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Rehabilitation of Disturbed Lands in California: a Manual for Decision-Making

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Rehabilitation of Disturbed Lands in California: a Manual for Decision-Making Gray Davis Governor State of California Mary D. Nichols Secretary Resources Agency Darryl Young Director Department of Conservation James F. Davis State Geologist California Geological Survey Copyright California Department of Conservation, California Geological Survey, 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written consent of the California Geological Survey. I REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED LANDS IN CALIFORNIA: A MANUAL FOR DECISION-MAKING By GAIL A. NEWTON Department of Conservation Office of Mine Reclamation 801 K Street, MS09-06 Sacramento, CA 95814 and V.P. CLAASSEN Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616-8627 2003 II III TABLE of CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose and Scope............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Why Rehabilitate? ................................................................................................................ 2 2.0 PLANNING FOR REHABILITATION .......................................................................................... 4 2.1 Project Scheduling ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 BIOLOGICAL SCHEDULE ............................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 EARTHWORKING SCHEDULE ...................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 LAND-USE PLANNING SCHEDULE ............................................................................... 4 2.1.3.1 Zoning ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.3.2 Permitting ................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.3.3 Stakeholders .............................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Rehabilitation Potential ....................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 CLIMATE ......................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 ASPECT .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.3 TOPOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 6 2.2.4 SOIL DEVELOPMENT/STRUCTURE ............................................................................ 6 2.2.5 HYDROLOGY ................................................................................................................. 6 2.2.6 LEVEL OF DISTURBANCE AND DEGREE OF ISOLATION ......................................... 9 2.2.7 ECOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.8 COMPETITION AND HERBIVORY ................................................................................11 2.2.9 WATERSHED PROCESSES ........................................................................................11 3.0 SOILS AND SOIL MANAGEMENT .........................................................................................15 3.1 What is a Soil? ................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Physical Characteristics.................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1 PARTICLE SIZE AND TEXTURE .................................................................................. 17 3.2.2 PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND WATER HOLDING CAPACITY............................... 19 3.2.3 COMPACTION .............................................................................................................. 19 3.2.4 PHYSICAL EFFECTS RESULTING FROM SOIL ORGANIC MATTER ........................ 22 3.2.5 COARSE FRAGMENTS ............................................................................................... 23 3.3 Chemical Characteristics.................................................................................................. 23 3.3.1 ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY (PH ) ................................................................................... 24 3.3.2 CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) ...................................................................... 25 3.3.3 SALINITY ....................................................................................................................... 26 3.3.4 PLANT NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY ................................................................................. 28 3.3.4.1 Nitrogen (N) .............................................................................................................. 28 3.3.4.2 Phosphorus (P) ....................................................................................................... 30 3.3.4.3 Potassium (K) .......................................................................................................... 32 3.3.4.4 Calcium (Ca) ........................................................................................................... 33 3.3.4.5 Magnesium (Mg) ..................................................................................................... 33 3.3.4.6 Sulfur (S) ................................................................................................................. 34 3.3.4.7 Micronutrients .......................................................................................................... 34 3.3.4.7.0 Arsenic (As) ..................................................................................................... 34 3.3.4.7.1 Zinc (Zn) ........................................................................................................... 34 3.3.4.7.2 Manganese (Mn) .............................................................................................. 35 3.3.4.7.3 Iron (Fe) ............................................................................................................ 35 3.3.4.7.4 Copper (Cu) ..................................................................................................... 35 IV 3.3.4.7.5 Boron (Bo) ........................................................................................................ 35 3.3.4.7.6 Molybdenum (Mo) ............................................................................................ 35 3.4 Soil Biology......................................................................................................................... 35 3.4.1 PLANT RESIDUE DECOMPOSERS ........................................................................... 36 3.4.2 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ................................................................................................. 36 3.4.3 N-FIXATION ................................................................................................................... 38 3.5 Soil Management,Testing, and Amending Techniques .................................................. 38 3.5.1 MOVING SOILS WITH HEAVY MACHINERY ................................................................ 39 3.5.2 PLACEMENT OF SOIL MATERIALS WITH BENEFICIAL TEXTURE ........................... 39 3.5.3 STOCKPILING TOPSOIL ............................................................................................. 39 3.5.4 SAMPLING FOR NUTRIENT ANALYSIS OF GROWTH MEDIA OR SOIL ................... 41 3.5.5 AMENDING .................................................................................................................... 42 3.5.6 MULCHING .................................................................................................................... 43 3.5.7 FERTILIZING ................................................................................................................. 43 3.6 A Note on Serpentine Soils and Mine Wastes................................................................44 3.6.1 SERPENTINE SOILS ................................................................................................... 44 3.6.2 MINE WASTES ............................................................................................................. 44 4.0 SLOPE PROTECTION AND EROSION CONTROL .............................................................46 4.1 Grading Considerations .................................................................................................... 46 4.2 Techniques to Control Erosion and Sediment ................................................................ 47 4.2.1 MULCHES ..................................................................................................................... 48 4.2.2 SOIL STABILIZING COMPOUNDS (TACKIFIERS) ....................................................... 52 4.2.3 GRAVEL MULCH ........................................................................................................... 52 4.2.4 COVER CROPS ........................................................................................................... 52 4.2.5 EROSION CONTROL BLANKETS .............................................................................. 53 4.2.6 SEDIMENT RETENTION
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