National Aeronautics and Educational Program Space Administration Students University Office of Human Resources and Education Education Division

1995

NASA Guide to Graduate

(NASA-EP-314) THE 1995 NASA GUIDE N96-16599 TO GRADUATE SUPPORT (NASA) 112 p

Unclas

G3/99 0065497 About the Cover: Astronaut Harrison ("Jack") Schmitt collects samples of a huge boulder in the Moon's Littrow Valley during the Apollo 17 Mission in December 1972. This region is one of the most rugged and scenic visited by the six landings of the Apollo Program. Beyond the large boulder is the flat floor of the Littrow Valley, covered by dark mare material Gava flows). Beyond the Valley are the Taurus Mountains, made up of older highly cratered highland rocks. The Lunar Rover, used by the astronauts to explore the surface, is visible to the right of the rock. 1995 NASA Guide to Graduate Support

NASA Headquarters Office of Human Resources and Education Education Division Higher Education Branch Washington, DC 20546

EP-314 September 1994 Table of Contents

Section I — General Information 1 Introduction 2 Program Summaries 3 Summary of NASA Research areas 5 NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program Administrators 9 Administrative Procedures 10 Preparation of Proposal 12 Submission of Proposal 13

Section n — NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program Areas of Research Activities at NASA Facilities 21 NASA Headquarters 22 Office of Space Science 22 Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications 23 Office of Mission to Planet Earth 24 Ames Research Center 26 Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Facility 32 Goddard Space Flight Center 34 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 45 Lyndon B.Johnson Space Center 53 John F. Kennedy Space Center 58 Langley Research Center 60 Lewis Research Center 66 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center 76 John C. Stennis Space Center 86

Section m — Underrepresented Minority and Disabled Focus Component 93

Section IV — High Performance Computing and Communications 101

Section V — NASA Graduate Student Fellowships in Global Change Research Ill Section I 1995 NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program

General Information Introduction

Education Division Approximately 270 minority Section n — lists areas of research Higher Education Branch students have completed the activities at NASA facilities. Refer to Code FEH this section for a detailed description NASA Headquarters , program's requirements of research opportunities when apply- Washington, DC 20546 \ while making significant ing to any of the graduate student contributions to the nation's programs. The future of the United aerospace efforts. Continu- Section m — describes the States is in the classrooms ing to expand fellowship Underrepresented Minority and of America and tomorrow's opportunities, NASA an- Disabled Focus (UMDF) Component. scientific and technological nounced the Graduate Stu- Section IV — describes the High capabilities are derived from dent Fellowships in Global Performance Computing and today's investments in re- Change Research in 1990. Communications (HPCC) program. Designed to support the search. In 1980, NASA initi- Section V — describes the Graduate ated the Graduate Student rapid growth in the study Student Fellowships in Global Change Researchers Program (GSRP) of Earth as a system, more Research, including objectives, and than 250 fellowships have administrative and application proce- to cultivate additional re- dures. search ties to the academic been awarded. And, in 1992, community and to support NASA announced opportuni- During the next year, NASA will select promising students pursuing ties in the multiagency High at least 200 new graduate student researchers to receive stipends and to advanced degrees in science Performance Computing work at our unique national laborato- and engineering. Since then, and Communications ries. We are pleased to offer these pro- approximately 1,300 stu- (HPCC) Program designed to grams and hope students and faculty dents have completed the accelerate the development will continue to benefit from them. program's requirements. and application of massively In 1987, the program was parallel processing. Approxi- expanded to include the mately five new fellowships Underrepresented Minority will be awarded yearly. and Disabled Focus (UMDF) This booklet will guide you Component. This program in your efforts to participate was designed to increase in programs for graduate participation of underrepre- student support. sented groups in graduate study and research and, ultimately, in space science and aerospace technology careers. Program Summaries

Graduate Student fellowships are competitively evaluat- participating. Thus, in 1987, NASA Researchers Program ed on their academic qualifications introduced the Underrepresented and proposed research and plan of Minority and Disabled Focus The NASA Graduate Student Research- study by NASA discipline scientists Component. Applicants must be spon- ers Program (GSRP) attempts to reach and an external merit review group. sored by the graduate department a culturally diverse group of promising Headquarters selected fellows chair or faculty advisor. Students U.S. graduate students whose research carry out research or a plan of selected for the program will collabo- interests are compatible with NASA's study at their home universities rate with faculty advisors and with programs in space science and aero- and attend a three-day annual NASA technical officers. Students space technology. Each year approxi- symposium in Washington, D.C. selected by NASA field centers mately 100 new awardees are selected The symposium provides an opportu- must spend a period of residency based on competitive evaluation of nity for GSRP fellows to exchange at the center, taking advantage of their academic qualifications, their ideas, discuss progress, and learn more the unique research facilities of proposed research plan and plan of about space sciences at NASA. the installation and working with study, and their planned utilization of Headquarters research opportunities center personnel. This period is NASA research facilities. Fellowships are described in the Areas of Research expected to be at least one month of up to $22,000 are awarded for one section of this book. annually, but need not be a single continuous tune period. NASA has a year and are renewable, based on satis- The remaining new awards are distrib- long history of supporting Historically factory progress, for a total of three uted throughout NASA field centers. Black Colleges and Universities and years. Approximately 300 graduate stu- Fellows selected by centers must Other Minority Universities. NASA is dents are supported by this program spend some period of time in resi- particularily interested in furthering its each year. Students may apply at any dence at the center, taking advan- relationship with these institutions time during their graduate career or tage of the unique research facili- through the GSRP (UMDF). prior to receiving their baccalaureate ties of the installation and work- degree. An applicant must be spon- ing with center personnel. The pro- sored by his/her graduate department jected use of center expertise and chair or faculty advisor; other eligibili- facilities is an important factor, along NASA Graduate Student ty requirements are described in the with academic qualifications and* Fellowships In Global Administrative Procedures section of research plans, in the selection of cen- this book. Change Research ter fellows. Approximately fifty of the 100 new Students applying for a center fellow- NASA established this graduate student awards each year are sponsored by ship are strongly urged to contact the training fellowship for persons pursu- NASA Headquarters through the Office NASA researcher identified at the end ing a Ph.D. degree in aspects of global of Space Science (OSS), the Office of of each research description prior to change research. The purpose is to Life and Microgravity Sciences and developing a proposal. Students apply- ensure a continued supply of high- Applications (OLMSA), and the Office ing to the Headquarters Office may quality scientists to support rapid of Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) in contact the appropriate individual list- growth in the study of Earth as a sys- the fields of astrophysics, solar system ed on page 9. tem. More than 250 fellowships have exploration, space physics, informa- been awarded since the inception of tion systems, microgravity science and the program in 1990. Approximately applications, life sciences, and Earth fifty new fellowships will be available sciences. Students applying for these Underrepresented Minority and Disabled Focus for the 1995 academic year. Component

While we have been very pleased with the success of the Graduate Student Researchers Program, we are con- cerned that too few members of underrepresented minority groups are 4

High Performance Computing and Communications

At least five new GSRP awards "will be granted in 1995 as part of the Federal High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Program. HPCC is a multiagency program de- signed to accelerate the development and application of high performance computing systems through an inte- grated program of hardware, software, and network development, as well as long-term basic research. Within the Federal program, NASA •will focus on: aeronautical, Earth science, and space science applications; interagency soft- ware coordination; and basic research for future HPCC systems. Summary of NASA Research Areas

NASA Headquarters Physical-Chemical Closed-Loop Life Flight Dynamics Division Support Global Change Data Center Office of Space Science Planetary Biology Hydrological Sciences Branch Astrophysics x- Planetary Science Interdisciplinary Research Information Systems v Rotary Wing Aeromechanics Laboratory for Astronomy and Solar Solar System Exploration Rotorcraft Technology Physics Space Physics Scientific Visualization and Interactive Laboratory for Atmospheres Office of Life and Microgravity Computer Graphics Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics Sciences and Applications Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Laboratory for High Energy Life Sciences Solar System Exploration Laboratory for Hydrospheric Process Microgravity Science and Space Biology Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics Applications Space Physiology Microwave Sensors Branch Office of Mission to Planet Earth Space Projects Mission Operations and Data Systems Earth Science Spacecraft Data Systems Directorate Telecommunications NASA Center for Computational Ames Research Center Theoretical Astrophysics Science Advanced Instrumentation Turbulence Physics National Space Science Data Center Advanced Life Support Unsteady Viscous Flows Observational Science Branch Aeronautics Wind Tunnel Automation Oceans and Ice Branch Aerothermal Materials and Structures Wind Tunnel Composite Applications Optics Laboratory Aerothermodynamics Photonics Branch Aircraft Conceptual Design Dryden Flight Research Planetary Atmoshperes Applied Computational Fluid Facility Planetary Atmoshperes Branch Dynamics Advanced Digital Flight Control Robotics Branch Artificial Intelligence Aircraft Automation Satellite Data Utilization Office Atmospheric Physics Flight Dynamics Science Network Office Bioregenerative Life Support Flight Systems SeawiFS Project Computational Fluid Dynamics Flight Test Measurement and Sensor Concepts and Calibration Computational Materials Science Instrumentation Severe Storms Branch Computer Graphics Workstations Fluid Mechanics and Physics Solid Earth Geophysics Computer Vision Integrated Test Systems and Aircraft Space Data and Computing Division Control Algorithm for Wind Tunnel Development Space Geodesy Support Systems Propulsion/Performance Thermal Development Laboratory Earth Atmospheric Chemistry and Structural Dynamics Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Dynamics (TRMM) Office Ecosystem Science Goddard Space Flight Center Ecosystem Science and Technology Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Jet Propulsion Laboratory Engineering and Technical Services Branch Advanced Systems Experimental Aerodynamics Atmospheris Experiment Branch Advanced Teleoperation and Man- Extravehicular Systems Research and Biogeochemical Cycles Machine systems Technology Flight Research Biospheric Studies Asteroid Dynamics High-Speed Computer Architectures Causes of Long-Term Climate Change Astrophysics Human Factors Climate and Radiation Branch Autonomous Control and Tracking Hypersonics Cryogenics Laboratory Systems Infrared Astronomy and Astrophysics Data Assimilation Office Autonomous Mobile Vehicle Infrared Astronomy Projects and Data Systems Technology Division Chief Engineer Technology Development Earth Sciences Directorate Control Systems Intelligence Systems Technology Electromechanical Branch Neurosciences Engineering Directorate Environmental Sensors Experimental Instrumentation Data Storage Technology Space Physics Langley Research Center Defense and Civil Information Spacecraft System Engineering Advanced Aircraft Systems Earth and Space Science Division System Integration and Test Quality Advanced Computational Capability Earth Atmosphere Assurance Advanced Propulsion Technology Earth Geoscience Systems Analysis Advanced Sensor Systems Earth Observation Analysis Systems Assurance Division Aeroacoustics Electro-optical Tracking Systems Systems Division Aerobraking Flight Computers Aerodynamics and Flight Projects Interface Johnson Space Center Aerothermodynamic Experiments Flight Projects Support Office Advanced Extravehicular (EVA) Analysis and Interpretation of Flight Support Facilities Systems Constituent and Temperature Data Frequency Standards Research Advances Software Technology for the Middle Atmosphere Geodynamics Artificial Intelligence Climate Research Program Gravitational Wave Studies Biomedical and Nutritional Research Computer Science Hardware Assurance Division Biotechnology and Bioprocessing Configuration Definition for the Image Processing Applications Computer Graphics Research Evolution of Space Station Freedom Development Endocrine Biochemistry Controls and Guidance Imaging Systems Environmental Physiology\Biophysics Earth Radiation Budget Experiment Information Systems Division Research (ERBE) Information Theory and Coding Exercise Physiology Electromagnetics, Antennas, and Infrared and Analytical Instrument Flight Data Systems Microwave Systems Systems Guidance, Navigation, and Control Electronics and Informations Systems Institutional Computing and Mission Immune Responses to Space Flight Engineering Laboratory Unit Operations Division Intelligent Robotics Entry Fluid Physics Mechanical and Chemical Systems Life Support Systems Facilities Engineering Division Orbital Debris First Lunar Outpost Microelectronic Device Research Pharmacokinetic Research Fluid Physics Microwave Observational Systems Physiologic Research General Aviation Mission Design Planetary Materials Analysis Halogen Occulation Experiment Mission Information Systems Propulsion and Power (HALOE) Engineering Psychological Research High-Speed Aircraft Mission Profile and Sequencing Regenerative Life Support Systems Human Factors Navigation Systems Risk Management In-Space Technology Experiments Observational Systems Division Robotic Applications Lunar Rover Robotics Missions Oceanography Robotic Simulation Materials Characterization Technology Optical Communication Space Food Development Measurement Science and Instrument Optical Sciences and Applications Space Radiation Technology Planetary Atmospheres Spacecraft Thermal Management Measurements of Air Pollution from Planetary Atmospheres and Systems Satellites (MAPS) Interplanetary Media Technology Development for New Propulsion Planetary Dynamics Initiatives Space Controls and Guidance Planetary Radar Astronomy Telerobotics and Autonomous Robotic Space Exploration Initiative Planetology Systems Space Systems Technology Power Research and Engineering Tracking and Communications Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Process Engineering Experiment (SAGE) Program Control and Administration Kennedy Space Center Structures (Aero) (PC&A) CELSS Research Structures (Space) Radar Remote Sensing of the Earth Earth Sciences Advances Programs Subsystem Growth Requirements for Reliability Engineering Engineering Advanced Programs Space Station Freedom Robot Arm Control Systems Engineering Software Product Assurance Transport Aircraft Microgravity Materials Science Electronics, Sensors, Robotics Transportation Systems Microgravity Science and Applications Engineering Graphics Workstation Tropospheric Chemistry Research MMIC Technology Gamma Ray Astronomy Program Molecular Computational Fluid Geophysical Fluid Dynamics and Upper Atmosphere Research Program Dynamics Modeling Phased Array Antenna Technology Hypervelocity Impact Design and Lewis Research Center Photovoltaic Space Systems Analysis Advanced Composit Mechanics Polymers And Polymer Matrix Infrared Astronomy Aerospace Applications of High Composites Liquid Propulsion Dynamic Analysis Temperature Superconductivity Power Materials Technology Low Gravity Science Aircraft Icing Power Systems Technology Magnetospheric and Plasma Physics Aircraft Power Transfer Technology Probabilistic Structural Mechanics Materials and Processes Laboratory Aircraft Propulsion Systems Analysis Rocket Engine System Monitoring Metallic Materials Ceramic-Matrix Composites Solar Dynamic Systems for Space Mission Operations Laboratory Computational Fluid Mechanics Power Model Studies of Storm Electrical Computational Structures Technology Space Communications Systems Processes Computational Technology Analysis Nonmetallic Materials Research Concurrent Engineering Simulation Space Environmental Interactions Optical Systems Controls and Dynamics Space Power Management and Physical Climate Analysis Digital Systems Technology Distribution Technology Pointing Control Systems Electrochemical Space and Storage Stirling Dynamic Power Systems Process Engineering Research Emissions Technology Structural Analysis and Life Prediction Propulsion Laboratory Environmental Durability of Advanced Structural Dynamics Quality Engineering Materials Structural Integrity Reliability Engineering Experimental Fluid Mechanics Thermal Management Technologies Software Data Management Fan\Propeller Aerodynamics and for Space Power Systems Solar Physics Acoustics Tribiology Space Environmental Effects on High Performance Aircraft Propulsion Turbine Engine Technology Materials Technology Vacuum Electronics Space Vehicle Environments High Performance Computing and Stratospheric and Mesospheric Studies Communications\Numerical Marshall Space Flight Center Structural Assessment: Structural Propulsion Simulation Aeronomy Analysis High Temperature Electronics Atmosphere\Land Surface Interface Structural Design Technology Audio Systems Structural Dynamics Hypersonic Propulsion Technology Biophysics Surface Properties\Atmospheric In-Space Technology Experiments Climate Modeling with the CMI Boundaries Interactions Instrumentation and Sensors Cloud Scattering of Light Discharges Systems and Components Test and Liquid Rocket Propulsion Combustion Devices and Simulation Low Noise Nozzle Technology Turbomachinery Systems Division Low Thrust Propulsion Fundamentals Communications Systems Systems Safety Engineering Metal Matrix and Intermetallic Matrix Component Development Division Test Division Composites Computational Fluid Dynamics Thermal Analysis: Liquid Propulsion Configuration Management Systems Control Mechanisms Thermal Analysis: Solid Rocket Motor Controls for Vehicles Thermal\Environmental Computational Cosmic Ray Research Analysis Cryogenic Physics Tropospheric Wind Profiling Crystal Growth in Fluid Field and Vibracousdcs Particle Dynamic Evaluation X-ray Astronomy Docking\Berthing Sensors Electrical Systems 8

Stennls Space Center Active and Passive Nonintrusive Remote Sensing of Propulsion Test Parameters Advanced Propulsion Systems Testing Application of Parallel Computing to Data Analysis Artificial Intelligence (AT) Capability for Intelligent Processing of Remotely Sensed and Propulsion Test Data Computational Modeling and Simulation Cryogenic Instrumentation and Cryogenic High Pressure, and Ultra High Pressure Fluid Systems Earth Observation Technology Environmental Impact from Propulsion System Testing Ground Test Facilities Technology Leak Detection, Sensors, Quantification and Visualization LOXXGOX Compatible Materials Material and Fluid Science Nondestructive Test and Evaluation Propellant and Pressurants Conservation, Recycling and Energy Conservation Leak Detection, Sensors, Quantification, and Visualization Propulsion System Testing Techniques, Simulation, Modeling, and Methodologies Propulsion Test Data Acquisition Systems Spectroscopy Technology for Propulsion System Testing Thermal Protection and Insulation Systems Use of Visualization Technologies for SSC Data Analysis Vehicle Health Maintenance\Rocket Exhaust Plume Diagnostics Visual Data Analysis Program Administrators

The NASA Graduate Student Ms. Meredith Moore Mr. Warren Camp Researchers Program (GSRP) is University Affairs Officer Manager, University Liaison managed at the national level by: Mail Stop 241-3 Mail Stop HM-CIU Ames Research Center John F. Kennedy Space Center The Office of Human Resources National Aeronautics and Space National Aeronautics and Space and Education Administration Administration Education Division Moffett Field, CA 94035 Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899 Higher Education Branch Phone (415) 604-5624 Phone (407) 867-2462 Code FEH FAX (415) 604-3622 FAX (407) 867-2494 NASA Headquarters Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Mr. Roger A. Hathaway Washington, DC 20546 Faculty, (Edwards, CA 93523) University Affairs Officer (Program administered by Ames Mail Stop 400 The Office of Space Science (OSS), Research Center- see above) Langley Research Center the Office of Life arid Microgravity National Aeronautics and Space Sciences and Applications (OLMSA), Dr. Gerald Soffen Administration and the Office of Mission to Planet Director, University Programs Hampton, VA 23681-0001 Earth (MTPE) at NASA Headquarters, Mail Code 160 Phone (804) 864-4000 along with NASA Field Centers around Goddard Space Flight Center the United States, participate in the National Aeronautics and Space FAX (804) 864-8835 program. Local Program Administration Dr. Francis J. Montegani Administrators are: Greenbelt, MD 20771 Chief, Office of University Programs Phone (301) 286-9690 Mail Stop CP-1 Ms. Dolores Holland V FAX (301) 286-1610 Lewis Research Center Office of Space Science National Aeronautics and Space CodeS Dr. Frederick Shair University Affairs Officer Administration NASA Headquarters 21000 Brookpark Road Washington, DC 20546 Mail Stop 183-900 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cleveland, OH 44135 Phone (202) 358-0734 Phone (216) 433-2956 FAX (202) 358-3092 National Aeronautics and Space Administration FAX (216) 433-3687 Ms. Georgia A. LeSane 4800 Oak Grove Drive Dr. Frank Six Office of Life and Microgravity Pasadena, CA 91109 University Affairs Officer Sciences and Applications Phone (818) 354-8251 Mail Stop DS01 Code UP FAX (818) 393-4977 Marshall Space Flight Center NASA Headquarters National Aeronautics and Space Washington, DC 20546 For inquiries call: Ms. Carol S. Hix Administration Phone (202) 358-2212 MSFQAL 35812 FAX (202) 358-4330 Assistant University Affairs Officer Mail Stop 183-900 Phone (205) 544-0997 Dr. Ghassem Asrar Phone (818) 354-3274 FAX (205) 544-5893 Office of Mission to Planet Earth FAX (818) 393-4977 Dr. Armond Joyce Code YS University Affairs Officer NASA Headquarters Ms. Nancy Robertson Science and Technology Branch Washington, DC 20546 Chief, Education Branch Mail Code AP-2 John C. Stennis Space Center Phone (202) 358-0273 National Aeronautics and Space FAX (202) 358-2770 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration Administration Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 Houston, TX 77058 Phone (601) 688-3830 Phone (713) 483-2462 FAX (601) 688-7499 FAX (713) 483-2543 10 Administrative Procedures GSRP • GSRP (UMDF) GSRP (High Performance Computing)

Selection of Proposals — Graduate Students from underrepresented mi- The university allowance may be used students are selected for participation nority groups who apply to this pro- by the faculty advisor for supervision in this program by NASA Headquar- gram may also apply to the Under- of the student's work and for travel to ters, individual NASA centers, or by represented Minority and Disabled the NASA facility to oversee the stu- the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on the Focus Component (see Section III). dent's progress. It may also be used basis of (a) the academic qualifications for student tuition. Alternative uses for of the student; (b) the quality of the Equal Opportunity — No applicant this allowance may be requested but proposed research and plan of study shall be denied consideration or must be consistent with the intent of and its relevance to NASA's programs; appointment as a NASA Graduate the program. (c) except at NASA Headquarters, the Student Researcher on the grounds New grant applicants attending GSRP student's proposed utilization of of race, creed, color, national origin, workshops/symposiums prior to their Center research facilities; and (d) the age, or sex. grant start date may be reimbursed, for ability of the student to accomplish travel expenses. the defined research. Obligation to the Government — A student receiving support under the Equipment — The use of training Awards — Fellowships are made ini- Graduate Student Researchers Program grant funds for the purchase of nonex- tially for a period of one year and may does not thereby incur any formal pendable equipment is prohibited. be renewed annually for a total of obligation to the Government of the three years, based on satisfactory United States. However, the objectives Disposition of Unused Funds — progress as reflected in performance of this program will clearly be served If a student terminates the GSRP evaluations by the faculty advisor. best if the student is encouraged to earlier than anticipated, the student Renewals must also be approved by actively pursue research or teaching in stipend is prorated and terminated NASA installation Program Administra- aeronautics, space science, or space (see Replacement Student section tors and technical supervisors. technology after completion of gradu- below). Any unused student/university ate studies. allowances are returned to NASA. Eligibility — Full-time (as defined by Renewal applicants who have funds the university) graduate students Funding — The total annual award remaining from their previous year's enrolled in an accredited U.S. college per graduate student cannot exceed budget may carry the remaining funds or university are the only persons eligi- $22,000. In addition to the $16,000 over into the following program year. ble for program awards. They must be student stipend, allowances of $6,000 citizens of the United States. Students ($3,000 for the student allowance and Foreign Travel — All travel outside may enter the program at any time $3,000 for the university allowance) the United States must clearly be during their graduate work or may may be requested to help defray essential to the research effort and, apply prior to receiving their baccalau- tuition costs, purchase books and soft- to be charged to a grant, have prior reate degrees. All applications must be ware, or to provide a per diem and approval of the GSRP Manager and the sponsored by the student's graduate travel allowance for the student and NASA Grants Officer for each specific department chair or faculty advisor. faculty advisor. Students participating trip regardless of its inclusion in the Those selected will usually receive in the Headquarters programs should proposed budget. A written request support until they receive an advanced plan to attend, along with their advi- must state the purpose, cost and travel degree, a maximum of three years in sors, a three-day symposium in dates, and include the NASA fellow- most cases. An individual accepting Washington, D.C., in the spring of ship number. this award may not concurrently each year. Specific details regarding receive other Federal fellowships or this conference will be communicated traineeships. after awards have been made. The student allowance may also be used to help defray living expenses during periods of center residency. Students currently living close to the center to which they apply should request only a nominal amount for this purpose. 11

Replacement Student — If a student (e.g., thesis title, papers published Special Note to NASA Graduate leaves the program for any reason, the other than thesis, presentations made, Fellows: For over a decade NASA has university, with prior NASA Headquar- awards, honors), and employment or had the unique opportunity to offer ters approval, may appoint another other future plans. This report should fellowships in aeronautics, space sci- student with similar research objec- be submitted to: ence, space applications, and space tives to complete only the remaining technology to promising graduate stu- GSRP Administrator portion of the current year. If a stu- dents nationwide. A critical determi- Higher Education Branch dent withdraws within the first quar- nant of continued support for the Code FEH ter of their award year, the award will Graduate Student Researchers National Aeronautics and be prorated and the remaining funds Programs depends on you, the stu- Space Administration deobligated. Replacement students dent, and the submission of the final 300 E Street, SW electing to apply for the following administrative report and student eval- Washington, DC 20546 program year are not automatically uation. Program objectives are mea- entitled to award and are subject to sured and funding levels are set as a A copy must also be sent to the appro- the evaluation and selection proce- result of these evaluation mechanisms. priate NASA Installation Program dures administered to new applicants. Administrator, and the NASA Head- Documentation required for nomina- quarters Acquisition Division, Code tion of replacement students includes: HWG. NASA Graduate Student proposal cover sheet signed by the Researchers fellowships are subject student and faculty advisor, brief to the provisions of 14 CFR 1265, description of research''investigation Government-wide Debarment and to be undertaken by tne student, and Suspension. the educational background of the student. Student Evaluation Forms — Students completing their last year in Internal Revenue Service — All the program will be mailed an evalua- questions concerning taxes should tion form 60 days prior to termination be directed to the Internal Revenue date. These forms must be com- Service. Refer to IRS Publication 520 pleted and returned to the appro- titled "Scholarships and Fellowships," priate NASA Program Administra- and Publication 508 titled "Educational tor prior to program completion. Expenses." Students with approved no-cost exten- sions should return completed forms Final Administrative Report — It at the time of fellowship termination. is the responsibility of the institution If you do not receive the evaluation receiving a NASA fellowship to ensure form, contact the appropriate Program the final report on the fellow's re- Administrator or the GSRP Administra- search and academic progress is tor at NASA Headquarters. submitted no later than 90 days after NOTE: This form is not intended to be the termination date of the award. used in lieu of the final administrative Information to be furnished includes report. the degree granted, important results of the student's experiences Inquiries — Questions concerning the preparation and submission of proposals and the administration of this program are to be directed to the Program Administrators listed on page 9. 12 Preparation of Proposal

Unsolicited Proposal Proposed research and plan of study that identifies and relates the key ele- Requirements — Proposals for the must be approved by (1) faculty advi- ments of the proposed research and GSRP must be written by the student. sor (see Item II on Proposal Cover plan of study. Include the proposed Students, however, are strongly en- Sheet); and (2) the university official starting and completion dates for the couraged to collaborate with a faculty responsible for committing the institu- graduate student's plan of study and member and with a potential NASA tion for sponsored research (e.g., research program and the approxi- mentor/advisor to identify a project. Director of Research Administration, mate periods the student and faculty Students may enlist the aid of their fac- Director of Sponsored Research) — advisor expect to be at the NASA cen- ulty advisor for guidance, review, and See Item III on Proposal Cover Sheet. ter to conduct activities, if applicable. commentary on the written material Proposals cannot be processed with- A detailed schedule and plan must be prior to submission. All proposals out the appropriate university appro- included in all new proposals. must be specific in nature and must be val signatures. Telephone numbers assembled in the following order: must be included for each approving 6. Facilities and Resources (Center 1) Original Signed Cover Sheet individual. Applicants Only) — Students should 2) Budget Page describe the NASA facilities and re- 3) University Certification for 2. Budget — A twelve-month budget sources he/she wishes to use in sup- Suspension and Debarment and must include the following: (a) stu- port of the research and plan of study, Drug-Free Workplace dent stipend - $16,000 stipend for including an estimate of any computer 4) Letter of Recommendation twelve months; (b) student allowance time required. Students are strongly 5) Abstract/Description of Proposed - $3,000, may be used for travel and encouraged to contact the appropriate Research and Plan of Study per diem; and (c) university allowance facility technical advisor to coordinate 6) Facilities and Resources (Center - $3,000, may be used for travel and research activities. Applications Only) per diem by the faculty advisor to 7) Personnel coordinate and oversee the work of 7. Personnel — The faculty advisor the graduate student. Both allowances must submit a short biographical The original and all copies of propos- may be used for tuition and the pur- sketch that includes name, current als must be stapled. To facilitate the chase of book, supplies, and software. position, title, department, university recycling of proposals after review, Note: The use of training grant funds address, phone number, and principal proposals should be submitted on for the purchase of nonexpendable publications. The student must submit plain, white paper only. This pre- equipment is prohibited. a transcript of grades and a summary cludes the use of cardboard stock, of education, training, awards, scholar- plastic covers, spiral binders, colored 3. Certifications — All application ships, significant accomplishments, paper, etc. packages must include university certi- and any other relevant information. fications to debarment and suspension 1. Proposal Cover Sheet — The and drug-free workplace. cover sheet must be filled out and signed by the student, faculty advisor, 4. Letter of Recommendation — and university official responsible for The faculty advisor must prepare and committing the institution for spon- sign a one page letter of recommenda- sored research. At least one (1) com- tion on behalf of the student. plete proposal package must contain original signatures. Cover sheets 5. Abstract/Description of appear in the back of this section. Proposed Research and Plan of Study — On separate pages, develop a summary describing the objectives of the plan of study, including a course schedule by semester/quarter, the proposed research, and the methodology to be used. Students should prepare a full statement, not to exceed five singled-spaced pages, 13 Submission of Proposal

All applicants must submit one origi- Multiple Submissions — When sub- Sponsored Research Office — nal and nine (9) copies of all materials mitting to more than one NASA facility When submitting applications for new by February 1 to the appropriate or to the Graduate Student Research- or renewal fellowship awards, include NASA facility, addressed to the atten- ers Program (GSRP), the Underrep- the name, address, and telephone tion of the Program Administrator list- resented Minority and Disabled Focus number of the university official ed in the Areas of Research Activities (UMDF) program, and the High responsible for committing the institu- at NASA Facilities section of this book. Performance Computing and tion for sponsored research (e.g., Communications (HPCQ program, Applications will be reviewed for Director of Research Administration, separate original application forms, selection in March and April. Proposed Director of Sponsored Research). and all required information, including starting dates for new awards will be no earlier than July 1 and no later than the number of copies necessary to All application packages must include October 1. In general, tenure will evaluate the proposal, must accompa- university certifications to debarment ny each submission. A faxed proposal and suspension and drug-free work- begin with normal semester or quarter dates. is not considered valid and, therefore, place. cannot be reviewed.

Renewal Applications — Proposals for renewal are to be submitted to the appropriate Program Administrator by February 1. All applicants should sub- mit an original and nine (9) copies of all materials. The proposal for renewal should include items 1,2, and 3 in the Preparation of Proposal section of this book on page 12, as well as a brief statement (approximately one page) by the student outlining his or her progress on the research or plan of study. Also included in the renewal package must be a transcript of the student's grades during the preceding year and a one-page evaluation and recommendation signed by the faculty advisor. Proposals cannot be renewed without this information. The starting date for renewals should be on the anniversary of the original grant. Page intentionally left blank

Page intentionally left blank Proposals Due February 1 NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program Proposal Cover Shea

I. Student Information n. Faculty Advisor Information Name: (Mr/Ms.) Name: Department:. Usi Campus Address:. Birth Date: Mail Code: Birthplace: Home Address:. University: Street Address:. Home Phone: City, State, ZIP:. Target Degree: MS MS/PhD (joint) PhD Campus Phone:. Discipline: Fax Number: Department: E-Mail: Campus Address:^ Mail Code: University: Signatures Date: Street Address: City, State, ZIP:_ m. Official Responsible for Committing Institution Campus Phone:_ Fax No.: Name: Title: Undergraduate GPA:_ Out Of: University:. Discipline: Graduate GPA (If Applicable):. _Out Of:_ Street Address:. Discipline: City, State, ZIP:_ / certify that I am a citizen of the United States and that Campus Phone:. I am or will be a full-time graduate student at the university during the period covered by this proposal.

Signature:, _Date: Signatures Date:

IV. Proposal Information Type of Proposal: D (1) New D (2) Second Year D (3) Third Year If Renewal, Designate Grant No.: NGT- Proposed Start or Renewal Date:. Expected Graduation Date: Budget Amount _ Proposal Title __ _

Time Spent at NASA Center during past year: weeks months

V. Submission Information VI. Proposal Checklist VEL NASA Use Only ' ; ;,;',{ ; ,„ i i- ;^ ;.,S;-, „•,,_.. D Headquarters D Nasa Centers Astrophysics Ames/Dryden (ARC/DFRF) D Original Proposal and , D;0rg/Cpys ™, ;,:, ! Information Systems Goddard (GSFQ 9 Copies . .',<:,", ,3:, '. •'• 'V''-'' Solar System Exploration Jet Propulsion Lab 0PL) D Budget Form ; -D BdgtFrm' 1,4 :?», Johnson 0SQ Space Physics D University Certifications Life Sciences Kennedy (KSQ Microgravity Langley (LaRQ •Debarment and Suspension Earth Sciences Lewis (LeRQ •Drug Free Workplace Marshall (MSFC) D Signed Advisor Evaluation or DSAE' Stennis (SSQ Letter of Recommendation ' Center Technical Advisor: D Transcripts

Other Facilities to which this proposal is being submitted: 16

Privacy Act Statement

General Pursuant to Public Law 93-579, Privacy Act of 1974, as amended (5U.S.C.§552a), the following information is being provided to persons who are asked to provide information to obtain a NASA Graduate Student fellowship.

Authority This information is collected under the authority of the National Aeronautics and Space Act. Publication 85-568, as amended, 42 U.S.C. §2451, et. seq.

Purpose and Uses The information requested on the application form will be used to determine your eligibility for participation in the NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program. The information requested regarding your ethnic/racial/disability status will be used to determine the degree to which members of each ethnic/racial/disability group are being reached by NASA's announcement of this program, and will not affect your application. Additionally, NASA may disclose this infor- mation to other organizations or individuals having relationships with NASA, including but not limited to academic organizations, nonprofit organizations, and other governmental agencies, as well as Congressional offices in response to an inquiry made on your behalf. Disclosure may also be made to concerned parties in the course of litigation, to law enforcement agencies, and to other Federal agencies in exchanging information pertinent to an agency decision.

Effects of Nondisclosure Furnishing the information on the application form is voluntary, but failure to do so may result in NASA's inability to determine eligibility for participation and selection for award in the Graduate Student Researchers Program. However, your application will not be affected if you choose not to provide information on your ethnic, racial, or disability status. 17

Optional Information Form

In order to determine the degree to which members of each ethnic/racial/disability group are reached by this announcement, NASA requests that the student check the appropriate block(s). Submission of this information is optional and will not affect your application.

D AMERICAN NATIVE D ASIAN D BLACK OR ALASKAN NATIVE D HISPANIC D PACIFIC ISLANDER D WHITE

D INDIVIDUAL WITH DISABILITIES*

DMALE

D FEMALE

AMERICAN NATIVE OR ALASKAN NATIVE: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America and who maintains cultural identification through tribal affiliation or community recognition. ASIAN: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of East Asia, Southeast Asia or the Indian subconti- nent. This area includes, for example, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea and Vietnam. BLACK, NOT OF HISPANIC ORIGIN: A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. HISPANIC: A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. PACIFIC ISLANDER: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii; die U.S. Pacific territories of Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Marinas; the U.S. Trust Territory of Palua; the islands of Micronesia and Melanesia; or the Phillipines. WHITE, NOT OF HISPANIC ORIGIN: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or die Middle East.

*An individual having a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; who has a record of such impairment; or who is regarded as having such impairment. 19

NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program Budget Information

I. Student Stipend (Maximum of $ 16,000) n. Student Allowance (Itemize if necessary)

Student Allowance $_ (Maximum of $3,000) ffl.University Allowance (Itemize if necessary)

University Allowance $_ (Maximum of $3,000)

Total Requested $_ (Maximum of $22,000) 21

Section II 1995 NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program

Areas of Research Activities at NASA Facilities

PRECEDWQ PAGE BLANK HOT FILMED tn& -H> MltMiiUMiu UWitf 22 Office of Space Science NASA Headquarters

The NASA Headquarters Proposals sent by express mail, com- Solar System Exploration mercial delivery, or courier to: Office of Space Science (OSS) Graduate Student Researchers Program Solar system research focuses on the supports basic and applied Code SPM-20 origin, evolution, and current state Attn: Receiving and Inspections of the solar system; planetary atmos- research in space science. The pheres; the origin, evolution, and OSS research program includes NASA Headquarters 300 E Street, SW distribution of life in the universe; the development of major space Washington, DC 20024-3210 and the origin and search for planetary flight missions such as the systems. It uses astronomical observa- tions, laboratory experiments, data Advanced X-Ray Astrono- analysis, and modelling. Activities mical Facility and the Cassini Astrophysics include studies of planets, rings, Mission to Saturn, comple- Research in astrophysics is directed moons, asteroids, and comets; analysis mentary laboratory research toward obtaining a greater understand- of meteorites, cosmic dust, and lunar ing of the origin, evolution, and fate of samples; astronomical studies span- and analysis of data from the Universe. Emphasis is placed on ning the full spectrum; the origin, prior missions, and theoretical the development and implementation evolution, and search for planetary of a multiwavelength program of systems; and the analysis of Viking, studies. The scientific disci- Voyager, Magellan, Galileo, Clemen- plines currently being support- space-based and suborbital missions (airborne, sounding rockets, balloons). tine, and ground- and space-based ed are astrophysics, informa- Programs that support instrumentation telescopic data. tion systems, solar system explo- development relevant to future mis- ration, and space physics. A sions, the analysis of data from ongo- ing and past missions, and on laborato- brief description of these pro- ry and theoretical investigations that Space Physics grams follows. aid in the interpretation of space-based The space physics program involves observations are encouraged. investigations of the origin and evolu- tion of plasmas, electromagnetic fields, Contact: and energetic particles in space. The Ms. Dolores Holland Information Systems studies focus on the Sun, both as an Office of Space Science active star and as a source of solar Code S Information Systems research focuses wind and energetic particles; on plane- National Aeronautics and Space on providing new capabilities for data tary and cometary magnetospheres; Administration archives and directories, computer and on the heliosphere and galactic Washington, DC 20546-0001 networking, and high-performance cosmic rays. Measurements are made (202) 358-O734 computing in support of space sci- from balloons, rockets, satellites, and ence. The program includes develop- deep space probes. Theory and com- Mail Office of Space Science ment of generic tools and capabilities, puter simulations are also supported. proposals to: testbed efforts to demonstrate and Graduate Student Researchers Program evaluate advanced technologies for Code SPM-20 NASA, technology demonstrations, and NASA Headquarters research efforts in areas such as graph- 300 E Street, SW ics and visualization, algorithms, data Washington, DC 20546-0001 storage technologies, and access meth- ods applicable to the space science disciplines of astrophysics, solar sys- tem exploration, and space physics. 23 Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications NASA Headquarters

The Office of Life and Mail Office of Life and Microgravity and polymers. The primary focus of Sciences and Applications proposals the microgravity program in biotech- Microgravity Sciences and to: nology is to identify and quantitatively Applications (OLMSA) leads Graduate Student Researchers Program understand cause-and-effect relation- the nation's efforts in labora- Code UP ships between gravitational forces and NASA Headquarters experiment outcomes in the funda- tory research using the space 300 E Street, SW mental processes controlling protein environment, improving the Washington DC 20546-0001 crystal growth and cell/tissue cultur- ing. The research in fluid physics and quality of life of humans in Proposals sent by express mail, transport phenomena concentrates in space and on Earth. commercial delivery, or courier to: areas where fundamental behavior is Graduate Student Researchers Program limited to or affected by the presence Code UP NASA's Office of Life and of gravity, and where low gravity ATTN: Receiving and Inspection Microgravity Sciences and experiments allow insight into that NASA Headquarters behavior. The combustion research Applications coordinates the 300 E Street, SW centers on improving the understand- scientific research and opera- Washington DC 20024-3210 ing of the process of ignition, propaga- tions of four NASA divisions: tion, and extinction of various types of flames under low-gravity conditions, The Microgravity Sciences and, Microgravity Science and and isolation phenomena that tend Applications Division, the Life Applications to be obscured by buoyancy effects and Biomedical Sciences and accompanying combustion under nor- Applications Division, the The objective of the Microgravity mal gravity conditions. The investiga- Sciences and Applications Division is tions are conducted by universities, Flight Systems Division, and to explore and understand the effects industry, and Government researchers the Aerospace Medicine and of microgravity on physical, chemical, using both ground-based and flight Occupational Health Division. and biochemical processes in a micro- experiments. gravity environment. This objective Discipline research is conduct- includes the establishment of a micro- ed within the two research gravity science institute in space, the Life and Biomedical Sciences divisions: Microgravity International Space Station, to provide and Applications a flight facility for conducting long- Sciences and Applications duration microgravity research. The The Life and Biomedical Sciences and Division and the Life and ongoing research program emphasizes Applications Division involves multi- these scientific disciplines: biotechnol- Biomedical Sciences and disciplinary research areas in the bio- ogy, combustion science, fluid medical and biological sciences. Applications Division. physics, materials science, and bench- Research focuses on: space biology, mark science. Benchmark science space physiology, and countermea- research encompasses research on sures; radiation health; environmental transient and equilibrium critical phe- Contact: health; human factors; and advanced nomena, as well as other thermophysi- Ms. Georgia A. LeSane life support systems. The program cal measurements of interest in con- Office of Life and Microgravity includes ground-based research and densed matter and gravitational Sciences and Applications technology development and the flight physics. Research in materials science Code UP of equipment and instruments for includes studying the relationships NASA Headquarters human, animal, plant, and cellular between the processing properties Washington, DC 20546-0001 experiments on board the Space and structure of materials. Of particu- (202)3580123. Shuttle, in the Spacelab laboratory lar interest is understanding the role of module, and on other Earth-orbiting gravity in the processing of electronic spacecraft. and photonic materials; metals, alloys, and composites; glasses and ceramics; 24 Mission to Planet Earth: Understanding Global Environmental Change NASA Headquarters

NASA's Mission to Planet Phase I of Mission to Planet Earth Probes — The Earth Probes Earth (MTPE) studies the Earth— composed of ongoing and program, also part of Phase I, includes near-term missions, and small, focused smaller, specialized U.S. satellites that Earth's environment—air, missions called Earth Probes — will be launched before and possibly water, land, living matter, includes more than 30 missions prior during the Phase n EOS space-flight and their interactions— to 1998 to study various aspects of the period. Instruments on Earth Probe Earth system. These missions will pave satellites will be used for investiga- to better understand global the way for the broader focus and cov- tions requiring different orbits and climate changes. Mission to erage planned as part of Phase II — measurement strategy than those of Planet Earth uses the unique the Earth Observing System (EOS) — the EOS platforms which require con- slated for later this decade. gruent and synergistic observations. perspective of studying the Missions planned under this program Scientific investigations contributing Earth from space to see how include studies of ocean surface to the EOS already are well underway, winds, tropical precipitation, and our environment is changing adding to our knowledge of the Earth ozone. and how human activities and its climate system. Individually and as teams, EOS scientists are forg- may contribute to that change. The Earth Observing System — ing interdisciplinary collaborations and Phase II of Mission to Planet Earth is training the next generation of Earth the Earth Observing System (EOS), system scientists. Contact: a series of 17 spacecraft planned for launch into near-Earth orbit. As the Dr. Ghassem Asrar Ongoing and Near-term core of MTPE, the EOS instruments Office of Mission to Planet Earth Missions — To gain near-term infor- will make long-term, calibrated mea- Code YS mation on global change, NASA has an surements of the interrelated elements National Aeronautics and Space ongoing program that provides impor- of the Earth system. Together, these Administration tant data sets for research today. These satellites will monitor a wide array of Washington, DC 205460001 missions include satellites such as the physical, chemical, and biological (202) 358-0273 Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite processes that influence Earth as a (UARS), launched in 1991 to study the Mail Office of Mission to Planet Earth complete and integrated system chemistry of the upper atmosphere, proposals to: on a global scale. Graduate Student Researchers Program and the joint U.S./French Ocean Code YSP-44 Topography Experiment (TOPEX/ Each EOS spacecraft will focus on a NASA Headquarters POSEIDON), launched in 1992 to different aspect of global climate 300 E Street, SW study ocean circulation. change and different aspects of com- plex interactions within the Earth's Washington, DC 205460001 In addition to satellite missions, NASA environment. The EOS schedule tar- also conducts missions onboard the Proposals sent by express mail com- gets a minimum of 15 years of contin- Space Shuttle, such as the Atmospher- mercial delivery, or courier, send to: uous and calibrated Earth observa- ic Laboratory for Applications and Graduate Student Researchers Program tions. The first satellite in the series is Science (ATLAS), which investigates Code YSP-44 scheduled for launch in 1998, and will how both the sun and products of Attn: Receiving and Inspections observe the Earth's surface, clouds, industrial and agricultural activities on NASA Headquarters aerosols, and radiation balance (i.e., Earth influence our planet. NASA also 300 E Street, SW biosphere-atmosphere interactions). cooperates closely with other nations, Washington, DC 20024-3210 Satellites dedicated to other aspects providing instruments for flight on of the Earth system will follow this international spacecraft and exchang- mission. ing data and analyses. 25

To allow wide use of information from MTPE, NASA is developing the unique EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS). EOSDIS will process, store, and distribute critical information to thousands of national and international scientists and other users, enabling quick and easy access to data and encouraging cooperative use of global climate change research results for establishing environmental policy deci- sions by the social and economic sci- entists and policy makers.

Studies to Enhance Our Understanding —Mission to Planet Earth will play a critical role in the national and international efforts to understand the global environment, enhancing our awareness of ongoing natural and human-induced global changes. While global data gathered from space are crucial to understand- ing the Earth system as a whole, these data are only part of the process. NASA and other Federal agencies also conduct aircraft and surface-based observations, as well as laboratory experiments and modelling. These efforts together will help translate information into knowledge required to understand how Earth functions as a system, and how its environment is changing. Through better comprehension of the causes of global change, policy makers and the public will be able to address potential large-scale environmental problems. This data will enable us to make careful decisions regarding the long-term welfare of our home planet. 26 Ames Research Center

GSRP Program Administrator: The Ames Research Center figurations and wind tunnel facilities. Development and application of non- Ms. Meredith Moore conducts research activities, intrusive measurement techniques. Mail Stop 241-3 technology programs, and NASA Ames Research Center Contact: Moffett Field, CA 94035 flight projects that advance the Dennis Riddle (415) 604-5624 nation's capabilities in civilian (415) 604-6677 military aeronautics, space sci- Computer Vision — Computer ences, and space applications. vision and image understanding tech- This diverse program at Ames niques are being applied to the naviga- is organized into aeronautics, tion of rotorcraft and aircraft during low-altitude flight, landing and taxing. aerophysics, space research, and The techniques are quite general and life sciences. can be used in the autonomous guid- ance of other types of vehicles. In preparing a proposal for a Contact: fellowship at Ames Research Banavar Sridhar Center, prior collaboration (415) 604-5450 with an Ames researcher is Flight Research — Simulation investi- mandatory. A suggested point gations, guidance and navigation, air- of contact is listed with each craft automation, flight dynamics, research topic for which a stu- advanced control theory (helicopter dent may apply. V/STOL applications). Contact: Ed Aiken Aeronautics — In aeronautics, Ames (415) 604-5009 concentrates on rotorcraft and pow- Flight Dynamics and ered lift aircraft technology, short-haul Controls Research aircraft and helicopter technology, fluid mechanics, experimental aerody- Human Factors — Crew perfor- namics, flight simulation, flight sys- mance, aviation safety, aircraft operat- tems research, and human factors. ing systems advanced spatial displays and instruments, virtual environments, Contact: high-fidelity simulation-based human Joe Totah performance assessment, operator (415) 604-5057 interfaces to intelligent systems and advanced automation. Experimental Aerodynamics — Low-speed testing in the 12x24-, Contact: 24x37-, and 2x3-meter wind tunnels. Mike Shafto Development of computational/empir- (415) 604-6170 ical prediction methods for powered lift and conventional lift configura- tions. Prediction and analysis of acoustic characteristics of aircraft con- 27

Aircraft Conceptual Design — Telecommunications — Engineering Aerophysics Development of aircraft design synthe- and advanced systems capability for sis techniques that incorporate opti- voice, video, data communications, Aerothermodynamics — Provides mization routines, expert system con- computer networking, and networking aerothermodynamic flow-field compu- cepts, and graphical user interfaces on research. tational capability to analyze and a system of networked computer Contact: design advanced space transportation •workstations. Studies are broad in Jim Hart concepts. Also provides the analytical nature, encompassing the subsonic to (415)604-6251 and turbulence chemistry models hypersonic speed ranges, and includ- required to compute the viscous/ ing such concepts as rotocraft, fixed- Artificial Intelligence — Basic and finite-rate flow field and to predict wing, and transatmospheric vehicles. applied research is conducted in the radiation heating to conceptual aeroas- Analyses include a total transportation framework of aerospace domains sisted orbital vehicles. systems approach and consider market including space transportation, space Contact: requirements and economics. science, and aeronautics. Three Thomas A. Edwards Contact: research areas are emphasized: (415)604-4465 Thomas L. Galloway Planning (including both goal- and (415)604-6181 resources-driven approaches), Aerothermal Materials and machine learning (the entire spectrum Structures — Develops lightweight Rotorcraft Aeromechanics — from empirical to knowledge-inten- reusable ceramics and carbon-carbon Experimental and theoretical research sive), and the design of and reasoning Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) for programs to improve performance, about large-scale physical systems transient, high-velocity atmospheric vibration, and noise of advanced rotor- (including work in knowledge acquisi- penetration and develops expendable craft. Studies include basic investiga- tion, knowledge base maintenance, TPS for planetary probes. tions of the aerodynamics, dynamics, and all applications to the design Contact: and acoustics of rotor systems for heli- process). Tina L. Panonti copters, tilt rotors, and other Contact: (415)6046757 advanced configurations. Experiments Peter Friedland are performed in the Ames 2x3-meter (415) 604-4277 Computational Materials wind tunnel and in the National Full- Science — Develops verified methods Scale Aerodynamics Complex, includ- Intelligent Systems Technology — for predicting material properties and ing the 12x24-meter wind tunnel. Research is conducted in intelligent reactions by extending interaction Contact: computational systems for aerospace models of interatomic and molecular William Warmbrodt missions. Activities address behavior to the macroscopic level. autonomous operation, evolutionary (415)604-5642 Contact: capability, real-time performance, and Steven R. Langhoff Engineering and Technical adaptivity. Current research programs (415)6046213 Services — In engineering and tech- include parallel systems, fault manage- nical services, Ames concentrates on ment, open computer architectures, facility engineering, telecommunica- analog optical processors for pattern tions, and administrative computing. recognition and control tasks, and Contact: neural networks. There is also an Jim Hart emphasis on integrating technologies (415) 604-6251 into advanced distributed, heteroge- neous systems and developing tools for performance evaluation. Contact: Charles Jorgensen (415)604-6725 28

High Performance Computing — Wind Tunnel Composite Turbulence Physics — Study of the Current advances in high performance Applications — Transfer to compos- fundamental physics of turbulent and computing are coming from novel ite technology to specific application transitional flows through numerical computer architectures such as paral- for the Aerodynamics Division wind simulations. Studies include develop- lel processors, vector processors, and tunnels. Areas of application include: ing numerical algorithms suitable for heterogeneous networks of comput- axial flow compressor blading, gaging direct and large-eddy simulations of ers. The suitability of these architec- for model support assemblies, and sit- turbulent flows, developing tools for tures to solving problems of interest to ing assemblies for model supports. analyzing computer-generated databas- NASA and the development of new Research opportunity exists to devel- es, and developing turbulence models architectures that efficiently solve op a computer design code for evalu- for engineering applications. these problems is the objective of this ating and tailoring composite struc- Contact: research. Of particular interest is the tures to the specific application. Nagi Mansour investigation of architectures to solve Opportunity also exists in developing (415)604-6420 problems arising in computational fabrication and QA techniques. fluid dynamics as governed by the Joseph Marvin Contact: (415) 604-5390 Navier-Stokes equations. These investi- Daniel Petroff gations could include software issues (415) 604-5850 as well as hardware issues because Advanced Instrumentation — Instrumentation techniques are being the ultimate goal is to provide the Control Algorithm for Wind researcher at Ames with improved developed to measure both mean and Tunnel Support Systems — Develop fluctuating quantities in complex tur- computational resources. Current and verify the control algorithm and computational resources include bulent flow fields. These include software for a six-degree-of-freedom three-dimensional LDV systems, rapid CRAY C90's, iPSC/860, Paragon, Captive Trajectory System. The system Connection Machine 5, and IBM SP2, scanning LDV systems, multiple hot will be used in wind tunnel testing to wire arrays for spatial and time-depen- as well as a network with powerful evaluate the aerodynamics of separat- •workstations and superminis. dent data, an holography and methods ing vehicles. The task involves using to measure surface skin friction. Contact: existing support systems to accurately Kenneth Stevens, Jr. and safely position the vehicles for Contact: (415)604-5649 acquisition of data, specifying the con- Joseph G. Marvin trol hardware, writing the software, (415)604-5390 Scientific Visualization and and verifying the software. Unsteady Viscous Flows — Interactive Computer Graphics — Contact: This research is aimed at the creation Research areas under investigation Daniel Petroff include dynamic stall control, drag of highly interactive and visual envi- (415) 604-5850 ronment for scientists who are devel- reduction of airfoils and wings, and oping computer simulations of physics the control of supersonic transition. Computational Fluid Dynamics — Experimental, computational, and the- or who are required to analyze large Theoretical research in fluid dynamics 3-D datasets. Current research is being oretical tools are developed and used using the Euler and the Navier-Stokes in both basic and applied studies. done using Silicon Graphics Worksta- equations, both compressible and tion connected to supercomputers. incompressible. Includes research on Contact: Contact: basis equation formulations, algorithm Sanford Davis Tom Lasinski development, and code efficiency, as (415) 604-4197 (415)604-4405 well as the physics of laminar and tur- bulent flow fields. Contact: Thomas H. Pulliam (415) 604-6417 29

Applied Computational Fluid tion, current state of the universe, the Theoretical Astrophysics — Dynamics — This area deals with the solar system, the Earth, and life. Research is being conducted on star development of new computational Principal efforts focus on a multidisci- formation, circumstellar disks, the methodology involving aerodynamic plinary approach to research activities physics and chemistry of the interstel- and/or fluid dynamic application asso- in space science and life science. As a lar medium, and the formation and ciated with incompressible, subsonic, federal research laboratory with strong dynamical evolution of galaxies. transonic, supersonic, or hypersonic ties to the universities and other gov- Theoretical models involve the appli- flight speeds. Computer codes are ernment laboratory, Ames brings to cation of computational techniques to constructed and evaluated for applica- the task a small research team problems in astrophysical gasdynam- tions associated with aircraft or air- approach that applies the skills and ics, radiative transfer, and many-body craft component aerodynamics, rotor- interests of the broader science com- systems. craft aerodynamics, high-angle-of- munity to these fundamental issues. Contact: attack flows, unsteady flows, and Particular emphasis in space science is Pat Cassen flows with aeroelastic effects. placed on infrared science and clima- (415)604-5597 Contact: tology, earth airborne sciences, and Terry L. Hoist the development and application of Space Projects — Development of (415) 604-6032 selected flight projects and areas of systems and scientific instrumentation space technology relevant to those with which to explore space and to Hypersonics — This area deals with research needs. The following are study biological effects of weightless- the development of new computation- ongoing areas of space science ness. This includes development of a al methodology involving aerodynamic research. biological research capability with and/or fluid dynamic applications asso- plants and animals on Space Station ciated with hypersonic flight speeds. Infrared Astronomy Projects and Freedom, development of instrumenta- The physical aspects of this flight Technology Development — tion to be used on interplanetary regime require emphasis on algo- Development is conducted for the flights and atmospheric penetrations, rithms/codes with accurate heat trans- Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared management of the ongoing flights of fer prediction capabilities, strong Astronomy (SOFIA). Current research Galileo's Probe to Jupiter's atmos- shock capturing abilities and chemical is focused on the integration of the phere, of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter equilibrium and nonequilibrium mod- design tools to allow full system simu- about its planet, and of the Pioneers els for air. lation prior to SOFIA operation. The 10 and 11 departing the solar system, technology tasks include optics, detec- and the study and advocacy of scientif- Contact: tors, and cryogenics. Advanced mir- George S. Deiwert ic instrumentation for future space- rors materials are studied in a unique craft. (415)604-6198 low-temperature facility. Multi-element IR detector arrays are developed and Planetary Science — Research in this characterized for space astronomy. Space Sciences area includes atmospheric, chemical, Advanced efficiency cooling tech- radiative, and dynamic models, remote niques are developed for space. In space science, Ames concentrates sensing of planetary ring dynamics. Contact: on research directed at enhancing Contact: Chris Wiltsee understanding of the origins, evolu- Pat Cassen (415)604-5917 (415)604-5597 Craig McCreight (415)604-6549 30

Solar System Exploration — Solar Moon and Mars. The focuses of the simulation, and control of system system exploration research defines work are on technologies for regenera- operation; 4) development of flight flight experiments and related data tion of life support materials (water, hardware for evaluation and qualifica- bases and develops analytical concepts air, and food) through both physical- tion of crop productivity in space; and and prototype flight instrumentation chemical and bioregenerative process- 5) application of technologies to for the extraterrestrial study of exobi- es, and on new concepts in space develop devices for astronauts' diet ology (history of the biogenic ele- suites and personal life support sys- enhancement. ments, chemical evolution, and origin tems. The programs have strong ties Contact: and early evolution of life). Particular to universities and industry, and utilize Robert MacElroy emphasis is placed on the biogenic a multidisciplinary approach to scien- (415) 604-5573 elements (C, H, N, O, P, S) and their tific, engineering, and development compounds as they relate to the com- issues. David Bubenheim (415)604-3209 position and physical characteristics of Contact: the various bodies and materials of the William Berry Extravehicular Systems Research solar system, such as cometary nuclei (415)604-4930 and comae and planetary atmospheres and Technology — The program pri- marily focuses on manned systems for and surfaces. Experiment and instru- Physical-Chemical Closed-Loop ment definition studies for Mars, Space advanced zero-g, lunar, and mars Life Support — Physical-chemical life exploration. Elements include: pres- Station Freedom microgravity facilities, support includes modeling and simula- interplanetary dust particles, and sure suit, gloves, portable life support, tion, system analysis, and the develop- and control/display interfaces with comet sample return are currently ment of devices and test-beds. Sub-sys- being conducted. telerobotic EVA work aids. Techno- tems studied include those for: logy development is required in envi- Contact: 1) air regeneration, including CO2 ronmental control systems, controls Glenn Carle removal and reduction, and water and displays, suit mobility joints and (415)604-5765 electrolysis; 2) waste management and materials, and in diagnostics, mainte- processing, including waste stream nance, and checkout support systems. separation and various methods of Advances are required to enable safe, Life Sciences waste oxidation, including incinera- routine, and highly productive tion, wet oxidation, and super-critical manned EVA on future missions. In life sciences, Ames concentrates on water oxidation; 3) water purification Contact: biomedicine (the effects of the space and regeneration; and 4) atmospheric Bruce Webbon environment on man and other organ- contamination removal and control. (415) 604-6646 isms), extraterrestrial research, and Contact: biosystems (the ability to support man Theodore Wydeven in the space environment). Space Biology — Space biology (415) 604-5738 research uses the space environment, Advanced Life Support — Advanced Edwin Force particularly weightlessness, and Life Support at Ames concentrates on (415)604-3755 ground-based space flight simulations the research and the development of to investigate basic scientific questions technologies required to support Bioregenerative Life Support — about the role of gravity in present-day human life in space on long duration The focus of the bioregenerative life terrestrial biology and the role it has missions, for example, transits to Mars support area is on the use of plants played during the evolution of living and the establishment of bases on the and algae as processors and producers systems. The research is divided into of regenerated air, water, and food in the disciplinary areas of biological the space environment. Areas stressed adaptation, gravity sensing, and devel include: 1) identification of environ- mental conditions required for maxi- mal crop plant productivity; 2) devel- opment of biological methods for waste water treatment; 3) modeling, 31

opmental biology. Experiments are centrifuges, linear motion devices, an Earth System Science carried out at the subcellular, cellular, animal care facility, a human bed-rest tissue, organ, and system levels in dif- facility, and NASA's Vestibular In Earth System Science, the focus at fering organisms of the five kingdoms Research Facility. Ames is to perform and lead research of life. Contact: within the disciplines of atmospheric Contact: Mai Cohen and ecosystem science, with particular Emily Holton (415) 604-6441 emphasis on how the biosphere and (415) 604-5471 atmosphere interact to influence the Space Physiology — evolution of the global system on all Ecosystem Science and Multidisciplinary research in space time scales. Technology — Interdisciplinary physiology emphasizes the effects of Earth Atmospheric Chemistry and research in ecosystem science and microgravity on cardiovascular, mus- Dynamics — Research in this area technology looks at the role of life in culoskeletal, and regulatory systems of includes the development of models modulating the complex cycling of humans and animals. Actual micrograv- and the use of airborne platforms and materials and energy throughout the ity and ground-based models of simu- spacecraft to study chemical and trans- biosphere. Intact ecosystems, with lated microgravity are used to investi- port processes that determine atmos- particular emphasis on temperate and gate basic mechanisms of adaptation pheric composition, dynamics, and tropical forests, are examined by of space and readaptation to Earth. climate. These processes include the remote sensing from aircraft and Physiological, biomechanical, cellular, effects of natural and man-made per- spacecraft and by field site visits, with and biochemical factors are also stud- turbations. subsequent laboratory and computer ied to develop appropriate counter- analysis of the data gathered. measures for maintaining health, well- Contact: being, and performance of humans Phil Russell Contact: (415)604-5404 Jim Lawless in space. (415) 604-5900 Contact: Ecosystem Science — Research in Alan Hargens this area is directed to advanced Neurosciences — Research in neuro- (415)604-5746 understanding of the physical and sciences examines how the nervous chemical processes of biogeochemical system adapts to environmental condi- Planetary Biology — Interdiscipl- cycling and ecosystem dynamics of tions encountered in space, how adap- inary research in planetary biology is terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems tive processes can be facilitated, and aimed at understanding the factors in through the utilization of aerospace how human productivity and reliabili- cosmic, solar system, and planetary technology. ty can be enhanced. To elucidate development that have influenced the Contact: mechanisms underlying adaptation, origin, distribution, and evolution of David Peterson neurosciences research includes neu- life in the universe and the course of (415)604-5899 rochemistry, neuroanatomy, neuro- interaction between biota and earth's physiology, vestibular physiology, psy- surface environments. Hypotheses are chophysiology, and experimental and formulated and tested by two major physiological psychology. State-of-the- approaches: (1) analysis of samples, art facilities include human and animal such as cosmic dust, planetary materi- als, ancient and recent rocks and sedi- ments, and extant microorganisms, and (2) use of simulation, ranging from laboratory experiments to com- puter modeling. Contact: Sherwood Chang (415) 604-5733 32 Hugh L. Dry den Flight Research Center

GSRP Program Administrator; The research program at the Flight Dynamics — Pilot/aircraft Ms. Meredith Moore Dryden Flight Research interaction with advanced control sys- Mail Stop 241-3 tems and displays, assessing and pre- NASA Ames Research Center Facility, Edwards Air Force dicting aircraft controllability, develop- Moffett Field, CA 94035 Base, California, is adminis- ing flying qualities criteria, parameter (415) 604-5624 tered by the Ames Research estimation, and mathematical model structure determination. Center. The program includes Contact: most engineering disciplines in Robert Clarke aeronautics, with emphasis on (805) 258-3799 flight systems integration and Flight Test Measurement and flight dynamics. The following Instrumentation — Flow measure- descriptions identify the cur- ment, skin friction drag, fuel flow, rent activities relevant to the integrated vehicle motion measure- Dryden program for which ments, space positioning, airframe deflection, sensor and transducer qualified students may apply. miniaturization, and digital data processing. Advanced Digital Flight Control — Contact: Modeling, simulation, and flight test of Rodney Bogue distributed control systems. Design cri- (805) 258-3193 teria and methods for unconventional vehicles, including decoupling of Fluid Mechanics and Physics — asymmetrical airplanes and stabiliza- Laminar and turbulent drag reduction tion of highly unstable airframes. configuration aerodynamics, experi- mental methods, wing/body aerody- Contact: namics, full-scale Reynolds number Joseph Gera test technology, high angle of attack (805) 258-3795 aerodynamics, applied mathematics, and atmospheric processes. Flight Systems — Engineering aspects of the formulation, design, Contact: development, fabrication, evaluation, Robert Meyers and calibration of flight control, avion- (805) 258-3707 ic, and instrumentation systems used onboard complex, highly integrated Propulsion/Performance — flight research vehicles. Work with Propulsion controls, integrated propul- fault tolerant redundant microproces- sion/airframe systems, and vehicle per- sor-based control systems, micro- formance measurement. processor-based measurement systems, Contact: transducers, actuators, techniques for Larry Myers system safety, and hazard analysis. (805) 258-3698 Contact: Vince Chacon (805) 258-3791 33

Structural Dynamics — Aerostruc- tural modeling, vibration and flutter analyses/predictions, aircraft flutter, flight envelope expansion, ground vibration and inertia testing, aeroser- vo/elasticity, active control of structur- al resonances, and advanced flight test technique development. Contact: Mike Kehoe (805) 258-3708

Aircraft Automation — Knowledge- based systems development, verifica- tion and validation of knowledge- based systems, neural networks, heuristic controllers, knowledge-based acquisition/implementation, maneuver controllers, performance optimization, guidance, pilot-vehicle interface, and robotic aircraft. Contact: Lee Duke (805) 258-3802

Integrated Test Systems and Aircraft Simulation — Development of Integrated System Test equipment, including aircraft/simulation interface equipment, automated test equipment, and applied artificial intelligence tech- niques for diagnosis and control. Flight simulation development for advanced aircraft systems in aerodynamic, pro- pulsion, and flight control modeling. Contact: Dale Mackall (805) 258-3408 34 Goddard Space Flight Center

Program Administrator The mission of the Goddard Space Sciences Directorate Dr. Gerald Soffen Space Flight Center is to The Space Sciences Directorate plays a Director, University Programs expand knowledge of the Earth Code 160 leading role in conceiving and devel- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and its environment, the solar oping instruments and missions for Greenbelt, MD 20771 system, and the universe the scientific exploration of space (301) 286-9690 through its three research organiza- through observations from tions: space. To assure that our nation — Laboratory for High Energy maintains leadership in this Astrophysics endeavor, we are committed to — Laboratory for Astronomy and Solar excellence in scientific investi- Physics — Laboratory for Extraterrestrial gation, in the development and Physics operation of space systems, and The Orbiting Satellites project in the in the advancement of essential Directorate manages operating scien- technologies. tific spacecraft which were developed by Goddard. The Directorate's Space Sciences Data Operations Office Graduate Student Researchers designs and develops long-term Program opportunities are archival systems and provides for pub- available in the Space Sciences lic access to the archives. Directorate, the Earth Sciences Laboratory for High Energy Directorate, the Engineering Astrophysics — High energy astro- Directorate, and the Mission physics is the study of those physical processes in an astronomical setting Operations and Data Systems that typically occur at energies in Directorate. Research opportu- excess of the few million degree tem- nities at Goddard's two remote peratures characteristic of stellar pho- tospheres. Continuum X-ray and facilities—the Goddard gamma ray emission is produced by Institute for Space Studies in the interaction of charged particles New York City and the Wallops with matter and electromagnetic fields, so that the study of such radia- Flight Facility on Wallops tion is the study of these interactions Island, VA—are included in in remote settings, while cosmic ray these listings. Qualified appli- studies sample the charged particle cants are strongly encouraged distributions locally. Discrete lines in the X-ray and gamma ray spectra can to explore areas of interests be related to extreme environments in with the contacts listed here compact objects (ultra-high magnetic prior to submitting a prop- fields, for example), and can trace nucleosynthesis through nuclear or osal. All proposals should come atomic transitions. In the Laboratory to the program office in for High Energy Astrophysics, a broad Greenbelt, MD. program of experimental and theoreti- cal research is conducted in all phases of astrophysics that deal with cosmic particles and the high energy quanta 35

that their interactions produce. Laboratory for Astronomy and (UIT) on the Astro Mission. Soon the Experiments that measure cosmic X- Solar Physics — The Laboratory for Space Telescope Imaging Spectro- rays, gamma rays, and charged parti- Astronomy and Solar Physics conducts graph (STIS) should produce diffrac- cles are designed built, and flown on a broad program of research in both tion-limited spectral imagery when balloons, rockets, Earth satellites, and observational and theoretical astrono- installed in the Hubble Space Tele- deep space probes. The resulting data my and solar physics. Observational scope, and the Solar and Heliospheric are analyzed and interpreted by labora- programs, including technology and Observatory (SOHO) will provide new tory scientists and their associates. In instrumentation development, span opportunities for study of the solar so studying the physics of solar, stel- the spectral range from X-ray to radio corona. lar, galactic, and metagalactic high wavelengths. Astrophysical phenome- Two missions, the Far Ultraviolet energy processes, theoretical models na of the Sun and stars are studied Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE), and of the origins and histories of these with emphasis on their structure, ori- the High Energy Solar Physics (HESP) particles and quanta are developed. gin, and evolution. Investigations of mission, are currently being studied. Contact: the gross dynamics and transient prop- Conceptual and technology studies for N. White erties of the atmospheres of the Sun infrared array cameras on various plat- and other stars are carried out, empha- (301) 286-8443 forms including the Space Infrared sizing phenomena revealed by spectro- Archival X-ray and gamma ray data Telescope Facility (SIRTF) are also in analysis scopic observations made above the progress. Active suborbital observing Earth's atmosphere and correlated programs are carried out from ground- E.A. Boldt •with ground-based observations. (301) 286-5853 based, airborne, balloon-borne, and Cosmological X-ray studies The interstellar medium is studied, rocket-borne instruments. both on a large scale to elucidate the J. Swank Contact: distribution of mass and luminosity in (301) 286-9167 Charles Bennett the Galaxy, and in individual clouds to Stellar X-ray sources (301) 286-3902 probe processes of stellar formation, Infrared Astronomy R. Mushotzky grain characteristics, and cloud chem- (301) 286-7579 istry. The Milky Way galaxy, other Susan Neff Extragalactic X-ray sources galaxies, quasars, and radio galaxies (301)286-5137 UV-Optical Astronomy C.E. Fichtel are studied, with special emphasis on (301) 286-6281 those parameters bearing on the pre- Richard Fisher sent structure of the universe as well (301) 286-5682 High Energy (>20MeV) gamma rays % as on its origin, age, and future. The Solar Physics T.L. Cline cosmic microwave and infrared back- (301) 286-8375 Michael Hauser Low energy (0.02 - 20 MeV) ground radiations are also studied to (301) 286-8701 gamma rays probe the early history of the uni- Laboratory Chief verse. Additional research includes J.F. Ormes investigations of the chemical history Laboratory for Extraterrestrial (301) 286-8801 of the Solar System and the nature of Physics — The Laboratory performs Cosmic Rays solar wind interactions with comets. research on the physical properties R. Ramaty Data of interest to laboratory scientists and dynamical processes active in (301)286-8715 are currently being obtained from the solar, planetary, and interplanetary Theoretical studies International Ultraviolet Explorer (TUE) media. The chemistry and physics and the Goddard High Resolution of planetary atmospheres, the solar Spectrograph (GHRS)on the Hubble atmosphere, planetary magnetos- Space Telescope, archival data from pheres, comets, and condensed solar these missions, the Cosmic system matter, including meteorites, Background Explorer (COBE), the asteroids, and planets are studied. Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope 36

A major effort is the analysis of data Keith W. Ogilvie Barry Jacobs from Vpyagers 1 and 2, SAMPEX, (301)286-5904 (301) 286-5661 ULYSSES, FAST, IMP-8, ICE, GEOTAIL, Interplanetary Physics Data Base Management and suborbital rocket payloads. This L. Drake Deming James Thieman research focuses on plasma studies, (301) 286-6519 (301) 286-9790 including magnetic fields, radio waves, Planetary Atmospheres, Infrared Interoperable Information Systems and electron and ion plasmas that are Spectroscopy & Molecular Structure located in planetary magnetospheres. Steven A. Curtis Extensive preparations are underway Earth Sciences Directorate for the launches of the WIND, POLAR, (301) 286-9188 Planetary Magnetospheres and CLUSTER spacecraft, for future The mission of the Earth Sciences work in space plasma physics, and James A. Slavin Directorate is to provide leadership in includes strong participation in theory (301) 286-5839 achieving improved observations and and ground based investigations. The Electrodynamics understanding of global Earth systems Laboratory is also preparing for the processes and trends through the Composite Infrared Spectrometer and National Space Science Data development and utilization of space Plasma Spectrometer investigations on Center — The center offers excep- technologies. The Earth systems being the Cassini mission to be launched to tional opportunities for computer sci- studied range from the deep interior Saturn, and for investigations on the entists seeking to apply advanced data (the core and the source of the mag- Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. A systems concepts to NASA's challeng- netic field, the mantle, and its proper- strong theoretical effort exists "which ing space data problems. Areas of ties), through the surface (e.g., plate includes the study of solar wind turbu- interest include on-line Data Base motion, soil formation, biospheric and lence, the modelling of the magnetos- Management Systems, heterogeneous hydrospheric processes, and ice stud- phere, the non-linear dynamics of the multisource data bases, transaction ies), to the atmosphere (gaseous magnetosphere and the development management, and data base logic. chemistry, trends, climate models), of the next generation of adaptive grid Research is conducted on advanced and beyond (the ionosphere, solar MHD simulation codes. Infrared spec- data systems for scientific data man- studies, and planetology). The tra of the outer planets are also stud- agement using expert systems, data Directorate keeps an aggressive basic ied to deduce atmospheric properties. base machines, mass storage systems and applied research program operat- In infrared astronomy, the Laboratory and computer visualization, and on ing at a level which ensures strong studies planetary atmospheres, and the developing interactive scientific data vision and leadership while fulfilling infrared solar spectrum. Studies on systems integrating data archiving, cat- its responsibilities encompassed by molecules and chemical reactions of alogue, retrieval, data and image NASA and U.S. programs in Earth sci- astrophysical and aeronomic interest manipulation, and transmission tech- ences. are also conducted in the special facili- niques into distributed systems. ties of the laboratories. Contact: Instrumentation includes various cryo- Contact: Louis Walter genic grating and Fabry-perot spec- James Green (301) 286-8551 trometers, a laser heterodyne spec- (301) 286-4643 trometer, and in-house developed Scientific Data Systems Global Change Data Center — instruments for use on the ground, on Joseph King The Global Change Data Center spacecraft, on aircraft, and on bal- (301) 286-7355 (GCDC) provides Earth science data loons. Mass Data Storage and Data Media operations and archive management to key Earth science flight missions. The Contact: Greg Goucher Center ensures that data within the Joseph A. Nuth (301) 286-9884 archive are readily accessible through (301) 286-9467 Computer Visualization the Goddard Distributed Active Astrochemistry Archive Center (GSFC/DAAC) and 37

operates key advanced data systems to oversees management of the computer and the three-year mission flight phase support NASA flight missions. The systems needed to process project science requirements. GCDC interacts closely with the scien- data systems. Contact- tific community being served. Contact: Otto Thiele The Goddard DAAC Facility is respon- Stephen Wharton (301) 286-9006 sible for the acquisition, archiving, and (301) 286-9041 dissemination of scientific data from Global Change Data Center Data Assimilation Office — specific Earth science missions. It Paul Chan This office uses general circulation develops, implements, and operates (301) 286-0828 models and advanced statistical meth- the GSFC/DAAC data system; inter- Goddard DAAC Facility ods to produce global meteorological faces the GSFC/DAAC with the other data sets which are physically and Richard Kiang NASA DAAC systems in order to pro- chemically consistent. Research not (301) 286-2507 vide timely access to archived data only involves all aspects of the assimi- Earth Science Data Operations Facility and information; provides special ser- lation system, but also applications of vices for the Earth science communi- the data sets to problems of global Laboratory for Atmospheres — ties; performs scientific analysis; and variability and atmospheric chemistry This laboratory performs a compre- generates multi-disciplinary data bases. and transport. Future research will hensive theoretical and experimental It also oversees management of the involve oceanic and land surface research program dedicated to advanc- archival systems and facilities of the models. ing our knowledge and understanding GCDC; maintains the archive and pre- of the atmospheres of the Earth and Contact: serves valuable information content other planets. The research program is Richard Rood against physical deterioration of the aimed at advancing our understanding (301) 286-8203 storage media; and produces a regular of the structure, dynamics, and radia- publication promoting and informing tive and chemical properties of the Satellite Data Utilization Office — the science user community of its troposphere, stratosphere, and mesos- Research in this office is oriented archive contents and services. phere, and thermosphere, determining toward development of improved The Earth Science Data Operations the role of natural and anthropogenic techniques to infer surface and atmos- Facility works closely with flight pro- trace species on the ozone balance in pheric geophysical parameters from ject personnel in data system planning the stratosphere, and advancing our meteorological satellite observations and utilization, and develops and understanding of the physical proper- for use in weather and climate studies. implements the capability to support ties of the atmospheres and ionos- Major research areas use satellite data Earth sciences mission needs. The pheres of the Earth and other planets. for initialization of general circulation models and in production of multiyear Facility is responsible for supporting Contact: instrument algorithm development climate data sets to study climate vari- Franco Einaudi ability and trends. In addition, simula- and operational project data set pro- (301) 286-5002 duction systems; developing such sys- tion studies are performed on future instruments to assess their potential tems for specific NASA flight projects Tropical Rainfall Measuring such as the Earth Probes; and develop- impact on weather and climate stud- Mission (TRMM) Office — The "mis- ies. ing nationally accessible advanced data sion of this office is to develop a projects for the area of Earth science. broad-based precipitation research and Contact: It conducts research in advanced com- ground validation program including Joel Susskind puter science methodologies for appli- extensive studies in the theory and (301)286-7210 cation to science data operations, and application of radar-rainfall estimation, for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). This involves a num- ber of validation sites representing a variety of rainfall regimes in the trop- ics that will meet both the pre-mission 38

Mesoscale Dynamics and Planetary Atmospheres Branch — Environmental Sensors Branch — Precipitation Branch — This branch The Planetary Atmospheres Branch Conceives of and develops advanced performs research on a broad range of conducts theoretical and experimental remote sensing techniques to measure meteorological problems ranging from research in the upper atmospheres chemical species and meteorological convective cloud scale through synop- and ionospheres of the Earth and parameters of the earth's atmosphere. tic scale to the global scale. The other planets. Research in the atmos- Conducts satellite, balloon, aircraft, research emphasis is on the initiation, pheres of the planets involves concen- and ground-based studies and experi- evolution, and impact on atmospheric tration on the physics and chemistry ments leading to improved observa- precipitating systems and on the of their mesospheres, thermospheres, tional techniques. Performs supporting remote measurement of precipitation. exospheres and ionospheres, and cou- theoretical and laboratory studies, and Scientists in the branch employ theo- pling between these regimes. develops dependable calibration meth- retical and numerical modelling meth- Contact: ods and procedures. Develops appro- ods, observational analyses, and partic- Richard Hartle priate data analysis algorithms to con- ipate in sensor development for the (301) 286-8234 vert observable data into useful geo- measurement of precipitation. Specific physical results. Coordinates with topics include tropical and mid-lati- Atmospheric Experiment other elements of the Laboratory for tude convective precipitation systems, Branch — This Branch conducts Atmospheres in conducting joint stud- fronts and gravity waves, tropical and experimental research in terrestrial, ies 'which demonstrate the utility of extratropical cyclones, air-surface cometary and planetary atmospheres future remote sensing systems to interactions, and global precipitation concerning chemical composition, regional and/or global scale studies of analysis. atmospheric structure and dynamics. the atmosphere. Concentrates on the Contact: Scientists and engineers in the Branch development of new and novel lidar Robert Adler participate in scientific investigations systems by advancing the state-of-the- (301) 286-9086 from experiment conception through art of the systems to meet the needs of flight hardware development, space the atmospheric chemistry and meteo- Climate and Radiation Branch — flight and data analysis and interpreta- rological communities. The primary function of the Branch is tion. Instruments developed for space Contact: to conduct basic and applied research flight are primarily for the purpose of Harvey Melfi with the goal to improve fundamental in situ measurement of atmospheric (301) 286-7024 understanding of regional and global parameters. climate on a wide range of spatial and Contact: Laboratory for Terrestrial temporal scales. Research emphasis is Hasso Niemann Physics — The Laboratory for on physical processes involving atmos- (301) 286-8706 Terrestrial Physics performs research pheric radiation and dynamics, in par- directed at advancing the state of ticular, processes leading to the forma- Atmospheric Chemistry and knowledge in the Earth sciences and tion of clouds and precipitation and Dynamics Branch — This Branch is the management of the resources of their effects on the water and energy involved in research aimed at under- the Earth through the use of space cycles of the Earth. Branch scientists standing the radiation-chemistry- technology. adopt a variety of approaches to meet dynamics interaction in the tropos- These efforts include solid Earth geo- this goal. phere-stratosphere-mesosphere sys- physics, geology, space geodesy and Contact: tem. Scientists in the branch employ the study of the biosphere. William Lau global-scale modeling; satellite mea- (301) 286-7208 surements, especially of ozone; and the collection, analysis, and interpreta- tion of global-scale data to aid in this atmospheric understanding. Contact: Mark Schoeberl (301) 286-5819 39

Objectives are the complete, fruitful Experimental Instrumentation — Space Geodesy — Research uses pre- utilization of data of the Earth Develops advanced electro-optic and cise geodetic methods, including laser obtained from satellites and the devel- laser sensors for ground-based, air- ranging and very long baseline inter- opment of future satellite systems that borne and spaceborne Earth and plan- ferometry, altimetry, data from highly will enable deeper understanding of etary science applications. Work accurate tracking systems such as GPS the Earth system. Activities include includes laser and detector research, and doppler, gradiometry and satellite- laboratory and field investigations, sensor development research and con- to-satellite tracking to measure and acquisition and use of data gathered ceptual design, performance calcula- study the motion of the Earth on its aboard spacecraft and aircraft, and tions, sensor engineering and fabrica- axis, the kinematics of plate motion, numerical simulation and modelling. tion, as well as instrument calibration the deformation of the crust, the Earth and integration. Sensors are used for and ocean tides, and models of the Applicants should discuss potential measurements of Earth and planetary gravity fields of the Earth and planets. research programs with the appropri- surfaces and of the Earth's atmosphere ate point of contact below. Contact: and oceans. Develops and manages John Bosworth Contact: advanced laser sensors, including laser (301) 286-7052 David Smith altimeters and lidar systems, for air- (301) 286-8671 borne and spaceborne use. Laboratory for Hydrospheric Contact: Process — The laboratory performs Solid Earth Geophysics — Research James Abshire theoretical and experimental research topics include the structure and com- (301)286-2611 on various components of the hydro- position of the Earth's interior through logical cycle and its role in the com- geodetic studies of the gravity and Sensor Concepts and plete earth system. The program is magnetic fields, the study of the lithos- Calibration — Studies and analyses aimed at observing, understanding, phere through magnetic anomalies, are directed toward development of and modeling the global oceans and the rotational parameters of the Earth optical remote sensing systems for ice, surface hydrology, and mesoscale and planets, the measurement of observing reflected solar and emitted atmospheric processes. The laboratory topography with altimeters and the thermal radiation from the Earth/atmo- conducts research on earth observa- study of planetary landforms. sphere system. tional systems and techniques associat- Contact: ed with remote and in-situ sensing. Herbert Frey Research in advanced technologies Contact: (301) 286-5450 enables new systems and research in techniques improves the precision of Antonio Busalacchi (301) 286^171 Biospheric Studies — These include pre- and post-launch characterization/ research on the interactions of electro- calibration. Research is directed at Oceans and Ice Branch — This magnetic radiation with plant canopies development of methods and method- branch conducts oceans and ice that permits the remote measurement ologies to track the performance in research to enhance understanding of of biomass and vigor and the study of orbit of sensors such as MODIS for these systems and their relationships phenomena such as deforestation and EOS and the AVHRRs and NOAA. acid rain. Unique tools for these studies include with other elements of the biosphere laboratory standards and a sensor and the geosphere. Works on prob- Contact: which operates on the NASA ER-2 lems in biological, physical, and polar Darrel Williams aircraft. oceanography; glaciology; and margin- (301) 286-8860 al ice zones and air-sea interactions. Contact: Pursues interdisciplinary studies, on B. Guenther problems such as those involving the (301) 286-5205 biomass, productivity, nutrient distrib- utions, carbon fluxes, geostrophic and 40

thermohaline circulation of tropical, Microwave Sensors Branch — This assure the research success of NASA- mid-latitude, and polar oceans, and branch performs research and devel- and Goddard Space Flight Center upwelling and ice sheets. opment on advanced microwave sens- (GSFQ-related projects and programs, Contact: ing systems and data collection sys- we are committed to providing the sci- Chester Koblinsky tems directed at providing remote and ence community with access to state- (301) 2864718 in situ data for research in the areas of of-the-art high performance comput- the oceans, ecology, weather, climate, ing, leading-edge mass storage tech- Observational Science Branch and hydrology. Performs basic theoret- nologies, advanced information sys- (Wallops Island, VA) — This branch ical , laboratory and field studies that tems, and the computational science conducts theoretical and experimental elucidate the interaction of electro- expertise of a staff dedicated to sup- research on observational systems and magnetic radiation with the environ- porting that community. ment to improve our understanding of techniques for oceanic remote sens- The SDCD manages and operates the ing. Develops and operates research remote sensing systems. Branch mem- NASA Center for Computational bers contribute to the development of facilities (i.e., wave tank, laboratory Sciences (NCCS), a primary supercom- microwave science and engineering field standards, aircraft remote sen- puting and data storage center for sup- for the Tropical Rainfall Measurement sors), ground-based ozone and wind port of NASA missions and programs, Mission (TRMM), the Earth Observing sensors to obtain scientific data and and, on a national basis, for approved System (EOS), and various airborne develop new sensors. programs of the external NASA and campaigns. Contact: university communities. The SDCD uti- Dave Clem Contact: lizes state-of-the-art computational (804) 824-1515 James Weinmann equipment and data systems to pro- (301) 286-3175 vide end-to-end support of computa- Hydrological Sciences Branch — tional research conducted by the Earth The Hydrological Sciences Branch con- SeaWiFS Project — The Sea-viewing and Space Sciences Directorates at ducts research activities which con- Wide-Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), GSFC and to a somewhat lesser extent tribute to an improved understanding to be launched on Orbital Sciences external NASA approved research of the exchange of water between the Corporation's SeaStar satellite in investigators. Specifically, the SDCD Earth's surface and its atmosphere. September 1994, will provide global meets its science-driven requirements These research activities emphasize observations of ocean color for NASA. by providing specialized computation- the use of remote sensing over a wide These data will be used to assess phy- al processing and archival services for range of electromagnetic frequencies toplankton abundance, ocean produc- approved projects and individual sci- as a means of studying various hydro- tivity, and the ocean's role in the glob- entists as well. In addition, the SDCD logical processes and states, such as al carbon cycle. In addition, the obser- provides support in the areas of sensor precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil vations will help visualize ocean algorithms for direct ground communi- moisture, snow and ice cover, and dynamics and the relationships cations readout of satellite transmis- fluxes of moisture and energy. In addi- between ocean physics and large-scale sions, information processing, disci- tion, advanced numerical and analyti- patterns of productivity. pline data base management systems, cal models are developed. Contact: high performance computing and par- Contact: Wayne Esaias allel processing, high speed local and E. Engman (301) 286-5465 wide area network support, and (301) 286-5480 advanced science data visualizations Space Data and Computing systems. Division — The Space Data and Computing Division (SDCD) enables NASA-supported scientists to increase their understanding of Earth and its environment, the Solar System, and the Universe through the computa- tional use of space-borne observations and computer modeling. To help 41

The NCCS engages in the application paleoclimatic model simulations. In aerosols, and analytical models. of advanced computer system archi- addition to their use for climate simu- Emphasis in the theoretical program is tectures, such as the CRAY C-98, and lations, the global models are used to on analysis of physical processes in massively parallel machines such as simulate the transport of atmospheric terms of general principles and models the MASPAR MP-2, to support com- constituents and thus study their glob- applicable to all planets. plex computational physics modeling al geochemical cycles. The program Contact- efforts. These modeling efforts also includes development of tech- Michael Allison involve, for example, studies of cou- niques to infer global cloud, aerosol (212)678-5554 pled multi-dimensional ocean and and surface properties from satellite- atmospheric systems, multi-dimension- radiance measurements as part of the Anthony Del Genio al magnetospheric-ionospheric sys- International Satellite Cloud (212)678-5538 tems, and astrophysical processes. Climatology Project and the Earth Atmospheric Dynamics Specific research opportunities exist Observing system and analysis of the Larry Travis for development of new numerical role of clouds in climate. (212)678-5599 algorithms in computational physics Contact: Barbara Carlson that utilize advanced computer archi- Anthony Del Genio (212) 678-5538 tectures, development of advanced sci- (212) 678-5588 Radiative Transfer entific visualization, algorithms for Convection and Clouds visualization of space and Earth sci- James Hansen Biogeochemical Cycles — Research ence processes, and the development on global biogeochemical cycles of advanced techniques for managing (212) 678-5619 Greenhouse Effect involving the study of chemically and decaterabyte mass data storage and radiatively important trace gases. The delivery systems. Dorothy Peteet aim is to improve our understanding Contact: (212)678-5593 of the cycles of CO , CH , N O, CFCs, Paleoclimate, Pollen Studies 2 4 2 Jan M. Hollis O3, NOX, OH, and other trace com- (301) 286-7591 David Rind pounds which are expected to affect (212) 578-5593 climate and air quality in the near Goddard Institute for Space Climate Dynamics, Stratosphere future. The research involves three- Studies (New York, NY) — The William Rossow dimensional chemical tracer models, Institute for Space Studies conducts (212) 678-5567 which are essential for determining comprehensive theoretical and experi- Global Cloud Properties the sources and sinks of these gases mental research programs in four and for predicting future atmospheric major areas. Andrew Lacis composition. Central to the program is (212) 678-5595 the investigation of the role of the Causes of Long-Term Climate Radiative Processes biosphere, terrestrial and oceanic, in Change — Basic research on the the global carbon cycle using a combi- nature of climate change and climatic Planetary Atmospheres — nation of satellite measurements and processes, including the development Concerned with investigations of modeling. of numerical climate models. Primary Jupiter, Saturn, Venus, and the Earth. The observational phase of the pro- Contact: emphasis is on decadal or end-of-cen- Inez Fung tury global-scale simulations, including gram includes imaging and polariza- tion measurements from the Pioneer (212)678-5590 studies of humanity's potential impact Carbon Cycle, Ocean Modeling on the climate. Climate sensitivity and Venus Orbiter and radiation-budget, mechanisms of climatic change are temperature-sounding, photometric, investigated in global paleoclimatic and polarization measurements from research, specifically from the compar- the Galileo Jupiter Orbiter. The theo- ison of pollen and glacial data with retical phase of the program includes interpretation of radiation measure- ments of planets to deduce bulk atmospheric composition and the nature and distribution of clouds and 42

Interdisciplinary Research — capabilities in areas necessary for the Optics Laboratory — The Optics Interdisciplinary research ranges from success of assigned NASA missions. Branch conducts research and devel- theoretical studies of the origin of the The design, development and test of opment programs in the optical sci- solar system to relationships between components, subsystems, instruments ences and engineering to support the Sun, terrestrial climate, geological and spacecraft for multiple programs flight experiment development in the processes, and biology. One phase of and projects is an important part of areas of high energy astrophysics, the program involves the structure the mission of the Engineering solar and stellar astronomy, atmos- and evolution of accretion disks, espe- Directorate. The Engineering pheric sciences, and ocean and terres- cially the primitive solar nebula, using Directorate oversees the in-house trial sciences. Specific research and models of large-scale turbulence. development of flight hardware and development objectives include opti- Another topic is the calculation of software including instruments, cal property characterization of solids molecular properties of atmospheric Attached Shuttle Payloads, and Small and thin films, diffraction grating tech- and astrophysical interest. A third area Explorer Spacecraft, and provides sys- nology, optical system design and concerns the evolution and pulsation tem and discipline engineering sup- analysis, and advanced optical fabrica- of bright stars, which may be analogs port for space and Earth Science mis- tion and testing. Modern laboratory of the Sun. A biological question of sions such as the Hubble Space facilities are equipped for optical special interest concerns how terrestri- Telescope and Earth Observing property studies in the far-infrared to al vegetation will change during the System. the extreme ultraviolet, generation of next 50 years, when climate and Contact- holographic diffraction gratings, and atmospheric CO2 are expected to be Henry Plotkin optical fabrication and testing. In addi- changing. (301) 286-6185 tion, extensive computer facilities are Contact: available to support optical design and Vittorio Canute Thermal Development analysis studies. (212) 678-5571 Laboratory — This laboratory is Contact: Sheldon Green responsible for the development of John Osantowski (212) 678-5562 new thermal control technology for (301) 286-3873 Molecular Calculations future NASA spacecraft. Current work efforts focus on such technologies as Electromechanical Branch — Richard Stothers cryogenic heat pipes, two-phase capil- Develops mechanical, optomechani- (212) 678-5605 lary pumped loops, and heat pumps. cal, and electromechanical systems Stars, Climate Studies The scope of the work encompasses required to support flight instrument Dorothy Peteet concept development, breadboard to and spacecraft projects. Conducts (212) 678-5587 prototype testing, conduction of flight advanced and supporting research and Biology experiments, and analysis. The 7000 development efforts to support new square foot laboratory/office area has technology, such as magnetic bearings numerous test loops. These range in and cryogenic mechanisms, applicable Engineering Directorate size from small benchtop units to an 8 to existing and future spaceflight ft. by 30 ft. facility, which is the requirements. Deployable appendages The Engineering Directorate supports largest known modular two-phase test such as magnetometer booms and 100 NASA Space and Earth Sciences and bed. A wide variety of instrumenta- meter long electric field antennas are application programs through techni- tion, data collection/processing, and developed. Flight structures ranging in cal research and development. The other support equipment are available size from small optical benches to Directorates enabling technology pro- to support these testing efforts. instruments weighing several tons are gram increases knowledge and Contact: provided. Electromechanical systems Theodore Swanson and their control electronics are devel- (301) 2866952 oped, taking into account the effect of spacecraft structural disturbances (jit 43

ter) where applicable. Modern labora- systems used for remote sensing appli- Contact: tory facilities are equipped for electro- cations and telerobotic systems. A R. Ken Hinkle mechanical fabrication and testing. major thrust exists in the investigation (301) 286-6003 Contact: of the use of laser diodes as the trans- James Woods Mike Hagopian mitter source for active remote sens- (301) 286-2251 (301) 286-7854 ing instruments. Both the physics and engineering aspects of these systems Gary Jones Willie Blanco are under investigation. (301) 286-5837 (301) 286-3964 Structural and Mechanical Design Instrumentation is being developed for and Analysis Cryogenics Laboratory — This labo- ground-based and flight observational ratory conducts research and develop- research from ultraviolet to far-infrared ment programs in low temperature wavelengths. Technologies under Mission Operations and Data physics in support of astrophysics development include acousto-optic Systems Directorate goals. General research objectives are tunable filters, cryogenic cameras, interferometers and spectrometers. the development of low temperature The Mission Operations and Data The Branch also supports the develop- microcalorimeters for the detection Systems Directorate is responsible for ment of automated systems for GSFC and imaging of charged particles and the following: (1) planning, design, managed programs and servicing mis- radiation, and high-precision and high- development, and operation of space- accuracy thermometry. Current sions. flight tracking and communications research focuses on detectors and sen- Contact: networks and data systems support of sors using thin-film superconductors. John Wolfgang near-earth spaceflight missions; (2) This includes the development of (301) 286-2219 activities in mission planning, mission detectors using tunnel junctions to Photonics Branch analysis, space and ground network obtain energy and/or spatial resolu- operations, spacecraft and payload tion, kinetic inductance calorimeters, Mechanical Engineering Branch — command and control, flight dynam- and thermometry using superconduc- The Mechanical Engineering Branch ics, information processing, and flight tors. Modern laboratory facilities are performs structural and mechanical mission operations; (3) planning and equipped for detector characteriza- design for in-house STS and ELY applied research development of tion, including cryogenic workstations launched spacecraft, instruments, and advanced data systems and telecom- with automated data collection, mechanical ground support equip- munications systems in support of SQUID systems, dilution and adiabatic ment. These designs include space- spaceflight missions; and (4) ensuring demagnetization refrigerators, and craft and instrument primary and sec- that space and ground communica- facilities for evaporation and sputter- ondary structures; deployable tions network, mission analysis and ing of thin films. appendages such as solar arrays and support computing capabilities, and Contact: antennas; flight mechanisms such as end-to-end data systems meet mission Stephen Castles actuators, hinges and release mecha- support requirements and are main- (301) 286-5405 nisms; and mechanical ground support tained at the state of the art. equipment such as lift slings, dollies, Contact: containers, and g-negation hardware. Photonics & Automated Systems Donald Wilson The Branch also provides support for Branch — This Branch conducts a (301) 286-7550 fabrication, assembly, integration, and broad program of applied research in New Technology and Data Standards testing of spacecraft and instrument optics, electro-optics and autonomous Manager systems, including high power semi- structures including structural design conductor lasers, diode-pumped solid research and design optimization of state lasers, passive focal plane sensor advanced composite materials. The Branch performs structural analyses in support of flight hardware design and testing and provides advanced devel- opment for maintaining state-of-the-art CAD/CAM technology. 44

Data Systems Technology SUN, HP, DEC, IBM, Silicon Graphics, Major experiments are currently active Division — The Data Systems and NEXT; advanced tools for systems or planned in the following disci- Technology Division develops and and software engineering, modeling, plines: applies systems, hardware, and soft- and human-computer interface design; • Ada, as a development language and ware technologies to support complex and expert systems shells and develop- overall design discipline command and control, communica- ment environments. • Reusable software concepts and tions, and telemetry data processing Contact: approaches requirements of future space missions. Toby Bennett • Structured methodologies such as The division performs advanced tech- (301) 286-5406 the "Clean Room" approach nology development in high perfor- VLSI systems • Software development environments mance VLSI systems for telemetry pro- • Software maintenance tools and cessing, high data rate/volume data Sylvia Sheppard techniques storage architectures, distributed sys- (301) 286-5049 tems and networks, computer-aided Human-Machine Interfaces Research in the systems engineering software engineering, human-machine Computer Aided Systems Engineering disciplines includes: interface technology, and artificial Jay Costenbader • Development of advanced graphics intelligence-primarily in the areas of (301) 286-5292 techniques for flight dynamics prob- knowledge-based, model-based, and Planning and Scheduling lems agent-based systems; planning and Walt Truszkowski • Application of expert system tech- scheduling; and monitoring and con- (301) 286-8821 nology to flight dynamics. trol. Joint projects are formed with Artificial Intelligence Contact: other Goddard organizations to trans- Rose Pajerski fer technology from the laboratory Flight Dynamics Division — (301) 286-3010 into operational systems through the Research is conducted toward the development of test beds and development of algorithms and tech- advanced operational prototypes. niques to support flight dynamics mis- Application projects include VLSI- sion requirements. Areas of particular based telemetry front end processors interest are spacecraft orbit and atti- and workstations, a test bed for dis- tude dynamics modeling and the tributed mission planning and schedul- development of dynamics simulators, ing, a computer-aided systems engi- planning of launch and maneuver neering support environment, an parameters to tailor spacecraft trajec- advanced user interface design and tories for specific missions, analysis development environment (TAE Plus), and evaluation of advanced sensor and an agent technology test bed, and a actuator hardware including the char- prototype sel-organizing network for acterization of error sources, and distributed telemetry systems. Division development of efficient and robust laboratory facilities provide some of algorithms for the estimation of space- the most advanced systems design and craft attitude and orbit parameters. development capabilities available, This research depends on contribu- including a complete suite of VLSI tions from astrodynamics, linear and design tools, libraries, and worksta- nonlinear estimation theory, system tions; advanced commercial parallel identification, linear and nonlinear disk farms; VME components for sys- dynamic system analysis, and applied tem integration; workstations from mathematics. 45 Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Program Administrators: The primary role of the Jet Systems Division Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Dr. Fredrick Shair The Systems Division performs sys- Educational Affairs Office within the NASA family is the tems engineering and design integra- Mail Stop 183-900 exploration of the solar system, tion for all the major projects under- Jet Propulsion Laboratory including planet Earth, by taken by JPL. It also conducts special- 4800 Oak Grove Drive ized analyses in many disciplines to Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 means of unmanned, support these projects. (818) 354-8251 autonomous spacecraft, and Contact: Ms. Carol S. Hix instruments. Kent Frewing Educational Affairs Office (818) 354-6780 Mail Stop 183-900 In addition, an active com- Jet Propulsion Laboratory Mission Design — Includes inter- 4800 Oak Grove Drive munity of JPL scientists, tech- planetary spacecraft trajectory design, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 nologists, and engineers is planning mission timelines to accom- (818) 354-3274 engaged in Earth atmosphere modate science requirements, launch and geosciences, oceanography, vehicle trajectory analysis, studies of advanced interplanetary scientific mis- planetary (including asteroid sions, and software development to and comet) studies, and solar, support mission design and analysis. interplanetary, interstellar, Spacecraft Systems Engineering — and astrophysical disciplines. Supports JPL flight projects by provid- Opportunities for Graduate ing design integration of the total Student Researchers exist in spacecraft system, including its inter- faces with the launch vehicle and with all technical divisions of JPL. its scientific instrument payload. It These technical divisions, orga- also conducts studies and analyses of nized by general discipline advanced future spacecraft designs area, encompass almost all JPL and analyzes the performance of spacecraft in flight. engineering and science resources. Each technical divi- Navigation Systems — Develops the sion is concerned with the capability to determine very precisely the position and velocity of scientific planning, design, development, spacecraft in interplanetary space engineering, and implementa- through radiometric and optical tech- tion functions relevant to its niques, designs propulsive maneuvers to place spacecraft on correct trajecto- discipline area. Fundamental ries, develops complex software to to the structure of JPL is the solve the equations of motion, and cooperation among the conducts scientific studies of relativis- research, science and advanced tic gravity, planetary orbital dynamics gravitational radiation and planetary technology and the engineering masses and gravity fields using space- functions of these operating craft radio tracking data. divisions. 46

Mission Profile and Sequencing — Technology and Applications Earth Atmosphere — Laboratory Develops the detailed sequences to be Systems Engineering — Performs research, field measurements, and data executed by interplanetary spacecraft, system level design, integration, and analysis to understand the chemistry plans the commands required to carry development of information systems, of stratospheric ozone; monitoring of out the sequences, and develops the including computer hardware and long-term trends in important minor software that keeps track of the com- software and large distributed near and trace constituents; extraction of mand sequences and ensures the com- real time ground data processing. Di- meteorological parameters from satel- mands will safely perform the desired sciplines include traditional electrical, lite data, including temperature pro- functions. Provides support to science mechanical, aeronautical, and aero- files, humidity, clouds, winds, and activity development and implementa- space engineering, along with comput- pressure. tion. Conducts research related to er science, operations research, eco- Contact: planning and sequencing software nomics, and the physical sciences. James Margitan technology. (818) 354-2170

Project Test and Operations — Earth and Space Sciences Planetary Atmospheres — Performs planning, management and Division Observations from ground-based tele- performance of test, integration and scopes and analysis of spacecraft data launch activities for major systems, The division conducts a wide-ranging to determine composition, structure, including spacecraft, science instru- program of research in oceanography, and dynamics; long-term study of sea- ments, ground data systems and the atmospheres and solid bodies of sonal and interannual variability; glob- ground support equipment. Conducts Earth and other planets, planetary al mapping; synthesis of information research and development for integra- satellites, asteroids, comets, inter- to determine physical processes and tion and test technologies and oper- planetary medium, and selected solar, state of the atmospheres. ates and manages JPL's major stellar, and interstallar phenomena. Spacecraft Assembly Facility. Ground-based observations, aircraft, Contact: balloons, and Earth-orbiting and plane- Jay Goguen Mission Information Systems tary spacecraft are utilized. Extensive (818) 354-8748 Engineering — Supports JPL flight laboratory and theoretical research projects in the development of plans efforts, data analysis, interpretation, Earth Geoscience — for the operation of interplanetary and modeling support these observa- Characterization of exposed rocks, spacecraft in flight. This involves tional programs. sediments, and soils on the Earth's sur- design of the end-to-end data system face to understand the evolution of from the spacecraft instrument to the Contact: the continents; examine state and scientist receiving the data, as well as Clifford Heindl dynamics of biological land cover for design of ground-based systems of (818) 354-4603 assessment of the role of biota in glob- hardware, software, and teams used al processes; tectonic plate motion; to control the spacecraft and process Oceanography — Altimetry for deter- volcanology; paleoclimatology. the data. mining currents and tides; air-sea inter- actions including, fluxes of mass, mo- Contact: Diane Evans Systems Analysis — Performs eco- mentum, energy, and chemicals be- (818) 354-2418 nomics, operations research, costing, tween ocean and atmosphere; deter- and mission analyses for a broad spec- mination of marine biomass and ocean trum of unmanned and manned space productivity; sea ice dynamics and projects and military and civilian influence on climate variability; global ground-based programs. surface temperature measurements; surface driving forces and wave propa- gation derived from radar observa- tions. Contact: Donald Collins (818) 354-3473 47

Planetology — Observations of the Telecommunications Contact: surface of the inner planets, satellites Science and Engineering James Williams and rings of the outer planets, aster- Division (818) 354-6466 oids and comets across the spectral range from ultraviolet through active Geodynamics — Experimental and Astrophysics — Observational and and passive microwave; studies of theoretical investigations of global and theoretical research into the nature of meteorites and cosmic dust; theory regional phenomena using the modern radio emissions from quasars, galaxies, and modeling relevant to the origin space geodetic techniques of lunar and stars. and evolution of the solid bodies of laser ranging, Very Long Baseline the solar system; development of Contact: Interferometry (VLBI) and the Global approaches to the detection and char- Robert Preston Positioning System (GPS). acterization of solar systems around (818) 354-6895 Contact: other stars. Jean Dickey Gravitational Wave Studies — Contact: (818) 354-3235 Algorithm development and data Charles Yoder analysis of spacecraft tracking data for (818) 354-2444 Information Theory and Coding — the detection of very low-frequency Theoretical research into information gravitational waves predicted by gen- Space Physics — Mapping of the theory, channel and source codings eral relativity and other theories of magnetic fields of the Sun and planets with special emphasis on very noisy gravity. and their time variations; structure and channels and some interest in fading dynamics of the solar wind; and inter- Contact: and band-limited channels. actions of solar fields and particles John Armstrong Contact: with the magnetic fields and outer (818) 354-3151 Laif Swanson atmospheres of Earth and planets. (818) 354-2757 Planetary Atmospheres and Contact: Interplanetary Media — Marcia Neugebauer Optical Communication — Theo- Experimental and theoretical research (818) 354-2005 retical and experimental research in- investigations based on the use of volving free space laser communica- spacecraft radio signals to probe plan- Astrophysics — Variability of the tions systems, components, and tech- etary atmospheres and the interplane- solar constant; sky survey of infrared niques, and including such items as tary/solar plasma. sources; composition and chemistry of lasers, detectors, modulators, signal interstellar clouds; identification of Contact: design, large telescope design, spatial gamma-ray sources within the galaxy Richard Woo and temporal acquisition and tracking, and beyond; observations of superno- (818) 354-3945 detection strategies, and channel va 1987A; studies of gravitational wave coding. detection utilizing spacecraft. Planetary Dynamics — Determina- Contact: tion of orbital, rotational, or atmos- Contact: James Lesh pheric motions of planets by tracking James Ling (818) 354-2766 of spacecraft or balloons associated (818) 354-2819 with the planets. Frequency Standards Research — Contact: Experimental investigations including Robert Preston ultra-high resolution spectroscopy to (818) 354-6895 support development of stable sources of microwave and optical frequencies. Asteroid Dynamics — Study orbital Contact: evolution of main belt and planet Lute Maleki crossing asteroids, resonances, and (818) 354-3688 asteroid families. 48

Planetary Radar Astronomy — Autonomous Control and Tracking Microelectronic Device Experimental and theoretical research Systems — System architectures, Research — A wide variety of in planetary surfaces, atmospheres, sensors, and actuators for autonomous research is being pursued using the and rings (including geology, spin rendezvous, docking, aerobraking, and new Microdevices Laboratory: submil- dynamics, and scattering properties of landing. Development of concepts to limeter and infrared radiation detec- rings and cometary debris swarms) enable high bandwidth control of flex- tors, electron tunneling microscopy, using the ground-based Goldstone ible space structures and to provide quantum will structures, molecular radar system, the very large array, and active space control. Advanced control beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposi- Arecibo Observatory to form images of systems and algorithm development tion, E-beam lithography, transmission terrestrial planets, asteroids, and for target tracking. electron microscopy, etc. comets. Contact: Contact: Contact: George Sevaston Barbara Wilson Martin Slade (818) 3544)395 (818) 354-2969 (818) 354-2765 Electro-optical Tracking Autonomous Mobile Vehicle — Radar Remote Sensing of the Systems — Development and testing Real-time path planning in uncertain Earth — Experimental and theoretical of electro-optical sensors and algo- terrains; wheeled locomotion and investigations in remote observation rithms for star, limb, and target-feature mobility, image processing for rover of the Earth's surface through radar tracking. Development of interfero- control, and combined mobility and scattering properties, for example, metric metrology sensors and systems. manipulation. polarization and interferometry to Contact: Contact determine the structure and motion of Randy Bartman Brian Wilcox regions of interest. (818) 354-5320 (818) 354-4625 Contact: Howard Zebker Power Research and Robot Arm Control — Research in (818) 354-8780 Engineering — Development of advanced modeling, adaptive control, lightweight, high-power fuel cells; hierarchical control software architec- high efficiency thermal-to-electric tures, complex task simulation, etc., as Avionlc Systems and conversion for space nuclear power; they pertain to redundant dual-arm Technology Division high energy batteries; power electron- manipulation systems. ics and automated power systems Contact: management. Control Systems — Development Homayoun Seraji of electronics, actuators and sensors to Contact: (818) 354-4839 enable precision control of space sys- Perry Bankston tems. Development of modeling and (818) 354-6793 Advanced Teleoperation and simulation tools, computational proce- Man-Machine Systems — dures and architectures for design and Flight Computers — Development Man-machine interfaces for advanced analysis of electromechanical control of computer technology for flight teleoperation and supervisory automa- systems. application, including advanced micro- tion, including the development of Contact: electronic and fault-tolerant architec- electro-mechanical, graphics, and com- Guy K. Man tures, multi-chip modules, ultra-low puting architectures. Also, human-fac- (818) 354-7142 power VLSI, radiation tolerance, high tors-based experiments and data analy- speed optical computing and net- sis. working. Contact: Contact: Paul Schenker Leon Alkalaj (818) 354-2681 (818) 354-5988 49

Data Storage Technology — missions and other tasks in the nation- Imaging Systems — Design, Investigation of semiconductor and al interest. Activities include: (1) data development, and implementation of magnetic materials for the develop- acquisition, (2) radiometrics and radio imaging and spectrographic systems ment of data storage technology for science, (3) telemetry, (4) monitoring for use in space science investigations. space, including advanced technology and control, (5) command, (6) data Developed imaging systems for such as Vertical Bloch Lines (VBL). management, (7) non-imaging science Voyager, Galileo, and Hubble Space data handling, (8) data product genera- Telescope missions. Currently devel- Contact: tion, (9) institutional computing (and oping imaging systems for the Cassini Romney Katti supercomputing), communication, and Mission, and the Multiangle Imaging (818) 354-3054 computer networking services, and Spectroradiometer for the Earth (10) institutional and microprocessor Observing Mission. In addition to software applications. end-to-end engineering of flight instru- Mechanical Systems Division ments, the section is at the forefront Research areas include: (1) advanced in research and advanced develop- The Mechanical Systems Division car- automation for spacecraft diagnosis ment for solid state imaging array ries out research in propulsion, cryo- and ground system operations, (2) sim- detectors and on focal plane electron- genics, structures, materials, and ther- ulation and graphics for knowledge ics for X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, and mal sciences. Research opportunities fusion, data understanding, and train- shortwave infrared detection. These exist in polymeric materials with ing, (3) high-rate, high-capacity infor- advanced scientific imaging detectors unique electronic and optical proper- mation systems, (4) software produc- will support development of the next ties, use of active members to control tivity and reliability, (5) intelligent generation of spaceborne imaging sys- vibrations and for shape control of access to large, interactive hypermedia tems, as well as being introduced into precision structures, cryogenic cooling databases, (6) high-performance com- commercial products. systems, including sorption refrigera- puting and networking, (7) numerical Contact: tion, adaptation of Stirling cycle cool- analysis and computational software Christopher Stevens ers to space instruments, and libraries, and (8) low-cost mission advanced superfluid helium cryostats, operations. (818) 354-5545 electric propulsion and autonomous mobility, and sample acquisition. Contact: Infrared and Analytical Robert Tausworthe Instrument Systems — Conception, Contact: (818) 306-6284 design, advanced development, and Donald Rapp implementation of scientific instru- (818) 354-4931 mentation for remote sensing in' the Observational Systems infrared and in situ analyses of chemi- Division cal species using mass spectrometry Information Systems and scanning electron microscopy. Development and The Observational Systems Division Missions addressed include planetary Operations Division is responsible for the conception, de- exploration, Earth remote sensing, and sign, engineering development, and astrophysics. This section is particular- The Information Systems Development implementation of a variety of scientif- ly active in the development of and Operations Division performs ic instrumentation for space flight research, development, planning, and applications. A key element in the divi- operations related to ground-based sion is digital image processing information systems for spacecraft research and development for space science and environmental and Earth resources applications. Contact: Robert Beale (818) 354-7584 50

imaging spectrometry for a wide vari- Image Processing Applications and Earth Observations Analysis ety of applications. This is a measure- Development — Develops and ap- Systems — Design, develop, validate, ment technique in which materials plies image processing techniques to and operate data systems for Earth and may be identified through their unique the display, analysis, and interpreta- astrophysical observing systems. Pro- spectral signatures. The section is also tion of image and image-related data. vide algorithms and models both of active in the development of enabling Utilizing engineering and artificial in- the instruments and the observed phe- technology, particularly IR Focal Plane telligence to develop automated and nomena necessary to extract meaning- Arrays and related components. semi-automated schemes for data inter- ful geophysical and astrophysical infor- pretation. Performs research and de- mation from these observations. Use Contact: velopment in image processing. Also state-of-the-art parallel computational Mark Herring develops and applies specialized soft- systems to implement these algo- (818) 354-6817 ware, hardware, and systems architec- rithms. Areas of active work include tures to increase the speed of compu- plasma physics, atmospheric model- Microwave Observational tationally intensive functions on large ing, modeling of electromagnetic scat- Systems — Conceive, design, imple- data sets. Provides image processing tering of microwaves, and radiative ment, and calibrate scientific radiome- and analysis support to the flight pro- transfer in the atmosphere. Field ter systems in the microwave through jects, imaging teams, and the science experiments are also performed. submillimeter wavelength regions. community. This includes advanced research and Contact: technology development of submil- Contact: Jack Fanselow limeter wave components and Ray Wall (818) 354-6323 advanced spectrometers to support (818) 354-5016 near term and future remote sensing Science Data Systems — Design, missions. They develop opportunities Optical Sciences and develop, and operate science data for new microwave instrument sys- Applications — Basic and applied processing systems and science data tems with the user community. They research in advanced optics technolo- archiving systems for NASA and non- also develop theoretical models gies. Uses unique computational tools NASA missions. In addition, build text- describing the interaction between for optical design and system analysis based archival and retrieval systems microwave signals and the atmospher- to support development of various using tools such as Mosaic. Develop ic and surface parameters. remote sensing systems for astro- reusable tools and standards in all physics and Earth and interplanetary areas of archiving and processing to Contact: scientific measurements. Large mirror leverage efficiency in operation. Lead Gary Parks advanced optical materials, adaptive in research and development of (818) 354-8053 optics, thermal infrared optics, ultra- archive products and distribution tech- low scattered light optics, nologies such as CD-ROMs and net- electro-optics, hyperspeed image cor- work access to products. relators, and sensor systems for the Contact: Long-Baseline Michelson Stellar Tom Renfrew Interferometer are examples of study (818) 3066044 areas. Development of advanced space flight hardware optical systems for use in the visible, infrared, ultraviolet, and submillimeter spectral regions for sci- ence applications take place in this section. Contact: James Breckinridge (818) 354-6785 51

Hardware Assurance nents. Software reliability analyses and Multimission Operations metrics definition are other areas of Systems Office (MOSO) Microelectronic Radiation rapidly growing research. Specific Hardness Assuracnce — Work is issues associated with software, space- The Multimission Operations Systems focused on research and testing of the craft sensors, control systems, and Office integrates the development of reliability of electronic parts in the other flight hardware are of interest. hardware and software tools to pro- harsh radiation environments experi- Contact: vide efficient and effective multimis- enced by NASA spacecraft. Current A.G. Brejcha sion operations systems and services activities include investigations into (818) 354-3080 to JPL's planetary science projects in radiation effects in electronics and order to minimize the cost of mission photonics caused by heavy ions char- Reliability Engineering — Develops operations and data analysis. These acteristic of galactic cosmic rays, elec- reliability and environmental design, systems and services include space- trons, protons and "Co gamma rays; analysis, and test requirements for all craft analysis and navigation, mission simulation of single event effects (SEE) planning and sequencing, science 2 JPL flight projects. Reliability activities by "Cf; and radiation testing of parts include electrical and mechanical analysis, mission control and data man- for NASA flight projects. In addition, analyses and environmental require- agement, computers and communica- evaluations are performed of test ments activities include: thermal, tions, and telemetry. methodologies and process technolo- dynamics, electromagnetic compatibil- Contact: gies used to produce reliable, radia- ity, and natural space environments. tion-tolerant microelectronic circuits Steve Huffman Natural environments include solar (818) 354-6068 such as application specific integrated and planetary thermal conditions, circuits (ASICs), field programmable micrometeoroids and space debris, Chief Engineer — Provides top-level gate arrays (FPGAs) and large memo- and space plasma. Induced environ- ries (SRAMs, DRAMs). problem identification, isolation, and ments include vibration, acoustic, correction activity. Activities currently Contact: pyrotechnic shock, and thermal loads, include data system security, space Charles Barnes electromagnetic effects, spacecraft flight operations facility security, and (818) 3544467 charging, etc. data systems standards. Contact: Contact: T.E. Gindorf Systems Assurance Bob Polansky (818) 354-4451 (818) 354-4940 This division conducts research in a Software Product Assurance — wide range of areas concerned with Software Product Assurance has the the quality and reliability of spacecraft objective to help ensure the opera- systems. Research opportunities exist tional integrity of the software devel- in the modeling, analysis, and simula- oped for JPL systems, and evaluates tion of the natural and induced space- the operational requirements, the craft mission environments and of acceptability and readiness of all soft- their effects on spacecraft systems, ware prior to delivery. It also research- subsystems, and individual compo- es advanced techniques in software engineering, human computer inter- face, software safety, and metrics, and performs technology transfer to tech- niques tailored for the JPL and NASA environment to improve the quality of software within JPL and NASA. Contact: R. Santiago (818) 354-2452 52

Program Control and System Integration and Flight Support Facilities — Administration (PC&A) — Verification — Manages system inte- Maintains critical Space Flight Integrates the resources planning, gration and test, configuration man- Operations Facility resources such as scheduling, statusing, and reporting agement, system administration and emergency power, communications functions to provide costs and sched- hardware quality assurance activities. capabilities, and Deep Space Network ule control tools for management. System Integration and Test activities interface. Controls the facility configu- Office utilization and automation, per- integrate qualified software subsys- ration during critical mission phases sonnel administration, network admin- tems into an executable system config- such as launch and encounter. istration, and inventory control are uration and demonstrate performance Evaluates space requirements for flight also integral parts of the PC&A func- against contractual and approved user project's Mission Support areas and tion. Client/server architecture and requirements. Configuration manage- plans facility modifications as LAN technology serves as the back- ment services include configuration required. bone for communications between the identification, configuration control, Contact: PC&A functions and all levels of man- configuration audits and status Jim Allen agement. accounting. Configuration Manage- (818) 393-7880 ment implements, controls and mea- Contact: sures engineering processes used to Kirk Gerbracht support the flight projects. (818) 354-3107 System Administration includes the Advanced Systems — Focuses on activities required to maintain the the development and utilization of Multimission Ground Data System advanced technology for mission oper- (MGDS) environment in the opera- ations and data analysis with the pri- tional configuration. System mary goal of increased productivity Administration monitors and manages at lower cost. the network configuration and imple- Contact: ments security procedures to prevent Barbara Anderson unauthorized access to the system. (818) 354-0896 Hardware Quality Assurance consists of the system, procedures, and activi- Flight Projects Interface — Provides ties for assuring that an item will per- the focus for interactions between the form satisfactorily in actual operation Multimission Operations Systems by verifying that materials, construc- Office (MOSO) and various flight pro- tion, and testing meet the require- jects, assuring proper understanding ments of project and procurement and documentation of flight project specifications. requirements and the Flight Support Contact: Office commitments to the projects. Andy Dowen Contact: (818) 354-8191 Al Beers (818) 354-3416 53 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

Program Administrator: The Johnson Space Center is carbon dioxide removal and reduction, oxygen generation, and trace gas cont- Nancy G. Robertson involved in a, wide range of amination control. Water recovery Chief, Education Branch activities dealing with functions include urine treatment, Mail Code AP2 manned space flight and space hygiene water processing, and potable NASA Lyndon B. Johnson exploration. The majority of water polishing. Food production Space Center functions involve crop production Houston, TX 77058 research areas available for using both hydroponic and solid sub- (713) 483-2462 Graduate Student Researchers strate culturing systems. Resource are in engineering and devel- recovery from solid wastes involves such processes as incineration, pyroly- opment and space and life sci- sis, and supercritical oxidation. ences. Additional information Additionally, integration of these sys- concerning the following tems into a functioning regenerative life support system via highly automat- opportunities may be obtained ed control and monitoring systems is from the program critical to current development efforts. administrator. Research opportunities exist for stu- dents specializing in chemistry, physics, horticulture and plant physiol- Engineering ogy, soil science, water chemistry, and environmental, chemical, biological, Life Support Systems — The mechanical, computer, and system research area includes: 1) study of engineering disciplines. advanced physiochemical and biologi- Contact: cal life support technologies for air D. L. Henninger revitalization, water reclamation, food (713)483-5034 production and solid waste manage- ment; 2) development of mathematical Spacecraft Thermal Management models for the candidate life support Systems — The research area systems for future Moon and Mars mis- includes: 1) light weight, high efficien- sions; and 3) development of automat- cy heat pumps and unique heat rejec- ic control and monitoring techniques tion devices to aid in room tempera- at the system level to minimize crew ture heat rejection of advanced mis- time/effort required for operation of a sions; 2) high heat flux evaporators regenerative life support system. and condensers and two-phase flow Contact: measurement devices; 3) theoretical Chin Lin studies and analysis techniques for (713) 483-9126 advanced thermal management sys- tems; and 4) automated monitor, con- Advanced Life Support Systems — trol, and fault detection methods for Current research involves develop- large two-phase heat transport sys- ment of regenerative human life sup- tems. port systems for future long-duration Contact: space missions. Such systems will con- E. K. Ungar sist of components which utilize both (713)483-9115 physicochemical and biological processes to perform the life support functions. Included in these functions are air revitalization, which includes 54

Advanced Extravehicular (EVA) Guidance, Navigation, and hydrogen and lithium batteries, photo- Systems — The research area Control — Research opportunities voltaic and solar dynamic power sys- includes EVA gloves and advanced exist for definition/development of tems, automated management and dis- thermal protective systems for astro- guidance, navigation, and control sys- tribution, and thermal energy storage. naut space suits, regenerable portable tems for space flight programs. These Contact: life support subsystems, associated air- systems include GN&C software algo- Thomas Davies Power lock support systems, and equipment rithms, navigation sensor hardware, (713) 483-9041 that will enhance EVA safety and flight control sensor and effector hard- productivity. ware. An advanced technical base is John Griffin maintained involving test and laborato- Propulsion Contact: (713) 483-9003 M. N. Rouen ry facilities and computer simulations (713) 483-9242 to analyze, demonstrate, and test new techniques and concepts. Research Robotic Simulation — Development of kinematic/dynamic simulations of Tracking and Communications — opportunities also exist in flight dynamics, aerodynamics/aerothermo- Shuttle and Space Station telerobots Research opportunities exist in expert with interactive graphic interfaces is systems for control and monitoring of dynamics, and computational fluid dynamics. being actively pursued in support of complex C&T systems; optical and RF real-time simulation and nonreal-time sensor systems for autonomous ren- Contact: dynamic analyses. This includes con- dezvous and landing operations; effi- Aldo J. Bordano trol algorithms for kinematically redun- cient multi-access secure systems; pro- (713) 483-8177 dant manipulators, joint servo model- grammable digital transmit/receive sys- ing, control systems interaction, struc- tems; MMIC distributed array anten- Flight Data Systems — Research tural contact modeling, and develop- nas; multi-beam and high-gain elec- opportunities exist for conducting ment of simulation architectures. tronically steerable antennas; confor- research and system engineering Other areas include multibody dynam- mal arrays; infrared and optical/laser assessments of advanced manned mis- ic algorithm development (rigid and communications systems; voice recog- sion data systems. The laboratory pro- flexible bodies), friction modeling, and nition systems for control; digital and vides a research environment for the numerical techniques for their optical transformation/correlation sys- development and design validation of solution. tems; end-to-end systems analytical/ flight data systems through the use of simulation models of C&T systems; engineering development tools that Contact: space-to-ground HDTV; and orbital include distributed systems, networks, Charles J. Gott debris detection and tracking. advanced display and control tech- (713) 483-8107 nologies, sensor/effector emulations, o Contact: Artificial Intelligence — William E. Teasdale integration analyses and system sensi- tivity studies. Incorporation of advances in intelli- (713) 483-0126 gent systems technology into space Contact: systems, organizations, and programs David M. Pruett for the continual improvement of their (713) 483-5269 effectiveness (safety, reliability, main- tainability, cost efficiency, and oper- Propulsion and Power — ability). Propulsion research: rocket engine combustion and stability, low gravity Contact: fluid behavior, high temperature mate- Kathleen E. Jurica rials, propellant characterization, (713) 483-4776 ceramic applications to small engines and valving, propulsion systems mod- eling, valving technology, and on-orbit health monitoring. Power research: energy conversion systems, including long life and high current density fuel cells and electrolysis systems, nickel- 55

Telerobotlcs and Autonomous coordinated control of dual hand/arm Endocrine Biochemistry — Robotic Systems — Development systems, proximity/tactile sensor sys- Ongoing projects include in vitro and of hardware/software upgrades to the tems for adaptive grasping and manip- in vivo studies of space flight-related Shuttle Remote Manipulator System, ulation, and neural networks. perturbations to calcium, carbohy- the integration of the Space Station Contact: drate, and protein metabolism, sodium Mobile Service Center and the Special Charles R. Price homeostasis, and the reninaldosterone Purpose Dexterous Manipulation into (713) 483-1523 response. Analytical methods are the Space Station for long term main- being developed for identifying hor- tenance, and the development of ad- Computer Graphics Research — mone-binding proteins, antidiuretic vanced robotic systems and compo- Development of advanced graphics hormone, atrial natriuretic hormone, nents to provide adaptive robots for techniques for robotic real-time man- and parathormone. Other methods are long term autonomous missions in in-the-loop simulation development, as being developed to assess electrolytic space and on lunar and planetary well as for video documentation of and hormonal status noninvasively surfaces. robotic scenarios. This includes during simulated and actual space Contact: research and development of algo- flight. Edith C. Taylor rithms such as radiosity and ray trac- Contact: (713) 483-1527 ing, developing efficient graphics front Peggy A. Whitson ends to simulations which must run in (713)483-7046 Robotic Applications — real time, animation, geometric model- Development of emerging technolo- ing, virtual reality, and telepresence. Immune Responses to Space gies, such as advanced control Contact: Flight — The purported detrimental schemes (i.e., force/torque feedback Charles J. Gott effect of space flight on the immune and adaptive control), multiarm con- (713) 483-8107 system has far-reaching implications trol (for both kinematically sufficient for maintaining crew health in space, and redundant systems), external sens- particularly on long missions. Ongoing ing, collision detection and avoidance, Space & Life Sciences projects include characterization of on-line path planning, remote control receptors on peripheral-blood mono- of multiple robots at diverse locations, Biomedical and Nutrition cytes by flow cytometry and image and application of these technologies Research — The present program analysis; analysis of the antibody to mobile platforms and fixed hand seeks to define at the cellular and bio- response to microbial challenges in manipulators. chemical levels the key elements vitro', and characterizing changes in Contact: underlying the integrated physiologi- microbial physiology as they relate to Charles R. Price cal response to space flight, with the the risk of infectious disease. (713)483-1523 goals of defining and monitoring crew Contact: health and developing countermea- Duane L. Pierson Intelligent Robotics — Development sures. Flight-induced changes in fluid (713) 483-7166 of dexterous hands/arms to fulfill the and electrolyte balance, orthostatic future need for autonomous, dexter- and cardiovascular function, erythro- ous robots. Current research efforts poiesis, and the musculoskeletal, include the development of intelligent immunological, and metabolic nutri- control systems for arms and hands, tion systems are being investigated in vivo using head-down bed rest, and in vitro using cell cultures. Contact: Helen W. Lane (713) 483-7188 56

Biotechnology and Bioprocess- Physiologic Research — Adaptation behavioral modeling, performance ing — Microgravity can be used to to space flight can affect human health assessment, goal-setting, and preven- facilitate the separation and synthesis and performance during space flight tive mental health. of medically important biological and on return to the influence of gravi- Contact: materials, as well as to enhance the ty. The laboratories of the Space Deborah Harm formation of tissue-like aggregates in Biomedical Research Institute conduct (713) 483-7222 specially designed bioreactors. Theo- research involving several physiologic retical and experimental projects are systems (cardiovascular, pulmonary, Exercise Physiology — The Exercise under way to improve cell-culture nervous, and musculoskeletal) to char- Physiology Laboratory is intimately techniques using normal and neoplas- acterize these adaptations. Investi- involved in investigations which sup- tic cell types under microgravity con- gations are conducted both in flight port the Space Biomedical Research ditions. and during ground-based simulations. Institute. The investigators and engi- Contact: Contact: neers are also active in the develop- Clarence F. Sams Chuck Sawin ment of future flight hardware for (713) 483-7160 (713) 483-7202 extended space flight. A major aim is to understand the degradations in Pharmacokinetic Research — Space Environmental Physiology/ exercise capacity and the role which flight appears to alter the disposition Biophysics Research — The physio- exercise may play in the maintenance of drugs administered to crew mem- logical and biophysical influences and of normal function in other physiolog- bers. Characterizing these changes is interactions of environmental factors ic systems. essential to design effective treatments such as gas species and their partial Contact: for illnesses in flight. Bed-rest and in- pressures, temperature, gravity, Michael Greenisen flight studies are being conducted to decompression, and exercise are being (713) 483-3874 identify the physiological changes that investigated by the Environmental influence drug disposition; to develop Physiology Laboratory. Experiments Space Food Development — The simple, noninvasive monitoring proce- involving human subjects and mathe- Food Systems Engineering Facility sup- dures that can be used in microgravity; matical models are pursued. The goal ports food development activities for to develop computer models of phar- is the understanding of physiological the Shuttle, Space Station, and future macokinetics; and to develop appro- problems and developing monitoring missions. Weight and volume of space priate drug-delivery systems. equipment. food systems are critical and projects Contact: Contact: like Lunar Base and Mars missions Lakshmi Putcha Michael Powell require major efforts in food develop- (713) 483-7760 (713) 483-5413 ment. Research areas of interest include: food development, acceptabil- Psychological Research — The ity measures for microgravity and iso- Behavior and Performance Laboratory lation, food bioregeneration, shelf life, conducts investigations to develop preservation, packaging, and food effective crew selection, training, and waste management. in-flight support procedures and guide- Contact: lines for manned space missions. Charles T. Bourland Toward this end, specific areas of (713) 483-3632 study include stress and adaptation to extended confinement, team dynamics and leadership, team composition, methods of nonintrusive measure- ment, cognition, behavioral strategies, 57

Space Radiation — Research in Planetary Materials Analysis — Information Systems space radiation with the emphasis on Research involves laboratory analysis the need for crew health protection. of lunar rocks, terrestrial rocks, mete- Advanced Software Techno- The experimental program involves orites, and cosmic dust particles to logy— Responsible for developing passive dosimetry measurements with unravel the early geochemical history and evaluating advanced software thermoluminescent detectors and of solid matter in the solar system, the technology in support of NASA institu- active dosimetry measurements, geologic evolution of planets and tional and mission operations. Current which involve development of new rocky protoplanetary objects, includ- efforts include research into general charged particle detectors that are ing comets, to plan the technology for purpose intelligent training systems, flown on the Shuttle. The theoretical a lunar base, and for robotic missions expert assistants, neural networks for program includes the study of and to the moon, Mars, and asteroids. machine learning and image/speech improvements in the trapped radiation Remotely sensed data of Earth and recognition, parallel/distributed sys- belts models, the galactic cosmic radia- other planetary bodies are also used tems, verification/validation tech- tion models, and studies related to for these same objectives. niques, computer aided software engi- solar energetic particle events. Contact: neering (CASE), fuzzy logic, genetic Contact: Gordon McKay algorithms, planning and scheduling Gautam Badhwar (713) 483-5041 technology, and knowledge capture (713) 483-5065 technology. Contact: Orbital Debris — This theoretical Safety, Reliability, and Robert Savely and experimental program includes Quality Assurance (713) 483-8105 understanding satellite breakups and other on-orbit sources of orbital Risk Management — Opportunities debris. Models are developed which exist for research in the development combine debris sources with natural and implementation of quantitative sinks to describe the debris environ- and qualitative techniques to identify ment for both low Earth orbit and geo- the parameters of a comprehensive synchronous orbit. Measurements are risk management program for com- conducted of debris physical proper- plex space systems and facilities. ties and flux using optical, infrared, Approaches include statistical model- radar, and impacted surfaces from ing of failures and their effects; proba- returned spacecraft. Hypervelocity bilistic risk assessment; fault tree, guns are used to test spacecraft shield- event tree, or decision tree analysis; ing concepts. and the dynamic integration of ele- Contact: ment hazards arising from both Donald J. Kessler ground and mission phases. (713)483-5313 Contact: Richard Holzapfel (713) 483-4290 58 John F. Kennedy Space Center

Program Administrator: The John F. Kennedy Space sciences, advanced software, and artifi- Center, located near Cape cial intelligence in support of the Mr. Warren Camp launch environment. Manager, University Liaison Canaveral, Florida, is Contact: Mail Stop HM-CIU NASA's primary launch site. William Sheehan NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center The center handles the prepa- DE-TDO/Chief, Technology KSC, FL 32899 ration, integration, checkout, Development and Commercialization (407) 867-3494 Office and launch of space vehicles (407) 867-2544 and their payloads. Areas of research available for Graduate Student Researchers Earth Sciences are in engineering and the CELSS Research — Breadboard Earth Sciences. Additional Project includes crop growth and pro- information concerning the duction, chemical allelopathy, micro- bial ecology, biomass conversion, and following opportunities may be systems control and automation. May obtained from the program conduct short-term environmental administrator. response tests for community gas exchange and nutrient uptake.Learn to track gaseous and microbiological con- Engineering taminants in a CELSS system. Biomass conversion research in extraction of Advanced Programs—Technology water-soluble compounds from crop development and application efforts residue, enzymatic hydrolysis of crop related to launch and landing activities residue cellulose, production of edible for space launch vehicles. Includes mycoprotein, conversion of organic facilities which can withstand the particulates and soluble residues from unique environmental conditions on all other reactors into microbial bio- the Atlantic beach side of Florida, and mass, and aquaculture research. the harsh components of the plume Robotic techniques for planting, cul- created by liquid and solid fueled rock- turing, and harvesting crops in a ets. Materials, structures, ground sup- closed growth chamber. port equipment and development, and Contact: systems engineering for integrating John C. Sager (407) 853-5142 these components are open for gradu- Biological Research and Life Support ate student involvement. Laboratories, Office, MD-RES equipment, and NASA engineers and managers are available at KSC for Environmental/Ecological these and other opportunities in elec- Research — Research on effects of tronics and instrumentation, non-de- Kennedy Space Center operations on structive testing methods, material barrier island ecosystems. Studies also include monitoring and assessment of habitat management programs on veg- etation, Federally-listed threatened and endangered species, and other protect- ed species found on Kennedy Space Center's wildlife refuge, including Florida scrub jay, bald eagle, gopher, 59

tortoise, manatee, indigo snake, Florida beach mouse, and several species of sea turtle. Studies on use of geographic information systems (GIS) as decision support for environmental monitoring and management. Contact: William K. Knott (407) 853-5142 Biological Research and life Support Office, MD-RES

Space Biology

Plant Space Biology Research- Research on carbon exchange rates and carbohydrate metabolism of high- er plants in response to gravity. Includes studies of plant growth with lighting systems proposed for space- flight, such as high-output LEDs, effects of closed atmospheres and eth- ylene on plants, and development and testing of nutrient delivery and rooting systems for growing plants in micro- gravity. Studies on changes in gene expression in response to different fac- tors of the spaceflight environment. Contact: Raymond M. Wheeler (407) 853-5142 Biological Research and Life Support Office, MD-RES 60 Langley Research Center

Program Administrators The mission of the NASA Aerodynamics — Opportunities for Langley Research Center is to research in the aerodynamics area Edwin J.. Prior include subsonic aerodynamics, tran- Deputy Director for Education increase the knowledge and sonic aerodynamics, supersonic aero- capability of the United States dynamics, full-scale Reynolds number Roger A. Hathaway in a full range of aeronautics technology, propulsion integration, University Affairs Officer take off and landing characteristics, Mail Stop 400 .disciplines and in selected applied CFD, wind tunnel operations, NASA Langley Research Center space disciplines. The following productivity improvements, and Hampton, VA 23681-0001 advanced test techniques. (804) 864-4000 information provides, by FAX (804) 864-8835 Group, an overview of the cur- Contact: TDD (804) 864-5886 William P. Henderson rent disciplines in the Langley (804) 864-3520 program. Specific research activities associated with each Flight Dynamics and Controls — discipline are also included. Opportunities to conduct theoretical and applied research in flight dynam- ics include hazard characterization, Research and Technology detection and avoidance, laminar flow Group control, high Reynolds number research, and configuration aerody- namics. In the area of controls and The Research and Technology Group guidance, for both aircraft and space- consists of approximately 800 scien- craft, opportunities exist in multi-disci- tists, engineers, technicians and sup- plinary, nonlinear system analysis, port personnel who are responsible design, and implementation, as well as for performing basic research and crew station technology. Human fac- technology development in a broad tors issues are addressed through range of aeronautical and selected research in flight management and space disciplines. Through an interdis- vehicle operations technology, ciplinary approach, the group pro- advanced human and automation inte- duces proven and usable technology gration, improved cockpit/crew inter- for aerospace and nonaerospace cus- faces and decision aids. Research tomers. The Research and Technology being performed in these areas is tar- Group program includes the following geted for aircraft operating in all speed types of research activities: regimes, as well as to launch systems and orbiting spacecraft. Contact: Dana J. Dunham (804) 864-5061 Flight Dynamics Roland W. Bowles (804) 864-2035 Hazards Characterization, Detection, and Avoidance Kathy H. Abbott (804) 864-8262 Human/Automation Integration 61

Douglas B. Price include: tilt-rotor/helicopter noise, fan Information and Electromagnetic (804) 8646605 and jet noise, propeller noise, laminar Technology — Opportunities for Spacecraft Dynamics, Guidance, flow acoustics, acoustic response, inte- research covering information acquisi- and Control rior noise, sonic fatigue, structural tion, information processing and infor- James G. Batterson acoustics and noise propagation. The mation display for aerospace applica- (804) 8644059 area of computational acoustics repre- tions. Information acquisition includes Vehicle Operations sents a major new research thrust. laser sensing, microwave remote sens- Contact: ing technology including electromag- JackJ. Hatfield netic analysis methods, far-field and (804) 8642012 Jerry N. Hefner (804) 8643640 near-field antenna measurements, com- Cockpit/Crew Interfaces pact range technology, and aircraft Claude Keckler Clemans A. Powell and spacecraft antenna technology. (804) 8641718 (804) 8643640 Information processing and computer Aircraft Guidance and Control technology research areas include Gas Dynamics — Opportunities for optical data processing, solid-state Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics — research in the gas dynamics area memory technology, very high-speed Opportunities are available in the include experimental assessment and information processing, concurrent areas of computational, theoretical and enhancement of hypersonic aerody- processing and highly reliable and experimental fluid mechanics and namic, aerothermodynamic, and fluid fault-tolerant systems. dynamic characteristics of future Earth acoustics. Fluid mechanics research Contact: addresses: the enhanced understand- and planetary aerospace vehicle con- cepts, entry vehicle aerothermodynam- Jack E. Pennington ing of viscous flow phenomena includ- (804)8641596 ing boundary layer transition, turbu- ics, configuration technology, plane- lence, and separated and vortical tary mission support technology, aero- dynamic and aerothermodynamic Materials — The Materials Division flows; modeling of transition, turbu- conducts research on advanced mate- lence, and vortical flow phenomena; flight data analysis, integrated fluid- thermal structural analysis techniques, rials and nondestructive evaluation computational fluid mechanics includ- (NDE) technologies for aircraft and ing accurate and efficient algorithm aerothermal loads experimentation including computational fluid dynam- spacecraft structures. Materials development; innovative flow control research includes development of high concepts for reducing induced and ics, and hypersonic propulsion research. performance polymers, light alloys and friction drag, enhancing performance composites, and the processing and of future high-lift systems, and reduc- Contact: manufacturing technologies required ing/increasing mixing; advanced non- Allan R. Wieting to improve performance and reduce intrusive flow diagnostics, and compu- (804) 8641359 weight and cost of aerospace struc- tational multi-disciplinary design opti- tures. Service life testing is performed mization systems. Acoustics research Competitiveness — A major problem to establish durability of these materi- addresses the understanding, predic- facing the aerospace industry is how als under simulated aircraft and space- tion, and reduction of the noise associ- to become more competitive. De- craft service conditions. Analyses and ated with subsonic and supersonic air- creased cost and increased value char- modeling are performed to predict craft. This computational, theoretical acterize competitiveness. This task is structural integrity and develop a fun- and experimental research focuses on to concurrently examine, in the con- damental understanding of failure engine, rotor, and airframe noise as text of competitiveness, (1) the system mechanisms. Nondestructive evalua- well as sonic booms generated by by which we bring forth, sustain, and tion techniques and methodologies are supersonic aircraft. Specific areas retire the aerospace product and (2) developed to inspect aircraft and the system by which we bring space launch vehicle structures. forth, sustain, and retire that aero- space product system. Contact: Charles E. Harris Contact: (804) 8643449 Ed Dean Fatigue and Fracture of Metals and (804) 8648213 Composites 62

Howard G. Maahs to enhance structural performance. ment, and direction of all related (804) 864-3084 Studies of landing and impact dynam- design, fabrication, testing, and certifi- Refractory Matrix Composites and ics focus on increasing safety during cation of experimental flight control Thermal Protection Materials ground operations and crash impact. and display systems. W. Barry Lisagor Research in the aeroelasticity area (804) 864-3140 ranges from unsteady aerodynamic Electronic and Information Advanced Light Alloy and Metal Matrix theory development to wind-tunnel Systems — To pioneer and provide Composites tests of flutter models. The division technology, systems, and services in operates a number of major facilities. the areas of instrumentation, scientific Terry L. St. Clair These include the Aircraft Landing and computing, and simulation to sustain (804) 864-4273 Dynamics Facility, the Impact Langley's continued research preemi- High Performance Polymers and Dynamics Research Facility, the nence and to manage the Center's Polymer Matrix Composites Structures Laboratory, and Transonic major aerospace flight research pro- Eric I. Madaras Dynamics Tunnel. jects. The following items represent (804) 864-4970 Contact: active research disciplines: Nondestructive Evaluation Sciences Eleanor C. Wynne Ultrasonic Propagation and Scattering (804) 864-2934 Advanced Sensor Systems — Solid- in Composites state laser lidar systems, semiconduc- Electronics Reliability Sciences tor detector, and high-temperature David E. Bowles Internal Operations Group superconductor technologies for (804) 864-3095 spaceflight applications. Spacecraft Materials and Space Supports the Center's research pro- Contact: Environmental Effects grams and project activities, with spe- Norman Barnes cial emphasis on formulating and (804) 864-1630 Structures — The Structures Division implementing major policies and pro- Solid-State Laser Technology conducts a wide variety of analytical grams relating to resources manage- William E. Miller and experimental research aimed ment, acquisition and contracting (804) 864-1720 towards the development of more effi- activities, data systems management Semiconductor Detector Technology cient structures for aerospace vehicles and technical support services. Also Leo D. Staton — airplanes, helicopters, and space includes the Center's Construction of vehicles. Research studies focusing on Facilities program; all functions neces- (804) 864-1793 multi-disciplinary design are carried sary to design, install, operate and Lidar Systems Technology out to synergistically couple a number maintain large mechanical and electri- Stephanie A. Wise of technical disciplines into aerospace cal systems, complex research facili- (804) 864-8086 vehicle design. In addition, analytical ties and equipment and test apparatus; High-Temperature Superconductor methods for improving structural all functions necessary to provide and Technology analysis and design are developed and maintain institutional buildings, struc- Preston I. Carraway validated by experimental studies. tures, and grounds; all functions neces- (804) 864-1894 New structural concepts for both sary to provide design, analysis, fabri- UV and IR Detector Technology metal and composite structures are cation and operation of complex aero- developed and evaluated through labo- space systems and research test arti- Terri L. Lazarus ratory testing. Additional research is cles; Centerwide electronic discipline (804)864-1572 conducted in integrating advanced for projects and programs; the opera- Spectroscopy of Laser and Optical structural and active-control concepts tion and maintenance of the Center's Materials central computer complex and simula- tion facilities; and all functions neces- sary to operate and maintain the Center's daily flight operations inclu- sive of aircraft and avionics mainte- nance, research pilot staff manage- 63

Measurement Science and Kamran Daryabeigi Jules J. Lambiotte Instrument Technology — Far- (804) 864-4745 (804) 864-5792 infrared sensor technology, electro- Thermal Measurements Scientific Visualization mechanical sensors, digital data sys- John C. Hoppe Image Processing tems, nonintrusive optical and laser (804) 8644618 Grid Generation measurements, optical and laser spec- Optical Interferometry Photography Numerical Techniques for High troscopy, mass spectrometry and gas Performance Scientific Computers chromatography, thermal measure- James B. Miller ments, structural dynamics and (804) 864-7101 Engineering — Provides the engi- acoustics measurements, optical inter- Advanced Instrument Pointing, neering design and fabrication of flight ferometry and photogrammetry tech- Tracking, and Scanning Systems hardware and research test articles niques, and electronics applications. Vernie H. Knight and equipment; the planning and Contact: (804) 864-1658 implementation of the Construction of Ira G. Nolt Aircraft Data Systems Facilities program; and all institutional (804) 864-1623 John K. Diamond services in support of the aeronautical Far-Infrared Sensor Technology (804) 864-1668 and space research programs of the Langley Research Center. Thomas A. Shull Analog Signal Processing (804) 864-1837 Lorelei S. Gibson Mechanical Systems Engineer- Advanced Electronics Optical Data (804) 864-4643 big — Engaged in the design, analysis, Storage Pressure Measurements development, and testing of research Robert L. Krieger William W. Hunter systems. These systems include space- (804) 864-4654 (804) 864-4581 borne and aircraft experiments and Digital Data Acquisition Laser Velocimetry instruments required to conduct the Reginald J. Exton David L. Gray Langley Research Center research and (804) 864-4605 (804) 864-4661 technology program. Optical and Laser Spectroscopy Electromechanical Sensors Contact: Billy T. Upchurch Structural Dynamics and Acoustics Kenneth D. Hedgepeth (804) 864-4750 Measurements (804) 864-7008 Mass Spectrometry and Gas Development and application of sys- Chromatography Advanced Computational tems engineering tools and methods to Capability — Piloted simulation, space and aircraft flight research Philip Brockman computer generated scientific visual- projects (804) 864-1554 ization, image processing, grid genera- Solid-State Laser Systems John W. Cox tion, and numerical techniques (804)864-7171 Glen W. Sachse for high-performance scientific Design and development of mechani- (804)864-1566 computers. cal systems for space remote sensing In Situ Diode Laser Sensors Contact: instruments and technology Tom A. Shull Billy R. Ashworth experiments (804) 864-1837 (804 ) 864-6449 Design of electro-mechanical compo- Advanced Electronics Piloted Simulation nents, structural systems, terminal con- Jerry H. Tucker Norman Barnes trol systems, mechanisms, and stable (804) 864-7342 (804) 864-1630 optic bench design Microelectronics and Quantum Mechanical Modeling of Microprocessors Laser Materials Frank C. Thames (804) 864-5596 Flight Software Systems Mass Storage Techniques Scalable Computing Architectures 64

William W. Fernald Engineering Laboratory Unit — Climate Research Program — (804) 864-7081 Physical and chemical analytical test- Theoretical, laboratory, and field inves- Design and development of mechani- ing services needed for the operation tigations of the radiative properties of cal systems for aeronautics flight of facilities at Langley Research natural volcanic and man-made experiments Center. Development of analytical aerosols and assessment of their Design of mechanisms, structural sys- instrumentation that will advance ser- impact on regional and global climate. tems, aircraft structural modifications, vices at Langley Research Center or Remote and in-situ observations of and instrumentation packaging will advance technology in aeronautics cloud properties and radiation balance and space projects such as instrumen- components and theoretical studies of William S. Lassiter tation for environmental controls, inor- the role played by clouds in the (804) 864-7022 ganic analysis by X-ray fluorescence, Earth's radiation balance. Systems level thermal, fluids, and flow field and temperature visualiza- Contact: structural analysis and verification of tion for wind tunnel models, and spaceflight and aircraft flight Patrick Minnis superconductive materials aerospace (804)864-5671 experiments utilization. Application of finite element and finite Contact: Tropospheric Chemistry Research difference methods including the Warren C. Kelliher Program — Assess and understand development of CAE tools (804) 864-4172 human impact on the regional-to-glob- al-scale troposphere; define chemical Facility Systems Engineering — Space and Atmospheric Sciences and physical processes governing the Engineer and design aerospace Program Group — The goal of the global geochemical cycles from empir- research facilities and equipment for Space and Atmospheric Sciences ical and analytical modeling studies, aeronautical and space research Program Group is to conduct research laboratory measurements, technology including: wind-tunnel structures and that will establish and maintain a solid developments, and field measure- systems, test sections, model supports, foundation of technology embracing ments; and exploit unique and critical environmental chambers, heaters, all of the disciplines associated with roles that space observations can pro- coolers, mechanical drives, electrical space and atmospheric sciences and to vide. drive machinery, and electrical distrib- provide a wellspring of ideas for Contact: ution systems. High-temperature aero- advanced concepts. These programs dynamic research for the National James M. Hoell include the following disciplines and (804) 864-5826 Aero-Space Plane (NASP) in the specific research activities. Langley 8-Foot High Temperature Upper Atmosphere Research Tunnel, low temperature aerodynamic Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Program — Expand the scientific research in the National Transonic Experiment (SAGE) — Analysis and understanding of the Earth's stratos- Facility, magnetic suspension control interpretation of atmospheric aerosol, phere and the ability to assess poten- systems in the Active Control Test ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and water tial threats to the upper atmosphere. Facility, and landing loads at the vapor measured from SAGE I (1979- Includes developing empirical and the- Aircraft Landing Dynamics Facility. 81) and SAGE U (1984-present) satel- oretical models, formulating new Contact: lite instruments. Studies are directed instruments and techniques, perform- George W. Ivey toward developing global climatolo- ing laboratory and field measurements, (804) 864-7286 gies of these species and understand- and performing data analysis and inter- David C. Beals ing the role these species play in pretation studies. (804) 864-7179 atmospheric processes such as ozone Contact: Engineering and design of aeronautical depletion and global warming. William L. Grose and space research facilities Contact: (804)864-5820 Structural finite-element modeling, Lament R. Poole dynamic structural analysis, heat trans- (804) 864-2689 fer processes of research facilities, processes, and equipment 65

Measurement of Air Pollution Global Biogeochemical Cycling — In-Space Technology from Satellites (MAPS) — Analysis Theoretical and field investigations of Experiments — Definition and devel- and interpretation of measurements the biogeochemical cycling of atmos- opment of flight experiments for the from an instrument developed to pro- pheric gases, with particular emphasis verification and validation of unique, vide global tropospheric carbon on the global budgets of oxygen, nitro- innovative space technologies in the monoxide data from the unique van- gen, and carbon dioxide to better space environment or under micro- tage of the Space Shuttle, with the understand global change. Field mea- gravity conditions. opportunity for frequent flights. surements include studies of biogenic Contacti : Contact: emissions of atmospheric gases from Joseph C. Moorman Henry G. Reichle the soil and oceans and gases pro- (804) 864-3776 (804) 864-5383 duced and released to the atmosphere during biomass burning, i.e., the Earth Radiation Budget burning of the world's forests and Experiment (ERBE) — Analysis of grasslands. measurements from instruments on Contact: three satellites that provide data on Joel S. Levine the Earth's radiation budget for assess- (804) 864-5692 ing climatic impact of human activities and natural phenomena as well as a Transportation Systems — Future better understanding of all climatic space vehicle concept development, parameters, in particular, the radiation operations, research, and computer- budget components on a global scale. aided design. Contact: Contact: Bruce R. Barkstrom Charles H. Eldred (804) 864-5676 (804)864-8211

Halogen Occultation Experiment Spacecraft System Studies — (HALOE) — Analysis and interpreta- Spacecraft concept development stud- tion of measurements from this experi- ies for Global Change science mis- ment on the Upper Atmosphere sions; large Earth orbiting spacecraft Research Satellite to improve under- and platform systems studies; space- standing of stratospheric ozone deple- craft subsystem analyses, performance, tion, particularly the impact of chloro- and technology assessments; mission fluoromethanes on ozone by analyzing design; and computer-aided design and global vertical profile data of O3, HC1, simulations. CH4, H2O, NO, NO2> and HF. Contact: Contact: Richard A. Russell John G. Wells (804) 864-1935 (804) 864-1859 66 Lewis Research Center

Program Administrator: The Lewis Research Center and robust fault-tolerant controls and systems. Application of neural net- Dr. Francis Montegani has a broad research program works to controls and advanced Office of University Programs embracing aeronautical dynamic modeling and modeling Mail Stop CP-1 propulsion, space propulsion methodologies are active research NASA Lewis Research Center areas also. Cleveland, OH 44135 and power, space electronics, (216) 433-2956 and microgravity science. Contact: Walter C. Merrill Brief descriptions of some of the (216) 433-6328 major research activities at Lewis follow. Optical Measurement Systems — Optical instrumentation technology is developed for aerospace propulsion Aeropropulsion Analysis R&D requirements, with emphasis on laser-based techniques for nonintru- Aircraft Propulsion Systems sive gas path diagnostics and struc- Analysis — Advanced propulsion tures measurements. Both point and concepts are conceived and analyzed whole-field measurements of parame- to estimate performance for typical ters such as velocity, temperature, and flight vehicle applications, determine species concentration in rotating tur- relative merits compared with alterna- bomachinery and combustors are tive propulsion systems, and derive obtained using laser anemometry, laser optimum designs of systems integrated spectroscopy, Rayleigh/Mie scattering, with a vehicle. Also, analytical and interferometry and other techniques. numerical models that predict perfor- Optical systems and image processing mance, noise, and weight of complete techniques developed in the Division's propulsion systems and components laboratories are demonstrated in are developed, along with models of Center research facilities. flight vehicles. Contact: Contact: Daniel J. Lesco Daniel C. Mikkelson (216) 433-3728 (216)977-7011 Sensors — Research sensors are being developed to support a wide Instrumentation and variety of applications which include materials development, structural test- Controls Technology ing, aero-thermal-structural code vali- dation and propulsion component and Controls and Dynamics — Advanced system performance testing. The digital electronic and fiber-based con- desired characteristics for research trols and systems are developed for air sensors are high accuracy, high relia- breathing and rocket engines, motivat- bility, and survivability. Increasingly ed by increased performance, oper- hostile measurement system environ- ability, and durability requirements. ments make the achievement of these Included in the scope of the research characteristics a major challenge. are control theory applications, real- time flight/propulsion simulation, inte- grated flight/propulsion controls, sys- tem life-extending controls, fiber-optic and electro-optic control components, 67

Measurements of current interest approaches combining two or more chemistry, and turbulence. State-of-the- include material surface temperature, numerical methods.. Pacing items for art experimental facilities, instrumen- strain, heat flux, gas temperature, and advanced applications are three-dimen- tation, and data acquisition, reduction, gas species. sional complex geometry mesh gener- and analysis methods and facilities are Contact: ation techniques, grid lattice construc- employed W. Dan Williams tion, and solution-adaptive mesh clus- Contact: (216) 433-3725 tering. Three-dimensional turbulent Louis A. Povinelli flow fields with emphasis on turbu- (216) 433-5818 High Temperature Electronics lence models are of continuing inter- Technology — Development of sili- est. An expanded and focused effort con carbide-based, solid-state electron- on developing, validating, and apply- Aeronautical Propulsion ing advanced turbulence models for ic device technology for high tempera- Systems ture, high radiation, and high power propulsion flow physics is a growing research activity. applications, such as advanced aero- Hypersonic Propulsion space propulsion and power systems. Contact: Technology — Analytical and experi- Basic and applied research efforts Louis A. Povinelli mental research directed at the aero- include silicon carbide crystal growth (216) 433-5818 dynamic design of hypersonic propul- techniques and all areas of device fab- sion systems and their integration with rication technology. Computational Technology — the airframe. Work includes analysis Contact: Development and application of and test on inlets, nozzles, combus- William C. Nieberding advanced computer hardware and soft- tors, and other critical components. (216) 433-3727 ware to the simulation of flows associ- Experimental efforts include design of ated with aerospace propulsion com- model and instrumentation. New theo- ponents and systems. Included in the retical flow analyses, which include Internal Fluid Mechanics scope of the research is the synthesis 3-D shock/boundary layer interactions, and benchmarking of parallel comput- are applied to the design and evalua- Computational Fluid Mechanics — er architectures and algorithms for tion of experiments. solving 3-D steady and unsteady flow Development and application of new Contact: techniques for analysis of subsonic, problems, the use of expert systems as intelligent interfaces to large computer Frank D. Berkopec supersonic, and hypersonic aerospace (216) 433-3400 propulsion system flows associated codes, the use of parallel processing and interactive graphics techniques with inlets, nozzles, compressors, tur- Emissions Technology — bines, combustors, augmentors, and for on-line visualization of computa- tion results, and experimental data and Experimental and analytical research rocket systems. Research is also con- to advance the understanding of emis- ducted in the numerical simulation of improved data handling software for distributed computing environments. sions formation in combustion fluids in the space environment, processes in subsonic and supersonic including such phenomena as rarefied Contact: gas turbine aircraft engines. Research gas flows, microgravity effects on free Louis A. Povinelli includes experiments in flame tube surfaces, g-jitter effects on fluid mix- (216) 433-5818 and sector combustors using advanced ing, and microgravity combustion. diagnostics. Analytical work involves Emphasis is on numerical methods Experimental Fluid Mechanics — using KIVA II and ALLSPD computer with greater accuracy and significantly Experiments to verify selected fluid codes to predict combustion emis- increased convergence rates. Of mechanics computations and to sions and compare with on-going increasing importance are computa- advance understanding of flow tional strategies using such concepts physics, heat transfer, and combustion as multiblock grids and zonal processes fundamental to aerospace propulsion. Experimental data are ana- lyzed to aid development of aerother- modynamic models embracing com- bustion thermodynamics, reaction 68

experimental results. State-of-the-art and high-speed gears are being devel- puter code development, and perfor- experimental facilities, instrumenta- oped. A full-scale helicopter transmis- mance modeling. tion, analysis methods and computa- sion test rig is available, as are facilities Contact: tional facilities are employed. for fundamental studies of lubrication, Lawrence J. Bober Contact: endurance, efficiency, noise of spur (216) 433-3944 Richard W. Niedzwiecki and bevel gears, and planetary gear (216) 433-3407 sets. High Performance Aircraft Contact: Propulsion Technology — Research Aircraft Icing — Analytical and John J. Coy on propulsion systems for advanced experimental efforts devoted to devel- (216) 433-3915 high performance aircraft, including oping novel concepts for aircraft ice highly maneuverable fighters and short protection, and fundamental experi- Low Noise Nozzle Technology — takeoff/vertical landing fighters. ments to understand and model the Analytical and experimental research Included are theoretical analyses and physics of ice formations. Changes in on exhaust nozzle aerodynamics and experimental investigations of individ- aircraft performance with ice buildup acoustics for high speed commercial ual components and complete sys- on unprotected components are quan- transport applications. The goal is to tems. Novel propulsion concepts are tified. Extensive aerodynamic and ther- achieve takeoff noise levels competi- evaluated and research is performed to modynamic numerical models are tive with the best subsonic engine develop key technologies. Research developed and utilized. technology. Advanced 3-D full Navier includes analytical studies, application Interdisciplinary efforts are devoted to Stokes computational methods are of advanced design codes, and plan- developing instruments to characterize used for nozzle flow analysis and per- ning and execution of experimental icing cloud properties, measure ice formance predictions. Acoustic analy- programs. accretion on surface, and detect ses utilize time and frequency domain Contact: changes in aircraft performance in acoustic analogy models in conjunc- Thomas J. Biesiadny icing conditions. Experimental tion with aerodynamic predictions. (216) 433-3967 research is conducted with a specially The more promising nozzle concepts equipment Twin Otter aircraft and in are evaluated experimentally in large Fan Aerodynamics and the Lewis Icing Research Tunnel, the dedicated facilities where aerodynamic Acoustics — Analytical and experi- largest refrigerated icing tunnel in the performance, near and far field mental investigations of the aerody- world. acoustic performance, and flow details namics and acoustics of turbofans. Contact: via advanced flow diagnostics can be Advanced CFD and CAA methods are John J. Reinmann determined. applied and compared to experimental (216) 433-3900 Contact: data from model scale tests. Noise pre- Bernard J. Blaha dictions are made using time and fre- Aircraft Power Transfer (216) 433-3933 quency domain acoustic analogy mod- Technology — Power transfer tech- els in conjunction with aerodynamic nology for advanced propulsion drive Turbomachinery Technology — predictions. Aerodynamic modeling systems having higher power-to- Research to advance turbomachinery emphasizes integration of fan, nacelle weight ratio, longer life, higher relia- technology for gas turbine engines for and core flow on system performance bility, lower noise, and higher efficien- a wide range of civil and military appli- and acoustic radiation. New fan con- cy. Areas under study include design cations. Areas addressed include cepts are developed and evaluated for optimization, new gear arrangements advanced axial and radial compressors high performance and low-noise and tooth forms, materials, lubrication, and turbines as well as innovative characteristics. and cooling. New analytical tools for components such as wave rotors. Contact: stress analysis, vibration, lubrication, Research interests include cavity flows John F. Groeneweg as well as main stream flows. Turbine (216) 433-3945 research includes internal coolant flows and film cooling. Involved are flow visualization, detailed flow field and heat transfer measurements, com- 69

High Performance Computing and nificant portion of this effort is being Polymers and Polymer Matrix Communications/Numerical directed to computational modeling of Composites — Development of Propulsion System Simulator — growth processes as they are influ- advanced polymers and polymer Development of a propulsion system enced by gravity. The laboratory matrix composites for use in aero- simulator involving the integration of includes an extensive computational space propulsion and power and disciplines, components, and high per- and graphical display facility. space communications systems. Areas formance computers into high level Contact: of research include polymer synthesis, software environment. Of particular Thomas K. Glasgow characterization, and processing; interest is the structuring of object ori- (216) 433-5013 composite processing, characteriza- ented component models within a tion and evaluation; interface studies; data flow control network. The Ceramic-Matrix Composites — polymer/composite aging and life pre- numerically intensive component Development of structure/process- diction; and determination of struc- models will employ various parallel ing/property relationships of ceramic- ture/property relationships. Research processing strategies to speed the matrix composites including fibers and is interdisciplinary and involves work overall system processing times. fiber coatings for high-temperature, in organic and polymer chemistry, Various algorithms will be explored to high-reliability requirements for physics, chemical engineering, materi- solve complex geometry, time varying, advanced aerospace propulsion and als science and engineering, and engine system problems on a hetero- power applications. Various process- mechanical engineering. geneous network of computers. ing approaches, including polymer Contact: Contact: pyrolysis, melt infiltration, and sol-gel Michael A. Meador Isaac Lopez processing, are being pursued. (216) 433-9518 (216) 433-5893 Properties of interest include flaw dis- tribution, phase morphology, strength, Environmental Durability of toughness, crack initiation and propa- Advanced Materials — Research to Materials gation characteristics, and resistance understand the mechanisms of materi- to environmental attack. al degradation and to develop Microgravity Materials Science — Contact: approaches to improve the durability Fundamental research to understand Stanley R. Levine of material systems for advanced tur- the effect of gravity on materials (216) 433-3276 bines. Of particular interest are high processing as it influences convection, temperature chemistry, environmental buoyancy, sedimentation, and hydro- Tribology — Research to gain a fun- effects and the development of coat- static pressure. Central to this effort is damental understanding of the lubrica- ings for metals, intermetallics, and the Microgravity Materials Science tion, adhesion, and wear phenomena ceramics and their composites. Laboratory, which is used by scientists of materials in relative motion that Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), to develop experiments for eventual meet increased speed, load, and tem- physical vapor deposition, and plasma flight on the Space Shuttle. The labora- perature demands of advanced aero- spray processes are used in developing tory develops advanced flight hard- space propulsion and power systems. coatings. Modeling efforts comple- ware and supporting equipment for Both synthesized liquid lubricants and ment experimental activities in TBC processing and analysis of metals, solid lubricants created by plasma film and in environmental degradation ceramics, glasses, and polymers. Areas deposition techniques are under study. studies. of research include directional solidifi- Tribological behavior is investigated in Contact: cation, telerobotic control, flow diag- situ using a variety of techniques Leslie A. Greenbauer-Seng nostics, macro- and micro-segregation, including Auger electron, X-ray photo- (216) 433-6781 undercooling, sol-gel and containerless electron spectroscopy, and infrared processing, and crystal growth. A sig- microspectroscopy. Contact: Stephen V. Pepper (216) 433-6061 70

Metal Matrix and Intel-metallic Concurrent Engineering Computational Structures Matrix Composites — Development Simulation — Research for develop- Technology — Development, integra- of advanced materials, such as metal ing integrated software packages for tion, and demonstration of technology matrix composites, intermetallic com- the computational simulation of multi- to enhance the role of computational pounds, and superalloys, and innova- disciplinary procedures through which modeling in the design and develop- tive processing concepts, such as propulsion structural systems are ment process for propulsion and rapid solidification, arc spraying, and developed, conceived, designed, fabri- power system structural components. laser fiber growth for application to cated, verified, certified, installed, and Both efficiency and credibility of com- aerospace propulsion systems having operated (concurrent engineering). Of putational modeling are of concern so improved performance, higher tem- interest are simulation models and technologies that streamline the peratures, greater durability, and software packages which consist of: design/analysis process as well as lower cost. Microstructure/property (1) workstations with discipline-specif- improve the fidelity of computational relationships are being developed and ic modules, dedicated expert systems, predictions are of interest. Specific experimentally verified. Advanced ana- and local databases; (2) a central exec- areas of interest include computer- lytical and microscopy techniques ^ire utive module with a global database integrated simulation, multidisciplinary employed. with communication links for concur- computational mechanics, design Contact: rent interaction with the multidisci- optimization, and artificial intelligence. Michael V. Nathal pline workstation; (3) unsupervised- Simulation includes object-oriented (216) 433-9516 learning neural nets; (4) adaptive technology, information models, prod- methods for condensing and incorpo- uct schema, distributed computing, Robert V. Miner, Jr. rating information as the system virtual reality, and human interfaces. (216)433-9515 evolves; (5) zooming methods; (6) Computational mechanics includes graphic displays; and (7) computer- fundamental mechanics principles, dis- generated tapes for numerically con- crete solution methods, and parallel Structures trolled fabrication machines. computing algorithms. Design opti- Contact: mization includes mathematical pro- Advanced Composite Mechanics — gramming and optimality algorithms, Research for development of theories, Christos C. Chamis (216) 433-3252 heuristic methodology, and multidisci- computational algorithms, and requi- plinary design. Artificial intelligence site computer codes for the mechan- Probabilistic Structural includes expert systems and neural ics, analysis, and design of propulsion network applications. structures made from high tempera- Mechanics — Research for develop- ture composites. Of interest are poly- ing probabilistic structural mechanics, Contact: mer matrix, metal matrix, ceramic solution/computational algorithms, Dale A. Hopkins matrix, and carbon-carbon compos- and requisite computer codes to quan- (216) 433-3260 ites. Research focuses mainly on spe- tify uncertainties associated with the cialty finite elements for microme- parameters and variables required for Structural Dynamics — chanics and laminate theory; improved structural analysis and design for both Development of fundamental methods theories for life and durability predic- serial and parallel composites. for predicting and controlling the tion under hostile environment and Research focuses mainly on develop- dynamic response and stability of aero- long time exposure effects; probabilis- ing probabilistic theories and models space propulsion and power systems. tic composite mechanics; and integrat- for coupled thermal-mechanical-chemi- High-speed rotation provides a central ed computer programs for compo- cal-temporal structural behavior of focus for much of the work. This nent-specific analysis and design, pro- propulsion structures made from high includes studies of the aeroelastic gressive fracture, acoustic fatigue, temperature materials and including response of bladed disk systems, both damping and high-velocity impact. metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and car- active and passive methods for con- Selective experimental research is con- bon-carbon composites and implemen- trolling the vibration and stability of ducted in support of theoretical devel- tation in serial and parallel machines. high-speed rotor-shaft systems, and opments. Contact: Contact: Christos C. Chamis Christos C. Chamis (216) 433-3252 (216) 433-3252 71

modal analysis methods for highly Deformation and Damage and ceramics; and newly developed damped large scale periodic struc- Mechanics — Theoretical and experi- metallic, intermetallic, and ceramic tures. Actively controlled bearing sup- mental studies of deformation and matrix/fiber reinforced composites. ports are being developed to allow damage mechanics are conducted to Fully equipped, computer controlled higher speed and lighter •weight aero- develop accurate methods for deter- test systems allow rational behavior to propulsion system design. Technology mining the deformation response and be investigated under uniaxial and for long life mechanical components assessing the useful life of structural biaxial stress states. Also, advanced for space mechanism designs to components operating at elevated tem- scanning electron microscopes, trans- enable long duration space missions. peratures. Typical examples include mission electron microscopes, and Innovative computational methods turbine vanes, blades, and disks; rock- microprobe facilities are available to that exploit parallel computers and et motor combustion chambers, tur- investigate fatigue mechanisms at the modern computer science principles bines, and nozzle liners; and hot sec- microstructural level. are being applied, tions of space and terrestrial power Contact: Contact: systems. Multiaxial, nonproportional, J. R. Ellis George L. Stefko and nonisothermal loading conditions (216) 433-3340 (216) 433-3920 all prevail in such structures. Research focuses on developing (1) constitutive Structural Integrity — Research to equations, (2) numerical algorithms Space Propulsion assure integrity and reliability of aero- for analysis and design, and (3) experi- Technology space propulsion and power systems mental validation of proposed theories and characterization of material and structural components. Areas of Liquid Rocket Propulsion — response. Materials under investigation emphasis include interrogational meth- Research to better understand the ods for avoiding catastrophic fracture, include polycrystalline, single crystal, and directionally solidified metals and basic physical and chemical processes fault-tolerant design, defect assess- in liquid rocket engines. Disciplines their alloys; ceramics; and metallic-, ment, and residual life prediction. include high-energy propellant chem- Comprehensive life prediction models intermetallic, and ceramic-matrix/fiber reinforced composites. istry, ignition, combustion, heat trans- are sought that incorporate complex fer and cooling in thrust chambers, stress states, nonlinear material charac- Contact: nozzle flow phenomena, and perfor- teristics, microstructural inhomogene- J. R. Ellis mance. Of particular interest are the ities, and environmental factors. (216) 433-3340 fundamentals involved in combustion, Structural integrity is verified by non- cooling, bearings, seals, expert sys- destructive characterization of Fatigue Life Prediction — Both ana- tems applications to propulsion, and microstructure, flaw population, mate- lytical and experimental approaches nonintrusive diagnostics. Work is con- rial morphology, and other relevant are used to develop accurate tech- ducted through detailed analytical and factors. Nondestructive evaluation is niques for predicting durability of experimental programs to determine carried out using analytical ultrasonics, aerospace components (turbine vanes, feasibility or applicability and to devel- computed tomography, laser acousto- blades, disks, rocket nozzle liners, op and validate models to describe the ultrasonics, and other advanced inter- etc.) subjected to complex service processes. rogational technologies. Modern com- loadings. These are subjected to puter science practices are exploited severe cyclic loads in high-tempera- Contact: to the fullest, and emphasis is on ture environments. Temperatures are Ned P. Hannum advanced structural ceramics and high enough to introduce creep, relax- (216) 977-7506 composites. Integrated computer pro- ation, metallurgical transformations, grams for predicting reliability and life and oxidation. The behavior of materi- of brittle material components are gen- als and structures subjected to such erated. environmental factors is studied in the Contact: laboratory, and techniques are devel- John P. Gyekenyesi oped to allow reliable life prediction (216) 433-3210 in advance of service. Materials under investigation include monolithic alloys 72

Propulsion System Health Molecular Computational Fluid Electrochemical Space and Management — Research is required Dynamics — Research on molecular Storage — Development of advanced to develop improved and automated computational fluid dynamics for the technology to increase the life and methods for the detection and isola- plumes, nozzles, and higher density energy density of energy storage sys- tion of anomalous behavior of propul- plasma and combustion zones of low- tems and fuel cells. Emphasis is on sion systems and other launch vehicle thrust chemical and electric propul- nearer-term nickel-hydrogen, metal- subsystems. Efforts are currently sion concepts. Efforts include research hydride and hydrogen-oxygen regener- focused on the Space Shuttle subsys- on (1) improved computational con- ative fuel cell systems, with explorato- tems and Expendable Launch Vehicles. cepts, including effective use of paral- ry efforts being given to more Emphasis is on real time detection and lel processing; (2) advanced physics advanced high-temperature ionic con- diagnosis of propulsion system and models, including trades between ductor systems. Pre-prototypes of sensor failures, and automated post- interaction physics and speed of calcu- advanced battery systems are being test diagnostics. Research opportuni- lations; and (3) experimental tests to designed, built, and tested. ties include application of pattern assist in development and validation of Contact: recognition techniques for fault detec- codes. Both neutral and charged flows Marvin Warshay tion/diagnosis, analytical redundancy will be studied to both describe and, (216) 433-6126 for sensor validation, the development where appropriate, assess the impact of generic feature extraction algo- of those flows on spacecraft functions Space Power Management and rithms, automated diagnosis using and subsystems. Distribution Technology — expert system and model-based rea- Contact: Technology development to control soning, and the development of quan- David C. Byers the generation and distribution of titative and qualitative models for fault (216) 977-7543 electrical energy in aerospace systems prediction. and to define enabling technology for Contact: future power aerospace systems. Sol H. Gorland Power Technology Advanced electrical power systems (216) 977-7561 and circuits and fundamental physics Photovoltaic Space Systems — of electrical devices (insulators, con- On-Board Propulsion — Research Fundamental and applied research to ductors, and semiconductors) are on electric and chemical propulsion increase the efficiency, reduce the investigated under this program. concepts that are candidates for a weight, and extend the life of solar Prototype devices and circuits are fab- broad range of low-thrust, space cells for space applications. Emphasis ricated, characterized, and analyzed. propulsion functions. The electric is on III-V compounds, i.e., InP and Research in system autonomy, system propulsion effort includes arcjets, plas- GaAs. However, amorphous silicon architecture, and fault prediction are ma rockets, and electrostatic con- and other thin film materials systems important elements of the program. cepts. The low-thrust chemical propul- are also of interest. Activities include Contact: sion effort is focused on very high-per- materials studies; investigations of radi- Robert W. Bercaw formance and long life storable and ation damage effects; device design, (216)433-6112 hydrogen/oxygen rockets at thrust lev- fabrication, and testing; and the devel- els up to about 100 pounds. Efforts are opment of related component directed toward understanding the technologies such as interconnects fundamental phenomena and extend- and optical concentrators. ing the performance and life of the Contact: various concepts. Dennis J. Flood Contact: (216) 433-2303 David C. Byers (216)977-7543 73

Power Systems Technology — sheath development, current collec- Thermal Management Program management and technology tion from plasma, arcing, and the stim- Technologies — Analytical and for efficient, compact, lightweight, ulation and propagation of distur- experimental efforts to develop the longlife power systems from hundreds bances. Research disciplines include: technologies for high performance of watts to megawatts for small space- plasma, solid-state, and surface heat transport components and sys- craft; high altitude, long endurance physics, electro-magnetism, and space tems. Concepts under investigation unmanned air vehicles; and clean system design fundamentals. include ultra high conductivity com- car/super car applications. System and Contact: posite materials for space radiators, mission studies for space, terrestrial, Carolyn K. Purvis direct immersion heat pipes for cool- automotive and aero power systems (216) 433-2307 ing electronics, and heat pipe compo- are conducted to identify require- nents and systems for aircraft de-icing. ments and technology needs in the Power Materials Technology — A test facility for evaluating the steady areas of energy conversion, thermal Development of new or improved state and transient performance of management, power conditioning and environmentally durable power materi- high temperature, high power heat control, materials and environmental als, high emittance radiator surfaces, pipes is under development. effects. high reflectance or transmittance solar Contact: Contact: concentrators, high thermal conductiv- Karl W. Baker John M. Smith ity materials, and high electrical con- (216) 433-6162 (216)433-6130 ductivity composites. Evaluations of functional performance and durability Solar Array Power — Development Stirling Dynamic Power and are conducted for exposure to atomic of new or improved planar and con- Refrigeration Systems — oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, vacuum centrator array technologies, compo- Development of technology to explore thermal cycling, and effects of interac- nents, and concepts for small space- the unique potential of the Stirling tions with lunar and Martian dust. craft that are efficient, stowable, light- cycle engine and heat pump for both Contact: weight, long-lived, and less costly than space and terrestrial applications. Bruce A. Banks present systems. Array design features Principal emphasis is on developing (216) 433-2308 of interest include optical, electrical, the free-piston Stirling engine for thermal and mechanical elements. space-power systems and advanced Solar Dynamic Power Systems — Test, analysis and development activi- technologies for cryogenic space Development of technologies for light- ties also support large spacecraft refrigeration systems. Among the areas weight, high efficiency solar dynamic arrays including structural analysis of of research are oscillatory flow and power systems. Present emphasis is on deployment mechanisms, testing sys- heat transfer, heat pipes, materials, the advancement of solar concentrator tem operation in simulated space envi- non-contacting bearings, dynamic and heat receiver technologies. ronments, and studies of new array balancing, linear alternators and Specific concentrator emphasis is on concepts. motors, and insulation. lightweight construction, high Contact: Contact: reflectance surfaces, and protective Cosmo R. Baraona James E. Dudenhoefer films. Heat receiver emphasis is on a (216) 433-5301 (216) 433-6140 heat pipe cavity design with thermal storage. A system ground test in 1994, Space Environmental will demonstrate and evaluate existing Interactions — Research on electro- solar dynamic technologies and identi- static and electromagnetic effects in fy areas for future development. space systems and instrumentation Contact: induced by interaction with space James E. Calogeras plasma and field environments and on (216) 433-5278 the characterization of local plasma and field environments around large space systems. Effects include surface and bulk dielectric charging, plasma 74

Space Communications Digital System Technology — Phased Array Antenna Technology Research and advanced digital technol- Technology — Research and ogy development for space communi- advanced development of phased Space Communications Systems cations focused on modulation and arrays for space communication sys- Analysis — Studies of advanced space coding, onboard switching and rout- tems for commercial applications and communications to define future sys- ing, network technologies, and intelli- NASA missions. Emphasis is on devel- tem concepts and technology require- gent systems applications. Specific opment of K/Ka-band arrays/array ments. Studies include investigation of technologies being developed include: feeds in which distributed monolithic new communications system architec- bandwidth and power efficient digital microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) tures and networking concepts, analy- modems and codes; multichannel devices provide amplitude and phase sis of interoperability of advanced demultiplexer/demodulators; multi- weighing. Principal thrusts are on satellite and terrestrial systems, and channel ECC decoder; multichannel MMIC insertion technologies, includ- exploration of new ways to increase signal processing satellite architec- ing MMIC packaging; printed circuit the available spectrum/orbit communi- tures; onboard circuit and fast packet radiating elements and beam form- cations capacity. Involved are comput- information switching; intelligent ing/combining networks; and fiber er modeling of telecommunications tutoring and assistance; fault detection optic links in arrays, as well as on sys- networks and simulation of and isolation. tem level integrated circuit develop- communications links. Laboratory Contact: ment for array applications. research is conducted on digital televi- Joseph L. Harrold Contact: sion coding to reduce bandwidth (216) 433-3499 Charles A. Raquet requirements. James M. Budinger (216) 433-3471 Contact: (216) 433-3496 Wayne A. Whyt (216) 433-3482 MMIC Technology — Research to Space Experiments establish the technical feasibility of Vacuum Electronics — Research on advanced solid-state devices and cir- Microgravity Science and vacuum electronics to improve the cuits. Research is focused on technolo- Applications — Basic science experi- efficiency, operating life, and commu- gies in support of monolithic micro- ments designed to capitalize on the nications qualities of electron beam wave/millimeter wave integrated cir- microgravity environment of the Space devices for use in space communica- cuits for transmitter and receiver mod- Shuttle in the areas of combustion, tions. Specific technologies of interest ules. Areas of interest include metals and alloys, fluid physics and are electron emission (including transmission media, circuit analysis, transport phenomena, ceramics and thermionic, field and secondary emis- device modeling, materials growth, glasses, and electronic materials. sion), electron beam formation and and characterization. Materials of inter- Science requirements and conceptual control, electromagnetic/electrody- est include III-V semiconductor het- designs are developed using ground- namic computer modeling and design, erostructures (GaAs, InGaAs, InP, based 2.2 second and 5 second drop application of microfabrication to vac- AlGaAs). Also under investigation is towers and DC-9 and Learjet aircraft. uum devices, and microwave power the application of high temperature Activities culminate in the design, fab- modules. State-of-the-art experimental superconductors to microwave and rication, and flight of space experi- and computational facilities are millimeter wave electronics, princi ments. available. pally in the areas of antennas and Contact: Contact: receivers. Jack A. Salzman James A. Dayton, Jr. Contact: (216) 433-2868 (216) 433-3515 Regis F. Leonard (216)433-3500 75

In-Space Technology Experi- ments — In-space experiments to support advancement of the technolo- gy base in the areas of fluid manage- ment, energy systems and thermal management, and satellite communica- tions. Areas of investigation include on-orbit fuel storage and transfer, low- gravity fluid behavior and thermal processes, instrumentation, and space- craft fire safety. While ground-based precursor studies are pursued, empha- sis is on the definition and develop- ment of cost-effective flight projects that yield results otherwise unobtain- able through ground-based experi- ments or analysis. Contact: Olga D. Gonzalez-Sanabria (216) 433-5252

Advanced Space Analysis

Advanced Space Analysis — Advanced planning studies and system analysis in areas of space power and space propulsion are performed to identify and support projects of inter- est to the Center. Research activities in power and propulsion applications as well as research in relevant analytic techniques are of interest. Contact: Frank Spurlock (216) 977-7104 76 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center

Program Administrator: The Marshall Space Flight Electronics and Sensors — Re-search, design, and development of Dr. Frank Six Center offers opportunities for activities are conducted on electronic University Affairs Officer original work in many areas control systems and measurement sen- Mail Code DS01 sors for the guidance, navigation, and NASA Marshall Space Flight Center of physical sciences, mathemat- ics, and engineering. control of space vehicles. Subjects MSFC, AL 35812 addressed are sensors, transducers, (Federal Express Address: Theoretical and experimental control actuators, reaction wheels, Building 4200/Room 950C) research is greatly enhanced by and pointing systems. 205-544-0997 the ready access to computers, Contact: including the Cray XMP. L.J. Cook (205) 544-3440 Before preparing your proposal, prior discussion with a Center Optical Systems — Opportunities exist for research, development, and researcher is recommended. In application of technology in the fol- general, Marshall advisers are lowing areas: coherent lidar systems interested in collaborative (both gas and solid-state technologies), target and detector calibration, trans- efforts with students and their mitter evaluation, signal processing university advisers and will atmospheric propagation and system look favorably on proposals modeling; video/film camera systems, including imaging systems develop- which indicate that research ment, fiber optics, video compression, time will be spent on-site at the radiometry, film camera, and video Center. system evaluation; and optical design, fabrication and testing including stray- light analysis and testing, performance Astrionics Laboratory analysis, coating metrology, precision engineering and binary optics. Electrical Systems — Activities Contact: include development of photovoltaic J. Bilbro array systems, battery technology and (205) 544-3467 application, and electrical power sys- tem automation. Research is conduct- Audio Systems — Design, develop- ed in improved photovoltaic cell ment, and evaluation of flight audio design and testing. On-site resources communications systems are per- include a photovoltaic test laboratory formed in support of ongoing and for simulation of on-orbit conditions. future programs. Specific areas of Research and application of electro- interest include digital signal process- chemistry is utilized to improve space ing and encoding techniques, voice flight batteries with life cycle testing synthesis and recognition, and the and destructive physical analysis. effect on background noise on Artificial intelligence approaches are intelligibility. used to support electrical power sys- Contact: tem automation. P. Clark Contact: (205) 544-3661 R. Bechtel (205) 544-3294 77

Communications Systems — latter is the development of an electro- high-pressure, high temperature Test facilities are available to pursue chemical model to be used in interpre- hydrogen on metals is an area of spe- research and development of antenna tation of spectra. cial emphasis. Research in microstruc- components and systems. These facili- Contact: tural analysis methods is being accom- ties include a fully automated kilome- D.H. Burns plished in support of failure analysis ter pattern test range and a shielded (205) 544-4807 and fracture mechanics programs. anechoic chamber with 3.7 meter Methods are being developed for diameter quiet zone and supporting quantitatively determining the state of test equipment operating up to 60 Materials and Processes corrosion, stress corrosion, and hydro- Ghz. Other areas of interest include gen embrittlement of alloys. Several high-power, solid-state transmitters Laboratory ongoing efforts exist relative to and spread spectrum receivers. advanced welding methods, intelligent Major research efforts are underway in processing, robotics, and the develop- Contact: physics and chemistry of metallic and L. Bell ment of sensors for chemical and nonmetallic materials in critical envi- welding process controls. (205) 544-3678 ronments (cryogenic to high tempera- ture) and new and improved tech- Contact: Software Systems — An area of high niques for developing spacecraft hard- P. Munafo interest is the automatic generation of ware. Comprehensive research and (205) 544-2566 digital computer code from structured development activities are pursued in requirements. An area of particular qualification and testing of materials Nonmetallic Materials Research — interest is definition of a set of inte- and processes. Opportunities exist to develop and grated computer aided support tools modify polymers for adhesive, elas- for software development from Space Environmental Effects on tomers, insulators, composite matri- requirements phase through validation Materials — Evaluation of material is ces, and molding and extrusion com- for embedded computer systems. accomplished in simulated space envi- pounds for use in spacecraft hardware Another target area of research and ronments involving vacuum, tempera- and in special environments. Organic development is artificial intelligence ture, electron/proton, and UV irradia- composite such as carbon-carbon and techniques and tools to aid in fault tion, atomic oxygen, and micromete- carbon-resin are being developed for diagnosis, load management, and oroid impact. The effects of outgassing structural applications to reduce mass scheduling for flight systems and sub- products of materials on weight loss, or for high-temperature applications systems. strength loss, surface properties, and such as rocket engine nozzles and Contact: redeposition and condensation on leading edges. Research and develop- R. Stevens other items are being studied. Studies ment activities are being conducted to (205) 544-3728 involving lubrication and surface evaluate new analytical chemistry physics of bearings in space and in techniques or instrumental methods to Battery Cell Analysis — rocket propulsion components are assist in determining material proper- Opportunities exist for research into also being conducted. Research and ties under various temperatures, pres- the development of chemical and elec- development in new nondestructive sures, and environments. Analysis of trochemical techniques for analysis of evaluation (NDE) methods/processes waste, ground, and storm waters, soils, aerospace battery cells. These include and instrumentation are encouraged. air, etc is performed in accordance with EPA guidelines. In addition, the modification of analytical tech- Contact: niques to minimize the amount of ceramics and glasses with special opti- P. Schuerer cal properties for use in spacecraft are chemical waste produced and the (205) 544-2481 development of electrochemical being studied. Major research and technology efforts are underway in impedance spectroscopy as a tool in Metallic Materials — Development cell analysis. An important task in the composite material fabrication, testing, of advanced materials for special appli- and qualification for flight hardware cations in propulsion systems is ongo- application. Composite methodologies ing. The materials include aluminum- include automated filament •winding lithium metal matrix composites and and tape laying, pultrusion, tape warp- hydrogen resistant alloys. The effect of 78

ping, fiber placement, and hand lay- Component Development and liquid propellant combustion, per- up. Additional opportunities exist rela- Division — Activities involve re- formance prediction, engine risk man- tive to the development, application, search and development for mechani- agement, launch and space vehicle and evaluation of cryogenic and high cal sub-systems such as propulsion propellant and pressurization systems, temperature thermal protection mate- feedlines, turbomachinery, combus- hybrid boosters, and advanced engine rials used in association with both liq- tion devices, thrust vector control, health monitoring subsystems. Special uid and solid propellant rocket auxiliary propulsion, valves, actuators, emphasis area is zero- and low-gravity motors. Opportunities also exist in the controls, mechanisms, and environ- propellant systems and combustion. development of environmentally mental control and life support hard- Contact: acceptable cleaning materials for use ware. Another area of interest is estab- L. Jones in the fabrication of components for lishing test, integration, and verifica- (205) 544-7094 launch vehicles. tion requirements for mechanical ele- ments. C. Verschoore Contact: (205) 544-6996 C. Mclntosh Contact: (205) 544-2620 C.S. Cornelius (205) 544-7130 Space Sciences Laboratory

Propulsion Laboratory Combustion Devices and Tropospheric Wind Profiling — Turbomachinery — Investigation of Wind profiles to heights of 18 km and Activities are directed toward the combustion stability, performance, estimates of wind variability are criti- research, technology, and flight hard- and heat transfer of large rocket cal inputs for launch vehicle design ware development of propulsion sys- engine thrust chambers are of special and actual launch decisions. To opti- tems for launch and space vehicles interest. Techniques for understanding mize vehicle performance, high tem- and support equipment. Areas of activ- the failure and wear modes and poral and spatial resolution is required ity include liquid and solid propulsion improving the life or propellant for wind profile measurements. and control systems for the Space cooled antifriction bearings are need- Currently NASA uses Jimsphere bal- Shuttle, space propulsion and support ed for reusable rocket engines. loons and a 50-MHz radar wind profil- systems, advanced chemical and Contact: er for wind profile measurements. nuclear propulsion systems for future G. Young Measured profiles are analyzed to pro- launch and space vehicles, and flight (205) 544-7070 duce a representative climatology and experiment and space station mecha- to study relationships between wind nisms. Test Division — Activities include magnitudes, vertical shears, and spatial experimental research and develop- and temporal wind variability. Systems Division — Research and ment testing of propulsion systems, Contact: development is ongoing in liquid subsystems, and components for space propulsion systems and reaction con- S. Smith systems hardware. Current specific (205) 544-5971 trol systems. Activities include predict- areas of interest relate to automated ing, analyzing, designing, and evaluat- test control systems. A continuing ing propulsion system and launch Stratospheric and Mesospheric interest exists for new and advanced Studies — Middle atmospheric (50- vehicle performance, and establishing instrumentation techniques. test, integration, and verification 100 Km) density must be accurately requirements for flight and test bed Contact: described to permit safe re-entry and propulsion systems. Special emphasis R.L. Thompson space maneuvers, satellite, rocket, bal- areas are zero- and low-gravity propel- (205) 544-1247 loon, lidar, radar, and nightglow mea- lant systems and Shuttle main propul- surements are being assembled into a sion systems. Propulsion and Motor Systems self-consistent dynamical atmospheric Division — Research and develop- model. All scales of motion from sea- Contact: ment is ongoing in liquid rocket sonal to planetary waves to tides to L. Jones engines, solid motors, propulsion sys- gravity waves are important to vehicle (205) 544-7094 tems, and reaction control systems. There is continuing interest in solid 79

and trajectory designers. Theoretical Atmospheric Electricity — Research Infrared Remote Sensing of and empirical research efforts are is directed toward understanding the Atmospheric Water Vapor — This examining such atmospheric waves physical processed leading to the gen- research is aimed at retrieving esti- and their interactions. eration of electrical energy within mates of total column atmospheric Contact: thunderstorms and culminating in water vapor using satellite and aircraft S. Smith lightning. Modeling, analytical and, observations in two channels in the (205) 544-5971 observational approaches are used in infrared part of the electromagnetic these studies. Particular emphasis is on spectrum. Observations in these chan- Model Studies of Storm Electrical the measurement of lightning activity nels are used in a physical procedure Processes — This research estimates with ground, air, and space based sen- which relates a first guess estimate of • the Maxwell current between dis- sors. An important aspect is the devel- integrated ]fvater content (IWC) (or charges and the Wilson conduction opment of advanced space-based opti- precipitable water) and the observed current. The Maxwell current was cal sensors to study the distribution brightness temperatures to produce an found to vary linearly with total flash and variability of global lightning estimate of the observed IWC. The rate. The Wilson conduction current activity. derived IWC can be related to cloud tended to level off with increasing Contact: and storm formation as well as a clima- flash rate. Recent efforts to gain a bet- H. Christian tology if derived at large space and ter understanding by modeling U-2 (205) 544-1649 time scales. observations provided extremely Contact: encouraging results. The modeling Aerosol Backscatter Studies — A. Guillory should now be extended to study This research assesses global patterns (205) 544-6462 more quantitatively the relationship of aerosol backscatter for accurate between lightning rates and character- remote sensing of tropospheric wind Microwave Measurement istics (e.g., charge transfers, percent- profiles from a space-based lidar (laser Studies — Acquisition and analysis of age of cloud-to-ground, etc.) and the radar). Major experimental efforts satellite and aircraft passive micro- resultant currents. include a network of CO2 lidar sta- wave radiometer measurements lead Contact: tions, intensive field campaigns in to further understanding of the micro- R. Blakeslee remote locations, satellite-based physical processes of precipitation sys- (205) 544-1652 aerosol measurements, and other vari- tems and aid in monitoring climate ous aerosol sensors. These datasets change. Measurements from Ad- Cloud Scattering of Lightning have been compiled in a centralized vanced Microwave Precipitation Discharges — This task is to model database and detailed intercompar- Radiometer contain information about the radiation viewed from space result- isons of the datasets are being per- the spatial and temporal structure of ing from lightning discharges within formed. Correlations of meteorological tropical precipitation systems, and clouds. The solution is given in terms variables with aerosol backscatter are improved inversion techniques will of scattering amplitudes that take into examined. Physical, chemical, and lead to increased understanding of the account the propagation parameters of optical properties are modeled for heating profile in tropical atmos- air, water, and ice. Reciprocity rela- major aerosol types to enable estima- pheres. Satellite measurements pro- tions for the scattering cross sections tion of aerosol backscatter at any vide a global measure of atmospheric correspond to an arbitrary direction of wavelength. Results are being com- temperature and precipitation. the incident wave. The interest of this bined in a preliminary global-scale Analysts use our multi-year tempera- work is in determining the relation- empirical model of aerosol backscatter ture and precipitation datasets to mon- ship between cloud physics parame- at prospective space-based lidar wave- itor the atmosphere and identify and ters, lightning discharges, and the lengths. categorize any long term climate remotely sensed signal to be viewed Contact: changes. Key future research will be from space. M. Jarzembski methodology to retrieve other physical parameters from the satellite measure- Contact: (205) 544-0240 ments. W. Koshak (205) 544-8749 Contact: V. Griffin (205) 544-8293 80

Climate Modeling — This research atmosphere and its interaction with Atmosphere/Land Surface effort is geared toward understanding the underlying surface. The results Interface — Earth's surface geophysi- the sensitivity of the climate model to from these modeling efforts will be cal properties, and their linkages to surface boundary forcing, i.e., sea sur- used to guide the development of the atmosphere and hydrologic cycles face temperature, albedo and soil more sophisticated models of the geo- are being modeled using remotely moisture anomalies. Several experi- physical system, as well as the devel- sensed data. Measurements from satel- ments with different forcing will be opment of sensors. lite and aircraft sensors are utilized to compared to the control run climate. Contact: study spatial and spectral resolution Extensive CRAY usage (approximately T. Miller and temporal variability effects on the 100 CPU hours) will be required. (205) 544-1641 determination of land surface tempera- Comparison of results to observed tures and energy fluxes and vegetation atmospheric behavior will be carried Space Vehicle Environments — indices. The influence of vegetation out eventually using MSU, OLS, and Research activities are underway type and structure on these properties AVHRR satellite data. to improve knowledge of the natural is examined from several ecosystem Contact: space environment to support engi- types. D. Fitzgarrald neering of advanced NASA missions. Contact: (205) 544-1651 Emphasis is on study of density, com- T. Miller position, and temporal variation of the (205) 544-1641 Physical Climate Analysis — Earth's thermosphere and mesosphere, Observational, numerical modeling , and the Martian atmosphere. The ob- Space Plasma and Upper and analytical approaches are used to jective is to improve knowledge and Atmospheric Physics — We seek to study the Earth's physical climate sys- environmental models which impact better understand, and ultimately to tem. Diagnostic analysis of space-based the design of re-boost, guidance navi- predict, the flow of matter, momen- observations are used to understand gation and control systems for orbiting tum and energy through the region in and validate models of global hydro- vehicles, or which influence on-orbit which the Sun-Earth connection is logic cycle. Numerical models ranging safety factors. made: the Earth's magnetosphere and in scope from the atmospheric general Contact: ionosphere. We further seek to better circulation codes to mesoscale and J. Anderson understand basic physical processes cloud models are used to test models (205) 544-1661 that effect the operation of spacecraft of the water cycle and its role in cli- in space and that are important in mate. Simulations of remote sensors Surface Properties/Atmospheric astrophysical plasmas; for example are used to understand how space- Boundaries Interactions — cometary, planetary, and stellar upper based observations can best study the Research activities undertaken will atmospheres. Plasma and gas dynamic Earth as a system. emphasize interactions between processes are studied by means of in Contact: unconsolidated sediments on the sur- situ plasma and neutral particle mea- F. Robertson face and atmospheric processes in the surements, and by remote optical and (205) 544-1655 boundary layer on a local and regional electromagnetic sensing of the con- basis and all time scales. Mass and stituent plasmas and gases. Activities Geophysical Fluid Dynamics and energy transport phenomena will be include design, development, and cali- Modeling — The functional fluid studied. Comparison with hydrologic bration of flight instrumentation, with dynamics of the Earth are not well models will be made for the condi- analysis and interpretation of the understood. Research is underway to tions studied. The results of such com- resulting data in terms of physical develop and use models to understand parisons will be verified by appropri- models. the system, including laboratory mod- ate sensors from laboratory experi- Contact: els, numerical models, and more mental investigations, field ground- T. Moore detailed numerical models of the based stations, and remote sensors. (205) 544-7633 Contact: N. Costes (205) 544-1637 81

Solar Physics — The influence of the the variability and spectra of known Cryogenic Physics — Research is magnetic field on the development sources. Present activities include conducted on cooled sensors for and evolution of solar atmospheric analysis of data from the Burst and advanced space science experiments structure is studied. The primary data Transient Source Experiment on the and cooling systems to support the are vector magnetograms obtained at Gamma Ray Observatory, and the sensors. Stored cryogens are devel- Marshall's Solar Observatory. These development of new balloon-borne oped, as well as active refrigeration observations are complemented by instruments. A study of the gamma ray systems extending both to sub-Kelvin theoretical studies to characterize the background in the atmosphere and on temperatures needed by infrared nonpotential opportunities of these spacecraft is in progress with calcula- bolometers and conventional super- fields. This includes the development tions and with measurements on conducting electronic devices, and to of MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) Spacelab, LDEF, and GRO. higher operating temperatures codes designed to simulate both coro- Contact: required by high critical temperature nal and large scale interplanetary G. Fishman superconducting electronic devices. dynamic. Instrument development (205) 544-7691 Sensor research includes conventional programs in optical polarimetry, graz- and superconducting infrared detec- ing, and normal incidence X-ray Cosmic Ray Research — Cosmic ray tors and arrays. Well-equipped labora- optics, and imaging detectors are research at MSFC emphasizes the tories exist to support research on being pursued. study of the chemical composition and improved superconducting materials Contact: energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei and sensors. J. Davis above 105 GeV. Study of the interac- Contact: (205) 544-7600 tions of heavy cosmic ray nuclei is also E. Urban carried out to determine the behavior (205) 544-7721 X-ray Astronomy — Theoretical and of nucleus interactions and to search experimental research is conducted in for evidence of new states of nuclear Microgravity Solidification — the fields of X-ray astronomy and high- matter. The research is carried out Theoretical and experimental research energy astrophysics. Specialists principally with emulsion chambers, is conducted on the effects of gravity include study of neutron stars, active and with electronic counters, exposed on the crystal growth or solidification galactic nuclei, and imaging X-ray on balloons at about 40-kilometers for of materials including semiconductors, detectors operating from 1/4 KeV to up to two weeks. Research includes metals, alloys, polymers, model sys- 100 KeV. Opportunities include partic- laboratory work data analysis, particle tems, etc. Both the preparation and ipating in balloon flights of these cascade calculations, and correlative the characterization of materials are detectors, theoretical studies of physi- accelerator experiments. important. The areas of research cal processes near compact objects, Contact: include solid-state physics, surface and analysis of data from the Einstein T. Parnell physics, solidification phenomena, (HEAO-2) and EXOSAT satellites. (205) 544-7690 fluid modeling, analysis of crystal Contact: growth, and characterization tech- M. Weisskopf Infrared Astronomy — Astronomic- niques such as optical, X-ray, and elec- (205) 544-7740 al research is carried out in close coor- tron microscopy. In addition to well- dination with the development of IR equipped laboratories for these activi- Gamma Ray Astronomy — Gamma sensors. The sensors, which span the ties, the division operates a drop tube ray astronomy is performed with bal- spectral region between 1 and 30 100 meters high. loon-borne and orbiting instruments micrometers, are used at major tele- Contact: designed and developed at MSFC. The scopes to produce unique images of F. Szofran research includes experiments cover- comets and regions of star formation (205) 544-7777 ing the 30 KeV to 10 MeV region to in our own and other galaxies. These study gamma ray bursts and other tran- data provide clues to cometary struc- sients sources, pulsars, and to study ture, origin, and long-term evolution. Contact: C. Telesco (205) 544-7723 82

Biophysics — An opportunity exists Control of Space Vehicles and Structural Assessment: Structural to conduct research in the separation Robotic Manipulators — Tasks Analysis — Opportunities exist for and purification of biological cells and include development of autonomous research in strength, stability, fatigue, proteins to develop a basic under- adaptive control algorithms for re- and fracture mechanics analyses. standing of the separation phenome- usable launch vehicles and spacecraft Extensive use is made of computation- non. The proposed research should during all flight phases included ren- ally intensive methods such as finite include analysis of the fundamental dezvous, docking, re-entry, and land- and boundary element analyses. behavior of a separation process by ing. Image processing/pattern recogni- Practical enhancement methods are theoretical and/or experimental meth- tion algorithms for target spacecraft sought such as solution adaptive finite ods. A second activity involves labora- identification and attitude determina- element modeling techniques. Tech- tory and space experiments in protein tion (both stabilized and tumbling). nology improvement in analysis and crystal growth. High quality single Control systems for tethered space- computational methods which lead to crystals are required to obtain the craft, spacecraft control system health development of practical engineering three-dimensional structure of the pro- monitoring, and adaptive control of tools are encouraged. The CRAY com- teins, and Shuttle space experiments flexible robotic manipulators. puter is available for analytical analysis confirm the advantages of the micro- Contact: in conjunction with work stations. gravity environment. Projects include N. Hendrix Contact: experiments to define improved crys- (205) 544-1451 C. Bianca tallization conditions and the analysis (205) 544-7182 of crystals by X-ray diffraction. Liquid Propulsion Dynamic Contact: Analysis — Task include dynamic Vibroacoustics — Mechanically and D. Carter analysis, determination of damping acoustically induced random vibration (205) 544-5492 methods, analysis of bearings, and design and test criteria and response dynamic balancing of high-speed tur- loads analytically derived using ad- bomachinery. Topics of interest in vanced computer techniques. Vibra- Structures and Dynamics control include rapid recognition of tion, acoustic, and transient data from Laboratories engine failure, detecting incipient fail- engine static firing and Space Shuttle ure, automatic reconfiguration of con- flights are analyzed and categorized. Pointing Control Systems — Tasks trol components, and more accurate Research opportunities include include pointing systems with perfor- means to control propellant mixture improved vibroacoustic environment mance of one milliarcsecond, ability to ratio. prediction methods and high frequen- actively control structures with struc- Contact: cy vibration data analysis techniques. tural modes below the control fre- P. Vallely Contact: quency, use of fiducial light systems (205) 544-1440 J. McBride and unobtrusive sensors/effectors to (205) 544-1523 stabilize large space structures, devel- Structural Dynamics — Activities of opment of the theory of many control interest are aerostructural modeling, systems working on the same flexible vibration analysis, and load predictions structure, modeling and control of using simulation of all environments, flexible multibodies with configura- including propulsion, control, aerody- tion changes, and momentum ex- namics, and atmosphere. Probabilistic, change control of very large objects, as well as deterministic, approaches and wave front control by phases are used on the CRAY to simulate array mirrors. flight and obtain loads data. Enhanced Contact: dynamic analysis techniques are pur- H. Waites sued. (205) 544-1441 Contact: W. Holland (205) 544-1495 83

Structural Design Optimization/ Thermal/Environmental Contact: Synthesis — In view of the need for Computational Analysis — P. McConnaughey lighter, stiffer, and stronger launch and Research opportunities are available in (205)544-1599 space vehicle structures, new ways of advanced thermal modeling and analy- designing structural systems are being sis techniques based on state-of-the-art sought. Research is needed in the area graphics systems and software. Re- Systems Analysis and of vehicle synthesis which includes search is needed in methods of 3-D Integration Laboatories the synergistic effects of assembly of graphic modeling of thermal systems structurally optimized elements and which are compatible with computa- Configuration Management — components. Efficient and effective tional fluid dynamics and stress Configuration management is an essen- design methods and tools using modeling. tial component of any successful engi- numerical optimization, trajectory Contact: neering activity. Marshall projects tend analysis, thermal analysis, loads, stress, G.Schunk to be both large and complex, requir- environments, and other critical crite- (205) 544-7221 ing the efforts of teams of both NASA ria are needed. and contractor engineers. The level of Contact: Hypervelocity Impact Design and control required by manned space P. Rodriguez Analysis — Research opportunities flight makes configuration manage- (205) 544-7006 are available in the design, analysis, ment a critical activity. Automated and testing of advance hypervelocity tools and improved methods are con- Thermal Analysis: Liquid impact shields. Due to the increased tinually sought. Propulsion Systems — space debris, more weight-efficient Contact: Opportunities for research exist in shields are needed for all future long- N. Foster thermal analysis of liquid propulsion term space endeavors. Specific areas (205) 544-2425 system components, including inte- include ballistic limit predictions, grated thermal/structural analysis of impact and penetration effects, innov- Systems and Components Test and turbine section and rotating compo- ative shield designs for minimum Simulation — Opportunities exist for nents in high-pressure trubomachin- maintenance, quick deployment/ the development, qualification, inte- ery. Analytical results may be correlat- retraction shields, composite material gration, and flight acceptance testing ed to ground test data. shield design, novel shields, and dam- of space vehicles, payloads, and exper- Contact: age prediction. iments. Neutral buoyancy simulations J. Owen Contact: for training and development of (205) 544-7213 J. Robinson extravehicular activity (EVA) tech- (205) 544-7013 niques are performed. Thermal vacu- Thermal Analysis: Solid Rocket um testing is conducted in a variety of Motor — Opportunities are available Computational Fluid Dynamics — chambers with capabilities to 1X10-7 for research in thermal modeling and Opportunities to develop and apply torr and temperature ranges from analysis of solid rocket motor thermal state-of-the-art computational fluid 149C to +204C. Facilities exist to cali- protection systems. Specific areas dynamic (CFD) methods to solve brate X-ray payloads and scientific include the modeling of ablation three-dimensional highly turbulent instruments utilizing a 518-meter evac- processes involving a variety of materi- flows for compressible and incom- uated guide tube. al surfaces and the determination of pressible, and reacting fluid states, and Contact: heat transfer coefficients in radiative, to provide benchmark CFD compar- G. Hartsfield erosive, and chemically reactive isons to establish code quality for sub- (205) 544-6965 environments. sequent application. Research is need- ed to assess significant aspects of the R. Stephens Contact: (205) 544-1336 K. McCoy computational algorithms, grid genera- (205)544-7211 tion, chemistry and turbulence model- C. Reily ing code efficiency, and stability, etc. (205) 544-1298 84

Crystal Growth in Fluid Field and Training/Training Systems — Human Factors — Human factors Particle Dynamic Evaluation — The Training on payload operations is pro- analysis in support of flight and Fluid Experiment System (FES) was vided for the payload crew, payload ground system development is per- developed to study low-temperature flight controllers, and investigators formed using analytical tools as well as crystal growth of a triglycine sulfate using computer simulations, comput- mockups in both 1-G and neutral solution in a low-gravity environment. er-aided training, mock-ups and/or buoyancy zero-G simulations. Human Incorporated into the FES is a laser/ engineering models. Continuous computer interface standards are optical system for taking holograms of improvement requires tiiat training developed and applied to flight crew crystal growth, fluid density, and tem- methods and tools be assessed and tasks and evaluation of control and dis- perature variations. Tasks include updated on a periodic basis. These play devices. New, more effective applying holographic and digitized updates are based on improved capa- man/machine interface techniques are image techniques to evaluating these bilities/technology, current informa- evaluated and integrated into design holograms. tion relative to pedagogy, and lessons and operational activities. Contact: learned from previous training ses- Contact: J. Lindsey sions. S. Hall (205) 544-1301 Contact: (205) 544-0517 D. Underwood (205) 544-2191 Expert Systems — New software Missions Operation Gloria Hullett-Smith methods are needed to automate and Laboratory (205) 544-2050 simplify increasingly complex ground support tasks associated with space- Flight Operations — The Mission Ground Support Systems — The craft and payload flight operations. Operations Laboratory performs func- Huntsville Operations Support Center Reset projects are projected in the tions contributing to the performance is the ground facility that supports areas of automated analysis of engi- of science in space, particularly focus- multi-project flight operations. The neering and operations telemetry, ing on development of space science design and development function decision support, and trend analysis. operations capabilities. Payload opera- includes communications (voice, Contact: tions are integrated premission and video, wideband data handling, and M. McElyea managed during the on-orbit execu- external information transfer), data (205) 544-2034 tion in support of die science users. acquisition and processing, payload The operations control function and spacecraft commanding user work includes command planning, control station data presentation, and facility plans and procedures, and air-to- support functions. Development ground voice management. The data includes prototyping new technolo- management function includes end-to- gies to insure state-of-the-art capabili- end flow analysis and management, ties, with special emphasis on remote requirements development for flight operations linking multiple ground systems, and intercenter data require- facilities. The facility is managed and ments development. The mission plan- operation in support of project and ning function includes orbit analysis, user requirements. mission timelining, flight design, and Contact: development of planning systems. K. Cornett Contact: (205) 544-2025 C. Owen (205) 544-2017 85

Safety and Mission and closure systems, and the identifi- Assurance Office cation of conceptual approaches to establishing mission levels and require- Reliability Engineering — Research ments for various types of space mis- and analysis are conducted to gain an sions. understanding of complex physics of Contact: failure mechanisms with the Space J. Livingston Shuttle Main Engine. The use of statis- (205) 544-0049 tical models, failure mode and effects analysis, and analysis of failure and anomaly reports, as well as applicable generic data, contribute significantly toward the research efforts. Contact: F. Safe (205) 544-5278

Quality Engineering — Research is performed in areas dealing with soft- ware quality control, nondestructive evaluation (radiography, ultrasonic, eddy current), critical process control, use and evaluation of inspection meth- ods, and assessment of critical charac- teristics in inspection with respect to control of critical items. Contact: R. Bledsoe (205) 544-7406 R. Neuschaefer (205) 544-7382

Systems Safety Engineering — Opportunities exist for research in the development and implementation of quantitative and qualitative techniques directed at the identification, evalua- tion, and control of hazards associated with complex space systems. This includes probabilistic risk assessment, fault tree analysis and applications, interactive hazard information tracking 86 John C. Stennis Space Center

Program Administrator NASA's John C. Stennis Space technologies for both Dr. Armond T. Joyce Center (SSC), located near Government and commercial University Affairs Officer Bay St. Louis, MS, has grown propulsion programs. The John C. Stennis Space Center Science and Technolgy Laboratory into NASA's premier center other major SSC mission is to Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 for testing large rocket propul- conduct technology utilization, (601) 688-3830 sion systems for the Space applications, and commercial- Shuttle and future generations ization programs relative to of space vehicles. environmental systems, Earth observation through remote Stennis Space Center's prima- sensing, and image process- ry mission is to support the ing/analysis systems. development and testing of large propulsion systems. Static testing is conducted on the Technology same huge concrete and steel Propulsion System Testing Tech- towers used from 1966 to 1970 niques, Simulation, Modeling, and to captive-fire all first and sec- Methodologies —Research opportu- ond stages of the Saturn V nities exist to develop new, innovative techniques to conduct the wide vari- rocket used in the Apollo ety of required tests for space systems, manned lunar landing and stages/vehicles, subsystems and com- Skylab programs. Since 1975, ponents. Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling and actual hard- the Center has been responsible ware testing might be better coupled for flight acceptance testing on or integrated. A flexible, dynamic fluid the Space Shuttle's main flow simulation and structural model- engines. The data accumulat- ing graphic interface research tool is desirable for ground test programs of ed from these ground tests, space propulsion systems. Technology which simulate flight profiles, development is needed for inexpen- are analyzed to ensure that sive ultra-high power pump drivers and prime movers and low operational engine performance is accept- cost. able and that the required Contact: thrust will be delivered in the Bill St. Cyr critical ascent phase of Shuttle (601)688-1134 flights. No Shuttle main engine can fly before it is test- ed at Stennis Space Center. The goal of the R&D program conducted in conjunction with the test program is to signifi- cantly advance propulsion test 87

Cryogenic Instrumentation and Vehicle Health surements over wide areas instead of Cryogenic, High Pressure, and Management/Rocket Exhaust at a few discrete points. Opportunities Ultrahigh Pressure Fluid Plume Diagnostics — A large body exist in temperature, pressure, stress, Systems — Over 40 tons of liquefied of UV-Visible emission spectrometry strain, position, vibration, shock, gases are used annually in the conduct experimentation is being conducted impact, and many other measured test of propulsion system testing at the during the 80 or more tests each year parameters. The use of thermal Center. Instrumentation is needed to of the Space Shuttle Main Engine at infrared, ultraviolet, and multi-spectral precisely measure mass flow of cryo- SSC. Research opportunities are avail- sensors, imagers, and instruments is gens starting at very low flow rates up able to quantify failure and wear possible through the SSC sensor labo- to very high flow rates at pressures to mechanisms and related plume code ratory. 15,000 psia. Research, technology, and validation. Related topics include com- Contact: development opportunities exist in bustion stability and mixture ratio and Heidi Barnes developing instruments to measure thrust/power level. Vehicle health (601) 688-1843 fluid properties at cryogenic condi- management/exhaust plume diagnos- tions during ground testing of space tics experimentation may be readily Environmental Impact from propulsion systems. Both intrusive and conducted at the SSC Diagnostics Propulsion System Testing — The non-intrusive sensors, but especially Testbed Facility. Currently, some testing of advanced and current non-intrusive sensors, are desired. exploratory studies have been done propulsion systems, may result in Contact- with emission/absorption spec- impact to the environment. The cur- Don Chenevert troscopy, absorption resonance rent plume control technology (601) 688-3126 spectroscopy, and laser induced includes plume deflectors and meteo- fluorescence. rological prediction. The needed Non-Destructive Test and Contact: research and technology development Evaluation — Advanced instrumenta- Gerry Meeks would address the impacts, modeling, tion, methods, and techniques to con- (601) 688-1935 impact measurement or quantification, duct advanced non-destructive test and prevention, reduction, or mitiga- and evaluation, failure analysis, and Spectroscopy Technology for tion. The research may also indicate purity and cleanliness assessment are Propulsion System Testing — the need for exhaust plume scrubbers desired. The object of non-destructive Numerous opportunities exist to or other abatement devices, facilities, test and evaluation would range from advance spectroscopy technology for equipment, or instrumentation. entire propulsion systems down to the propulsion system testing. Only a rela- Contact: component level. One unique applica- tively small portion of the electromag- Bill St. Cyr tion of non-destructive test and evalua- netic spectrum has been investigated (601)688-1134 tion would be on especially thick for use in propulsion system testing walled high pressure ground test facili- and exhaust plume diagnostics/vehicle Ground Test Facilities ties vessels and areas not readily acces- health management. Technology — Ground test facilities sible to personnel. Research opportu- Contact: seldom keep pace with propulsion sys- nities exist in acoustic emission, ultra- Chuck Thurman tem development programs partly sonics, high energy radiography in the (601) 688-1023 because the facility is usually designed non-destructive test and evaluation before the test requirements are laboratory. Active and Passive Non-Intrusive known and because test facilities are Contact: Remote Sensing of Propulsion Test usually extant and inflexible. An innov- BUI St. Cyr Parameters — The vast amount of ative approach to producing flexible, (601)688-1134 propulsion system test data is collect- easily adaptable ground test facilities is ed via single channel, contact, intru- highly desirable. Research opportuni- sive sensors and instrumentation. Future propulsion system test tech- niques could employ passive non- intrusive remote sensors and active non-intrusive remote sensing test mea- 88

ties are available at the Diagnostics Material and Fluid Science — In Leak Detection, Sensors, Quantifi- Testbed Facility to develop ground some cases the basic physics of the cation, and Visualization — test facilities technology. material, heat transfer, thermal or fluid Opportunities exist in leak detection Contact: science is not understood well enough technology to determine what is leak- Don Chenevert to model the propulsion system test ing, how much is leaking, where is the (601) 688-3126 facility to the required level of sophis- source of the leak, and how to model tication. As more advanced systems and visualize the extent of the effected LOX/GOX Compatible Materials- are developed, fundamental data is area. Often hydrogen leaks are the Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Gaseous needed to properly design the test topic of concern because of the explo- Oxygen (GOX) is a prime oxidizer for facilities. Characterization of collapse sive nature of hydrogen, and the liquid fueled rocket engines and repre- factor at pressurant and cryogenic expense for repairing the leak when sents a dangerous material to handle. fluid interface, cavitation, and thermal eventually found. However, other haz- There exists a major need for a group stratification are areas of interest. ardous and non-hazardous fluid leaks of LOX/GOX compatible materials for Particular attention is needed to devel- are also of concern. Leaks occur usual- seats, seals, and solid lubricants for op materials for LOX service at ly in accessible compartments and valve and pump components and extreme pressures and to resist hydro- locations and may occur in inert gas other uses. Simple, effective, safe tech- gen embrittlement. Research opportu- backgrounds as well as in atmospheres niques to easily and cheaply test or nities are available at the 210,000 gal- where oxygen is present. Leak pin- qualify new LOX/GOX compatible lon liquid hydrogen barges, High pointing techniques that may not em- materials is desirable. Pressure Gas Facility, Gas and ploy instrumentation are of interest. Materials Analysis Laboratory, the Contact: Contact: Advanced Sensor Development Bill St. Cyr Gerry Meeks Laboratory, the Diagnostics Testbed (601) 688-1935 (601)688-1134 Facility and a planned Cryogenic Conditions Testbed. Thermal Protection and Insulation Advanced Propulsion Systems Systems — The test of liquid rocket Contact: Testing— Innovative techniques will systems employ very large flame buck- Bill St. Cyr be required to test propulsion systems ets and diffusers to control, deflect, (601)688-1134 such as advanced chemical engines, cool, condition, and reduce the sound single-stage-to-orbit rocket plane com- level of the plume. Innovative thermal Propellant and Pressurants ponents, nuclear thermal and nuclear protection tiles, coating, or materials, Conservation, Recycling, and electric rockets and hybrids rockets. and insulation systems could result in Energy Conservation — Large quan- With a shrinking budget and longer significant savings. Cryogenic lines and tities of cryogenic fluids are used to leadtimes to develop new propulsion vessels typically require expensive vac- bring propulsion systems and the test systems, new approaches must be uum jackets, expansion joints, and facility complexes from ambient tem- developed to test future propulsion devices to maintain the fluids at the peratures to several hundred degrees systems. The solution may be some required extremely cold and some Fahrenheit below zero. This chilldown combination of computational-analyti- time high pressure conditions. represents a high loss of energy that cal technique, advanced sensors and Cheaper, better, or newer thermal cost millions of dollars. Research into instrumentation, and predictive protection and insulation systems operations techniques, recovery facili- methodologies. might do the same tasks cheaper and ties and equipment, and energy man- Contact: require little or no maintenance. agement and conservation could likely Don Chenevert improve ground testing, to save (601)688-3126 Contact: money and energy. Bill St. Cyr (601)688-1134 Contact: Don Chenevert (601) 688-3126 89

Information Systems a survey and evaluation of expert sys- Visual Data Analysis — tem shells, a survey and evaluation of Opportunities exist for the develop- Computational Modeling and AI tool boxes for uncovering relation- ment and enhancement of software Simulation — The Information ships in data, and porting a satellite tools to support the visualization of Systems Division has an effort to assess image classification methodology writ- propulsion test data. Incorporate the modeling software tools that can sup- ten in the AI language PROLOG and C use of artificial intelligence to develop port science and engineering users in onto an IBM computer. automated and semi-automated meth- developing, using and exercising large Contact: ods of data interpretation. Incorporate scale models in supercomputing appli- Kirk Sharp modeling techniques to allow the cations, with specific emphasis on investigator to explore a variety of (601) 688-3586 1 applicability to propulsion testing "what if situations. requirements. The research will Use of Visualization Technologies Contact: include a classification of the various for SSC Data Analysis — This Kirk Sharp models which can support propulsion research will consist of a review cur- (601) 688-3586 test and further justify how these mod- rent visualization software packages els would apply to specific propulsion (i.e. AVS) and identifying the feasibility Propulsion Test Data Acquisition test tasks and activities. The research of using these for developing interface Systems — Investigations into the will also define and document a and file format standards for use integration of real-time propulsion test detailed procedure and process for across SSC programs in order to share systems are needed. Specifically, how using a supercomputer at SSC. resources, data, techniques and tech- can large amounts of data from sensor Contact: nologies. Various SSC programs/activi- channels and control systems be opti- Kirk Sharp ties such as CTF, NLS/ALS, center mally managed? Research is needed (601) 688-3586 archival, and propulsion testing into optimum data channel band- require a "visualization" function for width, the appropriate separation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) data analysis and display. A feasibility control and data systems, and how the Capability for Intelligent demonstration will be developed using data and control systems can Processing of Remotely Sensed an actual application, thus allowing exchange data given the separation. and Propulsion Test Data — the visualization technology to be Contact: Artificial Intelligence techniques and used across multiple SSC programs. Kirk Sharp concepts are being investigated to Contact: (601) 688-3586 determined which can be used to col- Kirk Sharp lect, organize, and retrieve the vast (601) 688-3586 Data Archive — The Information amounts of data produced by NASA Systems Division has the role of data missions. This research will focus on Application of Parallel Computing archiving for a variety of scientific data investigating the use of AI expert sys- to Data Analysis — The purpose of acquired from satellites, airborne scan- tem technology in the classification of this research is to obtain a firm under- ners, medical sensors, and propulsion remotely sensed spatial data and standing of how this potentially radical test instruments. This research will extraction of information from propul- technology can be applied to several review data archive requirements at sion test data. This effort will result in NASA applications. This effort will SSC and investigate current data result in an examination of the com- archive technology. The results of the mercially available options, the nature research will be recommendations of of the algorithms currently employed, hardware, software, and methodology and the existing facilities. Based on for performing the data archive func- the results, a proto-type or demonstra- tion as required by the ISD. tion system will be built. Contact: Contact: Kirk Sharp Kirk Sharp (601) 688-3586 (601) 688-3586 90

Image Compression — This Forest Ecology — A number of study Leaf Reflectance Anomaly in research will involve an investigation plots have been selected which are Pinus — In color infrared photogra- into current technology for perform- representative of the major forest phy (CIR), canopies of loblolly pine ing image compression on both static ecosystems found today on the Gulf (finus taeda) are typically much dark- and animated imagery. Applications Coastal Plain. In addition, both satellite er and a more muted red than can- will be for a broad range of data uti- and aircraft remote sensing data have opies of slash (finus elliottif) or lon- lized at SSC including satellite, air- been acquired over these sites. gleaf (Pinus palustris) pines. This is borne scanner, video, medical, and Proposed research may be in any area explained by substantially lower leaf multimedia. Focus will be on the of forest ecology, but it is desirable reflectances within the 760 nm to reduction of physical media required that remote sensing may be an ancil- 1080 nm wavelength range in loblolly for storage as well as reduction of time lary tool of analysis. It is also desirable pine compared with slash and longleaf for network transmission of data. that portions of the investigations con- pines. However, the physical/chemical Issues will include compression ratios, sider below ground processes and the basis for this difference among species data fidelity, and speed of compres- manner in which these affect above is not known. An investigation of this sion/decompression algorithms. A rec- ground processes. (Also see below). phenomenon would contribute sub- ommendation and demonstration of a Contact: stantially to our understanding of leaf/ compression technique for each of the Bill Cibula canopy biophysics in pine forests of imagery types included in the study (601) 688-1913 the southeastern U.S. will be required. Contact: Contact: Forest Mycosociology — The mycor- Bill Cibula Kirk Sharp rhizal association of tree roots and (601) 688-1913 (601) 688-3586 higher fungi is vital to tree and forest health. In Europe, the precipitous Coastal Processes — Focuses on decline in the diversity of ectomycor- interdisciplinary research related to Earth Observations Research rhizal fungal species has been postulat- biogeochemical cycles (biological - ed as a major cause of forest decline physical interactions) and coupling Remote Sensing and Plant ("Waldsterben"). In southeastern between land and ocean processes. Physiological Ecology — The detec- forests, mycosociological data on the Work includes algorithm development tion of plant radiative responses to diversity of species, and interrelation- and image processing across multiple growth conditions remains as a major ships within various southern forest computer platforms. goal in remote sensing research. This ecosystems is severely lacking. In an Contact: is true particularly with respect to effort to obtain baseline data in the Richard Miller early detection of plant stress. We are southern United States, plots (60m x (601) 688-1904 interested in the continued study of 60m) have been established in four leaf and canopy reflectance responses uniform forest ecosystems in the SSC to various stress agents, and the devel- environs. Each plot is subdivided into opment of techniques to enable the 400 subplots that are 3 by 3 m each. It earliest possible detection of stress. is desirable that interested investiga- This has involved the identification tors consider studies that would use of narrow spectral bands in which these already established forest study reflectance is most strongly affected plots. In addition, both color infrared by various stress agents. We also are photography and digital remote sens- continually interested in basic influ- ing data exist for these plots and their ences on leaf radiative properties, and environs. their relationships to leaf chemical Contact: content and physiological processes, Bill Cibula particularly photosynthesis. (601)688-1913 Contact: Gregory A. Carter (601) 688-1918 91

Research Software — Emphasis on Commercialization developing efficient software for the analysis and visualization of in situ Commercial Remote Sensing — and remotely sensed data for earth sci- The Commercial Remote Sensing ence research. Focus on low-cost com- Program is designed to establish U.S. puter platforms. preeminence in value-added informa- Contact: tion products derived from remote Richard Miller sensing and related information tech- (601) 688-1904 nologies. The program is accom- plished by conducting collaboration Archeological/Anthropological research in application and advanced Predictive Modeling — Remotely technology development projects with sensed satellite and airborne data can private firms, universities, and govern- be used to detect anomalies in the sur- ment agencies focused on the follow- face cover that are representative of ing areas: 1) satellite data acquisition, prehistoric cultural remains. 2) data analysis/product generation, Sophisticated computer-analysis tech- and 3) information distribution and niques have been developed to extract product delivery. archeological/anthropological phe- Contact: nomena from the nonvisible portion of Chuck Hill the electromagnetic spectrum. By (601) 688-2042 combining remotely sensed and ancil- lary information into a data base, accu- rate predictive models can be devel- oped to isolate potential locations of prehistoric activity. Various cultures representing diverse environmental conditions are being examined to determine the spectral and spatial characteristics required for archeologi- cal/anthropological features detection. Contact: Tom Sever (601) 688-1906 93

Section III 1995 NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program

Underrepresented Minority and Disabled Focus Component

PAGE BUNK NOT Fll^ED Mk1> iMUUUNail» 94 Summary and Objectives

NASA has a rich history of Eligibility — Because Blacks, Selection of Proposals — Proposals working with minority-serv- Hispanics, American Indians, Pacific will be evaluated in two categories: Islanders (having origins in any of the M.S. and Ph.D. Graduate students will ing institutions and with original peoples of Hawaii; the U.S. be selected on the basis of their acade- underrepresented minority Pacific Territories of Guam, American mic qualifications; the quality of their and disabled faculty and Samoa, and the Northern Marianas; the plan of study or proposed research U.S. Trust Territory of Palau; the and its relevance to NASA's research students. In this program, Islands of Micronesia and Melanesia; interests and needs; if applicable, the we strive to build upon these and the Philippines), and individuals student's utilization of research facili- relationships to increase with a disability that limits a major life ties at the NASA centers; and to main- activity have been underrepresented tain appropriate balance between diversity among this na- in science and engineering, they are male and female applicants. tion's scientists and engi- the focus of this special effort. neers. Students selected for Applicants must be: Multiple Submissions — When sub- mitting to more than one NASA facility • enrolled in a full-time graduate pro- this program will collabo- or to both the Underrepresented gram at an accredited U.S. college or rate with faculty advisors Minority and Disabled Focus (TJMDF) university; and with NASA technical Program and the Graduate Student officers at Headquarters or • studying engineering, physics, math- Researchers Program (GSRP), separate ematics, computer science, biology, original application forms and all at one of the NASA field cen- aeronautics, space sciences, life sci- required information, including the ters. Students are encour- ences, or another discipline of interest number of copies necessary to evalu- aged to contact the appropri- to NASA; ate the proposal, must accompany each submission. ate facility technical advisor • highly motivated to pursue their plans of study in NASA related to coordinate research Application Procedure — All research; activities. applicants must submit one original • U.S. citizens. and nine (9) copies of all materials by The program offers: February 1 of each year to the appro- • up to $22,000 per year of Please note that identification of priate NASA facility, addressed to the one's disability is required, and proof attention of the Underrepresented support for a total of up to of tribal affiliation for Native Minority and Disabled Focus Program three years; Americans is requested. Administrator listed on page 95. • first hand exposure to Students may enter the program at the For detailed instructions on administra- NASA research; beginning of a master of science or a tive procedures and proposal format • the opportunity to work at Ph.D. program. Students may apply for the Underrpresented Minority and national laboratories with prior to receiving their baccalaureate Disabled Focus Component see pages degrees. An application must be spon- 10-13. unique facilities; sored by the student's graduate depart- • the chance to interact with ment chair or faculty advisor. Those the nation's top aerospace selected will usually receive support until they obtain an advanced degree, engineers and scientists. a maximum of three years in most Awards are initially made cases. Individuals accepting this award for a one-year period and may not concurrently hold another may be renewed annually, Federal fellowship or traineeship. Students who apply to this program for up to three years. are also eligible for the Graduate Student Researchers Program. 95 Underrepresented Minority and Disabled focus Program Administrators

Ms. Deborah Russell Mr. Alfred Paiz Mr. Willie Love Education Services Specialist Mail Stop 238420 Mail Stop CE01 Code EU Jet Propulsion Laboratory Marshall Space Flight Center NASA Headquarters National Aeronautics and Space National Aeronautics and Space Washington, DC 20546 Administration Administration Phone (202) 358-0935 4800 Oak Grove Drive MSFC, AL35812 FAX (202) 358-3745 Pasadena, CA91109 Phone (205) 544-0944 Mr. Aaron Hatch Phone (818) 354-3014 FAX (205) 544-2411 Mail Stop 204-2 FAX (818) 393-4977 Dr. Armond Joyce Ames Research Center Dr. Joseph D. Atkinson Mail Code MAOO National Aeronautics and Space Mail Code AJ111 John C. Stennis Space Center Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center National Aeronautics and Space Moffett Field, CA 94035 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Phone (415) 604-0790 Administration Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-6000 FAX (415) 604-3953 Houston, TX 77058 Phone (601) 688-3830 Ms. Erma Cox Phone (713) 483-4831 FAX (601) 688-1925 P.O. Box 273 FAX (713) 483-0609 Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Mr. J. Albert Diggs Center Mail Code EO Edwards AFB, CA 93523 John F. Kennedy Space Center Phone (805) 258-3033 National Aeronautics and Space FAX (805) 258-3567 Administration Dr. Gerald Soffen Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899 Code 160 Phone (407) 867-2307 Goddard Space Flight Center FAX (407) 867-1066 National Aeronautics and Space Dr. Samuel E. Massenberg Administration Mail Stop 400 Greenbelt, MD 20771 Langley Research Center Phone (301) 286-9690 National Aeronautics and Space FAX (301) 286-1610 Administration Hampton, VA 23681-0001 Phone (804) 864-5800 FAX (804) 864-6521 Ms. Jo Ann Charleston Mail Stop 9200 Lewis Research Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration 21000 Brookpark Road Cleveland, OH 44135 Phone (216) 433-2957 FAX (216) 433-3344 Proposals Due February 1 Undenvpmentzd Minority and Disabled Focus

I. Student Information n. Faculty Advisor Information Name: (Mr./Ms.) Name: Department:. Ust Birth Date:_ University:. Birthplace:. Mailing Address:. Permanent Address:. City, State, ZIP:_ Campus Phone:. Home Phone:_ Fax Number: Target Degree: MS _MS/PhD (joint) PhD E-Mail: Discipline: Signature:_ _Date:_ Department:. School Address: m. Official Responsible for Committing Institution City, State, ZIP:. Name: Campus Phone:. _Fax No.:. Title: E-Mail: University:. Undergraduate GPA:_ .Out Of:. Street Address:. Discipline: City, State, ZIP:. Graduate GPA Of Applicable):. .Out Of: Campus Phone:. Discipline: Signature: JOate:

1 certify that I am a citizen of the United States and that I am or witt be a full-time graduate student during the period covered by the attached proposal, that lama member of one of the following underrepresented minorities, and that I have independently written this proposal. HI Black Male CI Native American Male (H Male with Disability** * A person having origins in any of the original peo- ples of Hawaii; the U.S. Pacific Territories of Guam, d Black Female d Native American Female HI Female with Disability** American Samoa, and the Northern Marianas; D Hispanic Male d Pacific Islander Male* the U.S. Trust Territory ofPaulau; the Islands of Micronesia and Melanesia; and the Pbilltptnes D Hispanic Female d Pacific Islander Female* ** A disability that limits a major life activity Signature: Date:

IV. Proposal Information Type of Proposal: D (1) New D (2) Second Year D (3) Third Year If Renewal, Designate Grant No.: NGT-. Proposed Start or Renewal Date:. Expected Graduation Date: Proposal Title ._

Time Spent at NASA Center during past year: weeks . months

V. Submission Information VI. Proposal Checklist * NASA Use D Headquarters D Nasa Centers Ames/Dryden (ARC/DFRF) CH Original Proposal and :D Org/Gp'ys "VVi| 'f ^ .-, -• ., ^J i"~." ...... ";;%.$. Goddard (GSFC) 9 Copies Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) CH Budget Form >P/BdgtFmi -, '-U Other Facilities to which Johnson OSC) D University Certifications gf.; ;; ,*£•'• ''' -'-'> this proposal is being Kennedy (KSC) •Suspension and Debarment • D UCert, J submitted Langley (LaRC) •Drug Free Workplace Lewis (LeRC) d Signed Advisor Evaluation or Marshall (MSFC) Letter of Recommendation Stennis (SSQ D Original Transcripts fn.'t !1> Center Technical Advisor: ""•*',"' ' s-/ • >-rfv'"'; vj''-

ft. 98

Privacy Act Statement

General Pursuant to Public Law 93-579, Privacy Act of 1974, as amended (5U.S.C.§552a), the following information is being provided to persons who are asked to provide information to obtain a NASA Graduate Student fellowship.

Authority This information is collected under the authority of the National Aeronautics and Space Act. Publication 85-568, as amended, 42 U.S.C.§2451, et. seq.

Purpose and Uses NASA may disclose this information to other organizations or individuals having relationships with NASA, including but not limited to academic organizations, nonprofit organizations, and other governmental agencies, as well as Congressional offices in response to an inquiry made on your behalf. Disclosure may also be made to concerned par- ties in the course of litigation, to law enforcement agencies, and to other Federal agencies in exchanging information pertinent to an agency decision. 99

NASA Graduate Stiident Researchers Program Underrepresented Minority and Disabled Focus Budget Information

I. Student Stipend (Maximum of $ 16,000) n. Student Allowance (Itemize if necessary)

Student Allowance $. (Maximum of $3,000)

HI. University Allowance (Itemize if necessary)

University Allowance $. (Maximum of $3,000)

Total Requested $_ (Maximum of $22,000) 101

Section IV 1995 NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program

High Performance Computing and Communications

iGCDMB PflQE BLANK PIOT FILMED 102 High Performance Computing and Communications

In the 1995 academic year, General information on NASA's HPCC HPCC/Earth and Space Sciences program may be obtained by writing: (ESS) Project — This project focuses at least five new awards will on development of scalable algorithms Directorate for High Performance be granted as fart of the and applications on massively parallel Computing and Communications computing systems to make progress Federal High Performance Code RC toward the solution of Grand Chal- Computing and Communi- NASA Headquarters lenge investigations in a broad range Washington, DC 20546-0001 cations Program (HPCC) of Earth and space science disciplines. Program. HPCC is a Proposals for HPCC/GSRP fellowships In support of the Grand Challenge multiagency program must be sent to the centers listed and investigations, ESS is interested in must be coordinated with the desig- developing advanced software tech- designed to accelerate the nated points of contact. nology including parallel computation- development and application al techniques, approaches for architec- For detailed instructions on administra- ture independent parallel programing, of high performance comput- tive procedures and proposal format and software tools for accessing and for the High Performance Computing ing systems through an inte- managing massive science data sets. grated program of hardware, and Communications program see pages 10-13. Contact: software, and network develop- Jet Propulsion Laboratory ment, as well as long-term Contact: Robert D. Ferraro basic research. Within the Ames Research Center (818) 354-1340 Kenneth G. Stevens, Jr. [email protected].nasa.gov Federal program, NASA will (415)604-5949 focus on: aeronautical, Earth [email protected] HPCC/Earth and Space Sciences science, and space science (ESS) Project — JPL is conducting HPCC/Computational Aerosciences research in system software, user applications; interagency soft- Project — A new generation of mas- tools, and parallel computational ware coordination; and the sively parallel systems is being devel- methods for MIMD (Multiple- areas of basic research outlined oped which can be used to solve com- Instruction Multiple-Data) architec- below. For further information putational aeroscience problems. tures. Specific focus areas include: Research of interest includes: systems software technology to enhance porta- on specific research projects, software which facilitates the efficient bility and performance, distributed please contact the individuals use of parallel systems; multidiscipline visualization, and parallel algorithms listed below. computational applications for parallel for solving partial differential equa- systems; and computer architectural tions. Researchers will have access to analysis of the Intel Paragon, Thinking a variety of parallel architectures. This Machines CM5, IBM SP-2, and other work is in support of the HPCC ESS emerging parallel processors including Grand Challenge applications, which clusters of workstations. In addition to include multidisciplinary modeling of the previously mentioned parallel Earth and space phenomena, and processors, Ames has available CRAY analysis of data from remote sensing C90 conventional supercomputers, instruments. state of the art workstations, and high Contact: speed networks. Langley Research Center Contact: Manual D. Salas Goddard Space Flight Center (804) 864-2254 Jim Fischer [email protected] (301) 286-3465 [email protected] 103

HPCC/Computational Aerosciences Project — Research interests include, but are not limited to, the following areas: research on numerical methods for the solution of tightly coupled mul- tidisciplinary problems that can be efficiently implemented on massively parallel computers; research on novel optimization methods that are robust and can efficiently solve problems with a large number of design vari- ables and constraints as they occur in the design of aircraft shapes; and research on data management, domain decomposition methods, and/or data visualization for multidisciplinary problems using massively parallel computers. Contact: Lewis Research Center Russell Claus (216) 433-5869 [email protected]. nasa .gov

HPCC/Computational Aerosciences Project (Numerical Propulsion Simulation) — Development of a propulsion system simulator involv- ing the integration of disciplines, components, and high performance computers into a high level software environment. Of particular interest is the structuring of object oriented component models within a data flow control network. The numerically intensive component models will employ various parallel processing strategies to speed the overall system processing times. Various algorithms will be explored to solve complex geometry, time varying, engine system problems on a heterogeneous network of computers. Page intentionally left blank

Page intentionally left blank Proposals Due February 1 NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program Proposal in High Performance Computing and Communication (HPCC) Proposed Caver Sheet

I. Student Information n. Faculty Advisor Information Name: (Mr./Ms.) Name: Department:. Last Campus Address:. Birth Date:_ Mail Code: Birthplace:. University: Home Address: Street Address:. City, State, ZIP:_ Home Phone: Campus Phone:. Target Degree: MS MS/PhD (joint) PhD Fax Number: Discipline: E-Mail: Department:. Campus Address:, Mail Code: University: Signature:_ Date: Street Address:

City, State, ZIP:_ m. Official Responsible for Committing Institution Campus Phone:_ Fax No.: Name: E-Mail: Title: Undergraduate GPA:_ Out Of:_ University:. Discipline: Street Address: Graduate GPA (If Applicable):. Out Of:_ City, State, ZIP:. Discipline: Campus Phone:. / certify that I am a citizen of the United States and that I am or will be a full-time graduate student at the university during the period covered by this proposal.

Signatures _Date:_ Signatures Date:

IV. Proposal Information Type of Proposal: D (1) New D (2) Second Year D (3) Third Year If Renewal, Designate Grant No.: NGT-. Proposed Start or Renewal Date:. Expected Graduation Date: . Budget Amount Proposal Title

Time Spent at NASA Center during past year: .weeks . months

V. Submission Information VI. Proposal Checklist Jytt- NASA Use'pniy 'u;- D NASA Centers Ames/Drydcn (ARC/DFRF) D Original Proposal and '•;D 9 Copies Goddard (GSFQ D Budget Form ;;D BdgtFrm ^ ,'', -"} Jet Propulsion Lab 0PL) D University Certifications Langley (LaRQ •Suspension and Debarment ?/'DUCat "'"i- ''-I Lewis (LeRQ •Drug Free Workplace D Signed Advisor Evaluation or Center Technical Advisor: Letter of Recommendation D Transcripts Other Facilities to which this proposal is being submitted: 106

Privacy Act Statement

General Pursuant to Public Law 93-579, Privacy Act of 1974, as amended (5U.S.C.§552a), the following information is being provided to persons who are asked to provide information to obtain a NASA Graduate Student fellowship.

Authority This information is collected under the authority of the National Aeronautics and Space Act. Publication 85-568, as amended, 42 U.S.C.§2451, et. seq.

Purpose and Uses The information requested on the application form will be used to determine your eligibility for participation in the NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program. The information requested regarding your ethnic/racial/disability status will be used to determine the degree to which members of each ethnic/racial/disability group are being reached by NASA's announcement of this program, and will not affect your application. Additionally, NASA may disclose this infor- mation to other organizations or individuals having relationships with NASA, including but not limited to academic organizations, nonprofit organizations, and other governmental agencies, as well as Congressional offices in response to an inquiry made on your behalf. Disclosure may also be made to concerned parties in the course of litigation, to law enforcement agencies, and to other Federal agencies in exchanging information pertinent to an agency decision.

Effects of Nondisclosure Furnishing the information on the application form is voluntary, but failure to do so may result in NASA's inability to determine eligibility for participation and selection for award in the Graduate Student Researchers Program. However, your application will not be affected if you choose not to provide information on your ethnic, racial, or disability status.

FILMED 107

Optional Information Form

In order to determine the degree to which members of each ethnic/racial/disability group are reached by this announcement, NASA requests that the student check the appropriate block(s). Submission of this information is optional and will not affect your application.

D AMERICAN NATIVE D ASIAN D BLACK OR ALASKAN NATIVE D HISPANIC D PACIFIC ISLANDER D WHITE

D INDIVIDUAL WITH DISABILITIES*

DMALE

D FEMALE

AMERICAN NATIVE OR ALASKAN NATIVE: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America and who maintains cultural identification through tribal affiliation or community recognition. ASIAN: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of East Asia, Southeast Asia or the Indian subconti- nent. This area includes, for example, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea and Vietnam. BLACK, NOT OF HISPANIC ORIGIN: A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. HISPANIC: A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. PACIFIC ISLANDER: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii; the U.S. Pacific territories of Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Marinas; the U.S. Trust Territory of Palua; the islands of Micronesia and Melanesia; or the Phillipines. WHITE, NOT OF HISPANIC ORIGIN: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East.

*An individual having a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; who has a record of such impairment; or who is regarded as having such impairment. 109

NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program in High Performance Computing and Communication Budget Information

I. Student Stipend (Maximum of $ 16,000) n. Student Allowance (Itemize if necessary)

Student Allowance $_ (Maximum of $3,000) m.University Allowance (Itemize if necessary)

University Allowance $_ (Maximum of $3,000)

Total Requested $_ (Maximum of $22,000)

mmm mi Ill

Section V 1995 NASA Graduate Student Fellowships in Global Change Research 112 NASA Graduate Student Fellowship in Global Change Research

NASA announces graduate Areas of Support — Applications the time of the award. An individual will be considered for research on cli- accepting this award may not concur- student training fellowships mate and hydrologic systems, ecologi- rently receive other Federal funds, for persons pursuing a Ph.D. cal systems and dynamics, biogeo- including funds from other Federal fel- degree in aspects of global chemical dynamics, solid Earth lowships, traiheeships, or employ- change research. These fellow- processes, human interactions, solar ment. United States citizens and resi- influences, and data and information dent aliens will be given preference, ships will be available for the systems. Atmospheric chemistry and although the program is not restricted 1995 academic year. The pur- physics, ocean biology and physics, to them. pose is to ensure a continued ecosystem dynamics, hydrology, cryos- pheric processes, geology, and geo- Equal Opportunity — No applicant supply of high-quality scientists physics are all acceptable areas of shall be denied consideration or to support rapid growth in the research, provided that the specific appointment as a NASA Global Change study of Earth as a system. research topic is relevant to NASA's Fellow on grounds of race, creed, Over 250 fellowships have been global change research efforts includ- color, national origin, age, or sex. ing the Earth Observing System, the awarded since the inception of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, Obligation to the Government — the program in 1990. Up to and Mission to Planet Earth. Literature A student receiving support under the 50 new fellowships will be describing these programs will be Global Change Fellowship program made available upon request for those does not thereby incur any formal awarded each year, subject to who have not received a copy in past obligation to the Government of the availability of funds. years. To receive a copy, please write United States. However, the objectives to Ms. Anne Novotny, Code YM, of this program will clearly be served NASA Headquarters, 300 E Street SW, best if the student is encouraged to Contact: Washington, DC 20546 or call (202) actively pursue research or teaching in Dr. Ghassem Asrar 3584)855. global change research after comple- Office of Mission to Planet Earth tion of graduate studies. Code YS Terms and Conditions — Awards National Aeronautics and Space are made initially for one year and may Disposition of Unused Funds — Administration be renewed annually, usually no more In case a student or faculty advisor Washington, DC 20546-0001 than two times, based on satisfactory ceases to participate in the program (202) 358-0273 progress as reflected in academic per- for any reason, the university with formance and evaluations by the facul- prior NASA approval may appoint Mail Global Change Fellowship ty advisor. The amount of award is another student or faculty advisor to proposals to: $20,000/per annum, which may be complete the remaining portion of the Global Change Fellowship used to defray living and educational grant period provided the area of Code YSP-44 expenses, tuition, and fees. A further research remains the same. Renewal NASA Headquarters amount of $2,000 is available by applicants who have funds remaining 300 E Street, SW request for the faculty advisor's use in from their previous year's budget may Washington, DC 20546-0001 support of the student's research. carry the balance over into the follow- Proposals sent by express mail, com- ing program year. mercial delivery, or courier, send to: Eligibility — Students admitted to or Global Change Fellowship already enrolled in a full-time Ph.D. Code YSP-44 program at accredited U.S. universities Attn: Receiving and Inspections are eligible to apply. Students may NASA Headquarters enter the program at any time during 300 E Street, SW their graduate work. Students may also Washington, DC 20024-3210 apply in their senior year prior to receiving their baccalaureate degree, but must be admitted and enrolled in a Ph.D. program at a U.S. university at 113

Selection of Proposals — March 15, 1995 deadline. Applications Proposals will be judged by NASA not submitted and complete by March Headquarters on a competitive basis. 15 will not be considered in the selec- Criteria for selection include: (a) acad- tion process. All application packages emic excellence as based on tran- must also include (1) debarment and scripts and a letter of reference by the suspension certifications; and (2) drug- student's academic advisor; (b) the free workplace certifications from the quality of the proposed research for university. students already in graduate school; Results of the competition will be and (c) the relevance of the proposed announced July 14 of each year, with research to NASA's role in the U.S. the anticipated starting date Global Change Research Program of awarded fellowships to be Septem- (Mission to Planet .Earth). Selection ber 1 of each year. Results will be panels will include representation mailed to the students' university from the academic community, address, unless requested in writing to NASA's Office of Mission to Planet be forwarded to an alternate address. Earth and Education Division, and professional societies in the Earth sciences.

Application Procedures — Applicants are required to make avail- able: (a) a completed application form; (b) a titled five-page research proposal for those already enrolled in a pro- gram of study or a statement of research interest for those entering graduate school; (c) a short abstract (one-half page) summary describing the proposed research (if you are already enrolled in graduate school) or proposed research interests (if you are not yet enrolled); (d) copies of under- graduate and graduate transcripts; (e) a letter of reference from the academ- ic advisor; and (f) a schedule stating the proposed start date and comple- tion date of your plan of study and/or research program. One original and seven (7) copies of the application form, proposal, transcript, and letter of reference should be forwarded as a package. It is the student's responsibil- ity to ensure that these documents are received at NASA Headquarters by the Page intentionally left blank

Page intentionally left blank Proposals Due February 1 NASA Graduate Student Fellowships in Global Change Research • Application Form

I. Student Information n. Faculty Advisor Information Name: (Mr./Ms.) Name: Department: Last First MI Campus Address: Birth Date: Mail Code: Birthplace: University: Permanent Address: Street Address: Citv. State. ZIP: Home Phone: Campus Phone: Citizenship: Fax Number:

(joint) PhD E-Mail: Discipline: Department: m. Official Responsible for Committing Institution Campus Address: Name: Mail Code: Title: University: University: Street Address: Street Address: City State ZIP' Campus Phone' Fax No.: Citv. State. ZIP: E-Mail: Campus Phone: Undergraduate GPA: Out Of: CD Drug-Free Workplace Certification D Debartment and Suspension Certification Discipline:

Graduate GPA (If Applicable): Out Of: Signature: Date:

IV. Proposal Information Applicable Global Change Category (check only one category) Climate and Hydrologic Systems Solar influences _ Solid Earth Processes Ecological Systems and Dynamics Biogeochemical Dynamics _ Data and information Systems Human Interactions Proposal Title (not to exceed 260 characters):

V. Submission Information D Application Form D Research Proposal (5-6 pages) D Abstract D Application Form D Recommendation Letter D Schedule D Budget D Optional Information Form (not required for consideration)

I certify that I am or will be a full-time graduate student enrolled at an accredited U.S. university during the period covered in the attached proposal.

Signature Date 116

Privacy Act Statement

General Pursuant to Public Law 93-579, Privacy Act of 1974, as amended (5U.S.C.§552a), the following information is being provided to persons who are asked to provide information to obtain a NASA Graduate Student fellowship.

Authority This information is collected under the authority of the National Aeronautics and Space Act. Publication 85-568, as amended, 42 U.S.C.§2451, et. seq.

Purpose and Uses The information requested on the application form will be used to determine your eligibility for participation in the NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program. The information requested regarding your ethnic/racial/disability status will be used to determine the degree to which members of each ethnic/racial/disability group are being reached by NASA's announcement of this program, and will not affect your application. Additionally, NASA may disclose this infor- mation to other organizations or individuals having relationships with NASA, including but not limited to academic organizations, nonprofit organizations, and other governmental agencies, as well as Congressional offices in response to an inquiry made on your behalf. Disclosure may also be made to concerned parties in the course of litigation, to law enforcement agencies, and to other Federal agencies in exchanging information pertinent to an agency decision.

Effects of Nondisclosure Furnishing the information on the application form is voluntary, but failure to do so may result in NASA's inability to determine eligibility for participation and selection for award in the Graduate Student Researchers Program. However, your application will not be affected if you choose not to provide information on your ethnic, racial, or disability status. 117

Optional Information Form

In order to determine the degree to which members of each ethnic/racial/disability group are reached by this announcement, NASA requests that the student check the appropriate block(s). Submission of this information is optional and will not affect your application.

D AMERICAN NATIVE D ASIAN D BLACK OR ALASKAN NATIVE D HISPANIC d PACIFIC ISLANDER D WHITE

D INDIVIDUAL WITH DISABILITIES*

DMALE

D FEMALE

AMERICAN NATIVE OR ALASKAN NATIVE: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America and who maintains cultural identification through tribal affiliation or community recognition. ASIAN: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of East Asia, Southeast Asia or the Indian subconti- nent. This area includes, for example, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea and Vietnam. BLACK, NOT OF HISPANIC ORIGIN: A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. HISPANIC: A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. PACIFIC ISLANDER: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii; the U.S. Pacific territories of Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Marinas; the U.S. Trust Territory of Palua; the islands of Micronesia and Melanesia; or the Phillipines. WHITE, NOT OF HISPANIC ORIGIN: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East.

*An individual having a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; who has a record of such impairment; or who is regarded as having such impairment. 119

NASA Graduate Student Fellowships in Global Change Research Budget Information

I. Student Stipend, Tuition, Fees, Travel (Maximum of $20,000)

H. Faculty Advisor (Maximum of $2,000)

Total Requested (Maximum of $22,000)

msM I