ent Bullet ECEMBER 1974

- CONTENTS MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR "It is . . . far more economical in nearly every instance to prevent crime rather than to solve it." A COMPARISON OF THE WOUNDING EFFECTS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE HANDGUN AM• MUNITION SUITABLE FOR POLICE USE, by Vincent J. M. DiMaio, M.D. , J. Allan Jones, W. W. Caruth III, Louie L. Anderson, and Charles S. Petty, M.D., Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences, Dallas, Tex. 3 BE SAFE FROM RAPE, by Deborah Griffin, Informa• tional Services Division, Office of the Commis• sioner, Police Department, Boston, Mass. 9 HAWAII'S CIVIL IDENTIFICATION PROGRAM, by Ernest T. Yonamine, Director, Bureau of Crime Statistics and Identification, Department of At• torney General, State of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 12 KNOWLEDGE, COURAGE, INTEGRITY-A MUST FOR TODAV'S OFFICER Graduation of the 98th Session of the FBI National Academy. 14 FALSE FIRE ALARMS-A PROGRAM FOR PREVEN• TION, by Officer John S. Brennan, Training Specialist, Police Department, Portland, Maine 16 LAB DIRECTORS MEET Second Annual National Symposium on Crime Laboratory Development. 22 INVESTIGATIVE DETENTION (Part Ill, by John Dennis Miller, Special Agent, Federal Bureau of Investi• gation, Washington, D.C. 23 INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN 1974 28 WANTED BY THE FBI 32 THE COVER

False flre alarms represent a serious community challenge in terms of public safety. as well as wasted police and fire department personnel. Among ef• forls being employed to reduce the problem is public education, as shown in the cover photograph picturing a police officer instructing a citizen in use of police-fire call box. See related article, page 16. Photo courtesy of New Baven, Conn., Police Department. Message from the Director . ..

RISING LEVELS OF CRIME are an alarming and crime rather than to solve it. The savings extend complex problem which, as we have seen over from one end of the criminal justice system to many years, does not lend itself readily to quick the other. or easy remedy. There is one area of crime deter• When applied to specific targets, reducing rence, however, which I feel strongly has not been opportunities for criminal attack-preventive given enough attention. That is the effort to reduce security or target hardening-has had startling the opportunities for crime. results. There are many examples, but I will cite Many crimes could have been prevented by two notable ones. the simple expedient of closing a window, lock• From 1968through 1972, actual and attempted ing a door, leaving a light on, securing val• aircraft hijackings were committed at a fearsome uables, removing a key from a parked car, pace that made them a more than every-other• choosing a busy thoroughfare to walk rather than week occurrence throughout the United States. a dark and desolate, but perhaps shorter, route. Following implementation of a preventive secu• There are countless others-all ordinary precau• rity program involving the combined cooperation tions-that could have been taken easily by citi• of the airlines, law enforcement and other govern• zens in every walk of life and by businesses both ment agencies, and the air-traveling public, air• large and small. craft hijackings have been reduced to a meager How many crimes could have been prevented? handful of their former number. There is no certain way of knowing, but it may be One of the most successful preventive security an awesome total. We do know, for example, that programs grew out of a rash of robberies in the most crimes against property-which represent Nation's Capital a few years ago. In 1967, there 90 percent of all Crime Index offenses-are were more than 300 bus holdups. Even worse, the crimes of opportunity. For the most part, they rate spurted to more than 200 holdups in the are not deliberately conceived or stealthily first 5 months of 1968. Besides the loss of rev• planned. Instead, the opportunity to gain by enue, the holdups accounted for 12 bus drivers crime presents itself in such an inviting fashion injured and 1 murdered. as to outweigh for some persons, for the moment at least, the risk of being caught. Since small The targets of the robberies were the fare boxes crimes, due to unexpected circumstances, fre• carried by each bus driver to make change for quently swell to grave proportions, or are at least boarding passengers. After mid-1968, no change training grounds for larger crimes, their reduc• has been made for fares, which must be deposited tion could have far-reaching effects in all cate• in a sealed cashbox beyond the control of the gories of lawlessness. It is also far more driver. Since then, bus holdups in Washington, economical in nearly every instance to prevent D.C., have become a rarity. ~ I

MESSAGE

Reducing opportumtIes for crime is the re• encouraging citizens to follow them. With the sponsibility of everyone. Law enforcement agen• Christmas season approaching, when most serious cies, particularly through their community rela• crimes are at or near their yearly peak, it is tions units, should be at the forefront in devising timely that the public and the profession redouble programs to protect persons and property and their efforts to reduce the opportunities for crime.

CLARENCE M. KELLEY DECEMBER 1, 1974 Director r ------~------~------

AComparison of the Wounding Effects of Commercially Available Handgun Ammunition Suitable for Police Use

" . . the severity of a wound is directly related to the amount of kinetic energy lost by the bullet in the body."

By VINCENT J . M. 01 MAIO, M.D . J. ALLAN JONES W. W. CARUTH III LOUIE L. ANDERSON CHARLES S. PETTY, M.D. Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences Dallas, Tex.

Selection of a new caliber or type effects of different calibers and com- T heory of ammunition is a matter of great mercially available ammunition for Research in the field of wound bal- importance to both police officers and use by police. listics during and after World War II law enforcement organiz~tions. Ideal- The Southwestern Institute of Fo- revealed that the severity of a wound ly, selection should be made only after rensic Sciences at Dallas has a contin- is directly related to the amount of extensive evaluation of the wounding uing program to evaluate the wound- kinetic energy lost by the bullet in effects of the available weapons and ing effectiveness of different calibers the body.' This means that the greater ammunition. Conducting such tests, and types of ammunition, so as to pro- the loss of kinetic energy, the greater however, is impractical for most police vide this information for both law the damage to the tissues, therefore, departments. It has only been since the enforcement organizations and indi- the more severe the wound. From this military services, in 1962, published vidual police officers.2, 3 This article the results of their research in wound presents a comparison by the institute it was concluded that the wounding ballistics that such evaluations have of the wounding effects of different effectiveness of different types and become possible.' The same theory calibers and commercially available calibers of cartridges could be evalu- and techniques of testing devised by cartridges used by law enforcement ated and compared by determining the military can be used with some organizations or considered suitable the amount of energy lost by each modification to evaluate the wounding for police use. bullet in passing through tissue. This

December 1974 3 testing became more workable when subsequent research revealed that for TABLE I experimental purposes blocks of 20 percent gelatin at 10° C could be sub· Kinetic Energy Lost in Gelatin Blocks by Various Brands of 9 mm Parabellum Cartridges stituted for human tissue.' At this point, it should be pointed out that it is not the total amount of kinetic Bullet Muzzle Kinetic Manufacturer weight Style 1 velocity energy lost energy that a bullet loses in tissue that (grains) ±l SD~ ±l SD is of importance; rather, it is the en- (ft/s) (ft­lb) ergy delivered to vital organs, i.e., brain, heart, lungs, and liver, that Winchester...... ll5 FMJ 1,132±37 107±15 causes incapacitation. In view of this, Norma ...... ll6 FMJ 1,165±36 llO±13 blocks of gelatin 15 cm in depth are Remington ...... 124 FMJ 1,108±ll llO±22 used for te ling. Penetration by a bul- Smith & Wesson. 100 FMJ 1,219±18 129±9 let beyond 15 cm (approximately 6 Do...... ll5 FMJ 1,175±36 130±24 inches) is not important, because be- Do...... ll5 FMJ­SWC 1,160±28 176±27 yond this depth the bullet would have Winchester 3 ••••• 100 SP 1,305±21 274±60 struck or bypassed the major organs Smith & Wesson. ll5 JHP 1,156±30 323±21 or would have exited from the body.2,3 Remington ...... ll5 JHP 1,196±18 330±14 U ing the aforementioned research Super Vel...... 90 JHP 1,382±17 377±15 theories and techniques, it is now pos- sible to compare the wounding effect 1 F~IJ-fllll FMJ­SWC­fllll metal jacket­semiwadcutter of different calibers and types of car- metal jacket, SP­soft point, JHP­jacketed hollow point. tridge by determining the amount of 2 SD­standard deviation. kinetic energy lost by bullets pas ing 3 "Power point." through a gelatin block.

Methods TABLE II The te ts were conducted at a range of 15 feet from muzzle to gelatin block, Kinetic Energy Lost in Gelatin Blocks by Various Brands of .38 using weapons of the type commonly Auto, .38 Super, and .,15 Auto Ammunition carried by police officers: a Smith & We son 9 mm, Model 39 semiauto- Bullet \Iuzzle Kinetic matic pistol; a Colt .38 Super semi- Caliber/ weight Style 1 \'elocity energy lost manufacturer (grain..) ±l SD2 ±l SD automatic pi tol; a Colt .45, Model (ft/s) (ft­Ib) 1911 A­ I emiautomatic pistol; a Smith & We on .38 Special revolver, .38 Auto Model 15 with a 4·in barrel; a Smith Remington .. 130 FMJ 1,034±14 lOl±5 & We on .357 Magnum revolver, .38 Super Model 28 with a 4­in barrel; a Smith & Winchester .. 130 FMJ 1,208±21 138±16 We on. J.l Mao­num revolver, Model Super Vel... 107 JHP 1,281± 20 376±17 58 with a I·in barrel; and a mith & .45 Auto We on . I t Magnum revolver, Model Remington .. 230 FMJ 812± 8 ll7±6 29 with a ·I·in barrel. Firings were Norma...... 230 JIlP 812 ± 21 170±18 made through 20 percent gelatin Amron ...... 180 "Ilenli" 979± 24 188±ll blocks 16 cm in height, 16 cm in Remington .. 185 JIlP 9H± ll 272±44 width, and 15 cm in depth which were Super Vel. .. 190 JIlP 1,O53 ± 17 349±54 kept at a temperature of 10° C. Gela· tin specifically produced for such 1 F\lJ­fllll metal jaC'kC't•.Jlllt­jaC'keted hollow point, "Hemi"­hemi"pher- stu die wa u ed. 2 The velocity of each iral jacketed ;;oft point. bullet prior to entering the block, as 2 SO­standard de\'iation. well as on exiting, was determined,

4 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin using two chronographs. The kinetic energy was computed, using the TABLE III 2 formula KE = WV / 2g, with W being the weight of the bullet, V the velocity, Kinetic Energy Lost in Gelatin Block s by .38 Special Ammunition and g the gravitational acceleration. Bullets were recovered and weighed Bullet ;\]uz:r.!e K ine t ic lU anllfaclurer wcig ht S t }le 1 velocity c n e rgy lost to determine any loss of weight in (g rains) ± l S D 2 ± l SD passing through the block, as this (rl/,,) (ft-Ib) would alter the determination of the exit kinetic energy. Remington ...... 200 RN 664± 10 57± 7 Winchester ...... 158 RN 789 ± 13 72± 5 Results R eming ton ...... 158 swe 775± 16 73± 5 Do...... 158 RN 9 mm Para bellum (Luger) 743± 9 77± 18 FederaL ...... 158 RN 816± 8 79± 3 The 9 mm is truly an international Winches ter...... 200 RN 678± ll 84± 5 round, used by more military and po• Do.. . .•...... 158 swe 804±16 91 ± 5 lice groups throughout the world Remington ...... 158 RN 989± 18 97 ± 8 than any other caliber. Only recently Winchester...... 158 swe 930± 27 136± ll has it begun to gain popularity in the Western ...... 150 MT 972± 26 136± 22 United States, with the introduction of R emington ...... 148 we 749 ± 17 144±7 the Smith & Wesson Model 39 and Norma...... 158 JHP 792± 21 146 ± 29 Model 59 semiautomatic pistols. Table Speer ...... 125 JSP 1,093± 37 159± 32 I gives the loss of kinetic energy in Smith & Wesson. 158 JHP 909± 19 168± 14 gelatin blocks by the 9 mm Parabel• Do...... llO JHP 1,077± ll 188± 8 lum cartridges tested. The six full Super VeL ...... llO JSP 1,147±42 195 ± 21 metal jacket (FMJ) loadings tested R emington ...... 125 JHP 944±15 239 ± 8 were equal or superior in wounding Super VeL ...... llO JHP 1,089± 12 259 ± II effectiveness to the 230 grain (gr) Winchester ...... 158 HP 951 ± ll 261 ± 8 FMJ .45 Automatic loadings (table Smith & Wesson. 125 JHP 1,189± 37 295 ± 32 II) and markedly superior to the tra• Remington...... 95 JHP 1,216± 15 312±8 ditional158 gr round nose (RN) .38 Norma...... no JHP 1,334±47 391 ± 41 Special loadings (table III) . This su• periority is shown by the greater 1 RN-round nose, SWC- s;emiwadcutter, MT-mc ta l tipped, WC-wad• amounts of kinetic energy lost by the c utte r, JHP-jack e t ed hollow point, J S P-jack etcd 80ft po int, HP-hollow point. 9 mm bullets in the gelatin blocks. 2 SD-s tanda rd d e viation. The 9 mm Smith & Wesson full metal jacket, semiwadcutter (FMJ-SWC) .38 Super and .38 Automatic loading lost the most kinetic energy of .45 Automatic the full metal jacket rounds, equaling The .38 Super cartridge should be This has been the official U.S. Army some of the .38 Special jacketed soft used in preference to the .38 Auto• cartridge since 1911, and many myths point and hollow point loadings. The matic in all modern .38 semiautomatic have arisen concerning its effective• 9 mm Winchester 100 gr "Power pistols (table II). Both cartridges are ness. Contrary to these stories, the Point" jacketed soft point (JSP) loaded with 130 gr FMJ bullets. Both standard military loading with a 230 showed even better performance, be• of these .38 auto cartridges are rough• gr FMJ bullet is no more effective ing surpassed in the .38 Special load• ly comparable in wounding effective• than the traditional 9 mm FMJ round. ings by only three of the hollow point ness to the 9 mm FMJ-RN bullets, Both of these loadings lose about the rounds. The 9 mm jacketed hollow with the .38 Super somewhat superior same kinetic energy in gelatin blocks. point (JHP) loadings make this car• to the .38 auto cartridge. The Super The Norma JHP and Amron "Hemi" tridge superior to most .38 Special Vel 107 gr JHP more than doubles the (a jacketed soft point) are somewhat loadings and a number of the .357 wounding effectiveness of the .38 more effective than the traditional .45 Magnum soft point and hollow point Super cartridge, making it as effective FMJ loading (table II). The orma loadings. as the 9 mm hollow point loadings. JHP does not expand in either gelatin

De ce mber 1974 5 or the human body. It may cause func• velocity round is commercially avail• shoot, however, because of recoil. In tioning difficulties in some guns, be• able and sold to the general public. a previous study, the Remington 125 cause of the exposed lead tip. The The high velocity round is signifi• gr JHP was the second most effective Amron round may also cause func• cantly superior to the round nose round: During the present tests, it tioning difficulties, because of the bullets and other semiwadcutter dropped from second to sixth place. short, stubby nature of the bullet with bullets. An unexpected finding, first re• This was apparently due to the fact an exposed lead tip. The .45 Super Vel ported in our previous study, was the that the muzzle velocity was reduced JHP is three times as effective as the excellent performance of the target from ll55± 24 feet per second (£t/ s) FMJ military round. The Super Vel, wadcutter bullet, which lost 144 ft-lb to 944 ± 15 ft/ s. In addition, the like the Norma hollow point, does of energy in the gelatin block, making powder appears to have been changed not expand significantly in either gela• it one of the better of the all lead load• from ball to flake. The Remington 95 tin or the body. The increased wound• ings.2 gr JHP lost all its energy in the gelatin ing effectiveness of this round is due Two jacketed soft point loadings block. The only nonjacketed hollow to its increased velocity and the blunt were evaluated, the Speer 125 gr JSP point bullet tested was the Winchester nose shape, necessitated by the hollow and the Super Vel llO gr JSP. The 158 gr HP. This round showed ex• point at the tip. The Remington 185 latter one showed better performance, cellent performance and was pleasant gr JHP fa lis between the Amron and losing a greater amount of kinetic to shoot. the Super Vel rounds in its wounding energy in the gelatin block. .357 Magnum effectiveness. The amount of kinetic The JHP cartridges showed great energy lost by the Super Vel .45 JHP variation in performance, depending The standard 158 gr lead SWC load• load and that lost by the three 9 mm on the brand and bullet weight. As a ing in this round lost 166 ± 19 ft-Ib JHP loadings tested is essentially the general rule, the higher the velocity, of energy in a gelatin block (table same. Thus, the wounding capability the better the performance. The or• IV). The hollow points, with two ex• of these cartridges is also equal. rna llO gr JHP showed the best per• ceptions, lost more than 300 ft-lb in the formance of all the .38 Special car• blocks. The most effective round test• .38 pecial tridges tested. It was unpleasant to ed was the Remington 125 gr JHP,

The .38 Special is the cartridge most widely used by police in the TABLE IV United States. In the past few years, many law enforcement organizations Kinetic Energy lost in Gelatin Blocks by .357 Magnum Ammunition have expressed dissatisfaction with Bullet Muzzle Kine tic the wounding effectiveness of this car• ;\Ianufacturer weip:ht Style 1 velocity e ner p: y lost tridge. Because of this dissatisfaction, (gra ins) ± l SD2 ± l SD (ft/s) (ft-Ib) many organizations have begun using the new high velocity .38 Special load• SWC 166± 19 ings or have shifted to the u e of other Remington ...... 158 1,191± 19 Western ...... 158 1,206± 51 209 ± 44 weapons, such as the .357 or .41 Mag• MT Smith & Wesson. 158 1,060± 23 212± 15 num. The traditional 158 gr round JHP Do...... 158 JSP 1,078± 53 280 ± 50 nose (R ) loading for the .38 Special Do...... 125 JHP 1,153± 43 280±47 are relatively ineffective, losing only Remington ...... 158 JSP 1,217± 25 284± 29 72 to 79 ft-Ib (foot-pounds) of energy Western ...... 158 JSP 1,180± 22 334± 31 in the gelatin block (table III). One Remington ...... 158 JHP 1,110 ± 25 369± 36 brand of the 200 gr R is less effec• Super Vel ...... 110 JHP 1 ,296± 74 371 ± 36 tive than the 158 gr RN, while another Smith & Wesson. no JHP 1,337± 59 393 ± 36 brand is slightly more effective. Win• Western ..•...... no JHP 1 ,282± 25 393± 12 che ter olTers a 158 gr lead emiwad• Do...... 158 JHP 1,169± 31 402± 19 cutter (SWC) cartridge in either a Remington • ..... 125 JHP 1,331± 27 423 ± 27 standard velocity or a high velocity loading. The tandard velocity round I SWC_emiwa d cutter, !\IT-metal tipped, JHP-Ja cket ed h ollow poin t , is apparently a special loading for J SP-jacketed soft point. some police agencie , while the high 2 SD-s ta ndard d evia tion.

6 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin which lost 423 + 27 ft-lb of energy. .44 Magnum Conclusion It is of interest that the Smith & Wes- son 158 gr JSP outperformed its hol- In wounding effectiveness, measured The cartridges tested for this report low point version of the same weight by loss of kinetic energy in gelatin are a good representation of currently t and that the Smith & Wesson 125 gr blocks, this is the most effective caliber available commercial handgun ammu- JHP cartridge in .38 Special and .357 tested (table V). nfortunately, the nition. Choice of a particular caliber Magnum are equal in wounding ef- available loadings are extremely un- or cartridge by an individual or de- fectiveness. The hollow and soft load- pleasant to shoot, because of the heavy partment depends not only on the ings for the .357 cartridges as a group recoil. Based on the high exit velocities wounding effectiveness of the particu- are only slightly superior in wound- and energies from gelatin blocks, this lar ammunition or caliber, but also ing effectiveness to the 9 mm and .38 caliber will probably pass through a on: the weapon to be used; the aver- Special hollow point cartridges. body, endangering innocent bystand- age police officer's tolerance to recoil; .41 Magnum ers. Because of excessive recoil, this caliber should be used only by an ex- This round was developed to fill the "The problem of re• perienced shooter. The .44 Magnum [ gap between the .357 and .44 Mag- coil and muzzle blasts as presently loaded is essentially a nums. Two loads are available, a 210 hunting round, rather than a police and its effect on officers gr lead SWC and a 210 gr JSP (table load. should be considered V). The semiwadcutter load is inferior a in wounding effectiveness to almost all Some police officers, to avoid the when choosing new the .357 cartridges, most of the .38 excessive recoil of the .44 Magnum, caliber or cartridge." Specials HP's, and all of the 9 mm HP load their weapon with .44 Special rounds. Our tests revealed, however, loadings. The jacketed soft point the duties to be performed; whether round is superior to all the aforemen- that this latter cartridge, factory load- the new ammunition will endanger in- tioned calibers; however, it is unpleas- ed with a 246 gr bullet, is less effective nocent bystanders; public relations; ant to shoot, with its heavy recoil. than almost all .38 Special cartridges. and the economic question of a changeover in caliber or ammunition. TABLE V Our research was concerned princi- pally with the effectiveness of differ- Kinetic Energy Lost in Gelatin Blocks by J7ariolts Brands of .41 ent calibers and brands of ammuni- Magnum• .44 Special, and .4·1 Magnum Cartridges tion. In our testing, we did collect some additional data and impressions Bullet Muzzle Kinetic that might influence the choice of a Caliberl weight Style I velocity enerfl:)" lost weapon and caliber. An example is manufacturer (grains) ±l SD2 ± l SD (ft/s) (ft­lb) the severe recoil of the .41 Magnum and .44 Magnum, which, we feel, .41 Magnum make them unsuitable for general police use. In addition, these rounds Remington .. 210 SWC 961±20 188±36 tend to overpenetrate and thus are Do...... 210 JSP 1,259± 35 500± 48 capable of injuring innocent by- .44 Special standers. Remington . . 246 RN 660± 18 69± 5 In the semiautomatic pistol field, .44 Magnum we found that the 9 mm loadings are Remington .. 240 JSP 1,251± 30 545 ± 60 pleasant to shoot. In view of the wide Super Vel... 180 JHP 1,442± 43 565 ± 89 range and the excellent performances Winchester .. 240 JHP 1,268±25 621 ± 39 of the 9 mm loadings, as well as the Remington .. 240 SWC 1,263±31 636 ± 45 equality in wounding effectiveness Do...... 240 JHP 1,221± 15 639 ± 38 with the .45 Automatic, the 9 mm is probably the best available caliber for police use, if a semiautomatic pistol I SWC­"emiwadcutter, JSP­jacketed "oft point, RN­round nO!'le, JHP jacketed hollow point. is to be used. In revolvers, the .38 2 SD­sta ndard deviation. Special is still the best overall caliber.

Dece mber 19 74 7 With the new high velocity loadings, magnum calibers and the .45 Auto• this round can now duplicate the per• matic. These cartridges and calibers LAW ENFORCEMENT formances of many of the .357 car• again do not cause particularly mu• OFFICERS KILLED tridges. Some of the high velocity tilating injuries. The wounds pro• loadings for the .38 should not be fired duced usually cannot be differentiated According to information col• in small and/ or alloy frame revolvers from those of the traditional 158 gr lected through the FBI's Uni• due to the extreme pressure developed. R .38 Special bullet. form Crime Reporting Program, The problem of recoil and muzzle A final point to be made in dis• five law enforcement officers blasts and its effect on officers should cussing our evaluation of different were killed due to criminal ac• be considered when choosing a new brands of ammunition has to do with tion in September 1974. caliber or cartridge. Beginning with changes in manufacturing of ammuni• During the first 9 months of the .357 Magnum and progressing to tion. Many of the ammunition manu• 1974, 95 local, county, State, the .44 Magnum, there is an increas• facturers will change the type of and Federal law enforcement of• ing tendency towards flinching, pro• powder and powder loadings in their ficers were killed due to crimi• duced by the greater recoil in these cartridges without any notice. Less nal action. In the same period in weapons. Fear of the weapon and/or commonly, they will alter the con• 1973, 101 officers were slain. ammunition used in the magnum struction of the bullet loaded in a Forty-two officers were killed cartridge class works to neutralize any cartridge. Such changes can alter the in the Southern States, 26 in added benefits from these rounds. If ballistic performances of the fired the North Central States, 14 in a police officer fears his gun, he is bullets. This was demonstrated in the the Western States, 9 in the unable to fire it well and any advan• case of the .38 Special Remington 125 ortheastern tates, and 4 in tage gained by new high velocity gr JHP cartridge, mentioned previ• Puerto Rico. Twenty-eight of• loadings or a larger caliber is lost. ously. Therefore, before adoption of ficers were slain handling dis• The problem of public relations a particular cartridge, it would be best turbance calls, 18 while attempt• may come up, especially with the use to check with the manufacturer to see ing arrests for crimes other than of hollow point ammunition. Myths if he ha made any alteration in the robbery or burglary, 17 in con• have ari en about the terrible wounds loading for this particular cartridge. nection with robbery matters, caused by hollow point pistol bullets. Any loading change in which there is II while investigating suspi• Such stories are complete nonsense. a decrease in velocity may cause a sig• cious per ons, 6 in connection Pistol bullets, even the new high nificant decrease in performance. with burglary matters, 5 while velocity loadings, are in reality low making traffic stops, 6 in un• REFERENCES velocity projectiles. At autopsy, one provoked or premeditated am• I Beyer, J. C. (editor): "Wound Dnllisliu." Office cannot specifically tell from the extent of the Surgeon General, Dcpnrtment of the Army i U.S. bush-type attack, and 4 while of the injury if an individual has been Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1962. handling pri oners. , DiMaio. V.I. M.• 1. A. 10nes. and C. S. Petty: shot by a .38 Special 158 gr RN lead "Ammunition for Police," A compnri!lon of the wound· All but two of the officers bullet travelling at 789 ft/s or a llO ing effeclS of commercially available cartridge9, J were killed by firearms. Hand• Police Sci and Administration, 1 :269-273, 1973. gr orma HP at 1334 ft/s. 30i)l.io. V.I. M .• 1. A. 10nes. W. W. Caruth. guns were used in 65 of the imilar stories concerning mutilat• I... L. Anderson, and C. S. Petty: "The Effectiveness kill ings. of Snub·Nose RC\folvers and mall Automatic Pistols" ing inj urie have arisen about the (in preparation).

EDITOR'S NOTE: Material and articles published in the FBI AGGRAVATED Law Enforcement Bulletin are solely for the information ancl assistance of law (>nforcement members. While iJralld names ASSAULT ancl companies may be mentioned from time to time, this is During calendar year 1973, done in a strictly objective 1/W1l1lPr to help present stories in therc were an estimated 416,270 their entirety from authoritative sources. In such instances, aggravated a sa ults in the a• publication of the artic[p in thp nUl ~ tETIN should not, llmler tion. Thi is a 7-percent increase, any circumstances, [,1' cOllstrllp,[ as (lTl e,u[orSemPllt or an Clp• or 27,300 additional offenses prot'al of any particular product, sen';ce, or eqllilJ1nent lJy the FBI. over 1972.

8 FBI Law Enforce ment Bulletin ..

A Self-Defense Program for Women

The man reached out, grasped the Their demonstration would con- girl's neck, and began to tighten his tinue for another 10 minutes. It had hands. With an equally swift move- been preceded by a IS­minute film on ment, the girl grabbed his arms and rape prevention, "Lady Beware," and tossed his 200 pounds over her would be followed by a lecture plus a shoulder. question and answer period. Patrolman James Jones picked him- "Lady Beware" is a 16­mm color self up from the mats in the audito- film that presents the basic principles rium of a Boston bank. This was rou- of rape prevention. The key word in tine procedure for him. Patrolman the film and in the lecture that follows Jones is a member of the Boston Po- is the word SAFE. lice Department's unique "Stop Rape" S for Secure-security at home in team. the form of deadbolt locks, good com- Jones explained to the still­gasping audience how Officer Patricia Rehm munications with neighbors, security had flipped him; and demonstrated in a car and on the streets. implified variations of the self­de- A for Avoid-avoid danger spots fense maneuvers that women can use like public transportation stops at to fight off attackers. night, parking garages, and elevators. be safe

from By DEBORAH GRIFFIN Informational Services Division Office of the Commissioner rape Police Department Boston, Mass.

9 F for Flee-run when possible into telling their audiences that rape vic• brightly lit areas. tims must not feel shame. Rape is a E for Engage, the last resort. Re• crime, and women who have been main calm, breathe deeply. Observe raped have been victims of a crime. .. anything that might hel p later in pros• Most women want to know if they ecution. If physical action is to be should scream when attacked. taken for self-defense, it must be an Yes, if you have enough maneuver• ... all-out effort. able space between you and your at• The film is not a frightening film, tacker, Sergeant Deary says; no, if but it is thought provoking. This, Sgt. your attacker has a knife to your Charles A. Deary of the Boston Police throat. You might just startle him into j Informational Services Division says, using the knife. is the desired result of the program. Older women often ask what the "If two women leave the program, rape team would advise for women who know they could not use physical one saying to another, 'We didn't get Commissioner Robert J. di Gralia any final solution, but we can devise means of self-defense. The answer is to think, then talk. If our own method,' then the program is city, a lawyer quizzed the team on re• : attacked, your first reaction would be a success." cent rape legislation. Both partici• shock, then the adrenalin starts pump• The reasoning behind the self-de• pants, Rosemarie Salvo, a civilian em• ing and you will be alert, more so fense section of the program is that ployee in the department's Planning than under ordinary conditions. You the police cannot decide for a woman and Research Division, and Patrol• will be capable of physical reactions if she should use physical force and man Jim Jones, had read up on the you didn't think possible. fight her attacker. That's a decision rape laws and could respond without Talk to your attacker, and keep each woman must make herself. 1£ a hesitation to the lawyer's probes. talking. If he has a knife to your woman feels he will be killed if he A demonstration before a local throat, tell him to put the knife away. doesn't fight, she should know some chapter of an organization for women If he does, you have gained control. basic elf-defense techniques, Boston brought an outburst of questions on at much, but some, and you have police believe. the use of women police officers in calmed yoursel f to the point that you The rape team haws women a few rape cases. In Boston, if a woman re• know what you are doing. moves that will give a woman time to quests that a woman officer interro• Look for opportunities. Your ob• think, and run-a kick in the instep or gate her, she will get one. The whole jective now is to get away from him. groin, a jab to the chin, or a poke in question of the exclusive use of wom• Keep calm, keep thinking, keep talk• the eyes of an attacker. en in interrogating rape cases is ing. "Fear and anger are close," Ser• under study by the department's Many time the audience wants a creant Deary reminds the women. "If Planning and Research Division. character ketch of a rapi t. This is you can turn fear into anger you The most difficult question, but the impo sible, except to point out that might be able to loosen a hold and one that is nearly always asked, is why studies show that the attacker has ob• get away." a woman should report a rape, know• served the victim, not necessarily that While the team member are dem• ing the traumatic and painful proce• the victim has observed the attacker. on trating self-defen e, they talk to the dure he will have to face. Most rapes involve persons of the audience, leading into the que tion The answer varies with the member same race and are concentrated in the and an wer period. of the top Rape team replying. One lowest income area. A high per• Que tion vary with the audience. of the women officers might answer that her embarra ment at being asked centage of rapists are married. Recently, in an affiuent ection of the personal, intimate questions would be ince rna t rape occur in dark, ex eeded by her anger at her assailant. secluded places, a point in the vic• "While the team mem• The essence of each officer's reply, tim's favor is that she would be at• bers are demonstrating sell• however, is that by not reporting the tacked in one place, the street, for delpnse, they talk to lhe rape, the victim is allowing her at• example, and taken to a more secluded alldience, leading into tacker to go free, to rape her or location before anything would hap• the qllestion and answer another woman again. pen. There have been cases of women period." The rape team make a point of who have convinced their assailants to

10 FBI law Enforcement Bulletin "'[T]he Stop Rape temn does not have all the answers, Intl we know that if we have reached just one WOlnan, our efforts have been worthwhile.'"

come with them into brightly lit areas and then were able to flee. Many women question the advis• ability of re isting. Wouldn't it be better to be raped than to be mur• dered? Yes, but how can you be sure of what yo ur attacker will do? A rapist is in a highly agitated state. In such a state he could kill as well as rape. The point most stressed is that each woman must make a plan. This means A Boston police officer shows a "Stop Rape" audience some defensive tactics that might be knowing yourself, your capabilities, used against an attacker. physically and emotionally. Are yo u aggressive or passive by nature? Know the physical setup of your apartment. Trust your instincts. Your "gut feeling" may be your first warn• ing of trouble. Questions last for as long as the audience can stay. Generally, if it is an average show, the question and an• swer period will go on for more than an hour, with several members of the audience lingering on afterward to talk to the officers individually, some• times quietly relating their own ex• perience with rape or assault. Boston Police Commissioner Rob• ert J. di Grazia comments that "the Stop Rape team does not have all the answers, but we know that if we have reached ju t one woman, our efforts have been worthwhile. And the ex• perience has, and will be, mutually profitable and enlightening to the women of Boston and the Boston Police Department." ~

December 1974 11 Hawaii's Civil Identification Program ... By ERNEST T. YONAMINE Director ... Bureau of Crime Statistics and Identification Department of Attorney General State of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii

December 7, 1941, marks a mo• not be met, a properly executed affi• mentus day in the histories of the davit bearing the necessary data may United States and Hawaii. The attack be accepted after weighing the merits on Pearl Harbor that day brought a of the individual case and the personal need for tight security. A central fin• needs of the applicant. Testimony by gerprint identification system for all a third party on behalf of an appli• civilians, 6 years of age and older, who cant sworn before a notary public may were then living in the Hawaiian Is• also be considered. However, it should lands was established as a result. be emphasized that such variations are At the end of the war in 1945, the held to a minimum in order to elimi• territorial legislature of Hawaii en• nate fraudulent applications. acted a voluntary civil identification Processing program based upon its wartime coun• terpart. This identification program A valid request for an ID card is was created as a public service project. specified by Section 28-38, Hawaii initially registered chronologically. A By providing rapidly retrievable data Revised Statutes, the following data preliminary name search of the ID on essential identifiers of certain must be collected and filed as a written program's name index file with neg• individuals in Hawaii, the program record: Applicant's name, date and ative results leads to further pro• answered many personal and institu• place of birth, address, residence and cessing by completing the basic photo• tional needs. One obvious benefit was business telephone numbers, occupa• ID format with the required personal the potential it held for improving the tion, personal description including data being typed onto a 31,4 - by 7112• crime prevention, detection, and ap• identifying marks, citizenship status, inch card. This card is then processed prehension efforts of law enforcement fingerprints of both hands. and combined with a color photo of organizations. In order to prevent one from fraud• the applicant. The finished 2- by 3• ulently obtaining and using a Hawai• inch laminated card contains a photo Card Requests ian ID card, the bureau requires that and signatu re of the bearer; his name, Today, this voluntary civil iden• each request for an ID card be ac• social security number, and other per• tification program has been codified companied by the applicant's birth sonal data; date of i sue; the authen• in Part III, Chapter 28, Hawaii Re• certificate and social security card. ticating facsimile signatures of the at• vised Statute, as a respon ibility of Tn lieu of a birth certificate, one may torney general and the civil identi• the State allorney general. The serv• pre ent a valid passport, or a U.S. fication program's registrar; the bear• ices of the Bureau of Crime tatistics naturalization certificate, or a U.S. er's fingerprint ; and the name and and Identification, the operational arm alien registration card as a means of addre s of the neare t relative or other of the program, are offered to every• verifying the per ol1al data of the ap• person to be notified in case of an one living in Hawaii and anyone visit• plicant. Consideration is also given emergency. ing the State. Although there are no to U.S. Armed Forces discharge pa• In conformity with the U.S. Armed age limits, a request for an identifica• pers, baptismal certificates, or other Forces ID card and the Hawaii tion (lD) card by a per on 15 year of similarly authenticated certificates of driver's license, the number which ap• age or ) ounger must be made by the per onal data. pears on each Hawaiian ID card is the applicant's parent or guardian. As 1f the foregoing requirements can• same a the bearer' social security

12 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin number. This helps to reduce the num- or services by check. Individuals ber of numerical combinations which traveling overseas are able to utilize are currently being utilized to identify the program to verify their identifica- a given person. tion through their fingerprints in the event that all means of personal identi- Program Benefits fication are lost or stolen. A few indi- viduals have used their ID cards to Hawaii's civil identification pro· prove their Hawaii residence as of a gram has acquired a reputation as a certain date. The ID cards have also strong stimulus for crime deterrence been helpful to verify the age of an in the area of personal identification individual­whether it be for social fraud with respect to bank transac- security purposes or to attest to one's tions and credit sales. Another bene- majority. factor of this ID program is the U.S. Passport Office as the ID card presents Fingerprint Searches a valid identification of the traveler. Hon. George Pai Attorney General, State of Hawaii The U.S. Immigration and' Naturaliza- During the past 27 years, the civil tion Service has utilized the ac- identification program, through the tives and friends, a few had virtually cumulated ID records to confirm the use of fingerprint searches, has re- all identifiable marks destroyed. How- identities of aliens leaving or return- sulted in the positive identification of ever, the bureau was able to make pos- ing to Hawaii. The Hawaii State Em- 347 persons who were victims of homi- itive identification from their finger- ployees' Retirement System resolves cides, traffic accidents, drownings, prints. similar problems concerning the iden- plane crashes, suicides, tidal waves, Other interesting cases involved the tification of recipients who are now and numerous other mishaps, where use of either stolen or falsified birth living in foreign countries. The ID identification would otherwise have certificates in order to obtain aHa· card can also be used to prevent the been much more difficult. waiian ID card. Although there have fraudulent use of more than one social On two occasions, the civil identifi- been several motives for such action, security number for the purpose of cation program was used to identify an individual in one particular case receiving and cashing more than one the victims of amnesia. In another tried to prove his U.S. citizenship for benefit check by a single person using case, the bureau was able to assist a the purpose of securing a sensitive different names. young female in proving her Ameri- government job. Through the assistance of the bu- can citizenship in order to return to reau, the local police have been able Hawaii from the Philippines. The to establish the positive identification Ameri~an consulate sent a set of her Conclusion of a number of the victims of homi· fingerprints to the bureau; a finger- Today, over 800,000 sets of finger- cides committed in this State. Pri- print search proved that she was in- prints are filed under the Henry sys- marily through a comparison of vic- deed an American citizen and resi· tem. A similar number of personal tims' fingerprints with copies of the dent of Hawaii. data sheets and name index cards are sets on file in the State, the identifica- Another identification problem in- also on file and are used for the pur- tion of victims of drownings and other volved attempts to identify a badly pose of cross­reference. accidents has also been established. decomposed female body. Due to the Although the bureau can only point The individual person is probably condition of the corpse, only one dis- to 347 cases where it has played an the primary beneficiary of Hawaii's cernible impression, the right thumb- active role in identifying an individ· ID program. The Hawaiian ID card print, was taken from the victim. After ual, there are countless situations has been satisfactorily accepted by an exhaustive search of over 500,000 where the Hawaiian ID card has been most of the banks in the State of prints, a positive identification of the helpful in identifying the holder of the Hawaii for the purpose of having a victim was finally made. card. The value of this identification check cashed. Merchants are relying This program was tested again on program cannot be accurately meas- increasingly on the civil identification April 1, 1946, when a devastating ured; however, it is clearly reflected program as the ID cards are utilized tidal wave struck Hawaii, bringing by the approximately 20,000 annual for verifying the identification of the destruction and death. While many of applicants who voluntarily apply for individual desiring to purchase goods the victims were identified by rela­ the ID cards. ij)

December 1974 13 ...

... I(nowledge, Courage, Integrity- A Must for Today's Officer

T he graduation ceremonies of the Commenting on the common phi• must perform his duties in a profes• 98th e ion of the FBI National losophy of the 98th ession, Inspector sional matter. He tated that the mod• Academy held on September 12, 1974, Burke concluded, "We return to our ern-day police officer not only must at Quantico, Va., had a mo t compli• departments ... with a sense of mis• obtain knowledge to sharpen his skills, mentary ew York flavor to it. In p. sion and with a trengthened dedica• but he must hare it with his subor• William M. Burke of the ew York tion to share our spirit and knowledge dinate . The Commi sioner, comment• City Police Department was the cia s with our fellow officers." ing on courage and integrity, observed spokesman, and the main address wa FBI Director Clarence M. Kelley all officers must have intellectual and delivered by ew York City Police next introduced the featured speaker, moral courage a well as physical Commissioner Michael J. Codd, a Commissioner Codd, who e speech courage and mu t comply with a rig• graduate himself of the 69th Session. theme was "Knowledge, Courage, In• orous moral code. In pector Burke, addre sing hi fel· tegrity," the motto of the FBI ational He emphasized, "knowledge, cour• low 2t16 graduate, their familie, Academy. The ew York City Police age, and integrity are inseparable friend, and a ociates, commented on Department head tated that an ef• from the proper delivery of police the spirit and comradeship of the law fective police officer mu t not only service, and the proper delivery of po• enforcement profes ion. The cia have the e attribute, but al 0 be able lice service is e sential for gaining, spokesman tated that "woven through to put them into practice. Becau e the regaining, or maintaining public con• the fabric of this ation j a trong, service provided i es ential to a table fidence and upport." thin, blue thread" which repre ents ociety, he noted. "police officer have Following Commissioner Codd's the police profes ion. Inspector Burke even a higher duty than other civil remark , Director Kelley introduced pointed out that the principle of free· ervants." Lt. Col. William R. Bracke, Cincin• dom and justice are upheld and main• Commissioncr Codd acknowledged, nati, Ohio, Police Department, presi• tained by the law enforc ment com• "Many of our citizens ... have lost dent of the FBI National Academy As• munity standing together. He a ked faith in the ability or in the willing• ociates, who was sitting in the audio that all Americans join in "to elimi• ne s of establi hed in titution to ence. nate from society tho e who seek to meet their basic needs." Therefore, he In p. Jame V. Cotter of the FBI subvert the national peace." stressed that the police officer today Training Division then pre ented the

14 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ..

FBI Director Clarence M. Kelley is pictured at the conclusion of the graduation ceremonies with the class counselors. Shown, left to right, are: Special Agent Richard Witkowsky, New York, N.Y., Office; Special Agent Eugene E. Hatfield, Jr., Dallas, Tex., Office; Special Agent William H. Snell, Los Angeles, Calif., Office; Mr. Kelley; Special Agent louis J. Ghecas, Balti• more, Md., Office; Special Agent Livio A. Beccaccio, Washington Field Office; and Insp. James V. Cotter, FBI National Academy.

New York City Police Commissioner Michael J. Codd delivers the principal address.

graduating class to Mr. Kelley who awarded each member a diploma. The program was concluded with the benediction delivered by Comdr. A. W. Riggs, Chaplain Corps, U.S. Navy, who also gave the invocation at the outset of the ceremonies, and the playing of the National Anthem by the U.S. Marine Corps Band, com• manded by M. Sgt. George Tideman, Jr. With the graduation of the 98th Session, the total number of graduates now is 8,420. Of these, 1,052 occupy Shown with Mr. Kelley are the elected section leaders of the graduating class. From left to right, they are: Mr. Edward Michael Noon, San Bernardino County Sheriff's Office, San top executive positions in their de• Bernardino, Calif.; Mr. Russell J . Knowles, University of Illinois Police Department, Urbana, partments and agencies, a tribute to 111.; Mr. Kelley; Insp. William Michael Burke, New York City Police Department, New York, N.Y.; Mr. Richard lawrence Dungy, Detroit, Mich., Police Department; and Mr. Michael G. professional law enforcement train• Shanahan, University of Washington Police Department, Seattle, Wash. ing. ij)

December 1974 15 A Program

False fire alarms are annoying, expensive, anci for dangerous. Prevention

Each year, police and fire depart• ments throughout the United States wrestle with the problem of respond• ing to an estimated 1 million incidents of malicious false fire alarms.1 Ob• servations of a number of communi• ties throughout the country indicate that the proportion of malicious false fire alarms averages approximately 5 percent 2 of the total number of alarms received. Cities and towns, both large and small, have recently cited false alarm statistics that range from less than 3 percent to more than 70 percent. Last year, the city of Portland's ratio of false fire alarms nearly tripled that of the suggested national average, accounting for 14.9 percent of all fire alarms. According to preliminary statistics available for 1974, there ap• pears to be little hope for a reduction in this exce sive rate of false alarm unless a new and consolidated effort at prevention i undertaken within the immediate future. By way of a simplified definition, a fire alarm is c1as ified as false if police and fire appartltus respond and find neither evidence of a fire in the neighborhood nor the identity of the person who initiated the call for assistance.

16 the scene of an actual fire or Following a detailed examination related emergency situation. of more than 20 programs currently in use by police and fire departments While these remain as the principal disadvantages of reporting false fire throughout the country, Chief Mc- Claran and Chief Cremo are studying alarms, Chief McClaran felt that an the adoption of a "Thirty­Point Pro- additional disadvantage would soon rise to the surface, if it had not al- gram" that has been tailored to com- ready, and that was the use of false bat the problem of false fire alarms. fire alarms, as a diversionary tactic to Many of the suggestions contained lure the police away from a commer- within this program have experienced cial district or structure in order that both success and failure in a number a theft might more safely be com- of cities and towns. Consequently, it mitted. must be assumed that a successful and Before a community can effectively well­developed program of prevention designed for Oakland, Calif., may not By establish methods for coping with the problem of false fire alarms, some automatically be transferable to local OFFICER JOHN S. BRENNAN consideration must be given to the conditions and situations found in Training Specialist types of people who make them. To New York City. Each suggestion must Police Department be individually tested and evaluated Portland, Maine date, the principal types most actively engaged in malicious incidents of false by local public safety officials prior to fire alarms have been identified as its final adoption and incorporation. Portland Police Chief William B. young people of school age, persons What is important to note, however, McClaran and Fire Chief Joseph R. under the influence of intoxicants, and is the fact that anyone of the sugges- Cremo recognized the fact that the persons suffering from mental illness. tions taken alone would produce only problem of false fire alarms was a Except in the case of children, little minimal results at best, but when com- threat to public safety that could not can be done to stop false alarms by ed- bined with the additional workable be taken for granted or treated lightly. ucation alone. No single method of components of the overall program, Unless action was taken within the not attacking the problem promises to be chances of success are greatly en- too distant future, the high number totally effective. There is hope, how- hanced. of incidents of this malicious practice ever, of curbing the increasing rate of Portland's "Thirty­Point Pro- would soon cause "the law of aver- false alarms if a number of accepted gram," aimed at curbing incidents of ages" to claim its toll. Traditionally, procedures and practices are com- malicious false fire alarms, is pre- police and fire officials have warned bined into a dedicated program that sented here in rather brief detail and the community that false fire alarms promises to be particularly appropri- without specific consideration as to are dangerous for a number of rea- ate to a community's situation. individual priority. sons, not the least of which include: Posting Notices. As simplistic as this suggestion appears to be, • Danger to police and fire per- several cities report considerable sonnel responding at "emer- gency" speeds to a malicious " . • a fire' alarm is success with the use of a small report of fire. classified as false if police decalomania transfer in two col- • Danger to innocent persons and fire apparatus respond ors with the legend, "Think­A who cross paths with the emer- and find neither evidence False Alarm May Cost a Life." gency vehicles responding to of afire in the neighborhood Suggested alternative legends calls. nor the identity of the per• might refer to local or State pen- • Unnecessary deployment of son who initiated the call for alties for sounding a false alarm. men and equipment to an area assistance." Cameras and Closed-Circuit that may be far removed from Television. The development of

December 1974 17 Lighting. Often, alarm boxes the younger segment of a com• are found to be poorly lighted. munity hould, particularly, be Authorities recommend they be asked for their as istance. situated in a brightly lit area if chool Programs. A po:ice not attached directly to a street officer and a firefighter hould light pole. This, of course, would conduct a pecial chool program serve as some deterrent to those aimed at reducing fal e alarm. persons intent on surreptitiously The instruction of children re• sounding a false alarm. garding the purpose and opera• Judicial and Prosecutive Sup• tion of the fire alarm y tem port. Police and fire officials helps greatly to reduce the num• should schedule a meeting with ber of such alarms. Regular in• both prosecutors and judges to, struction gives the children a 1 fir t, highlight the problem and, chance to actually operate a dem• second, solicit their vigorous onstration alarm box, taking Chief William B. McClaran upport of a new campaign to away any novelty the action may reduce false alarms. have. It is an important deterrent. this suggestion produces dra• Review 0/ State Statutes and When planning the program, matic results in that law enforce• City Ordinances. Police officials, invite the participation of the ment agencies receive an actual fire officials, judges, and prose• school faculty. picture of a suspect in the act of cutors should tudy applicable During summer and vacation period thi program hould be pulling a false alarm box lever. State statutes and city ordinances given in parks, housing project, Preliminary research with re• in light of arrest trends found for and neighborhood most affected spect to this topic reveals that false alarm offen es. Con idera• by false alarm. costs may not necessarily be ex• tion should also be given to in• Stakeout at Critical Periods. orbitant. Systems using low light suring that penaltie fit the With the use of the pot maps or level situations, infrared tech• seriousne s of the offense. computer printout, stakeouts niques, and image intensification Use 0/ Spot Maps. A spot map, should be set up within target have already been developed to or box history card file, depicting areas at tho e times when a ra h deal with this problem. What• every incident and locality of a of incidents is prevalent. Off• ever equipment is used, the trig• fal e alarm should be main• duty firefighter or reserve of• gering mechanism is activated tained in both police and fire de• ficer, a well a policemen, only when an alarm i ounded partments headquarter. Larger might be a igned to this time• by pulling the lever of a fire cities now utilize computerized consuming and manpower-burn• alarm box. systems for monthly printouts of ing task. Indelible Powder. The use of such information. Distribution 0/ False Fire indelible powder or ink applied Police and Fire Department Alarm Brochures. Local fire pre• to the lever of a firm alarm box Representatives at Court H ear• vention bureau hould develop leave an identifying mark on the ings. The police and fire depart• ment hould have repre entatives and utilize brochures or letters hand of all who sound the alarm, at all court hearing of offenders of appeal, co igned by both the including those who do 0 fal ely. to encourage the application of a police chief and fire chief, in iren or Howler. The u e of a entence that might deter inci• alerting the citizen to the magni• siren or howler attached directly tudp. of the problem in their to a street box within a "target dents of future fal e alarms. area" (where numerous false Multimedia Public Relations community and warning them of alarms have emanated previou • Campaign. Local new papers the po sible tragic consequences ly) ha proven to be succes ful in and radio and television stations that often accompany the sound• many communities. The resulting should be approached to lend ing of a fals alarm. These letters blast re ounds so loudly that it at• thei r support to a campaign to or bro hure , that may be printed tracts the attention of witnesse reduce the high number of fal e in more than one language de• nearby and discourages prank• alarms. Radio and televi ion per• pending on the ethnic character sters from sounding an alarm. sonalities who are popular with of the neighborhood, should in-

18 FBI Law Enforcement Bulleti l' struct the people concerning what .. to look for when witnessing a false alarm, i.e., complete physi• cal description of the perpetra• tor, direction of escape, license number on suspect vehicles, etc. Letters and brochures should be distributed first to residents living in neighborhoods where street boxes are being misused. Relocation of Selected Boxes. Boxes repeatedly used in sound• ing false alarms should be re• located to areas which would not encourage the offense, that is, in brightly lit areas just off pedes• trian walkways and gathering places. An attempt should also be made to keep them in the open and away from mailboxes or newsstands in order to avoid con• fusion. Placement should be in plain view of pedestrians, motor• ists, and residents alike. Use of Break Glass Stations on Alarm Boxes. In some cases, the actual requirement of breaking a glass-type door prior to pulling the lever on an alarm box serves as a psychological deterrent.

Cooperation Between the Police Instruction concerning the purpose and operation of the fire alarm system helps reduce the Department, Fire Department, number of false alarms. and Local Telephone Company. When faced with an increase in Reward for Information About phoning someone at or In the telephone false alarms, police and False Alarms. A number of cities nearby vicinity of the reported fire officials should work closely offer a monetary reward for in• fire. He might also ask the party with the local telephone company formation leading to the arrest the number he is calling from and security personnel. Together they and conviction of an adult or the then, by using a different line, should research the legal right to apprehension or" a juvenile re• dial that number while still hold• use tracebacks on private tele• sponsible for a false alarm. In ing the party on the line. If the phones and consider the installa• most cases, conviction is not nec• number rings (indicating, of tion of "hold" buttons which can e sary in the case of juvenile of• course, that it is not in use), the "lock in" a call until the source fenders. The identity of reward party is told this and asked if he is traced. Dispatchers and opera• recipients is kept confidential. is trying to turn in a false alarm. tors, recognizing a voice from Verification of Telephone If the party hangs up, response to previous false alarm reports, can Alarms. In those cases where a the alarm may be guided by this quickly apply the lock, notify the fire dispatcher believes the party appropriate phone company per• telephoning an alarm sounds sus• additional element of suspicion as sonnel, and trace the call to a cer• picious or there is cause to to its authenticity. tain private line. At this juncture, believe the alarm is false, he Fire dispatchers should also be a criminal investigation IS should attempt to independently trained to use a rapid interroga• initiated. confirm the emergency by tele• tion process designed to establish

December 1974 19 authenticity on all suspicious this box will result in its removal. a false alarm call, the "official" calls. Literature should also be distrib• fire department record. Emergency Telephone Report• uted throughout the neighbor• Position Fire Boxes to Face ing Systems. The most significant hood warning citizens of the the Street. Alarm boxes should innovation in the prevention of pending action. be positioned in a manner that false fire alarm incidents has If alarms from this box con• would expose the user to the been the development of various tinue to be false, and a danger• greatest possibility of identifica• emergency telephone reporting ously high false alarm history tion should he make a false systems. Many communities fac• has been established, the box alarm. ing a serious situation with re• should be removed and other Limited Response of Equip• spect to false alarms report re• fire protection safeguards de• ment. In an effort to deglamorize duction statistics of 50 percent vised for the area. the arrival of firefighting equip• and more following the installa• Faced with this final decision, ment, a number of cities have tion of telephone alarm boxes. public safety officials have suc• rigged small trucks with high The principal reason for the suc• cessfully defended before courts, pressure pumps, 250-gallon tanks cess of the voice-type system is city councils, and the public at of water, and fog nozzles. Manned that a potential false alarmist large the removal of fire alarm by a lieutenant and two fire• might be deterred when he real• boxes. fighters, the trucks respond alone izes the anonymity associated False Alarm Investigators. to alarms from certain boxes with the conventional alarm is to Larger cities facing critical prob• having a high incidence of false some degree compromised when lems with false alarms should alarms. For the prankster who he has to talk directly to a fire consider assigning full-time in• expects shrieking sirens and a dispatcher. Further, the caller vestigators to follow up on infor• million dollars worth of ap• might suspect his voice is being mation available from recordings paratus, these small trucks have recorded. Through skilled, rapid of false fire alarm calls, spot little appeal. They do, however, questioning the dispatcher can maps, computer printouts, sus• offer an important first strike and determine if there is a real emer• pect card files, stakeouts, etc. rescue advantage should one gency and, if so, what equipment Smaller cities and towns might among several repeated alarms should be dispatched. There is assign personnel to similar tasks prove to be a legitimate call for ample evidence to suggest that on a part-time basis. help. the use of telephone alarm sys• Use of Specialized Voice Re• Silent Runs by Equipment. tems creates a reluctance to turn cording Tapes. The use of this When re ponding to what is in a false report. procedure by police and fire de• suspected to be a false alarm, Maintain a File 0/ Known partments involves taking the re• fire department unit should, False Alarm Suspects. Such a file, corded tape of a false alarm caller where it is safe to do so, shut off if carefully maintained by the po• and playing it, if fea ible, to resi• all warning lights and sirens lice and fire departments, pro• dents or other occupants at the three blocks from the box loca• vides invaluable information for location where the fire was re• tion. Many officials believe this is purpo es of followup investi• portedly in progress. This has a significant tep in the reduc• gations. sometimes resulted in the identi• tion of fal e alarms. Parental Tlstruction Chil• Removal 0/ Boxes. Thi is a fication of the caller by persons I 0/ dren. A with other crimes and most difficult deci ion to make familiar with his voice as a per• because of the fact that many sec• son harboring some animo ity to social problems, prevention i tions where fal e alarms originate persons at the site of the reported not the ingu lar responsibility are the very area where fire de• fire or a prankster at one of of the police department, the fire partment ervice is needed most. the e locations. department, or the schools. In many instances, the e are con• If successful in the identifica• Crime prevention al 0 depends ge ted urban area. tion, a warrant is obtained on parental concern and instruc• Prior to actually removing the against the su pect. The tapes tion. box, the fire department might have been admissible in a number Display 0/ a erious Attitude place a ign above it indicating of court because they are, along at the celie of Box Alarms. Fire• that continued fal e alarm from with notes made at the time of fighter and police officers who

20 FBI Law Enforcement Bu lletin arrive at the scene of a false a confession, then the of- • Problem events in the alarm should search the area ficials to whom the con- area attributed to false diligently and with a professional fession was made must be alarms (loss of life, acci- altitude, soliciting the identifica- prepared to sign a false dents, injury). tion of the perpetrators and leav- fire alarm complaint. • That other witnesses are ing the positive impression that They should also be pre- present and willing to serious efforts are being made to pared to sign corroborat- cooperate with the prose- solve the false alarm problem. ing affidavits as to the cution of the case in Be Prepared to Testify to the facts within their knowl- question. Facts. In order to gain a convic- edge, i.e., that an alarm of Evacuation of Buildings. Cities tion in false alarm cases, it is fire was transmitted, that experiencing a high incidence of necessary that appropriate mem- the defendant was present false alarms in school or college bers from the police and fire de- at the scene when they ar- dormitories report considerable partments be prepared to testify rived, or any other infor- success at prevention by complete to the following facts: mation that might sup- evacuation of the building. Safety a. That the alarm was trans- port the complaint of a officials check from room to room mitted (box number, police officer, fire official, to see that everyone has left the time, and date received). or civilian in the trans- building before any students are b. That response to the mISSIOn of the false allowed to reenter. The incon- alarm was made (num- alarm. venience caused by a sudden ber of units that re- In addition, appropriate mem- evacuation of the dormitory and sponded) . bers of the police and fire de- the interruption of individual c. That a diligent search partments should be prepared to schedules may result in positive was conducted at the offer the following in order to peer pressure being directed to- scene for a fire. impress the court with the gravity ward the elimination of false d. That there was no fire. of the offense: alarms. e. That if neither police nor • The percent of false Chief McClaran and Chief Cremo fire officials actually wit- alarm responses to boxes recognize that their proposed "Thirty- Point Program" does not encompass nessed the alarm being In the district in transmitted, but the ac- question. every conceivable method of attacking cused, after being ad- • The number of false and preventing malicious incidents of vi ed of his rights, signed alarms per month. false fire alarms. Both men are con- tinually researching new and innova- tive methods of prevention that Police Chief McClaran and Fire Chief Cremo review map depicting locations of false alarms. promise to be successful. If a police officer, firefighter, or citi- zen were killed in the next few days due to a false alarm, city officials and the public alike would demand that a special campaign be conducted to prevent future incidents. Public safety officials in Portland, Maine, are determined to act before someone is hurt or a life is lost to a false alarm.

FOOTNOTES

1 Author's estimnte based on survey o[ 51 Amer- iean cities. !! Institute (or Training in Municipal Adminis- tra tion , ltfu'licipal Fire Admini.stration, Washington, D.C. : International City Management Association, 1968, p. 192. 3 New York City Fire Depart ment, All Units Circular # 136 (revi,ed), Ma r. 4, 1974, Subject : False Alarm Policy, parag raph 3. ijl

December 1974 21 Director Kelley welcomes lab directors in the Great Hall of the Department of Justice Building, Washington, D.C., after w hich the symposi um convened at the FBI Academy, Quantico, Va.

LAB DIRECTORS MEET

FBI Director Clarence M. Kelley welcomed 166 crime laboratory directors representing virtually all crime laboratories in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands to the Second Annual National Symposium on Crime Laboratory Development held September 23-27, 1974, at the FBI Academy, Quantico, Va. One of the main accomplishments of the symposium was the formation of the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD) . The ociety's objectives are to promote and establish a basis for upgrading the professionalism of crime laboratories and to increase cooperation between local, State, and Federal crime laboratories throughout the United tates. Participants adopted a constitution establishing a IS-member board of directors. Board members elected as ociety chairman Dr. Briggs J. White, Assistant Director of the FBI's Labora• tory; co-chairman, Richard H. Fox, Director, Regional Criminalistics Laboratory for Greater Kansas City, Mo.; secretary, A. Atley Peter on, Assi tant Director, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Washington, D.C.; and treasurer, Dr. Larry B. Howard, Director, Georgia State Crime Laboratory, Atlanta, Ga. Panel discussions were held concerning ways of improving services of local crime laboratories through better education, legislation, communication, management, and organization of the ASCLD. Since the first sympo ium in December 1973, the FBI Laboratory and Training Division responded to requests of crime laboratory director and established a vigorou and responsive forensic science training pro• gram at the FBI Academy covering management, crime scene techniques, specialized photography, gambling technology, general criminalistics, document examination, and a conference on polymers. The FBI Laboratory is now expanding its forensic science research program and al 0 publishing the Crime Laboratory Digest aimed at improving communication and exchange of information between crime labora• tories. The Digest contain new of ongoing and completed research in the forensic sciences, methodology, notices of technical meetings, and other items of interest to crime laboratory per onne!. Mr. Kelley lauded the efforts of the directors in creating a new spirit of cooperation between crime labora• tories and their plans to better erve both the immediate and long.range needs of local, State, and Federal law enforcement.

22 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 2. Stop and Detention for Identification ~~------~ Stops for the purpose of identify- ing an individual are of two breeds. This is the second One is the situation in which an ar- rest warrant has been issued and an installment of a three-part article. officer sees a person whose physical Part I appeared in the November appearance resembles the person issue of the BULLETIN. named in the warrant. The other usu- ally arises soon after the commission of a crime. Police are informed that a crime has occurred and soon there- after a general, nonspecific descrip- tion of the criminal, whose name is seldom known at this time, is fur- nished, usually over the police radio network. An officer then observes a Investigative person who meets that description. In either case, the officer knows a crime has been committed, which sets this species of stop apart from the stop Detention to investigate suspicious circum- stances, and the question for him to re- solve is whether or not the person he observes is the perpetrator. Should he have enough facts to constitute probable cause to believe the man he sees is the right man, of course, he may arrest. But here the officer is simply not sure. This could be the By man, but then it may not be. The au- thority to stop provides the opportu- JOHN DENNIS MILLER nity to resolve the ambiguous situa- Special Agent tion without forcing the police to Federal Bureau of Investigation decide between arresting or not arrest- Washington, D.C. ing. Justifying a stop for identification requires employing the same prin-

"Justifying a stop for identification requires employing the same principles one em- ploys to justify a stop to investigate suspicious circumstances."

December 1974 23 ciples one employs to justify a stop to sonable method (such as interview- investigate suspicious circumstances. Law enforcement officers ing, making a request to display The officer must relate to the judge the of other than Federal juris- fingerprints for comparison) to re­ • diction who are interested in facts which led him reasonably to solve the matter; have been unable any legal issue discussed in to eliminate the suspect by so doing; suspect the man he stopped was the this article should consult man named in the warrant or the man their legal advisor. Some have asked the suspect to display his for whom the lookout was broadcast. police procedures ruled arm and explained the reason for the In United States v. Fallis, 414 F. 2d permissible under Federal request; and have had the request for 772 (9th Cir. 1969} , an officer constitutional law are of cooperation refused; and only neces­ ... questionable legality under sary force was employed. State law, or are not per- (1) heard over his police ve- mitted at all. hicle radio a robber de- 3. Stop and Detention of scribed as wearing a white Witness gaucho shirt­sweater, It would seem reasonable to allow are the time and distance between the (2) saw a man in a car putting the police to stop and detain a person crime and place of the stop, Bailey v. on a shirt over a white gau- whom an officer reasonably believes United States, 389 F. 2d 305 (D.C. cho shirt, and is a witness to a crime so that his Cir. 1967) ; the direction of travel, as (3) followed the man noting he identity and the information he pos- where the person is traveling away met other features of the sesses can be requested of him. The from the crime scene; specific acts description. A.L.I., Model Code, Section 110.2, of furtive conduct; and information recommends such authority. It was reasonable to stop the man. obtained from third persons while at- Obviously in some situations the In Chubbs v. City of New York, tempting to locate the person named officer will not know whether the per- 324 F. Supp. 1183 (E.D. N.Y. 1971} , in a warrant, as for example, where a son he observes is a suspect, a witness, the officer person has identified a photograph of the wanted man as being a person re- or neither. (1) obtained a full description cently seen in the neighborhood. If the stop of a witness is unreason- of the accused from the The Supreme Court has yet to de- able, any evidence discovered is inad- missible against him. In United States victim, cide how intense an effort may be Ward, (2) saw the defendant on the made to resolve the question of iden- v. 488 F. 2d 162 (9th Cir. 1973), law enforcement officers street, and tity. In Wainwright v. City of New (3) concluded the defendant stopped Ward, a motorist they wanted Orleans, 392 U.S. 598 (1968), a war- looked like the person rant was outstanding for the crime to question about other persons. The described by the victim. of murder. The wanted person was officers had had other opportunities to question Ward, they knew where he It was reasonable to stop the man. known to have a tattoo on his arm. worked and where he lived, and there When called upon to justify his ac- Police officers saw a man whose physi- was no emergency. Since stopping cal appearance resembled the murder- tion, the officer should furnish the Ward was illegal, the evidence dis- er and stopped him. He would not court the description and/or photo- covered as a result of the stop was in- graph of the wanted person he pos- remove his jacket and display his arm admissible against him. sessed at the time of the stop, a de- voluntarily. The Court did not decide scription and/ or photograph of the whether it was reasonable for the of- C. Problem Areas of Stop person he stopped, and should be able ficers forcibly to remove his jacket. and Detention Authority to de cribe those features common to It would seem that a strong argu- Given a situation in which the au- both which led him to conclude it was ment could be made that such a for- thority to top and detain is present, reasonable to make a top. cible intrusion is reasonable where it the officer faces additional legal prob- Among other facts which the officer can be hown that the police, acting in lems. The questions presented outnum- should con ider and relate to the court good faith, have tried every other rea- ber the an wers, but there are some

"If the stop of a witness is unreasonable, any evidence discovered is inadmis• sible against him."

24 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin l

I answers, some hints, and some sug- b. At the Police Sta- Such a reason existed in United gestions which bear consideration. tion States ex rel. Spero v. McKendrick, 409 F. 2d 181 (2d Cir. 1969), where 1. Site of Stop and Deten- Once a person is stopped lawfully officers stopped two subjects and then tion can he be transported to the police moved them to precinct headquarters a. On the Street station and detained there? The Su- preme Court has never answered the one half a block away after a gathering Most assuredly, the stop and deten- question. See Morales v. New York, crowd blocked traffic. If the precinct tion can be made on the street, as in 396 U.S. 102 (1969). building had been a greater distance > Terry, and it makes no difference The problem is a serious one for two from the site of the stop, the proper whether the citizen is a pedestrian, procedure would have been to move again as in Terry, or a motorist, as in reasons. In the first place, it is a much the suspects the minimum distance United States v. FaUis, 414 F. 2d 772 more serious intrusion into a person's necessary to allow traffic Row to re- (9th Cir. 1969). freedom to be swept away to the sta- sume. While the great preponderance of tion house more than to be detained In United States v. Rosenberg, 458 factual situations which give rise to a on the street. Secondly, should a court stop will occur on the street, the prin- later determine that the stop plus the F. 2d 1183 (5th Cir. 1972), the officer ciple of Terry extends to a private moving to the stat;on and the deten- confronted the suspect in a hotel res- place when the officer is lawfully pres- tion there constitute!! an arres·t, the taurant, conducted a quick frisk on ent. prosecution must meet ·the probable the scene, and then moved the suspect to a nearby office where· a more thor- ough frisk was conducted. Moving a suspect a short distance to "It would be well to remember that the underlying pur• afford better lighting, or to permit the pose of the stop and detention authority is to provide the officer to use the radio in his vehicle officer with the opportunity to resolve a situation with a would seem also to be valid reasons. minimum of intrusion into the freedom of citizens." 2. Duration of Detention How long may the officer detain a "If an officer has heard a shot and a cause standard and not the lesser re- suspect? In the absence of a statutorily scream coming from a private house, quirement of reasonable suspicion. prescribed period of time, the answer he should not only be allowed to enter In United States v. Thomas, 250 F. must be a reasonable time. Fifteen or the house but to detain and question Supp.771 (1966), afJ. 396 F. 2d 310 twenty minutes would seem to be a the persons there." A.L.I., Model (2d Cir. 1968), officers stopped two good rule of thumb. Where necessary Code, p. 124. men on the public street and detained this period could be extended slightly, In United States v. Rosenberg, 458 them at their office while awaiting the as where a person has been stopped at F. 2d 1183 (5th Cir.1972), an officer arrival of a person who agreed to come a late hour while carrying a package was told that a firearm had been dis- to the office in an effort to identify the near shipping facilities, the citizen has charged in a particular hotel room, cartons which were being carried by no plausible explanation of his pos- and the occupant of that room was the suspects at the time they were session of the package, and a repre- identified to the officer by a hotel em- stopped, but the suspects in this case sentative of the shipper is summoned ployee while the occupant was seated agreed to accompany the officer to the to the scene to determine if he can in the hotel restaurant. The stop and station. identify the package. It would seem frisk of the defendant in the restau- It would be well to remember that reasonable to detain the person long rant were lawful. the underlying purpose of the stop and enough to allow the arrival of the pos- The court in United States v. Peep, detention authority is to provide the sible theft victim. See United States v. 490 F. 2d 903 (8th Cir. 1974), sus- officer with the opportunity to resolve tained a frisk of a suspect who ar- a situation with a minimum of intru- Thomas, 250 F. Supp. 771 (1966), afJ. rived on the premises being searched sion into the freedom of citizens. 396 F. 2d 310 (2d Cir. 1968) . by authority of a search warrant, Therefore, the added intrusion of mov- 3. Detention by Force where the circumstances suggested a ing a detained person should be avoid- threat of harm to the officers. See Part ed unless there is a good reason for How much force can be used to stop IV, infra. doing so. and detain a suspect? There is no stat-

December 1974 25 utory or reported case authority for jail on one charge and being inter- degree of coerciveness present during allowing the use of deadly force to viewed about an offense unrelated to the interview. Under this test, all facts ~ make a stop; such an extreme measure the crime for which he was incar- relating to the interview are consider, , has no place in a situation in which cerated. He was said to be in "r:us- ed including the amount of evidence the officer has no more than reason- tody." Mathis v. United States, ;}91 against the suspect known to the officer ~ able suspicion to believe the suspect is U.S. 1 (1968). for "[t]he more cause for believing involved in criminal activity. In the other case, several officers the suspect committed the crime, the It can be said that the officer may surrounded a subject in his bed and greater the tendency to bear down in employ all reasonable force necessary asked him questions. He was not free interrogation and to create the kind , to effect the stop and enforce a period to go at the time as one of the officers of atmosphere of significant restraint of brief detention, but deadly force testified a decision to arrest the sub- that triggers Miranda, and vice versa." should not be used except for self­de- ject had been made prior to entering 421 F. 2d 540 at 545. fense. (Of course, the minimum the room. The subject was said to be It has been suggested that Miranda amount of force necessary to do any- in "custody" for Miranda purposes should not apply to questioning during , thing­stop, arrest, or search­is the when the questions were asked. Oroz• a stop and detention at all because the .. underlying concern of the Court in degree of force which should be used.) co v. Texas, 394 U.S. 324 (1969). Miranda was the pressure of coercion This does not mean that an officer Other courts have considered the problem of ascertaining when "cus- inherent in police interrogations at the cannot defend himself when, in the tody" was present. The results are not station house, and, the argument runs, course of attempting to make a stop, he consistent, and unfortunately there is this factor is not present on the street. is assaulted and placed in fear of death no answer to the question. As the re- Furthermore, it is not clear that the or bodily injury. The traditional rules porters for the American Law Insti- right of counsel, (which must be ex- of law of arrest and/or self­defense tute put it, " Teither the variety in the plained in a Miranda setting) applies (and not stop and frisk) would apply scattered decisions of state and lower at all during a stop since "formal pro- in such a case. See Bell v. United federal courts, nor the Supreme ceedings" have not yet been instituted. States, 280 F. 2d 717 (D.C. Cir. Court's decision to Orozco ... per- See Kirby v. Illinois, 406 U.S. 682 1960) . mit a resolution of this issue on the (1972) . basis of authority." A.L.I., Model Perhaps as workable rule as may be 4. Application of Mi• Code, p. 126. found in the present state of the law randa Rule Some courts hold warnings should was expressed in People v. Manis, 74 Does the Miranda rule apply during be given whenever probable cause to Cal. Rptr. 423 (1969) : "We conclude a stop and detention? arrest comes into existence, Windsor that persons temporarily detained for Recall Miranda v. Arizona, 384 v. United States, 389 F. 2d 530 (5th brief questioning by police officers U.S. 436 (1966), requires a warning Cir. 1968), but compare Hoffa who lack probable cause to make an of rights be given and a waiver of v. United States, 385 U.S. 293 arrest or bring an accusation need not those rights be obtained prior to police (1966); other courts hold warnings be warned about incrimination and their right to counsel, until such time interrogation of a person "in custody should be given when the officer deter- as the point of arrest or accusation has or otherwise deprived of hi freedom mines the suspect is no longer free to go, United States v. Gibson, 392 F. 2d been reached or the questioning has of action in any ignificant way." 373 (4th Cir. 1968) ; while still others ceased to be brief and casual and be- Yet, said the Court in its famous hold warning should be given at the comes sustained and coercive." opinion, "General on the scene inve ti- instant the u pect feel he i no longer A closely related issue is the signif- gation i not affected by our holding." free to go, United tates v. Davis, 259 icance an officer can attach to a re- Thus the que tion i whether a top F. upp.496 (D. Mas. 1966) ; United fusal to answer his questions; that is, and detention i uch a significant de- tates v. Scully, 415 F. 2d 680 (2d can the officer consider as an element privation of freedom as to trigger Cir. 1969)- of probable cause to arrest the fact Miranda. one of these olutions, or their re- that the per on he has stopped refuses The an wer to the que tion of what lative , are without obvious defects. to answer his questions? The answer is "cu tody" within the meaning of United States v. Hall, 421 F. 2d 540 seems to be that he can do so if his Miranda has not been re olved. The (2d Cir. 1969), provides an excellent questions are of the type to which an Supreme Court has considered it discussion of the problem and fash- innocent per on would respond, as for twice. In one ca e, the su pect was in ions an objective test to determine the example, such que tions as: "What is

26 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin your name?" "What are you doing ment. Do they apply to the prearrest a full·scale lineup with an attorney '"- here?" "Where did you obtain the situation? can be arranged. And it is the relia- television you are carrying?" Mar· The Supreme Court's goal in these bility of the identification which was shall v. United States, 436 F. 2d 155 so­called "lineup" cases was to insure the goal of the court. Russell v. United (D.C. Cir. 1970), petition for rehear· the reliability' of an eyewitness iden- States, 408 F. 2d 1280 (D.C. Cir_ ing denied 1971; United States v. De· tification by requiring a showing that 1969). It must also be the goal of the Larosa, 450 F. 2d 1057 (3d Cir. the lineup was a fair and nonsugges· police. Obviously if the eyewitness 1971), cert. denied; Baskin v. United tive procedure­­hence the due process identifies the wrong person, not only \. States, 405 U.S. 827 (1972). issue­­and to provide an observer is an innocent man arrested, but the 5. Eyewitness Identifica· who would be in a position to notice guilty man is still free. tion Procedures suggestiveness­thus the right of the Despite the inherent suggestiveness accused to be represented by counsel of the display of one suspect to the A crime has been committed and a at the lineup proceedings. eyewitness, steps can be taken to lessen general description of the criminal is It is not clear that the right to coun· this suggestiveness. Asking the witness broadcast. Soon thereafter an officer sel attaches at an eyewitness viewing "Is this the man?" and not "This is sees a person meeting this general de- of a person stopped and detained but the man, isn't it?" is a simple exam- scription (as perhaps many persons will). He stops the man. Can the. sus- pect be displayed immediately to an "Since the least possible intrusion into the freedom of eyewitness of the crime? the person stopped is the goal, it may be preferable, when• The need to ascertain quickly ever possible, to bring the witness to the scene of the stop whether or not the suspect is in fact rather than return the suspect to the eyewitness." the perpetrator is of great importance. From the police perspective the con· not under arrest. Kirby seems to be pIe. Or the officer can alter the cir- tinuation or immediate termination good authority for the proposition cumstances in which the viewing takes of the search for the guilty person will that there is no such right for the place. For example, in Agius v. United often depend on the response of the opinion holds the right to counsel does States, 413 F. 2d 915 (5th Cir. 1969), eyewitness. This is not a matter of not arise until the institution of "for- a suspected bank robber was trans- mere convenience. Data shows the mal proceedings," whatever the final ported to the bank by law enforce· crime likely will go unsolved if the definition of "formal proceedings" ment officers. Agius was seated in an perpetrator is not apprehended quick. may be. Should the right attach during automobile with several officers, he ly while he is still in the vicinity. Pres· a stop and detention, the practice of was permitted to sit wherever he de- ident's Commission on Law Enforce- displaying a person stopped on the sired in the car, and he exchanged ment and Administration of Justice, street to an eyewitness to a recently some articles of clothing with the of- Task Force Report: The Police, p. 58 committed offense will end, for as ficers. After all these arrangements (1967). Should the person who has Justice White noted in his dissent in were completed, the witness was asked been stopped be innocent, the quicker Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 to step outside of the bank and look he is released, the better. (1964), police cars are not equipped at several men seated in a car parked The problem arises out of the in- with lawyers. in the bank's parking lot. terplay, if any, between Terry and The concern for fundamental fair- Since the least possible intrusion ness does apply to the stop situation, into the freedom of the person stopped those cases applying the fifth and and the police should take every rea- is the goal, it may be preferable, when- fourteenth amendments due process sonable step to insure the confronta- ever possible, to bring the witness to standards and the sixth amendment tion between the suspect and the eye· the scene of the stop rather than re- right to counsel guarantee, to eye- witness is accomplished as fairly as turn the suspect to the eyewitness. The witness identification procedures. possible with a minimum of sugges- concern that the stop, coupled with United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 tiveness. Admittedly, showing one per- moving the suspect, might be held to (1967), Gilbert v. California, 388 son to the eyewitness is suggestive, but constitute an arrest, discussed pre- U.S. 263 (1967), and Kirby v. Il• since it is done shortly after the crime viously, would be lessened by such a linois, 406 U.S. 682 (1972) . Wade while the witness' memory of the crim- practice. and Gilbert involved the viewing by inal is fresh, the end result is prob- eyewitnesses of subjects under indict­ ably more reliable than waiting until (Continued Next Month)

December 1974 27 INDEX

Articles Published in the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin January Through December 1974

ADDRESSE CO,\1 tUNIC \TIONS & RECORDS land, Maine, December 1974, vol. 43, No. 12, p. 16. The Challenge of Crime and the Courts: Cable Car City's CA BLE System, by Capt. Golden Anniversary of FBI Identification Keep the Faith, by Hon. J. Clifford Wal- Louis H. Feder, Director, Bureau of Division, by Fletcher D. Thompson, As- lace, Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals, inth Criminal Information, Police Department, sistant Director, Identification Division, Circuit, San Diego, Calif., April 1974, vol. San Francisco, Calif., April 1974, vol. 43, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Wash· 43, o. 4, p. 27. No.4, p. 16. ington, D.C., July 1974, vol. 43, No. 7, Implications of Collaboration Between Law Courtroom of the Future, by Dean Gordon p.3. Enforcement and the Social Sciences, by D. Schaber, IcGeorge chool of Law, Hawaii's Civil Identification Program, by Dr. Morton Bard, Profes or of Social Psy- University of the Pacific, Sacramento, Ernest T. Yonamine, Director, Bureau of chology, Graduate School, The City Uni- Calif., May 1974, vol. 43, No.5, p. 16. Crime Statistics and Identification, De· versity of ew York, New York, N.Y., Crime Laboratories ympo ium, February partment of Attorney General, State of July 1974, vol. 43, o. 7, p. 20. 1974, vol. 43, o. 2, p. 10. Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Deoember A Lawman's Perspective of Sentencing, by Management Information: Law Enforce· 1974, vol. 43, o. 12, p. 12. Hon. Clarence M. Kelley, Director, Fed- ment's Forgotten eed, by . Robert Implications of Collaboration Between Law eral Bureau of Investigation, Washington, Conover, Regional Inspector, Office of In- Enforcement and the Social Sciences, by D.C., July 1974, vol. 43, No.7, p. 16. spection, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco Dr. Morton Bard, Profe sor of Social What Makes a Good Police Officer? by and Firearms, Washington, D.C., Novem- Psychology, Graduate School, The City Hon. Clarence M. Kelley, Director, Fed- ber 1974, vol. 43, No. 11, p. 3. University of New York, New York, N.Y., eral Bureau of Investigation, Washington, The National Crime Information Center, July 1974, vol. 43, No.7, p. 20. D.C., April 1974, vol. 43, No.4, p. 9. January 1974, vol. 43, No. I, p. 8. Lab Directors Meet, December 1974, vol. 43, NCIC Participants Meet, February 1974, No. 12, p. 22. AIRPORT vol. 43, No.2, p. 11. The ational Crime Information Center, The Repeat Offender, by E. D. Heath, Jr., January 1974, vol. 43, No. I, p. 8. Airborne A istance for Railroad Crime, by Director, Legal Uai on Division, and A. CIC Participants Meet, February 1974, William F. Reynolds, Superintendent, 1. Brown, Director, Community ervices vol. 43, o. 2, p. 11. Reading Company Police Department, Division, Police Department, Dallas, Tex., Police Re ponse to Disasters, by Lt. Col. Philadelphia, Pa., Augu t 1974, vol. 43, May 1974, vol. 43, 0.5, p. 7. Richard A. King, Fairfax County Police 0.8, p. 16. TV by Laser Beam Transmission, by Wil- Department, Fairfax, Va., May 1974, vol. Drug Trafficking Takes to the Air, by Lt. liam O. Thomas, Chief of Police, Uni- 43, o. 5, p. 26. J. B. 0 a, Air Detail, Narcotic Division, versity Circle Police Department, Cleve· Prisons­A Target of Revolutionaries, Sep· New Mexico tate Police, Albuquerque, land, Ohio, February 1974, vol. 43, 0.2, tember 1974, vol. 43, No.9, p. 11. N. l\1ex., February 1974, vol. 43, o. 2, p.6. p.2. Snowmobiling Within the Law, by Col. Ed· ea rch of Perso ns for Weapons at Airports, mOPER \ TION ward W. Corcoran, Commissioner, De- by Paul G. Donahue, pecial Agent, Fed- partment of Public afety, Montpelier, The AEC Radiological Assistance Pro- VI. , March 1974, vol. 43, No.3, p. 3. eral Burea u of Inve ti ga tion, Washington, gram, by Wayne L. malley, Assistant for Symposium on ABA tandards, January D.C., March 1974, vol. 43, o. 3, p. 8. Emergency Preparedne , U. . Atomic 1974, vol. 43, o. 1, p. 15. ecu rity Training: The Airport Operator's Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn., Responsibility, by Anthony . Potter, Jr., October 1974, vol. 43, No. 10, p. 3. Training for the Future, March 1974, vol. Principal Consultant, Landrum & Brown rime Laboratorie ympo ium, February 43, o. 3, p. 23. Divi ion, Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc., 1974, vol. 43, 0.2, p. 10. Young American Medal Awards, Augu t Cincinnati, Ohio, Augu t 1974, vol. 43, Emergency Auxiliary Units, by Ralph 1974, vol. 43, 0.8, p. 30. 0.8, p. 13. Lamb, Sheriff, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, Las Vegas, Nev., May CRI\1E PREVE TIO BlOGH.\ PI lIe O\L SKETC:II 1974, vol. 43, o. 5, p. 11. False Fire Alarm A Program for Preven· Airborne Assi tance for Railroad Crime, by Attorney General William Bart Sax be, Feb· tion, by Officer John . Brennan, Train- William F. Reynolds, uperintendent, ruary 1974, vol. 43, o. 2, p. 16. ing peciali t, Police Department, Port- Reading Company Police Department,

28 FBI Law Enforcement Bull etin Philadelphia, Pa., August 1974, vol. 43, N. Mex., February 1974, vol. 43, No.2, forcement Training Council, Montpelier, 0.8, p. 16. p.2. VI., May 1974, vol. 43, o. 5, p. 14. ~ Be Safe From Rape, by Deborah Griffin, Hostage egotiations, by Lt. John A. Culley, Informational Services Division, Office of Office of the Chief of Detectives, Police the Commissioner, Police Department, Department, ew York, N.Y., October FBI ATIONAL ACADEMY Boston, Mass., December 1974, vol. 43, 1974, vol. 43, o. 10, p. 10. Anticipating the Future, September 1974, No. 12, p. 9. The Legacy of Carlos Marighella, by vol. 43, No.9, p. 7. Bicycle Theft-A Serious Crime, by Lt. Rob- Thomas J. Deakin, Special Agent, Fed- FBI National Academy Ceremonies, June ert H. Frailing, Patrol Division, Police eral Bureau of Investigation, Washington, 1974, vol. 43, No.6, p. 23. Department, Appleton, Wis., June 1974, D.C., October 1974, vol. 43, No. 10, p. 19. Knowledge, Courage, Integrity­A Must for vol. 43, No.6, p. 7. The Maine Way to Deer Poacher Sleuth- Today's Officer, December 1974, vol. 43, False Fire Alarms­A Program for Preven- ing, by David C. 0' leara, A sociate No. 12, p. 14. tion, by Officer John S. Brennan, Train- Professor of Animal Biology, Department ational Academy Officers Graduate, March ing Specialist, Police Department, Port- of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Uni- 1974, vol. 43, o. 3, p. 26. land, Maine, December 1974, vol. 43, No. versity of Maine, Orono, l\Iaine, Novem- 12, p. 16. ber 1974, vol. 43, o. 11, p. 26. Four Program Models in Delinquency Pre- Police Killings in 1973­A Record Year, IDENTIFICATIO vention, by Col. James Peter Damos, April 1974, vo!' 43, No.4, p. 13. Chief of Police, University City, Mo., and Rapc­­The Ultimate Invasion of Privacy, Golden Anniversary of FBI Identification Walter Barry, Director, SI. Louis County by Louis C. Cottell, Chief of Detectives, Division, by Fletcher D. Thompson, As- Juvenile Court, Policc­Court­Community Police Department, New York, N.Y., May sistant Director, Identification Division, Project to Reduce Juvenile Delinquency, 1974, vol. 43, No.5, p. 2. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Wash- St. Louis, 10., January 1974, vol. 43, No. ington, D.C., July 1974, \"01. 43, No.7, p. 3. 1, p. 26. Hawaii's Civil Identification Program, by EQUIPMENT National Nei!!;hborhood Watch Program, Ernest T. Y onamine, Director, Bureau of January 1974, vol. 43, No.1, p. 31. Crime Statistics and Identification, De- A Comparison of the Wounding Effects of partment of Attorney General, State of Prisons­­­A Target of Revolutionaries, Sep- Commercially Available Handgun Ammu- tember 1974, vol. 43, No.9, p. 11. Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Deoember nition Suitable for Police Use, by Vincent 1974, vol. 43, No. 12, p. 12. Putting the "Indian Sign" on Burglars, by 1. M. DiMaio, M.D., J. Allan Jones, Det. Thomas M. Brawley, Coconino Putting the "Indian Sign" on Burglars, by W. W. Caruth III, Louie L. Anderson, Det. Thomas M. Brawley, Coconino County Sheriff's Department, Flagstaff, and Charles S. Petty, M.D., Southwestern Ariz., August 1974, vol. 43, No.8, p. 10. County Sheriff's Department, Flagstaff, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Dallas, Ariz., August 1974, vol. 43, No.8, p. 10. The Repeat Offender, by E. D. Heath, Jr., Tex., December 1974, vol. 43, No. 12, p. 3. Director, Le!!;al Liaison Division, and A. Locating Buried Bodies, by Masataka 1m- J. Brown, Director, Community Services aizumi, Director, Criminal Investigation INVESTIGATORS' AIDS Division, Police Department, Dallas, Tex., Division, Metropolitan Police Department, May 1974, vol. 43, No.5, p. 7. Tokyo, Japan, August 1974, vol. 43, o. Locating Buried Bodies, by Masataka TAC II­The Electronic Stakeout, by Hon. 8, p. 2. Imaizumi, Director, Criminal Investiga- Joseph F. O'Neill, Police Commissioner, The Master Key System, October 1974, vol. tion Division, Metropolitan Police De- Philadelphia, Pa., June 1974, vol. 43, No. 43, No. 10, p. 15. partment, Tokyo, Japan, August 1974, vol. 6, p. 2. TAC II­The Electronic Stakeout, by Hon. 43, o. 8, p. 2. Joseph F. O'Neill, Police Commissioner, CRIME PROBLE:\IS Philadelphia, Pa., June 1974, vol. 43, No. LEGAL PROBLEMS 6, p. 2. Airborne Assistance for Railroad Crime, by TV by Laser Beam Transmi sion, by Wil- The Battered Policeman: A Law Enforce- William F. Reynolds, Superintendent, liam O. Thomas, Chief of Police, Uni- ment Officers Sues for Assault and Bat- Reading Company Police Department, versity Circle Police Department, Cleve- tery, by Robert C. Blunt, Special Agent, Philadelphia, Pa., August 1974, vol. 43, land, Ohio, February 1974, vol. 43, o. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Wash- No.8, p. 16. 2, p. 6. ington, D.C., September 1974, vol. 43, No. 9, p. 26. Bicycle Theft­A Serious Crime, by Lt. Rob- The Challenge of Crime and the Courts: ert H. Frailing, Patrol Division, Police FACILITIES Keep the Faith, by Hon. J. Clifford Wal- Department, Appleton, Wis., June 1974, lace, Judge, U .. Court of Appeals, Ninth vol. 43, No.6, p. 7. Courtroom of the Future, by Dean Gordon Circuit, San Diego, Calif., April 1974, vol. Crisis Intervention Training, by Robert T. D. Schaber, McGeorge School of Law, 43, No.4, p. 27. Flint, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Stu- University of the Pacific, Sacramento, House Trailer­Vehicle or House? by dent Counseling Bureau, University of Calif., May 1974, vol. 43, No.5, p. 16. Charles W. Cooke, Special Agent, Federal Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., August Prison A Target of Revolutionaries, Sep· Bureau of Investigation, Washington, 1974, vol. 43, No.8, p. 6. tember 1974, vol. 43, No.9, p. 11. D.C., .April 1974, vol. 43, No.4, p. 23. Drug Trafficking Takes to the Air, by Lt. Sanitarium Comes to Life­With Law En- An Increase in Interest, Part I, by Insp. 1. B. Sosa, Air Detail, Narcotic Division, forcement Training, by Harold S. Potter, Charles A. Donelan, Federal Bureau of New Mexico State Police, Albuquerque, Executive Director, Vermont Law En- Investigation, Washington, D.C., May

December 1974 29 1974, vol. 43, No.5, p. 22; Part II, June Caldwell, Police Department, Houston, University of California Police Program, by 1974, vol. 43, o. 6, p. 19; Conclusion, Tex., August 1974, vol. 43, No.8, p. 22; John C. Barber, Chief, University Police, ... July 1974, vol. 43, No.7, p. 27. Conclusion, September 1974, vol. 43, No. Santa Cruz, Calif., November 1974, vol. Investigative Detention, Part I, by John 9, p. 22. 43, No. 11, p. 18. Dennis Miller, Special Agent, Federal Community Liaison Patrol, by Officer Wil- Bureau of Investigation, Washington, liam Van Cleve, Police Department, POLICE KILLI C D.C., ovember 1974, vol. 43, o. 11, p. Huntington Beach, Calif., June 1974, vol. 10; Part II, December 1974, vol. 43, No. 43, No.6, p. 26. Hundred Clubs ationwide, by Ordway P. 12, p. 23. Determining Police Effectiveness, by James Burden, Chairman, Hundred Clubs In- A Law Enforcement Officer Sues for Defama· M. Rochford, Superintendent, Police De- formational Council, New York, N.Y., • tion, by Robert C. Blunt, pecial Agent, partment, Chicago, Ill., October 1974, vol. September 1974, vol. 43, No.9, p. 8. Federal Bureau of Im'estigation, Wash- 43, No. 10, p. 16. Police Killings in 1973­A Record Year, ington, D.C., February 1974, vol. 43, No. Exploring Law Enforcement, by Peter J. April 1974, vol. 43, No.4, p. 13. 2, p. 18. Pitchess, Sheriff, Los Angeles County The Protective Sweep, by Donald J. Mc- Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles, Calif., Laughlin, Special Agent, Federal Bureau June 1974, vol. 43, No.6, p. 14. POLICE \­fA AGE'\IENT of Investigation, Washington, D.C., August Four Program Models in Delinquency Pre- 1974, vol. 43, o. 8, p. 25. vention, by Col. James Peter Damos, Determining Police Effectiveness, by James Search of Persons for Weapons at Airports, Chief of Police, University City, Mo., and M. Rochford, Superintendent, Police De- by Paul C. Donahue, Special Agent, Fed- Walter Barry, Director, St. Louis County partment, Chicago, Ill., October 1974, vol. eral Bureau of Investigation, Washing- Juvenile Court, Police­Court­Community 43, No. 10, p. 16. ton, D.C., March 1974, vol. 43, No.3, p. 8. Project to Reduce Juvenile Delinquency, Emergency Auxiliary Units, by Ralph Some Aspects of the Effects of Inmate Suits St. Louis, Mo., January 1974, vol. 43, No. Lamb, Sheriff, Las Vegas Metropolitan on Correctional Systems, by William D. 1, p. 26. Police Department, Las Vegas, Nev., May Leeke, Director, South Carolina Depart- Hundred Clubs ationwide, by Ordway P. 1974, vol. 43, No.5, p. 11. ment of orrections, Columbia, S.c., July Burden, Chairman, Hundred Clubs In- Management Information: Law Enforce- 1974, vol. 43, No.7, p. 10. formational Council, New York, N.Y., ment's Forgotten Need, by N. Robert Testing Affidavit Credibility, by Paul C. September 1974, vol. 43, No.9, p. 8. Conover, Regional Inspector, Office of In· Donahue, pecial Agent, Federal Bureau Law and Justice Awareness Program, by spection, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and of lnve tigation, Wa hington, D.C., Sgt. Harry J. Chinn, Police Department, Firearms, Washington, D.C., ovember October 1974, \'01. 43, o. 10, p. 26. Honolulu, Hawaii, February 1974, vol. 43, 1974, \'01. 43, No. 11, p. 3. Warrantle s Entry to Arrest, Part I, by J. 0.2, p. 26. Physical Fitness Ideal, by Sgt. Leo Thalas- Paul Boutwell, pecial Agent, Federal National eighborhood Watch Program, sites, Director, Hialeah Police Academy, Bureau of Investigation, Wa hington, January 1974, vol. 43, No.1, p. 31. Hialeah, Fla., January 1974, vol. 43, No. D.C., December 1973, vol. 42, o. 12, p. Police Cadet Corps, by William R. Cauthen, 1, p. 11. 22; Conclusion, January 1974, \'01. 43, o. Chief of Police, Columbia, S.C., Febru- Police In pection and Complaint Reception 1, p. 21. ary 1974, vol. 43, o. 2, p. 22. Procedures, by Jo eph L. Smith, A sist- Police In pection and Complaint Recep- ant Chief of Police, Salt Lake City, Utah, ·\RCOTIe tion Procedures, by Joseph L. Smith, As- February 1974, vol. 43, o. 2, p. 12. istant Chief of Police, Salt Lake City, The Police Role in the Se\'ere Weather Drug Trafficking Takes to the Air, by Lt. Utah, February 1974, vol. 43, No.2, p. 12. Alert Plan, by Gerald W. Garner, Agent, J. B. osa, Air Detail, arcotic Divi ion, Police Response to Family Disputes, by Sgt. Department of Public afety, Lakewood, ew Mexico tate Police, Albuquerque, Edwin J. Donovan and Det. John F. Sul- Colo., April 1974, vol. 43, o. 4, p. 3 . . Mex., February 1974, vol. 43, o. 2, livan, Family Crisis Intervention Unit, Univer ity of California Police Program, p.2. Police Department, ew York, .Y., Sep- by John C. Barber, Chief, University Po- Drug Undercover Operation, by Kater W. tember 1974, vol. 43, o. 9, p. 3. lice, anta Cruz, Calif., ovember 1974, Williams, Chief of Police, Dothan, Ala., Policing a Famou Landmark, by Capt. vol. 43, o. 11, p. 18. ovember 1974, vol. 43, No. 11, p. 29. Jo eph E. DeMarco, iagara Frontier State Park Police Department, iagara Falls, .Y., September 1974, vol. 43, No. POLICE­\'o,\f'\1UNITY RELATIO S POI.ICE ORC\ IZA TION 9, p. 16. Be Safe From Rape, by Deborah Griffin, A Professor's "Street Lessons," by Dr. Exploring Law Enforcement, by Peter J. Informational ervices Division, Office of George L. Kirkham, Assistant Professor, Pitehe s, heriff, Los Angele County the Commissioner, Police Department, chool of Criminology, Florida State herifI's Department, Lo Angeles, Calif., Boston, Mas ., Decemher 1974, vol. 43, niversity, Tallahassee, Fla., March 1974, June 1974, vol. 43, o. 6, p. 14. o. 12, p. 9. vol. 43, o. 3, p. 14. Female Officers in the Department, by Ber- Bicycle Theft­ A erious Crime, by Lt. Rob- nowmobiling Within the Law, by Col. Ed- nard L. Garmire, hief of Police, Miami, ert H. Frailing, Patrol Division, Police ward W. Corcoran, Commi sioner, De- Fla., June 1974, vol. 43, No.6, p. 11. Department, Appleton, Wi ., June 1971, partment of Public Safety, Iontpelier, Law and Ju tice Awarenes Program, by vol. 43, 0.6, p. 7. Vt., ;'\farch 1974, vol. 43, o. 3, p. 3. gt. Harry J. Chinn, Police Department, The Challenge of Police­ ommunity Rela- Training for the Future, March 197+, vol. Honolulu, Hawaii, February 1974, vol. 43, tions Training, Part I, by Insp. Harry D. ~3, o. 3, p. 23. 0.2, p. 26.

30 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Police Cadet Corps, by William R. Cauthen, versity of Maine, Orono, Maine, ovember Police Cadet Corps, by William R. Cauthen, Chief of Police, Columbia, S.c., February 1974, vol. 43, No. 11, p. 26. Chief of Police, Columbia, S.c., February 1974, vol. 43, No.2, p. 22. Safe Insulation and Its Value in Crime De· 1974, vol. 43, No.2, p. 22. Police Response to Disasters, by Lt. Col. tection, ovember 1974, vol. 43, No. 11, p. Police Response to Family Disputes, by Sgt. Richard A. King, Fairfax County Police 23. Edwin J. Donovan and Det. John F. Sulli• Department, Fairfax, Va., fay 1974, vol. van, Family Crisis Intervention Unit, Po• 43, o. 5, p. 26. TECHNIQUES lice Department, New York, N.Y., Sep• Policing a Famous Landmark, by Capt. tember 1974, vol. 43, No.9, p. 3. Joseph E. DeMarco, Niagara Frontier The AEC Radiological Assistance Program, Sanitarium Comes to Life-With Law En• State Park Police Department, Niagara by Wayne L. Smalley, Assistant for forcement Training, by Harold S. Potter, Falls, .Y., eptember 1974, vol. 43, No. Emergency Preparedness, U. . Atomic Executive Director, Vermont Law En• 9, p.16. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn., forcement Training Council, Montpelier, Rape-The Ultimate Invasion of Privacy, October 1974, vol. 43, No. 10, p. 3. Vt., May 1974, vol. 43, No.5, p. 14. by Louis C. Cottell, Chief of Detectives, Driver Performance Study, by Hon. Walter Security Training: The Airport Operator's Police Department, ew York, .Y., May Pudinski, Commissioner, California High· Responsibility, by Anthony . Potter, Jr., 1974, vol. 43, o. 5, p. 2. way Patrol, acramento, Calif., January Principal Consultant, Landrum & Brown 1974, vol. 43, o. 1, p. 3. Division, Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc., Hostage Negotiations, by Lt. John A. Culley, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 1974, vol. 43, POLICE UNITS Office of the Chief of Detectives, Police No.8, p.13. Airborne Assistance for Railroad Crime, by Department, New York, N.Y., October Training for the Future, March 1974, vol. William F. Reynolds, Superintendent, 1974, vol. 43, No. 10, p. 10. 43, No.3, p. 23. Reading Company Police Department, Police Response to Family Disputes, by Philadelphia, Pa., Augu t 1974, vol. 43, gt. Edwin J. Donovan and Det. John F. No.8, p. 16. Sullivan, Family Crisis Intervention Unit, Community Liaison Patrol, by Officer Wil· Police Department, New York, N.Y., Sep· ASSAULTS ON FBI liam Van Cleve, Police Department, Hun· tember 1974, vol. 43, o. 9, p. 3. AGENTS tington Beach, Calif., June 1974, vol. 43, The Police Role in the Severe Weather Alert Plan, by Gerald W. Garner, Agent, 0.6, p. 26. During the period January Department of Public Safety, Lakewood, Emergency Auxiliary Units, by Ralph Lamb, through June 1974, 60 FBI Sheriff, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Colo., April 1974, vol. 43, No.4, p. 3. Department, Las Vegas, Nev., May 1974, nowmobiling Within the Law, by Col. Ed· Agents were assaulted, as com• vol. 43, o. 5, p. 11. ward W. Corcoran, Commissioner, De· pared with 88 during the same Police Response to Family Disputes, by partment of Public Safety, Montpelier, period in 1973, 53 in 1972, and Vt., March 1974, vol. 43, No.3, p. 3. Sgt. Edwin J. Donovan and Det. John 47 in 1971• F. Sullivan, Family Crisis Intervention Twenty-three Agents were as• Unit, Police Department, New York, .Y., TRAFFIC September 1974, vol. 43, No.9, p. 3. saulted through the use of per• Driver Performance Study, by Hon. Walter Rape-The Ultimate Invasion of Privacy, sonal weapons such as hands, Pudinski, Commissioner, California by Louis C. Cottell, Chief of Detectives, fists, and feet; 16 by firearms; 8 Highway Patrol, Sacramento, Calif., Police Department, ew York, .Y., May by motor vehicles; 2 by knives; 1974, vol. 43, o. 5, p. 2. January 1974, vol. 43, No.1, p. 3. and 2 by blunt instruments. University of California Police Program, by John C. Barber, Chief, University Police, TRAI I G Nine Agents were victims of Santa Cruz, Calif., November 1974, vol. threats, and three were wounded The Challenge of Police.Community Rela· 43, No. 11, p. 18. in gunfights. tions Training, Part I, by Insp. Harry D. Caldwell, Police Department, Houston, SCIENTIFIC AIDS Tex., August 1974, vol. 43, No.8, p. 22; Conclusion, September 1974, vol. 43, No. The AEC Radiological Assistance Program, 9, p. 22. by Wayne L. Smalley, Assistant for Crisis Intervention Training, by Robert T. BURGLARY Emergency Preparedness, U.S. Atomic Flint, Ph. D., Assistant Professor, Student Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn., Counseling Bureau, University of Minne· An estimated total of 2,540,• October 1974, vol. 43, No. 10, p. 3. sota, Minneapolis, Minn., August 1974, 900 burglaries occurred during Bones Can Fool People, by Dr. J. Lawrence vol. 43, o. 8, p. 6. Angel, Division of Physical Anthropology, Exploring Law Enforcement, by Peter J. 1973. The increase in the num• ational Museum of Natural History, Pitchess, Sheriff, Los Angeles County ber of offenses from 1972 to Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles, Cali£" 1973 was 188,100_ D.C., January 1974, vol. 43, No.1, p. 16. June 1974, vol. 43, No.6, p. 14. Viewed monthly, the highest The Maine Way to Dear Poacher Sleuth· Physical Fitne s Ideal, by gt. Leo Thalas· volume of burglary occurred in ing, by David C. O'Meara, A sociate sites, Director, Hialeah Police Academy, December of 1973_ Professor of Animal Biology, Department Hialeah, Fla., January 1974, vol. 43, No. of Animal & Veterinary Science, Uni. 1, p. 11.

December 1974 31 WANTED BY THE FBI

Left index fingerprint.

BERNARD JOSEPH MORA, also known as Albert Joseph Baken Jay Chrisnell, Andrew S. Leonard, Jay Lillis, Mike Lillis, Barney Mora: Joseph Bernard Mora, Charles Pennington Social Security No. ______551-44-5777. Interstate Flight­Murder FBI o. _____ 967,870 A. Fingerprint Occupations___ Dental technician, The Crime classification: locksmith, sale· 14 0 29 W MOM 14 man. Bernard Joseph Mora is being I 20 WOOl sought by the FBI for unlawful cars and marks______car on left houl• flight to avoid prosecution for Caution der where tattoo murder. was removed, Mora has been convicted of On or about August 23, 1971, scar on left fore• robbery, unauthorized opening Mora allegedly murdered a arm, scar on 1efl of mail, ·burglary, auto theft, female hitchhiker whom he leg {shin bone}, and soar on right parole violation, forcible rape, picked up on a trip from San foot. lie ha tat• and escape_ He should be con• Franci co to Sacramento, Calif. too of a wreath sidered an escape risk and very A Federal warrant for his ar• of rose sur• dangerous. rest was issued on March 24, rounding name 1972, at San Francisco. "RO E" on up• Notify the FBI per left arm, " KARl" upper Any person having informa• Description ri ght arm, drag• tion which might assist in locat• on left forearm, Age______39, born f ay 5, ing this fugitive is requested to black panther 1935, an Fran• notify immediately the Director right forearm, ci co, alif. framed picture of of the Federal Bureau of In• HeighL______5 feet 7 inche to Virgin Mary cov• vestigation, .S. Department 5 feet 8 inches. ering entire back, WeighL______145 to 155 pounds. of Justice, Washington, D.C. mouse with Build______Medium. 20535, or the Special Agent in Hair______Brown. "AG E" on Charge of the nearest FBI field right leg. Eyes______. Blue. office, the telephone number of Remarks______Reportedly walks Complexion___ Medium. which appears on the first page Race______White. with slight limp Nationality_ ___ American. in right leg. of most local directories.

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