brother against brother and father against son, the English civil war is a blot on our history. Indeed, there was barely an English ‘gentleman’ who was not touched by the war. Yet how did it start? Was it simply a power struggle between king and Parliament? Were the festering wounds left by the Tudor religious roller coaster to blame? Or was it all about the money? Divine right – the God given right of an anointed monarch to rule unhindered – was established firmly in the reign of James I (1603-25). He asserted his political legitimacy by decreeing that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority; not the will of his people, the aristocracy or any other estate of the realm, including Parliament. Under this definition any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict the powers of the monarch goes against the will of God. The concept of a God given right to rule was not born in this period however; writings as far back as AD 600 infer that the English in their varied Anglo-Saxon states accepted those in power had God’s blessing. This blessing should create an infallible leader – and there is the rub. Surely if you have been given power to rule by God, you should demonstrate an ability to wield this responsibility with a degree of success? By 1642 Charles I found himself nearly bankrupt, surrounded by blatant corruption and nepotism and desperate to hold onto the thin veil that masked his religious uncertainty.
    [Show full text]