Page 9 Project in Posterum

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Page 9 Project in Posterum News of Polonia Pasadena, California June 2008 Page 9 Project in Posterum March 23, 1946, the AK soldier had six of prisoners summarily.[84] Then I received dozens of blows to my his teeth crushed with a pair of pliers, On June 18, 1946, the secret police caught head, face, chest, and the entire upper (Preserving the past for the future) needles jammed under his fingernails, and a Henryk Jarząbek (“Tolek”) of the portion of my torso. After a while I could By: Marek Jan Chodakiewicz chair leg jammed into his rectum. Finally, Conspiratorial Polish Army (Konspiracyjne not hear anything but buzz in my ears, pain Zimmerman ordered that Bil be locked into Wojsko Polskie – KWP). While making the in my head, and the room floated and fell The Dialectics of Pain: “the barrel of truth,” a closed container half- arrest, the policemen killed his brother, with me. I think I was on the floor…. After The Interrogation Methods of the filled with feces. After a while, the man Kazimierz. Subsequently, a brief rest…., Gajda began to kick me with Communist Secret Police in Poland, 1944 confessed and was sentenced to 10 years. I was taken to Kościszew and there at the his jackboot on my shin, systematically -1955. Glaukopis, vol. 2/3 (2004-2005). [78] manor house the so-called interrogation from my foot up to my knee…. His face Part III On April 15, 1946, the secret police commenced. Among other things, they reflected either sadism or drug addiction. He arrested Piotr Kosobudzki, an officer of the inserted my hand in the door crack, closing In Łódź, the infamous security officer was hitting me and smiled with a satanic PAS NZW Łódź. He left the following the door gradually on it and crushing my Major Adam Humer ordered his underlings grin as if deriving pleasure from the torture. account of his ordeal: fingers. Then they pushed a needle under to hold down the captured insurgent After many blows, the skin on my legs was The leading interrogator in our case was my fingernails. Next, I was taken to cryptographic expert, Second Lieutenant completely torn off. Gaping and bleeding the Jewish officer Frenkel. His assistant was Piotrków Trybunalski, where at the Military Maria Hattowska of the WiN. Then Humer wounds formed, and after a score of hours a muscular ape named Bocheński. Frankel Intelligence headquarters I was interrogated stood on her chest and beat her on her crotch my legs swelled enormously. I could not sat behind the desk and asked questions. To and constantly beaten with a whip.[85] with a steel-tipped whip. Humer applied stand up although they were forcing me with stress his own seriousness, he played with a In July 1946 in Gdańsk, the UB captured similar methods to another woman, the kicks to do just that…. When that did not pistol. Meanwhile, Bocheński, foaming at Danuta Siedzikówna (“Inka”). This insurgent liaison Second Lieutenant Ruta work and I continued to refuse to confess, the mouth, kept hitting me with a stick seventeen-year-old girl served as a medic Czaplińska of the NZW. Aside from they turned to another, more effective type [pała] on my head, repeating one word over with the insurgent unit of Major Zygmunt torturing many suspects, he and his of torture. They used a metal rod covered and over again: “talk, talk” or “sign it, sign Szendzielarz (“Łupaszko”). The UB men colleagues, including UB Second Lieutenant with rubber to beat me on the soles of my it”…. One time Bocheński broke a police stripped her naked during the interrogation Tadeusz Szymański, beat to death at least feet… I felt at that time that my brain would baton on my head, and then a massive chair. sessions. She was “beaten and abused.” The one independentist, Tadeusz Łabędzki, explode under my skull…. I could not get Finally, he beat me with a chair leg…. teenager stubbornly refused to confess. whose “crime” was to have edited up on my feet, so I was crawling on my One of my tormentors, a Jew named Later, “Inka” refused to beg for clemency. underground publications.[73] hands and knees. And then the ubowcy [UB- Zajdel, had a magnificent way of proving She was promptly sentenced to death and Between December 27, 1945, and January men] kicked me anywhere they could as if I false confessions right. He made me lay my shot on August 28, 1946 .[86] 26, 1946, the secret police launched an anti- were an inanimate object.[90] hands down on the table and he hit me with Antoni Jędraszek (“Żuk”) of the KWP was insurgent expedition in the area of In August 1946, the UB apprehended a rod [pręt] on my nails. If I withdrew my arrested in August 1946 by the UB in Drohiczyn. “Thirty-six persons were Lieutenant Edward Bzymek-Strzałkowski hand, that meant to him that I was not telling Pabianice: The so-called investigation was arrested. In many villages people were (“Swoboda”), who led the intelligence arm the truth. conducted by several thugs, usually drunk, beaten and tortured on the spot. The secret of Freedom and Independence (WiN). He During that interrogation they often who bragged that they were „the Polish police demanded the surrender of weapons was tortured cruelly and, consequently, changed their tactics abruptly. They offered Gestapo.‟ They were sadists without any by persons who often had none.”[74] attempted suicide by plunging headlong me a cigarette allegedly to calm my nerves. conscience or consideration. They beat me From December 1945 through February from a third floor window at the police When I took a drag on it once, they would all over my body… They beat me with their 1946 the Communist counterintelligence headquarters. Bzymek-Strzałkowski box me on my jaw so hard that the cigarette fists, a whip, and a stick. They kicked me. officer Jerzy S. tortured Wincenty O., a survived, albeit completely crippled. While either was crushed between my lips or fell When I lost consciousness, they poured Gulag survivor, in Koszalin. While serving delirious at the prison hospital in Cracow, he down. They dubbed this procedure, in the water over me. The fate of the victim under duress in Poland ‟s Communist was drugged and his interrogators secret police swaggering jargon, “to let him depended on the mood of the UB men. military, Wincenty O. was denounced for successfully forced him to confess his smoke.”[79] Often they beat and tortured me for fun and spreading “enemy propaganda,” i.e. “crimes.”[91] His liaison, Stanisława Occasionally, Frenkel was capable of pleasure, and to fulfill their bestial desires. complaining about the system. Jerzy S. Rachwał (“Zygmunt”), was seized in being perfidiously “kind.” While the tired One time during an interrogation session interrogated him at night, kicking his victim Warsaw on October 30, 1946, and tortured executioner Bocheński rested on a chair, they beat me so much that I lost and beating him with a wooden club. The for eleven months before being sentenced to Frenkel “sympathized” with my plight: “Do consciousness. I was dragged out on the man confessed and was sentenced to 5 years death.[92] you think it would be hard for us to corridor and doused with a bucket of cold in jail.[75] On October 23, 1946, after a fire fight, the announce that you died of blood water. After I regained my senses, wobbling On January 13, 1946, uniformed secret KBW and UBP captured two wounded infection?”[80] on my feet, I attempted to get a drink of police troops of the Internal Security Corps insurgents hiding at a farmstead near On May 14, 1946, the UB men of Łomża water. Then one of the torturers, called (Korpus Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego – Tuchola, Pommerania. One of them, arrested the grade school teacher Halina Obierzałek, kicked me and said: „for you, KBW ) raided Mężenin near Siedlce and Bolesław Pałubicki (“Zawisza”) broke down Sawicka née Komorowska (“Jerychonka”) you fascist, there is no water in people‟s Drohiczyn. They seized insurgent post under torture and provided his captors with in Cwaliny Duże. At seventeen, the woman Poland.‟ They dragged me by my legs back commander Edward Gregorczuk the names of 35 civilian supporters who joined the independentist underground to my cell…. As a result of such methods of (“Bonawentura”) and two of his soldiers, all were promptly arrested.[93] during the first Soviet occupation in 1939. total terror, a human being slowly became of them seasoned anti-Nazi and anti- Between November 1946 and January She continued her clandestine activities an inert mass of meat incapable of Communist fighters. Gregorczuk “was 1947, in Krosno, the secret policeman against the Nazis. During the second Soviet controlling his feelings and thoughts… subjected to incredibly cruel torture. After Bronisław P. “in order to force the arrested occupation in 1945 she served as a local Therefore the confessions, prepared by a he was terribly beaten, with his face Jan M., a former soldier of the AK and liaison of the National Military Union and secret policeman, were full of massacred and his bones broken, the UBP member of the WiN, to talk beat him many as a distributor of the underground press. contradictions. This caused more and the KBW drove him around the area to times during his interrogation, forced him to The search of her household failed to yield interrogation sessions and torture and so on. force him to denounce members of the sit on the leg of a stool, inserted his fingers any incriminating material. Nonetheless, Finally, one signed anything that one was underground to them.
Recommended publications
  • 75Th Anniversary of the “Freedom and Independence” Association, with a Face Value of 10 Złoty
    On 27 August 2020, Narodowy Bank Polski is putting into circulation a silver coin of the series “The Enduring Soldiers Accursed by the Communists” – 75th Anniversary of the “Freedom and Independence” Association, with a face value of 10 złoty. 75th Anniversary of the “Freedom and Independence” Association The reverse of the coin carries the images of the WiN cross and white-and-red flag with the symbol of Fighting Poland, and the inscription: 2 IX 1945. The “Freedom and Independence” Association (full Initially, WiN’s goal was to prevent the electoral name: the Resistance Movement without War and victory of communists in Poland by political means, Sabotage “Freedom and Independence”), better known keeping the free world informed of their crimes, lies, for its Polish acronym WiN, was a successor of the Polish frauds and deception; however, the mounting Soviet terror Home Army in its ideas and activity. WiN was mostly forced the organisation to continue its armed struggle made up of Home Army soldiers and it also took over as well. Guerrilla units defended civilians against the From spring 1948, the its organisational structures. As opposed to the Home occupier, forcibly entered into prisons freeing the prisoners, association was under the control of the so-called 5th Army, it was civilian in principle, yet there were also attacked the headquarters of the Department of Security WiN Headquarters, which proved to be a set-up by the numerous military units among its ranks, particularly in and the Citizens’ Militia, fought with the Internal Security Department of Security, as a consequence of which the Białystok, Lublin and Warsaw districts.
    [Show full text]
  • Generate PDF of This Page
    Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/news/4529,quotFreedom-and-Independencequot-WiN.html 2021-09-25, 23:43 04.09.2020 "Freedom and Independence" (WiN) What Molotov and Ribbentrop signed on 23 August 1939 immediately translated into war, enslavement and extermination, and the Poles were the first victims of all three. Yet, they fought back against the allied occupation regimes of Hitler and Stalin, then they fought against the former when he attacked the latter, and carried on when the Soviet Union prevailed over Germany and started the second occupation of Poland. The embodiment of that fight was WiN – Freedom and Independence. The taking of Poland by the Red Army, the Soviet terror and building of state structures by the Polish communists subordinate to the USSR, forced the underground army to change its forms of activities. The words the soldiers of the Home Army [AK – Armia Krajowa] heard after they swore their oath did not come to fruition: “Victory will be your reward”. There was no victory and the last commander, gen. Leopold Okulicki codename “Niedźwiadek” thought the Home Army to be too big of an organisation and too compromised to base further activities aiming to bring back Poland’s sovereignty on it. On January 19th 1945, the Home Army was disbanded. In the last order, the soldiers heard that they were to continue to fight for independence, but on new terms, each was to be their own commander. Okulicki’s decision probably saved many soldiers of the Home Army from repressions, but it also introduced chaos by depriving them of clear instructions on what to do next.
    [Show full text]
  • Military Physician Program Council Members
    MILITARY PHYSICIAN Military Physician Program Council Members Quarterly Chairman Official Organ of the Section of Military Physicians at the Polish Grzegorz Gielerak – Head of the Military Institute of Medicine Medical Society Oficjalny Organ Sekcji Lekarzy Wojskowych Polskiego Towarzystwa Members Lekarskiego Massimo Barozzi (Italy) Scientific Journal of the Military Institute of Medicine Elspeth Cameron Ritchie (USA) Pismo Naukowe Wojskowego Instytutu Medycznego Nihad El-Ghoul (Palestine) Claudia E. Frey (Germany) Published since 3 January 1920 Anna Hauska-Jung (Poland) Number of points assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Stanisław Unicki (Poland) Education (MNiSW) – 5 Wiesław W. Jędrzejczak (Poland) Indeks Copernicus 2017 Dariusz Jurkiewicz (Poland) Paweł Kaliński (USA) ICV: 55.96 Frederick C. Lough (USA) Marc Morillon (Belgium) Editorial Board Arnon Nagler (Israel) Stanisław Niemczyk (Poland) Krzysztof Paśnik (Poland) Editor-in-Chief Francis J. Ring (UK) Jerzy Kruszewski Tomasz Rozmysłowicz (USA) Deputy Editors-in-Chief Marek Rudnicki (USA) Krzysztof Korzeniewski Daniel Schneditz (Austria) Andrzej Chciałowski Eugeny Tischchenko (Belarus) Piotr Rapiejko Zofia Wańkowicz (Poland) Secretary Brenda Wiederhold (USA) Ewa Jędrzejczak Piotr Zaborowski (Poland) Editorial Office Military Institute of Medicine 128 Szaserów St., 04-141 Warsaw 44, Poland telephone/fax: +48 261 817 380 e-mail: [email protected] www.lekarzwojskowy.pl © Copyright by Military Institute of Medicine Practical Medicine Publishing House / Medycyna Praktyczna 2 Rejtana St., 30-510 Kraków telephone: +48 12 29 34 020, fax: +48 12 29 34 030 e-mail: [email protected] Managing Editor Lidia Miczyńska Proofreading Dariusz Rywczak, Iwona Żurek Cover Design Krzysztof Gontarski Typesetting Łukasz Łukasiewicz DTP For many years, “Military Physician” has been indexed in the Polish Medical Katarzyna Opiela Bibliography (Polska Bibliografia Lekarska), the oldest Polish bibliography Advertising database.
    [Show full text]
  • Memory of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Post-Soviet Ukraine
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in History 103 Reordering of Meaningful Worlds Memory of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Post-Soviet Ukraine Yuliya Yurchuk ©Yuliya Yurchuk, Stockholm University 2014 Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations 101 ISSN: 1652-7399 ISBN: 978-91-87843-12-9 Stockholm Studies in History 103 ISSN: 0491-0842 ISBN 978-91-7649-021-1 Cover photo: Barricades of Euromaidan. July 2014. Yuliya Yurchuk. Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2014 Distributor: Department of History In memory of my mother Acknowledgements Each PhD dissertation is the result of a long journey. Mine was not an exception. It has been a long and exciting trip which I am happy to have completed. This journey would not be possible without the help and support of many people and several institutions to which I owe my most sincere gratitude. First and foremost, I want to thank my supervisors, David Gaunt and Barbara Törnquist-Plewa, for their guidance, encouragement, and readiness to share their knowledge with me. It was a privilege to be their student. Thank you, David, for broadening the perspectives of my research and for encouraging me not to be afraid to tackle the most difficult questions and to come up with the most unexpected answers. Thank you, Barbara, for introducing me to the whole field of memory studies, for challenging me to go further in my interpretations, for stimulating me to follow untrodden paths, and for being a source of inspiration for all these years. Your encouragement helped me to complete this book.
    [Show full text]
  • 20Th Century Mass Graves Proceedings of the International Conference Tbilisi, Georgia, 15 to 17 October 2015
    IPE International Perspectives 74 in Adult Education 20th Century Mass Graves Proceedings of the International Conference Tbilisi, Georgia, 15 to 17 October 2015 Matthias Klingenberg / Arne Segelke (Editors) International Perspectives in Adult Education – IPE 74 The reports, studies and materials published in this series aim to further the develop- ment of theory and practice in adult education. We hope that by providing access to information and a channel for communication and exchange, the series will serve to increase knowledge, deepen insights and improve cooperation in adult education at international level. © DVV International 2016 Publisher: DVV International Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit des Deutschen Volkshochschul-Verbandes e. V. Obere Wilhelmstraße 32, 53225 Bonn, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)228 97569 - 0 / Fax: +49 (0)228 97569 - 55 [email protected] / www.dvv-international.de DVV International is the Institute for International Cooperation of the Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband e. V. (DVV), the German Adult Education Association. As the leading professional organisation in the field of Adult Education and development cooperation, DVV International provides worldwide support for the establishment and development of sustainable structures for Youth and Adult Education. Responsible: Christoph Jost Editors: Matthias Klingenberg/Arne Segelke Managing Editor: Gisela Waschek Opinions expressed in papers published under the names of individual authors do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher and editors. This publication, or parts of it, may be reproduced provided the source is duly cited. The publisher asks to be provided with copies of any such reproductions. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche National­­ bibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available at http://dnb.ddb.de ISBN: 978-3-942755-31-3 Corporate design: Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband e.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Accommodation, Collaboration, and Resistance in Poland, 1939- 1947: a Theory of Choices and the Methodology of a Case Study 1
    1 Marek Jan Chodakiewicz Accommodation, Collaboration, And Resistance in Poland, 1939- 1947: A Theory of Choices and the Methodology of a Case Study 1 A human being virtually always has a choice of how to conduct himself. Depending on the circumstances and conditions, a man can choose to behave actively or passively, atrociously or decently, and, exceptionally, even heroically. Moreover, one can display in succession any or all of the aforementioned characteristics. The innate attributes and handicaps of an individual inform the choices but do not guarantee the outcomes. That means that, at a certain point, a decent human being can behave atrociously, and vice versa. This concerns in particular human behavior in the extremity of terror. However, rather than suggesting that human behavior is arbitrary and unpredictable, I would like to propose that human behavior is a result of choices. How I arrived at these conclusions is the topic of the present discussion. I shall discuss first the methodology of my inquiry and then I shall elaborate on my discoveries. The Scientific Laboratory Scientific experiments are usually performed in a laboratory. As any biologist, chemist, or physicist can attest, sometimes the practical application of various scientific theories in the laboratory renders them null and void. At other times, however, scientific discoveries achieved in the controlled environment of the laboratory prove problematic at best and worthless at the extreme, if applied in the outside world. 1 I would like to dedicate my lecture to the memory of Professor Stanisław Blejwas, a teacher and a friend. 2 Throughout the ages the world has served as a giant laboratory for social scientists, historians in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • 212 Short Notes
    SHORT NOTES* MIDDLE AGES Krzysztof Czapla, Dziadoszanie. Plemię zamieszkujące ziemię głogowską w X wieku [Dziadoszan: the tribe inhabiting the Głogów Land in the 10th century], Głogów, 2014, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Głogowie, 257 pp., ills., maps, tables, diagrams, list of archaeological sites, figure, map, table and diagram captions; explanatory notes to the archaeological sites’ list in Polish and English, summary in English 1 The purpose of this archaeological study is to describe the population – named Dziadoszan (Dziadoszanie) – that inhabited the constellation of settlement clusters in the area of Głogów (ca. 1,500 sq. km) between the appearance of Slavic settlement (late 5th – early 6th centuries) and the integration of this territory into the newly-emerging states (mid-10th c.). The focus is on the natural environment, the development of forms of settlement (how the settlements were deployed relative to the landforms, soils and water network; the sizes and arrangement of the settlements, designs of the buildings), the economic foundations (hunting, agriculture, crafts and trade) and forms of social and political organisation. It is remarked that the network of settle- ments emerged at a rather early date locally, and kept in contact with the neighbouring communities and, in parallel, with the countries in the West and in the South (as testified by objects scarcely imported from the East Frankian, Avar and Bohemian-Moravian areas). In the late years of the period under discussion, strongholds appeared in the lands inhabited by the Dziadoszan tribe, with seventeen settlement clusters developed around them, occupying an area of 5 to 25 sq. km each, and each comprising one (or, rarely, two) strongholds (there moreover were twenty-eight settlement clusters without such central hubs).
    [Show full text]
  • Inferno Nowe.Indd
    The Publisher thanks all Contributors for kindly permitting to print their texts in this volume All rights reserved Cover and title pages design: Jacek Tofil Translated from Polish by Elżbieta Gołębiowska © Copyright by Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM, 2012 Second edition Bibliographical Note: This is the second, revised and expanded edition of Inferno of Choices: Poles and the Holocaust, first published by Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM, in 2011. Two new chapters have been provided for this edition. Proofreading: Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM Layout and typeset by: Studio Graficzne Oficyny Wydawniczej RYTM [email protected] ISBN 978-83-7399-514-7 Print and binding: Łódzkie Zakłady Graficzne Sp. z o.o. Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................... 9 Introduction by Maciej Kozłowski ................................... 11 I. Documents .................................................................... 15 Announcement by the executive authority of the Jewish Re- ligious Community to the Jewish population of the town of Piotrków on the establishment of a ghetto. Piotrków, Octo- ber 1939 ..................................................................................... 15 A circular from senior SS and police commander for Warth- egau, Wilhelm Koppe on the plan for the resettlement of Jews and Poles to the General Government [excerpts]. Poznań, November 1939 ......................................................... 16 A Report from Waldemar Schön, Head of the Resettlement Department of the Office of the Governor
    [Show full text]
  • In the Shadow of the Sacred Bodies. the Monthly Smolensk Commemorations in Krakow1
    Ethnologia Polona, vol. 38: 2017 (2018), 107 – 123 PL ISSN 0137 - 4079 IN THE SHADOW OF THE SACRED BODIES. THE MONTHLY SMOLENSK COMMEMORATIONS IN KRAKOW1 MONIKA GOLONKA-CZAJKOWSKA INSTITUTE OF ETHNOLOGY AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY THE JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY The monthly Smoleńsk commemorations (pol. Miesięcznice Smoleńskie), organised in Krakow, are a special case of politico-religious rituals, which commemorate the tragic event of the presidential plane crash on the 10th April 2010. While for external observers these gatherings appear to be primarily a kind of political demonstration, they mean something more for its participants. Compared to the Warsaw monthiversaries, the Krakow commemorations differ mainly in terms of the nature of the celebration, which is a consequence of the space of national heritage (the mausoleum of Polish kings and National Memorial Cross) and the type of participants. References to religion here are not just a regular, ritual scenography. On the contrary, by referring to the authority and power of the sacred, they are, in great measure, a source of inner strength for this ideological group supporting the governing revolutionary right-wing camp in Poland. This paper will analyse the role of religion in this ritual in order to uncover both the official and vernacular religious practices that create the phenomenon of the monthly Smolensk celebrations in Krakow. * * * Organizowane co miesiąc w Krakowie uroczystości upamiętniające tzw. katastrofę smoleńską są szczególnym przypadkiem rytuałów o charakterze religijno-politycznym. O ile dla zewnętrznych obserwatorów celebracje te wydają się być przede wszystkim rodzajem manifestacji politycznych, o tyle dla samych uczestników stają się także okazją do przeżycia intensywnego doświadczenia religijnego.
    [Show full text]
  • House Speech Ukrainian Independence, January 24, 1955” of the Ford Congressional Papers: Press Secretary and Speech File at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box D14, folder “House Speech Ukrainian Independence, January 24, 1955” of the Ford Congressional Papers: Press Secretary and Speech File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. The Council donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box D14 of The Ford Congressional Papers: Press Secretary and Speech File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library gads ~bout Vkraine PAN AMERICAN UKRAINIAN CONFERENCE NEW YORK 1950 ' importance is Ukraine's machine-building, heavy, and light industries, its giant hydro-electric power plant, Dniprelstan, and its oil wells in Galicia. The rail­ Facts About Ukraine roads of Ukraine are the most developed in the whole USSR. The industrial potential of the country is much greater, since it cannot be fully developed under the present imperialist policy of the USSR which, for Ukraine, a member of the United Nations is the largest non-Russian purely strategic reasons, favors the building up of Asiatic regions to the dis­ country under the domination of the Kremlin.
    [Show full text]
  • Hieronim Dekutowski Alias Zapora
    On 5 December 2018, Narodowy Bank Polski is putting into circulation a silver coin of the series “The Enduring Soldiers Accursed by the Communists”, with a face value of 10 zł. Hieronim Dekutowski alias Zapora The reverse of the coin carries the images of Hieronim Dekutowski alias Zapora, the Order of Virtuti Militari, a white and red flag with the symbol of Fighting Poland, and the inscription “They acted as they should”. Polish Army Major Hieronim Dekutowski was born on 24 September characterized by courage, swift decision-making skills, and at 1918 in Tarnobrzeg. Dekutowski was characterized by an active the same time, caution and a great sense of responsibility for attitude of patriotic responsibility already in his youth. He belonged the people. He was thoroughly trained in the use of hand guns and “I’m going to to the “Jan Henryk Dąbrowski” Scout Team and was a member of machine guns. He was inconspicuous, but also had great personal charm. the forests, I don’t the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin Mary. He fought as a volunteer He knew how to be demanding and he maintained iron discipline in his know if I’ll make it out in the Polish defensive war of 1939, and on 17 September he crossed units, but he also combined that with moderation and concern for each alive, we can’t be together”. the border with Hungary, where he was interned. He escaped from soldier, as a result of which he was held in high esteem by his subordinates. the internment camp and fled to France, where he fought against They referred to him as “the old man” even though he was not yet thirty.” Dekutowski was arrested by the communist security services in the Germans as a member of the Polish Armed Forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded for Personal Non-Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge
    Blackwell, James W. (2010) The Polish Home Army and the struggle for the Lublin region. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1540/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] By James Blackwell Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of PhD Department of Central and East European Studies Faculty of Law, Business and Social Studies Glasgow University The Polish Home Army and the struggle for the Lublin Region - 1943–1945 1 Abstract Between 1939 and 1944 the underground forces of the Polish Government-in-Exile created an underground army in the Lublin region, which, at its height, numbered 60,000 men. The underground Army was created in order to facilitate the reestablishment of an independent Poland. The Army that was created, the AK, was in effect, an alliance organisation comprising, to varying degrees, members of all pro-independence underground groups. It was, in Lublin, to always suffer from internal stresses and strains, which were exaggerated by the actions of the region’s occupiers.
    [Show full text]