DOCSLIB.ORG

84874539.Pdf (829.6Kb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
84874539.Pdf (829.6Kb) On studying the unstudyable A quantitative literature review of proposed causes of corruption and how these have been studied Kristian Blindheim Master’s Thesis Department of Comparative Politics University of Bergen ii Abstract This thesis is a quantitative review of research on the causes of corruption. The aim is twofold: firstly to establish the degree of agreement between researchers regarding the causal effect of seven different explanatory dimensions on corruption. These explanatory dimensions are: economic liberalization, level of democracy, regime transitions, the strength of democratic traditions, the presence of a free media, level of economic development and natural resource dependency. I find that there is high agreement that economic liberalizations and regime transitions lead to more corruption. There is also high consensus that the presence of a free media and high economic development, respectively, lead to less. Concerning the effect of level of democracy, democratic traditions and natural resource dependency the findings are more diverse. About half of prior research concludes that level of democracy and stronger democratic traditions lead to less corruption. Also about half conclude that natural resource dependency leads to more corruption. The second aim of this thesis is to discover whether the disagreement between researchers can be explained by the data they have applied as operationalizations of corruption as the dependent variable. This is done through a series of logistic regressions, where the explanatory variables are the different data sources on corruption. These fall into the categories “perceptions based cross-national data”, “experience based cross national data” and “country-or region-specific studies”. The results show that applying experience based cross national data gives significantly lower likelihood for concluding that higher economic development leads to less corruption. It also makes it less likely to conclude that natural resources lead to more corruption. Applying perceptions based cross national data in some instances provide higher likelihood for observing significant effects of the explanatory dimensions treated in this thesis and sometimes lower likelihood. An interesting finding is that the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index and studies conducted with country- or region specific foci “agree” on the effects on corruption of all of the treated explanatory dimension where comparison is possible. This is counter to what is assumed based in theory. iii Acknowledgements On completing this project there are several people to whom I owe gratitude. First I must thank my tutor at the Department of comparative Politics, Professor Lise Rakner, for substantial and sound advice. Associate Professor Michael Alvarez and Post Doctor Leiv Marsteinstredet also deserve thanks for good advice and discussions regarding methodological choices. I also would like to thank the Department’s research groups on democracy and development and methods, respectively, for sound and honest advice on several occasions. In particular, thanks to Professor Tor Midtbø for encouraging me about the feasibility of the project. My friend, class mate and flat mate, Iver M. Fiksdal, also deserves my gratitude. He has read drafts of my thesis on two occasions and has readily answered almost any query I have had regarding theory, methods and the Universe in general. My fellow students at Sofie Lindstrøms Hus have provided a good environment for both learning and amusement. Thank you all. Lastly I would like to thank my girlfriend, Tonje Vollset, for her patience and support. Kristian Blindheim Bergen, June 2011 iv Contents: Tables: ..................................................................................................................................vii Figures:................................................................................................................................viii Chapter 1: Introduction......................................................................................1 1.1 Studying research ............................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Why study corruption? ..................................................................................................... 4 1.3 The structure and approach of this thesis ......................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Corruption: what it is and how it may be explained....................9 2.1.1 Defining corruption....................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Types of corruption ..................................................................................................... 11 2.2 The scope of the study: seven dependent variables........................................................ 12 2.2.1 The effect of economic liberalization on corruption............................................... 14 2.2.2 The effect of democracy- versus autocracy on corruption...................................... 16 2.2.3 The effect of regime transitions on corruption........................................................ 18 2.2.4 The effect of strong versus weak democratic traditions.......................................... 20 2.2.5 The effect of media presence on corruption............................................................ 21 2.2.6 The effect of level of economic development on corruption .................................. 23 2.2.7 The resource curse................................................................................................... 25 2.3 Concluding remarks ....................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 3: Independent variables: data sources on corruption...................27 3.1 Qualitative versus quantitative methods ........................................................................ 28 3.2 Data and research on corruption..................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Perceptions based measures .................................................................................... 31 3.2.2 Experience based measures..................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Data sources available for country- and region-specific studies............................. 35 3.3 Measurement errors: formulating hypotheses ................................................................ 40 3.3.1 Possible classical measurement errors in corruption data....................................... 41 3.3.2 Possible divergence between experience based and perceptions based data .......... 45 3.3.3 Non-classical measurement error ............................................................................ 46 3.3.4 Possible divergence between experience based and perceptions based data .......... 48 3.4 Concluding remarks ....................................................................................................... 50 Chapter 4: Choices of methods and data for this thesis ................................52 4.1 The choice of a quantitative approach............................................................................ 52 v 4.2 Reviewing literature quantitatively ................................................................................ 53 4.3 Operationalizations of dependent and independent variables ........................................ 54 4.4 Binary logistic regression analysis................................................................................. 56 4.4.1 Interpretation ........................................................................................................... 58 4.4.2 Test statistics ........................................................................................................... 59 4.4.3 The assumptions of logistic regression. .................................................................. 60 4.5 Creating a sample:.......................................................................................................... 62 4.6 Concluding remarks ....................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 5: Analyses ..........................................................................................65 5.1.1 The effect of economic liberalization on corruption................................................... 65 5.1.2 The effect of democracy on corruption ....................................................................... 67 5.1.3 The effect of regime transition on corruption: ............................................................ 73 5.1.4 The effect of stronger democratic tradition on corruption .......................................... 74 5.1.5 The effect of presence of a free media on corruption.................................................. 77 5.1.6 The effects of level of economic development on corruption..................................... 80 5.1.7 The resource curse....................................................................................................... 83 5.2 Discussion of findings.................................................................................................... 86 6. Concluding remarks......................................................................................92 6.1 Summary of approach and findings ..............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Corruption Trends in the Middle East and North Africa Region (2007-2011)
    www.transparency.org www.cmi.no Corruption trends in the Middle East and North Africa Region (2007-2011) Query What do anti-corruption indexes and experts say about the levels and types of corruption in MENA countries over the last five years? What are the main areas and sources of corruption? Are there specific themes and issues that are common to a number of countries? What record do governments have in tackling corruption? Are there any examples of successful anti-corruption reforms in countries in the MENA region over the past five years? We are especially interested in country based issues - rather than regional – for Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Tunisia and Libya. Purpose Summary This Expert Answer is to assist with developing a new anti-corruption strategy in the MENA region. In Revolutions sweeping across the Middle East and particular, the donor is interested in approaches it can North Africa (MENA) region during 2011 have shone take to reduce corruption in Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, light on widespread corruption, particularly political Tunisia and Libya. The aim is to pursue effective anti- corruption in the form of stolen assets by seemingly all corruption strategies in order to contribute to peace and the deposed leaders. There also has been widespread stability in the region. evidence of prolific patronage, nepotism, and collusion between the public and private sectors that has Content contributed to the heightened levels of civil unrest and public protests. 1. Corruption trends in the MENA region (2007 – 2011) The key anti-corruption indexes — namely Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions 2. Country specific themes, issues and anti- Index, the Bertelsmann Foundation’s Transformation corruption reforms Index, Global Integrity’s Report, Freedom House’s 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Anti-Corruption Law in Morocco and Some Proposed Amendments Bryane Michael, Linacre College
    When EU Law meets Arabic Law: Assessment of Anti-Corruption Law in Morocco and Some Proposed Amendments Bryane Michael, Linacre College Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Overview of Corruption in Morocco .............................................................................................................. 3 Policy and Legal Framework to Fight Corruption.......................................................................................... 7 The Anti-Corruption Agency, National Strategy and Action Plan ................................................................10 Legal Strategy: East Meets West in Morocco ...............................................................................................18 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................24 Appendix 1: Decree 2-05-1228 of the 13 march 2007 instituting the Central Agency of Prevention of Corruption .....................................................................................................................................................25 Appendix 2: Criminal Provisions against Corruption contained in the Moroccan Criminal Code................29 Summary This article reviews the present state of the adoption of anti-corruption legal provisions usually adopted in EU (or candidate) countries in Morocco. Morocco lags behind
    [Show full text]
  • NH Final Thesis
    SOCIAL MARKETING AND THE CORRUPTION CONUNDRUM IN MOROCCO: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS N. HAMELIN Ph.D. 2016 i SOCIAL MARKETING AND THE CORRUPTION CONUNDRUM IN MOROCCO: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS NICOLAS HAMELIN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of East London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February, 2016 ii Abstract The modern world is characterised by socio-economic disruptions, civil unrests, and weakening of many societal institutions, amongst many other challenges to our social fabric. Therefore, scholars are increasingly scouring a wide variety of conceptual prisms to seek explanations and possible solutions to those problems contemporaneously manifesting themselves. The pervading force of corruption, across the globe, remains a major concern among nations, multilateral agencies, such as Transparency International, and more profoundly in major business and public policy discourses. For many developing countries, especially those with weak institutions, high levels of corruption are causatively associated with high levels of poverty, poor economic performance and under-development. Against this background, using the Kingdom of Morocco as a contextual base, this thesis explores the growing incidence of corruption, which has stunted the nation’s positive development, as well as its triggers, antecedents and consequences. Whilst the literature is replete with treatments of corruption across time and space, such treatments have focused on social and macroeconomic underpinnings but largely lack rigorous marketing-framed explorations. Following on from this lacuna, this thesis situates the treatment of corruption in Morocco within the conceptual frame of social marketing — a demonstrably robust platform for analysing societal issues and, indeed, a validated behavioural intervention model.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Lessons on Collective Action Against Corruption
    Policy Insights POLICY INSIGHTS . GLOBAL LESSONS ON COLLECTIVE ACTION CORRUPTION AGAINST ACTION COLLECTIVE ON LESSONS GLOBAL AGAINST CORRUPTION Global Lessons on THE CASE OF MOROCCO Collective Action Fighting corruption is increasingly becoming a business decision, leading companies to implement actions to strengthen business integrity. This, in turn, has led to the emergence of “collective” anti- Against Corruption corruption action, involving several companies in the same sector or field of activity banding together to promote greater business integrity on a voluntary basis. This type of collective action, The Case of Morocco alongside other legal, institutional and administrative reforms, can make a significant contribution to creating a healthier business climate for greater economic development. This report aims to facilitate the diffusion of collective action in the Middle East and North Africa region and beyond by highlighting factors for success and possible pitfalls in implementing collective action initiatives. In particular, this report reviews the pioneering experience of collective action in the health, transportation and energy sectors of Morocco. It presents the different stages of implementing such action to promote integrity and analyses the lessons learned. As such, this document provides practical guidance to companies wishing to launch collective action, as well as governments and representatives of civil society, who can facilitate and/or associate themselves with this action. This work was carried out within the framework of the project “Strengthening business integrity in Morocco”, supported by the Siemens Initiative for Integrity, which assisted Morocco in its determination to strengthen the integrity of companies and create a better environment for foreign investment, international trade and economic development.
    [Show full text]
  • International Reports 4/2019
    INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 4 | 2019 Editorial Dear Readers, From football to road construction – corruption has many faces. But the general rule is that the more opaque and unregulated deci- sion-making processes are, the greater the risk of abusing power for self-enrichment. Arbitrary and unclear decisions, whether that be in dispensing justice, granting governmental contracts, or filling public offices, undermine the rule of law and swallow up additional resources. Corruption is a global phenomenon. But a panacea has yet to be found. Instead, various approaches have been tried world- wide. The problem becomes ubiquitous when the central controlling function of the rule of law can no longer be trusted. Judges hold a prominent position in the state structure. Any corruption on their part affects all areas of political life. Worldwide, corrupt judges are not a rarity, as outlined by Franziska Rinke and the authors from the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung’s Rule of Law Programmes in their global overview. When searching for effective measures to combat corrupt justice systems, it pays to look beyond regional borders. Corruption can also influence everyday matters that are the basis for development, such as access to electricity, as Anja Berretta illus- trates with the example of Sub-Saharan Africa. More than half of the population has no access to electricity. However, a large part of the funds that could be used to invest in expanding the energy supply system and the general infrastructure, disappear into the pockets of a few. Political upheaval does not necessarily dismantle entrenched structures of corruption. Using the example of Ukraine, Isabel Wei- ninger analyses the interplay between old structures and the reor- ganisation of political power.
    [Show full text]
  • Morocco RISK & COMPLIANCE REPORT DATE: March 2018
    Morocco RISK & COMPLIANCE REPORT DATE: March 2018 KNOWYOURCOUNTRY.COM Executive Summary - Morocco Sanctions: None FAFT list of AML No Deficient Countries US Dept of State Money Laundering Assessment Higher Risk Areas: Non - Compliance with FATF 40 + 9 Recommendations Not on EU White list equivalent jurisdictions Corruption Index (Transparency International & W.G.I.) Medium Risk Areas: World Governance Indicators (Average Score) Failed States Index (Political Issues)(Average Score) Offshore Finance Centre Major Investment Areas: Agriculture - products: barley, wheat, citrus fruits, grapes, vegetables, olives; livestock; wine Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, textiles, construction, energy, tourism Exports - commodities: clothing and textiles, electric components, inorganic chemicals, transistors, crude minerals, fertilizers (including phosphates), petroleum products, citrus fruits, vegetables, fish Exports - partners: France 21%, Spain 17.3%, Brazil 5.4%, India 4.9%, US 4.6% (2012) Imports - commodities: crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications equipment, wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics Imports - partners: Spain 13.1%, France 12.1%, China 6.9%, US 6.8%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%, Italy 5.1%, Russia 5%, Germany 4.9% (2012) 1 Investment Restrictions: Morocco actively encourages foreign investment and has sought to facilitate it through macro- economic policies, trade liberalization, and structural reforms. Foreign investment is permitted in nearly every sector. Additionally, although foreigners are prohibited from owning agricultural land, the law does allow for long-term leases of up to 99 years and permits agricultural land to be purchased for non-agricultural purposes. Morocco has sought to encourage foreign investment in the agricultural sector by making land available for leasing. 2 Contents Section 1 - Background ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Salience of Corruption: the Politics of Corruption During the Arab Spring
    The Political Salience of Corruption: The Politics of Corruption During the Arab Spring Eric Freeman Department of Political Science McGill University October 2015 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science Copyright © Eric Freeman 2015 I Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements Figures and Tables Chapter 1: Introduction The Puzzle of Corruption’s Destabilizing Effect Literature Review Corruption and Authoritarian Stability in the MENA Literature Framing Effects Literature Post-Arab Spring Corruption Literature The Argument The Dependent Variable Independent Variable Intervening Variables Methodology Chapters to Follow Chapter 2: Tunisia Introduction The Politics of Corruption in Tunisia Type of Corruption Elite-Level Cronyism, Intermediate-Level Patronage, and Low-Level Bribery Cronyism and the Framing of Corruption The Limitations of Intermediate-Level Patronage in Tunisia Making Matter Worse: Intervening Variables that Frame Corruption Macroeconomic Conditions Conspicuous Consumption Regime Type The Political Salience of Grievances about Corruption in Tunisia Chapter 3: Morocco Introduction The Politics of Corruption in Morocco Type of Corruption: Elite-Level Cronyism Intermediate-Level Patronage and the Dense Web of Patron-Client Relations in Morocco The Efficacy of Intermediate-Level Patronage in Morocco Intervening Variables: A mixed bag of effects Macroeconomic Conditions Conspicuous
    [Show full text]
  • Stocktaking Report: Morocco
    Deauville Partnership Compact for Economic Governance Stocktaking Report: Morocco Progress with economic governance reforms November 2017 With the support of : Acknowledgements This report falls within the framework of the country-level implementation of the Compact for Economic Governance adopted by the members of the Deauville Partnership. This report has been prepared by the OECD with the support of the German Foreign Office, in close consultation with the Moroccan authorities and in co-operation with the Deauville Partnership’s International Financial Institutions. The preparation of this report has been co-ordinated by the G20/G7 Sherpa Office and Global Governance Unit within the Cabinet of the Secretary-General of the OECD, under the strategic direction of Gabriela Ramos, Special Counsellor and Sherpa and under the responsibility of Nicolas Pinaud, Head of the Sherpa Office. It has been drafted by Abdelkader El Ghrib, Consultant, under the supervision of d’Anton Leis Garcia, Policy Analyst, and with the collaboration of Fatima Talidi, Junior Policy Analyst. The draft has benefited from the contributions from OECD Directorates. The input from the Moroccan authorities has been coordinated by the Ministry of General Affairs and Governace, under the direction of Minister Lahcen Daoudi and Secretary General Aziz Ajbilou. A number of Moroccan stakeholders have contributed information, data, documents and comments that have enriched the report. Those include the Prime Minister’s Office; the National Committee for the Business Environment
    [Show full text]
  • Global Corruption Report 2007
    GLOBAL CORRUPTION REPORT 2007 Corruption in Judicial Systems Transparency International’s Global Corruption Report 2007 brings together scholars, legal profes- sionals and civil society activists from around the world to examine how, why and where cor- ruption mars judicial processes, and to reflect on remedies for corruption-tainted systems. It focuses on judges and courts, situating them within the broader justice system and exploring the impact of judicial corruption on human rights, economic development and governance. Two problems are analysed: political interference to pressure judges for rulings in favour of political or economic interests, including in corruption cases; and petty bribery involving court personnel. The result is a thorough analysis of how judicial independence and judicial accountability, two concepts key to the promotion of judicial integrity, can be bolstered to tackle corruption in judicial systems. Included are thirty-seven country case studies; recommendations for judges, political powers, prosecutors, lawyers and civil society; and sixteen empirical studies of corruption in various sectors, including the judiciary. Transparency International (TI) is the civil society organisation leading the global fight against corruption. Through more than ninety chapters worldwide and an international secretariat in Berlin, Germany, TI raises awareness of the damaging effects of corruption, and works with partners in government, business and civil society to develop and implement effective measures to tackle it. For more information go to: www.transparency.org Global Corruption Report 2007 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521700702 © Transparency International 2007 This publication is in copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Morocco: Strengthening Integrity in the Energy, Transportation And…
    Morocco Strengthening Integrity in the Energy, Transportation and Health Sectors RELATIONS MONDIALES Moyen Orient et Afrique du Nord منظمة التعاون والتنمية االقتصادية تشـكل منظمـة التعـاون والتنميـة االقتصاديـة منتـدى فريـد مـن نوعـه، حيـث تعمـل الحكومـات سـوياً علـى مواجهـة التحديـات االقتصاديـة واالجتماعيـة والبيئيـة التـي فرضتهـا العولمـة. كمـا تتصـدر منظمة التعـاون والتنميـة االقتصادية الجهـود المبذولـة لفهـم التطـورات العالميـة الحاليـة والمخـاوف التـي تثيرهـا. وتسـاعد الحكومـات علـى االسـتجابة للتطـورات الجديـدة مـن خـالل دراسـة المواضيـع مثـل حوكمـة الشـركات واقتصـاد المعلومـات والتحديـات التـي تثيرها شـيخوخة السـكان. وتوفـر المنظمـة للحكومـات ًإطـارا يتيـح لهـا مقارنة خبراتهـا في مجال السياسـات والسـعي للحصول علـى إجابـات للمشـاكل المشـتركة والتعرف على الممارسـات السـليمة والعمل على تنسـيق السياسـات الوطنيـة والدولية. الـدول أاالعضـاء فـي منظمـة التعـاون والتنمية االقتصاديـة هي: ألمانيا وأسـتراليا والنمسـا وبلجيكا وكندا وتشـيلي وكوري والدنمارك وإسـبانيا وإسـتونيا والواليات المتحدة وفنلندا وفرنسـا واليونان والمجر وأيرلنديا وأيسـلندا وإسـرائيل وإيطاليا واليابـان والتفيـا ولوكسـمبورغ والمكسـيك والنـروج ونيوزيلنـدا وهولنـدا وبولنـدا والبرتغـال والجمهوريـة السـلوفاكية والجمهوريـة التشـيكية والمملكـة المتحـدة وسـلوفينيا والسـويد وسويسـرا وتركيا. تشـارك المفوضية أاالوروبيـة في أعمال منظمـة التعـاون والتنميـة االقتصادية. www.oecd.org/fr برنامـج التنافسية في الشـرق أاالوسـط وشـمال إفريقيـا لمنظمة التعاون والتنمية االقتصادية أ يدعـم البرنامـج إاالصالحـات الراميـة إلـى حشـد االسـتثمار وتنمية القطـاع الخـاص وريادة االعمـال بوصفها قـوى دافعة للنمـو وفـرص العمـل في منطقة الشـرق أاالوسـط وشـمال أفريقيا، مع االعتراف بضرورة إشـراك الشـباب والنسـاء، الذين يزداد مسـتوى تدريبهم. تـم إطـالق البرنامـج فـي عـام 2005، بنـاء علـى طلـب حكومـات دول الشـرق أاالوسـط وشـمال أفريقيـا، ويعمـل علـى مواجهـة التحديـات إاالقليميـة والوطنيـة مـن خـالل نهجـه القائـم علـى الحـوار المبتكـر بشـأن السياسـات والتعلـم مـن أ االقـران وبنـاء القـدرات. وقـد أصبـح مبـادرة ديناميكيـة قـادرة علـى ّالتكيـف مـع الوضـع ّالمتغيـر فـي المنطقـة.
    [Show full text]
  • Graft and Governance
    Graft and Governance: Corruption as an Informal Mechanism of State Control August 6, 2002 Keith Darden Department of Political Science Yale University P.O. Box 208301 New Haven, CT 06520 [email protected] As the use of the term “corruption” implies, pervasive bribery and embezzlement by state officials is conventionally taken as a sign that the integrity of governing institutions has broken down. Indeed, the argument linking graft and the disintegration of institutions is so straightforward and compelling: If the strength of state institutions lies in the implementation of laws and directives, then officials who cease to implement those laws and directives in exchange for bribes, or siphon away resources from the state budget through embezzlement, undermine the basis of governance. Following this reasoning, one would conclude that the capacity of the state decreases proportionately with the increase in graft. In support of this argument, many scholars point to a syndrome of corruption, state weakness, and slow economic growth in countries undergoing a transition away from Communism and in the developing world. As compelling as this argument may be, it constitutes an incomplete picture of the relationship between graft and governance. I argue that its validity rests on the implicit assumption that the rule of law is a conditio sine qua non of ‘stateness’, so that violations of the law necessarily constitute evidence of the collapse of the state hierarchy. In this article I question that assumption and arrive at a different set of conclusions about governance and graft. Focusing specifically on the extent to which subordinate officials comply with the directives of state leaders, I argue that in some circumstances, bribery and graft enhance rather than erode state capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Siemens Integrity Initiative Annual Report 2018
    Siemens Integrity Initiative Annual Report 2018 siemens.com/integrity-initiative Content 2 Foreword A WORD FROM THE SIEMENS INTEGRITY INITIATIVE STEERING COMMITTEE 4 A WORD FROM THE SIEMENS INTEGRITY INITIATIVE PROJECT OFFICE 8 A. INTRODUCTION 14 Project management and reporting 16 Project organization 18 B. SIEMENS INTEGRITY INITIATIVE 20 Status of the First Funding Round 22 Status of the Second Funding Round 23 Status of the Third Funding Round 24 C. PROJECT PROFILES AND HIGHLIGHTS OF ACTIVITIES IN 2018 36 C1. First Funding Round Projects: Project Profiles and highlights of activities in 2018 38 C2. Second Funding Round Projects: Project Profiles and highlights of activities in 2018 40 D. ANNEX 86 D1. International Center for Collective Action: Conference in Basel 86 D2. Third Funding Round Press Release by Siemens and Eligibility and Selection Criteria 90 D3. Additional Siemens Reports 96 Note: Please refer to the following website for a general overview of the Siemens Integrity Initiative, the selection process for the First, Second and Third Funding Rounds and highlights of activities: www.siemens.com/integrity-initiative. The Siemens Integrity Initiative Annual Report 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 can be found here: www.siemens.com/integrity-initiative/Report2011 www.siemens.com/integrity-initiative/Report2015 www.siemens.com/integrity-initiative/Report2012 www.siemens.com/integrity-initiative/Report2016 www.siemens.com/integrity-initiative/Report2013 www.siemens.com/integrity-initiative/Report2017 www.siemens.com/integrity-initiative/Report2014 www.siemens.com/integrity-initiative/Report2018 Kindly note that the online version of this Annual Report 2018, available at www.siemens.com/integrity-initiative/Report2018, is complemented by numerous hyperlinks which provide a wealth of additional external information on the projects funded under the Siemens Integrity Initiative.
    [Show full text]