VEDEN KIERTO Hydrologinen Palvelu Suomessa 1908–2008

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VEDEN KIERTO Hydrologinen palvelu Suomessa 1908–2008 THE WATER CYCLE Hydrological service in Finland 1908–2008 VEDEN KIERTO Hydrologinen palvelu Suomessa 1908–2008 THE WATER CYCLE Hydrological service in Finland 1908–2008 Toimittanut • Edited by Esko Kuusisto Suomen ympäristökeskus • Finnish Environment Institute Julkaisija/Publisher Suomen ympäristökeskus • Finnish Environment Institute Käännös/Translation Nomalux Oy Ulkoasu ja värierottelut/Layout and reproduction Jyrki Heimonen, Aarnipaja Ky Paino/Printed by Karisto Oy, Hämeenlinna 2008 ISBN 978-952-11-3128-8 Sisällys Contents Esipuhe 7 Foreword Historian pisaroita sadan vuoden varrelta 8 The drops of history through the century Suuresta tulvasta se alkoi 16 It started from a great fl ood Hydrologisten havaintoverkkojen kehitys 21 Development of hydrological observation networks Hydrologinen seuranta Pohjois-Savossa 31 Hydrological monitoring in Northern Savonia Virtaaman mittaaminen 35 Discharge measurements Veden laadun seurantaa 1911–1931 40 Water quality monitoring 1911–1931 Lunta linjoilla ja tyynyillä 45 Snow on courses and pillows Vesistöjen jää- ja lämpöolot 51 Ice and temperature conditions of lakes and rivers Kuivuuskin on kiusannut Suomea 56 Drought has also troubled Finland Puroissa virtaa tietoa 59 Creeks fl ow with information ’Maanalainen’ hydrologia 64 Underground hydrology Satojen tuhanten järvein maa 70 The land of hundreds of thousands of lakes Suomen järvien syvyyssuhteet 75 The bathymetry of Finland’s lakes Suomen vesitase 83 Finland’s water balance Vesistöaluejaon vaiheita 90 The stages of drainage basin division Kenttätyöt 97 Field works Havaitsijat 106 Observers Muuttoja ja evakkomatkoja 110 Removals and evacuees Hydrologinen toimisto 1960-luvulla 113 Hydrological Offi ce in the 1960s Virtaukset järvissä 118 Currents in lakes Kansainvälinen yhteistyö 124 International cooperation Kehitysyhteistyö 130 Development cooperation Hydrologiaa Teknillisessä korkeakoulussa 136 Hydrology at the Helsinki University of Technology Vesistömallijärjestelmä 140 Watershed Simulation and Forecasting System Lastuna lainehilla 148 As a fl ake on the ripples Hydrologiset vuosikirjat 152 Hydrological yearbooks Poimintoja hydrologisista yleiskatsauksista vuosien varrelta 156 Extracts from the hydrological reviews through the years Arkistojen aarteita 162 Treasures of the archives Emeritushydrologi muistelee 168 An emeritus hydrologist looks back Hydrologisen laitoksen rooli 176 The role of the hydrological service 6 Lea Kauppi Esipuhe Foreword Hydrologialla on Suomessa pitkät perinteet. Ensimmäinen aihet- Hydrology has long traditions in Finland. The fi rst scientifi c study ta käsitellyt tutkimus on jo vuodelta 1611, tekijänä Sigfrid Aronus dates back to the year 1611, when Sigfrid Aronus Forsius discussed Forsius, joka pohti laajasti veden kiertokulkua. Vuonna 1640 widely the hydrological cycle. The Royal Academy of Turku, our old- perustetun Turun Akatemian varhaisimmissa väitöskirjoissa on est university was established in 1640; several of the early dissertations useita, joissa veden olemus ja ominaisuudet ovat tutkimuksen dealt with the essence and properties of water. kohteena. The longest hydrological observation series in Finland also begins Myös Suomen pisin hydrologinen havaintosarja alkaa jo 1600- already in the 17th century. Tornio was an important merchant town luvulta. Tornio oli tärkeä kauppapaikka, mutta suuren joen jään- in Lapland on a large river, whose ice break-up cut the traffi c con- lähtö katkaisi kulkuyhteydet joka kevät. Vuonna 1693 jäänlähdön nections each spring. In 1693 it was decided that the break-up dates päivämääriä alettiin merkitä muistiin – nyt niitä on Suomen ympä- should be marked down – at present the hydrological data base of ristökeskuksen hydrologisessa tietokannassa siis jo reilusti yli kol- SYKE contains well over three hundred of those dates. meltasadalta keväältä. The hundred year age of our hydrological service is also quite high, Hydrologisen palvelumme sadan vuoden ikä on sekin kansain- even internationally. Without the great fl ood of 1899, we might cel- välisesti katsoen varsin korkea. Jos suurtulva ei olisi koetellut Suo- ebrate this anniversary somewhat later. Although extreme phenomena mea vuonna 1899, emme ehkä vielä juhlisi satavuotispäivää. Vaik- cause losses, they have also often included the seed for development. ka ääri-ilmiöt aiheuttavat vahinkoja, niissä on usein piillyt myös At present, hydrological services in our country are the responsibil- kehityksen siemen. ity of the Hydrological Services Division of the Finnish Environment Maamme hydrologisesta palvelusta vastaa nykyään Suomen Institute. This unit monitors hydrological cycle and water resources, ympäristökeskuksen hydrologian yksikkö. Sen työsarkaan kuulu- maintains and develops watershed models and hydrological forecasts, vat veden kiertokulun ja vesivarojen seuranta, vesistömallit ja hyd- works with GIS data on lakes and rivers, and conducts research on rologiset ennusteet, vesistöjen kartoitus sekä näihin aihepiireihin these topics. liittyvä tutkimus. Many current challenges have also created the need to integrate Monet ajankohtaiset haasteet ovat myös edellyttäneet hydrolo- hydrology into other research on water and the environment. SYKE gian integroimista muuhun vesi- ja ympäristötutkimukseen. SYKE has succeeded well in this integration, and the use of hydrological data on onnistunut tässä hyvin ja hydrologisen tiedon ja palvelujen and services has thus extended. The understanding of the hydrologi- käyttäjäkunta on näin laajentunut. Veden kiertokulun ymmärtämi- cal cycle is today even more important than four or one hundred years nen on tänä päivänä vieläkin tärkeämpää kuin neljäsataa tai sata ago! vuotta sitten! 7 Historian pisaroita sadan vuoden varrelta The drops of history through the century 10.7.1912 25.5.1929 Hannes Kolehmainen voittaa 5000 metrin juoksun Tukholman Presidentti Relander vihkii Imatran voimalaitoksen. Säännöstelypa- olympialaisissa, raivoisan loppukirin jälkeen. Hän saa kultaa myös don luukut suljetaan kello 13. Maan mahtavin koski on ensimmäis- maastojuoksussa ja 10 000 metrillä. Suomi on juostu maailman- tä kertaa kuivana punertavine pohjapaasineen ja hiidenkirnuineen. kartalle. Hydrografi nen toimisto mittaa haihduntaa Tampereen Py- Saimaan vedenkorkeus on vihkiäispäivänä NN+76,23 metriä eli 3 häjärvellä; mittausjärjestelyt ovat huippuluokkaa koko maailmas- 48 cm yli ajankohdan keskiarvon. Vuoksessa virtaa vettä 729 m /s. sa. Hanneksen voitonpäivänä 10.7. Pyhäjärvestä haihtuu 3,0 mm, – Imatra on yhä Suomen suurin vesivoimalaitos. veden lämpötila on 19,4 astetta ja tuulen keskinopeus 2,8 m/s. President Relander opens Imatra’s power station. The locks of the Hannes Kolehmainen wins the 5000 metres middle distance race regulation dam are closed at 1pm. The country’s most powerful rapid at the Stockholm Olympics, after a frenzied fi nal straight. He also re- is dry for the fi rst time with reddish bedrock and potholes. The water ceives a gold medal in the cross country and 10 000 metres. Finland level of the Saimaa canal, on this exact day, is NN+76.23 metres or 48 has run onto the world map. The Hydrographical Bureau measures cm higher than the mean level for this point of time. The water in the 3 the evaporation from the lake of Pyhäjärvi in Tampere; the measure- Vuoksi River fl ows at 729 m /s. Imatra is still Finland’s largest hydro- ment systems are the highest class in the world. On the day of Han- power station. nes’s victory, 3.0 mm of water evaporates from Pyhäjärvi, the temper- ature of the water is 19.4 degrees and the mean wind speed is 2.8 m/s. 7.9.1929 Höyrylaiva ”Kuru” uppoaa myrskyssä Näsijärvellä. Onnettomuu- 6.12.1917 dessa hukkuu 136 ihmistä, vain 22 pelastuu. Jo lokakuussa ”Kuru” Suomi itsenäistyy. Valtakunnassa on jo 350 vedenkorkeuden mit- nostetaan pintaan ja se palaa liikenteeseen. Laiva seilaa Näsijärvel- tausasemaa. Järvet ovat jäätyneet marraskuun lopulla eteläisintä lä vielä tammikuussa, koska ulappa jäätyy vasta 30. tammikuuta. Suomea myöten. Hydrografi sessa toimistossa työskentelee 17 hen- Tämä säilyy Näsijärven myöhäisimpänä jäätymispäivänä 78 vuotta; keä, joista kymmenen on ’piirustus- ja laskuapulaisia’. vuonna 2008 jäätyminen tapahtuu 31. tammikuuta. Finland gains its independence. The country already has 350 wa- The steam ship “Kuru” sinks in a storm on the lake of Näsijärvi. ter level measurement stations. The lakes are frozen by the end of No- 136 people drowned in the disaster, with only 22 people saved. “Kuru” vember as far as Southern Finland. Seventeen individuals work in the was raised to the surface already in October and returned to business. Hydrographical Bureau, of which ten are ‘design and calculation assist- The boat still sailed on Näsijärvi in January, because the open water ants’. only froze on the 30th January. This remained as the latest day of freez- ing for Näsijärvi for 78 years: in 2008, the freezing occurred on the 31st January. 8 Pyhäjärven haihduntamittauksia varten rakennettiin Pirkkalan Toppariin ilmastoasema. Haihdunta-astiat kelluivat rantavedessä taustalla näkyvän niemen takana. Pirkkala’s Toppari climate station, built for the evaporation measurements of Pyhäjärvi. The evaporation pans fl oat on the shoreline water, in the background behind the peninsular. 9 Vesi laskee ja Imatrankosken pohjakivet alkavat näkyä. Lähes kuusituhatta vuotta sitten syntynyt uoma on ensimmäistä kertaa kuivumassa. The water level drops and the stones on the bed of the Imatra rapids come into
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    This is a self-archived version of an original article. This version may differ from the original in pagination and typographic details. Author(s): Bengtsson, Erik; Missiaia, Anna; Nummela, Ilkka; Olsson, Mats Title: Unequal poverty and equal industrialisation : Finnish wealth, 1750-1900 Year: 2019 Version: Published version Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s) Rights: CC BY 4.0 Rights url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please cite the original version: Bengtsson, E., Missiaia, A., Nummela, I., & Olsson, M. (2019). Unequal poverty and equal industrialisation : Finnish wealth, 1750-1900. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 67(3), 229-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2018.1546614 Scandinavian Economic History Review ISSN: 0358-5522 (Print) 1750-2837 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/sehr20 Unequal poverty and equal industrialisation: Finnish wealth, 1750–1900 Erik Bengtsson, Anna Missiaia, Ilkka Nummela & Mats Olsson To cite this article: Erik Bengtsson, Anna Missiaia, Ilkka Nummela & Mats Olsson (2019) Unequal poverty and equal industrialisation: Finnish wealth, 1750–1900, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 67:3, 229-248, DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2018.1546614 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2018.1546614 © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 29 Nov 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 870 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found
  • Book of Abstracts

    Book of Abstracts

    Congressus Duodecimus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Oulu 2015 Book of Abstracts Edited by Harri Mantila Jari Sivonen Sisko Brunni Kaisa Leinonen Santeri Palviainen University of Oulu, 2015 Oulun yliopisto, 2015 Photographs: © Oulun kaupunki ja Oulun yliopisto ISBN: 978-952-62-0851-0 Juvenes Print This book of abstracts contains all the abstracts of CIFU XII presentations that were accepted. Chapter 1 includes the abstracts of the plenary presentations, chapter 2 the abstracts of the general session papers and chapter 3 the abstracts of the papers submitted to the symposia. The abstracts are presented in alphabetical order by authors' last names except the plenary abstracts, which are in the order of their presentation in the Congress. The abstracts are in English. Titles in the language of presentation are given in brackets. We have retained the transliteration of the names from Cyrillic to Latin script as it was in the original papers. Table of Contents 1 Plenary presentations 7 2 Section presentations 19 3 Symposia 199 Symp. 1. Change of Finnic languages in a multilinguistic environment .......................................................................... 201 Symp. 2. Multilingual practices and code-switching in Finno-Ugric communities .......................................................................... 215 Symp. 3. From spoken Baltic-Finnic vernaculars to their national standardizations and new literary languages – cancelled ...... 233 Symp. 4. The syntax of Samoyedic and Ob-Ugric languages ...... 233 Symp. 5. The development