THE FIRST GREEKS in ITALY* Bruno D'agostino the End of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

THE FIRST GREEKS IN ITALY* Bruno d’Agostino The end of the Mycenaean world saw a hiatus in the contacts between the Aegean and Italy which lasted throughout the 11th–9th centuries B.C. These contacts were resumed in the Salento Peninsula, whose most important town was Otranto. In addition to a limited presence of fragments datable to the 9th century, the most significant finds date to the decades before the middle of the 8th century B.C. (phase MGII), made up mainly of Corinthian pottery. Such early involvement by the Corinthians in the West seems to have touched peninsular Italy only marginally: evidence for these contacts with Greece is limited to Messapic settlements on the coasts, which were probably ports of call for internal Greek shipping routes in the Ionian Sea. As d’Andria suggests,1 in its earliest stages this phenomenon is very much tied to Corinthian expansion into north-western Greece, a fact well documented at Ambracia and Vitsa Zagoriou. On the Tyrrhenian coast, Corinth appears only towards the middle of the 8th century. Here the resumption of contacts with the Aegean between the end of the 9th and the first years of the 8th century was mainly due to Euboean and Cycladic initiatives. Pottery shapes and styles typical of these areas, such as pendent semi-circle and chevron skyphoi of MGII, punctuate the renewed intercourse (Fig. 1).2 Before entering too deeply into the Italian situation, it is neces- sary to ask by way of introduction: why Euboea?3 One must look for the answer in the unique conditions enjoyed by the island at the threshold of the 1st millennium B.C. While the majority of Greece during this period was undergoing radical transformations which cre- ated a completely new political and cultural order, Euboea was affected only very slightly by these events. Already at the end of the * Translated by Pierpaolo Finaldi. 1 d’Andria 1984. The bibliography is collected in d’Agostino and Soteriou 1998, 363–5. 2 d’Agostino 1985. 3 Popham 1981. 202 bruno d’agostino Fig. 1. Map of the Mediterranean with places mentioned in the text: 1. Al Mina; 2. Sidon; 3. Tyre; 4. Naukratis; 5. Chalcis; 6. Lefkandi; 7. Eretria; 8. Olympia; 9. Knossos; 10. Kommos; 11. Vetulonia; 12. Vulci; 13. Gravisca; 14. Caera; 15. Veii; 16. Praeneste; 17. Pithekoussai (Ischia); 18. Cumae; 19. Calatia; 20. Ponte- cagnano; 21. Zancle; 22. Naxos; 23. Catane; 24. Leontini; 25. Carthage (after J.P. Crielaard, Hamburger Beiträge 19/20 [1992/93], 237). 10th century power was in the hands of a rich social class which engaged in contacts and exchange with the Near East. The great apsidal building at Lefkandi surrounded by wooden columns pre- serves for us a vivid picture of this society. The structure served first as a dwelling place and then as a burial site for a prince and his wife, accompanied by rich grave goods and the horses from the funeral cart.4 The presence of Euboean pottery at Tyre from the end of the 10th century B.C.5 illustrates the strength of the ties between Euboea and the Phoenicians which stretched back to the time of the prince of Lefkandi (see H.G. Niemeyer’s chapter in the present volume). As D. Ridgway has rightly noted,6 Euboean ships first reached Sardinia by following the shipping route opened by the Phoenicians from Cyprus. This is demonstrated by the pendent semicircle skyphoi and 4 Lefkandi II. 5 Coldstream 1988; 1998. 6 Ridgway 1984; 1992..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Archaic Eretria
ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
[Show full text]
Migrations' European History Maps
Worksheet Migrations’ European History Maps Atlas of European history - Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/.../Atlas_of... Historical maps of the Iberian Peninsula - Visigoth migrations.jpg ... Map Almoravid empire-en.svg ... Almoravid map reconquest loc.jpg ... European History Interactive Map - Worldology www.worldology.com/Europe/europe_history_lg.htm My aim was merely to show a broad-brushed evolution of European history. ...... It's a fun and interactive way to learn more about history and migration patterns. Genetic history maps centuries of European migration | University of ... www.ox.ac.uk/.../2015-09-18-genetic-histo... Genetics researchers at the University of Oxford have used DNA to map the history of population movements in and around Europe. History of Europe (3000 BC - 2013 AD) - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l53bmKYXliA Source: http://geacron.com/home-en/ - the best historical atlas i ever seen Music: Globus - Crusaders of the … 4 maps that will change how you see migration in Europe | World ... https://www.weforum.org/.../these-4-maps-... 4 maps that will change how you see migration in Europe. Migrant children ... Climate and clams: 500 years of history in one shell. Ian Hall ... Maps of Neolithic, Bronze Age & Iron Age migrations in Europe and ... www.eupedia.com › Genetics Maps of Neolithic & Bronze Age migrations around Europe ... History of R1b from the Ice Age origins until the beginning of the Hallstatt period (1200 BCE). Migrations Map: Where are migrants coming from? Where have ... migrationsmap.net/ Where are migrants coming from? Where have migrants left? Click on the map or pick a country here: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra ..
[Show full text]
Ancient Carved Ambers in the J. Paul Getty Museum
Ancient Carved Ambers in the J. Paul Getty Museum Ancient Carved Ambers in the J. Paul Getty Museum Faya Causey With technical analysis by Jeff Maish, Herant Khanjian, and Michael R. Schilling THE J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM, LOS ANGELES This catalogue was first published in 2012 at http: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data //museumcatalogues.getty.edu/amber. The present online version Names: Causey, Faya, author. | Maish, Jeffrey, contributor. | was migrated in 2019 to https://www.getty.edu/publications Khanjian, Herant, contributor. | Schilling, Michael (Michael Roy), /ambers; it features zoomable high-resolution photography; free contributor. | J. Paul Getty Museum, issuing body. PDF, EPUB, and MOBI downloads; and JPG downloads of the Title: Ancient carved ambers in the J. Paul Getty Museum / Faya catalogue images. Causey ; with technical analysis by Jeff Maish, Herant Khanjian, and Michael Schilling. © 2012, 2019 J. Paul Getty Trust Description: Los Angeles : The J. Paul Getty Museum, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references. | Summary: “This catalogue provides a general introduction to amber in the ancient world followed by detailed catalogue entries for fifty-six Etruscan, Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Greek, and Italic carved ambers from the J. Paul Getty Museum. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a The volume concludes with technical notes about scientific copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4 investigations of these objects and Baltic amber”—Provided by .0/. Figures 3, 9–17, 22–24, 28, 32, 33, 36, 38, 40, 51, and 54 are publisher. reproduced with the permission of the rights holders Identifiers: LCCN 2019016671 (print) | LCCN 2019981057 (ebook) | acknowledged in captions and are expressly excluded from the CC ISBN 9781606066348 (paperback) | ISBN 9781606066355 (epub) BY license covering the rest of this publication.
[Show full text]
University Microfilms International
ANCIENT EUBOEA: STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF A GREEK ISLAND FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 404 B.C. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Vedder, Richard Glen, 1950- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 05:15:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290465 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame.
[Show full text]
Ancient Greece
History/Geography- Ancient Greece- 6-week project- Summer Term 2 Children should complete this project over a 6-week period, with the advice that they spend 45 minutes per week working on this. The end goal is for children to be able to produce a piece of writing all about how Greece has changed. Lesson 1- An introduction to Ancient Greece Children should work through the powerpoint provided and see if they can identify Greece on a map. In their workbooks, children should list 3 places in Greece, remembering to focus on the spellings of proper nouns. They should then pick one of these places, research and write down 3 facts about this area. For example: Athens is famous for holding the Olympic Games. Lesson 2- Who were the Ancient Greeks? Children should read through the powerpoint about the Ancient Greeks. They should take notes about the Ancient Greek way of life. In their workbooks children should answer this question: How did the Ancient Greeks live? Children will need adult help to answer this, some sentence starters could be: Ancient Greeks were good at building, we know this because………………. Ancient Greek armies were strong………………………………………………. Children should aim to write at least 3 sentences in their workbooks, as they will be using this throughout their topic. Lesson 3- Greece now Using the powerpoint provided, children should look at the differences between Ancient Greece and the modern-day Greece. They should now fill in the worksheet provided, showing the differences between the two. Lesson 4/5- Greek travel agent challenge! Children now need to imagine that they are travel agents and should make a brochure persuading people to go on holiday to Greece.
[Show full text]
Who Were the Ancient Greeks and Why Is Democracy a Good Thing?
Subject: History Year Group: 5 Unit: Ancient Greeks Key Question: Who were the Ancient Greeks and Why is Democracy a good thing? First- hand experience: NC Objectives to be addressed: Prior Learning related to this unit of work • Ancient Greece – a study of Greek life and achievements and their Year 3 – term 4 – The Romans in Britain influence on the western world The Roman Empire and its impact on Britain • How Britain has been influenced by the wider world – The Ancient • Julius Caesar’s attempted invasion in 55-54 BC Greeks • the Roman Empire by AD 42 and the power of its army • Know and understand significant aspects of the history of the wider • successful invasion by Claudius and conquest, including Hadrian’s Wall world: ancient civilisations • British resistance, for example, Boudica • Understand historical concepts: continuity and change, cause and • ‘Romanisation’ of Britain: sites such as Caerwent and the impact of technology, consequence, similarities and difference culture and beliefs, including early Christianity • To make connections and ask historically valid questions Year 4 – term 3 and 4 – The Ancient Egyptians • Continue to develop a clear chronologically secure knowledge and • The class structure of Egyptian society understanding • What evidence is there that the Rive Nile was key in the development of • Understand how our knowledge of the past is constructed from a range economics in ancient societies? of sources • How has Egypt changed from Ancient times to the modern day? Local Regional National International •
[Show full text]
"The 11Th Cent. B.C. Was a Century of Great Changes and Profound Social
CHAPTER III: THE HISTORY OF CENTRAL EUBOIA IN THE DARK AGES AND EARLY IRON AGE (c.1050 TO c.750 B. C.) "The 11th cent. B.C. was a century of great changes and profound social upheavals within the Helladic world." The collapse of the Mycenaean world, probably the result of natural disasters which precipitated internal social disorders and predatory invasions, resulted in the destruction and abandonment of many old habitation centres and the dispersion of their populations. This led to a "temporary economic and cultural recess" 2 over much of Hellas although this was not uniform across the country nor as complete in some regions as is sometimes imagined, for while Thebai and lolkos experienced destruction, nearby Lefkandi may not only have escaped largely unscathed but actually experienced something of a cultural flowering, 3 and some at least of its inhabitants were able to re-establish a degree of settled life and wealth-accumulation that in our admittedly meagre archaeological records appears impressive and a level of sophistication that makes it not entirely unexpected as the place where the "Greek Renaissance of the Eighth Century" would have begun. 4 Unlike many other places "the subsequent Late Helladic IIIC occupants undertook around 1200 an ambitious scheme of rebuilding in the course of which much of the earlier remains (and evidence for destruction, KW) was levelled away.5 An increase in population is certain, and the amount of new building suggests a wholesale take-over, whether or not it was peacefully achieved."6 Major tribal invasions of Euboia come to an end with the arrival of the iones in the 10th century although there might have been minor population movements during the so-called Dark Ages (c.1125 - 900) 7 such as a possible influx of migrants from Elis via Oropos;8 the exodus of the Gephyraioi 9 almost certainly occurred during this time.
[Show full text]
The Byzantine Empire.Pdf
1907 4. 29 & 30 BEDFORD STREET, LONDON . BIBLIOTECA AIEZAMANTULUI CULTURAL 66)/ NICOLAE BALCESCU" TEMPLE PRIMERS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE bY N. JORGA Translated from the French by ALLEN H. POWLES, M.A. All rights reserved AUTHOR'S PREFACE THIs new history of Byzantium, notwithstanding its slender proportions, has been compiled from the original sources. Second-hand materials have only been used to compare the results obtained by the author with those which his pre- decessors have reached. The aim in. view has not been to present one more systematic chronology of Byzantine history, considered as a succession of tragic anecdotes standing out against a permanent background.I have followed the development of Byzantine life in all its length and breadth and wealth, and I have tried to give a series of pictures rather than the customary dry narrative. It may be found possibly that I have given insufficient information on the Slav and Italian neighbours and subjects of the empire.I have thought it my duty to adopt the point of view of the Byzantines themselves and to assign to each nation the place it occupied in the minds of the politicians and thoughtful men of Byzantium.This has been done in such a way as not to prejudicate the explanation of the Byzantine transformations. Much less use than usual has been made of the Oriental sources.These are for the most part late, and inaccuracy is the least of their defects.It is clear that our way of looking v vi AUTHOR'S PREFACE at and appreciatingeventsismuch morethat of the Byzantines than of the Arabs.In the case of these latter it is always necessary to adopt a liberal interpretation, to allow for a rhetoric foreign to our notions, and to correct not merely the explanation, but also the feelings which initiated it.We perpetually come across a superficial civilisation and a completely different race.
[Show full text]
The Growth of Greek Cities in the First Millennium BC
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC Version 1.0 December 2005 Ian Morris Stanford University Abstract: In this paper I trace the growth of the largest Greek cities from perhaps 1,000- 2,000 people at the beginning of the first millennium BC to 400,000-500,000 at the millennium’s end. I examine two frameworks for understanding this growth: Roland Fletcher’s discussion of the interaction and communication limits to growth and Max Weber’s ideal types of cities’ economic functions. I argue that while political power was never the only engine of urban growth in classical antiquity, it was always the most important motor. The size of the largest Greek cities was a function of the population they controlled, mechanisms of tax and rent, and transportation technology. © Ian Morris. [email protected] 1 The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC Ian Morris (Stanford) 1. Introduction Greece in 1000 BC was a world of villages. Most people lived in communities of just a few dozen souls; even the largest settlement, Athens (Figure 1), was probably just 3,000 to 4,000 strong. But at the millennium’s end, the Greek east Mediterranean boasted some of the largest cities in pre-industrial history. Alexandria, Antioch, and Seleucia-on-the- Tigris probably each had 250,000-500,000 inhabitants. Figure 1. Sites in the Aegean mentioned in this chapter In this chapter I discuss the size of Greek cities and the implications of their growth. I identify three major transitions: 2 Figure 2.
[Show full text]
Relations Between Greek Settlers and Indigenous Sicilians at Megara Hyblaea, Syracuse, and Leontinoi in the 8Th and 7Th Centuries BCE
It’s Complicated: Relations Between Greek Settlers and Indigenous Sicilians at Megara Hyblaea, Syracuse, and Leontinoi in the 8th and 7th Centuries BCE Aaron Sterngass Professors Farmer, Edmonds, Kitroeff, and Hayton A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Departments of Classical Studies and History at Haverford College May 2019 i Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ iv I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION PRE-750 BCE .................................................................................... 2 Greece ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Euboea ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Corinth .....................................................................................................................................................
[Show full text]
The Archaeological Evidence for Ethnic Diversity at Pithekoussai Rachel Dewan
Laurier Undergraduate Journal of the Arts Volume 1 Article 1 10-2014 A Mediterranean Mosaic: The Archaeological Evidence for Ethnic Diversity at Pithekoussai Rachel Dewan Follow this and additional works at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/luja Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the Other Race, Ethnicity and post-Colonial Studies Commons Recommended Citation Dewan, Rachel. "A Mediterranean Mosaic: The Archaeological Evidence for Ethnic Diversity at Pithekoussai." Laurier Undergraduate Journal of the Arts 1 (2014) : 1-28. Print. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Laurier Undergraduate Journal of the Arts by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dewan: Mediterranean Mosaic 1 A Mediterranean Mosaic: Te Archaeological Evidence for Ethnic Diversity at Pithekoussai Rachel Dewan he Greek colonies of Magna Graecia are some of the fnest examples of the Greek spirit of exploration. Tese large settlements in the Southern Italian peninsula have long been regarded as indicative of the extent to which Greek Tculture spread in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE. Where, however, did this coloni- zation frst begin? Te idea that the Greek polis was directly transported from the Greek mainland to regions overseas seems too ambitious, especially given the fact that the polis was not “ready for export” in the early Archaic period (Ridgway 109).
[Show full text]
Sanford Thesis Final.Pdf
Abstract The process and impact of Greek colonisation in the Mediterranean have long been the subject of debate amongst classicists and archaeologists. The outcome of this debate remains a conflicting series of arguments for or against the level of organisation in the process of colonisation, as well as the interactions between colonists and native populations in the colonial environment. Theories of hybrid cultural interaction as opposed to the more traditional view of ‘hellenization’, or cultural dominance and subjugation are examined; along with arguments for and against evidence for the organization of colonial foundation and settlement. This study examines the process of Greek colonisation in two areas of the central Mediterranean (Magna Graecia and central Dalmatia) through the identification of Greek varieties of sheep and cattle and their movements with colonisation. This investigation into livestock translocation with colonisation takes the form of two themes: (a) the hypothesized identification of regional or cultural varieties of domesticated animals through their remains from archaeological sites; and (b) what the movement and changes of domesticate varieties can tell us about the process of Greek colonisation in the study areas. Several researchers of the last few decades in zooarchaeology have compared the size and shape of domesticated animals either from sites of a region, or between periods of a site to examine changes or similarity in the biometry of their remains. Few biometric studies have considered livestock varieties, their uniformity and their identification. Despite arguments for ‘enlarged’ Greek livestock, no such studies have been done for Greece. The study consists of three parts. The first part details the archaeological evidence for trade and the process of colonisation in the two study areas, followed by a discussion of changes in Greece between the Archaic (Magna Graecia) and Hellenistic (Dalmatia) periods of colonisation.
[Show full text]