National Science Foundation-Annual Report 1986

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ED 284 736 SE 048 281 AUTHOR Finkbeiner, Ann TITLE National SciecTe Founda ion - Annual Report 1986. INSTITUTION National Scier.ce Founda ion, Washington, D.C. REPORT'NO NSF-87-1 PUB DATE 86 NOTE 108p.; Colored photographs may not reproduce well. For the 1985 report, see ED 271 326. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printillg Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials (090) -- Reports - Descriptive(141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO5 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *College Science; *Elementary School Science; Elementary Secondary Education; Engineering Education; *Federal Aid; *Federal Government; Higher Education; *Research and Development; Research Universities; Science and Society; Science Education; Science Instruction; Scientific and Technical Information; *Secondary School Science; Technological Advancement IDENTIFIERS *National Science Foundation ABSTRACT The National Science Foundation (NSF) provides grants through_its program divisions, which represent the various disciplines and fields of science and engineering. This report provides a synopsis of NSF grant awards and activities for 1986. The first two sections of the document highlight some of the current areas of.NSF sponsored research and development, along with some crucial issues to be considered in the future. The next chapter focuses on: (I) centers and instrumentation; (2) meeting the future personnel_needs of science and engineering; (3) precollege education and associated personnel issues; (4) international science and engineering; -(5) polar programs; and (6) natural disasters. Subsequent sections of the book describe NSF award.recipients, introduce various NSF employees who have responsibilities for specific program areas, and outline NSF operations and its organizational structure. Appendices include a listing of NSF staff and National Science Board members, financial and patent reports for fiscal year 1986, and the membership of NSF advisory committees. (TW)

*** *********** ** **** * ******************** ********* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************** ** u S DEPARrsigiST GP spueiniotil cit Educational ReSaruch end Irrierwernan EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIOhl CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced fte received tgarn the PerSOn Or organization Originating IL 0 Minor mangos have been mode to imprOuo reproduction duality

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TO THE EDUCA noNAL RESOURCES: INFORMATION CENTER (gRIC).", About the National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation is an NSF is structured much like a independent federal agency created by university, with grant-making divisions the National Science Foundation Act of for the various disciplines and fields 1950 (P.L. 81-507). Its aim is to of science and engineering. The Foun- promote and advance scientific prog- dation's staff is helped by advisors, ress in the United States. The idea of primarily from the scientific communi- such a foundation was an outgrowth of ty, who serve on formal committees or the important contributions made by as ad hoc reviewers of proposals. This science and technology during World advisory system, which focuses on War II. From those first days, NSF has both program dimction and specific had a unique place in the federal proposals, involves more than 50,000 government: It is responsible for the scientists and engineers a year. NSI. overall health of science across ail staff members who are experts in a disciplines. In contrast, other agencies certain field or area make final award support research focused on specific decisions; applicants get verbatim un- missions. signed copies of peer reviews and can NSF funds research in all fields of appeal those decisions. science and engineering. It does this Awardees are wholly responsible for through grants and contracts to more doing their research and preparing than 2000 colleges, universities, and the results for publication. Thus the other research institutions in alf parts Foundation does not assume respon- of the United States. The Foundation sibility for such findings or their accounts for about 25 percent of interpretation. federal support to academic institu- NSF welcomes proposals on behalf fions for basic research. of all qualified scientists and engineers NSF receives more than 30,000 and strongly encourages women, mi- proposals each year for research, norities, and the handicapped to com- graduate fellowships and math/ pete fully in its programs. science/engineering education; it makes more than 13,000 awards. These go to universities, colleges, academic consortia, nonprofit institutions, and small businesses. The agency operates no laboratories itself but does support National Research Centers, certain oceanographic vessels, and Amarctic research stations. The Foundation also aids cooperative research between universities and industry and U.S. participation in international scientific efforts. National Science Foundation Annual Report 4986

Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1986

For sale by the Superintendent of Documen U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

4 _etter of Transittal

Washington, D.C.

DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Asinual Report for Fiscal Year 1986 of the National Science Foundation, for sub- mission to the Congress as required by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950.

Respectfully,

Erich Bloch Director Nation !dation

The Honorable The Pwsident of the 'kW States CONTENTS

Director's Statement Highlights

Chapter 1:Issues and initiatives 18 Chapter 2:focus on. 28 Centers and Instrumentation 28

Science and Engineering Pers leetin --e Needs 35 Precollege Education and the Personnel Issue 39 international Science and Engineering Polar Programs Natural Disasters 48 Chapter Awards

Chapter 4:NSF People -54 Chapter 5:NSF Operations and Organization 7) Chapter 6:Conclusion 74 Appendixes 76 Appendix A.NSF Staff and National Scien rd Memhers ( FY 1986 76 Appendix H.Financial and Patent Reports tbr FY 1986 78 Appendix C.Advisory Committees tbr FY 1986 CTOR'S STATEMENT

An annual report necessarily Reports of major discoveries reflects on the past. But it is in biology and medical sciences the Director's privilege to are a daily occurrence. Genetics is treat the past as prologue, and yielding new insight into mental look instead to the future. As I disorders. A malaria vaccine is look back on our achievements, I ready for testing. Understanding of cannot help seeing still greater many diseases grows rapidly accomplishments ahead. I believe that science and Recent news confirms again engineering are just entering a the spectacular dynamism of sci- long period of accelerating prog- ence and engineering. At the end ress. We have never seen anything of 1986 we had the first of a series like it before, so we are in many of discoveries of new materials ways unprepared to deal with it. capable of superconductivity at temperatures not previously be- What must we do? lieved possible. Supercoriductivity, first discovered in 1911, has long The last supernova that oc- The first answer is "Educate.- promised technological benefits. curred close to the earth was the Science and technology are central But the promise has remained "new star" observed by Tycho to our civilization, and daily be- unrealized because the necessary Brahe in 1572. The revelation that come more so. But our schools temperatures involved have been such a thing was possible forced a and colleges remain far from capa- too expensive to achieve. reconsideration of the medieval ble of either teaching the sub- Suddenly, however, supercon- world view, and was a major step stance of elementary science and ductivity is possible at temper- on the road to modern science. mathematics to all students, or of atures that can be maintained with And now we have a new super- preparing students to deal ra- inexpensive liquid nitrogen, and nova, the first one nearby since tionally with the social, economic, still higher temperatures are likely. Tycho's, and the first to be ob- or philosophical consequences of This opens technological vistas of served with modern instruments. all this new knowledge. great scope, including revolution- A new subdiscipline, "neutrino ary changes in electric power gen-astronomy- has been proclaimed. The economic consequences of eration and transmission, and in Will the 1987 supernova have an transportation. effect as great as Tycho? Funda- basic science and engineering mental new insights are the only are great and ever increasing" safe prediction. The second answer is "Com- pete." Because technology now "I believe that science and flows rapidly from new under- engineering are just entering a standing, the economic con- long period of accelerating sequences of basic science and pmgress engineering are great and ever increasing. "Knowledge is power- Supercomputers and coniplex is an old saying, but never more models have enabled scientists arid true. engineers to make rapid progress in many fields, such as the geo- sc:ences, where experimentation is difficult or impossible.

IV NATIO= SCIENCE FOUNDATION Especially knowledge is eco- Educate, Compete, and Com- nomic power, but it has to be mit. These are active concepts. If current. In fields such as micro- we use them as guides to the electronics, the knowledge on futuresoon to be the world of which the technology of five years the 21st Centurywe7ill use our ago was built is no longer eco- new knowledge creatively and for nomically significant. Our national the benefit of all. They are fit economic health, standard of !iv- concepts to guide the Nation?! ing, and national defense depend Science Foundation in the years to on constantly staying ahead of our come. competitors in creating new Erich Bloch knowledge, in converting it to new NSF Director products and processes, and in manufacturing and marketing efficiently

"Knowledge is economic powel; but a has to be current- The third answer is "Commit." We must commit to steady investment in basic science and engineering research, and in education at all levels. Nothing else will maintain our economic and military strength. And we must commit to changing our research and educational institutions to deal with a rapidly changing world. In particular we must be sure thatour universities, industries, and government are encouraged to work together cooperatively for thecom- mon good.

A 'N11/41. HEI ,r1;ll I. VitAR 19 1 Watching the Ozone "Hole" over Antarctica

Although ozone, a form of levels of volcanic activity; and oxygen, is found in small seasonal atmospheric processes. amounts throughout the at- In August 1986 (the austral mosphere, most of it is located in spring) 12 scientists on four re- the stratosphere above 6 miles search teams went to McMurdo altitude. This critical compound Station, the U.S. Mtarctic Program's screens out nearly all of the sun's research station on Ross Island, to harmful ultraviolet radiation that take measurements that would would cause skin cancer in hu- help to explain the alarming an- mans and harm plants, both on nual depletion in the ozone layer land and in the sea. But measure- Preliminary data suggest that high ments taken on the ground at a solar activity and upward move- British antarctic station and from ment of the polar winds do not U.S. satellites show that the cause the hole. Dynamic processes amount of ozone over Antarctica in the antarctic atmosphere set the has been declining by about 50 stage for the seasonal appearance percent during the austral spring of the hole, but at this writing since the mid-1970's. scientists believe that a chemical The decline in ozone seems process is fundamentally to appear in August and continues responsible. through September and early Oc- tober; recovery of ozone occurs around late October or early November. Schtntists working in Antarctica began to record these dramatic changes in the ozone layer in the 1970s. At this writing, the so-called ozone "hole,- which extends over most of Antarctica, is about the size of the United States. Scientists have suggested various theories to explain the phe- nomenon, including disruption of the ozone layer by pollution from synthetic chemical products; changes in solar activity; increased Pr Susan Softnnan, head of the rintarcile ozone research te (above). Other team nw,nhc'rs are shown wor ipment that Sa?if)leS levels of ozone and atmospheric parti

Antarctic ozone hole. Development of the hole in the 1986 scuthern hebnsphere Spring as followed with the Nimbus 7 TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrotneter). By October 2, the region of lowest ozone (below 200 Dobson Units or purple area) had expanded to cover much of the antarctic continent to the tight of the Greenwich meridian On October 10, the center of the low region had decreased so that a region below 175 DU had appeared (see expanding black area in center). The maximum ozone in the circumpolar ring is near 500 DU (areas of yellows browns, and greens). (NASA photo)

_ TIONAL SCIENCE _FOUNDATION 9 Decoding Genes Quickly

Researchers at the Cnlifornia Hood, reads out the sequences institute of Technology have more quickly and at a much lower built a machine that ana- cost than before. lyzes DNA hundreds of timesmore The sequence of nucleotides rapidly than was previously possi- from one individual is thencom- ble. DNA analysis in turn allows pared to sequences from other researchers to unravel the body's individuals to find any differences. genetic information. Among its Athough they usually haveno other benefits, the Caltech machine immediate effect, changes in se- will help researchers lay the foun- quence occasionally cause disease. dation for studying thousands of On one gene, for example, sub- inherited diseases. stituting an A for a T changes the All genes are combinations of way the body makes hemoglobin only four chemical compounds, and results in sickle-cell anemia. called nucleotides and abbreviated Identifying that substitution allows as A,T,G, and C. The genetic code researchers to find the adults who depends on the sequence in which carry the gene foc sickle-cell ane- those nucleotides are arranged: mia (or any other genetic disease) MG, for instance, tells the body to and who could thus pass the gene make the amino acid, lysine. Cal- along to their children, tech's machine., called a sequenator, Genetic engineers also use labels each nucleotide witha fluo- knowledge of the exact sequence rescent dye, uses a laser to detect of nucleotides to move a specific the sequence of colors, then reac6 gene from one organism to an- out the sequence of nucleotides. other, an important step in inno- The sequenator, developed under vative methods for creatingnew the direction of biologist Leroy drugs or vaccines. Medical researchers use gene sequencing to understand what changes might turn a normal gene into a can- cerous one. Md for biologists, a complete map of all humangenes would provide valuable insight into the way the human body functions.

Caltech sequenator Lemy Hood and Jane Sanders were part of the team that developed the sequenator shown here

10 ANNUAL RETORT, F1,71 TAR19863 GALE Project on East Coas Winter Storms

Winter storms along the Eastexplosively while others remain Coast area of the United innocuous. Ultimately, GALE should States can strike with ca- allow improved 12- to 24-hour pricious violence: hurricane-force prediction of these storms, their winds, cities buried in snow and paths, the type and amount of ice, motorists stranded. A massive precipitation they produce, and field study was designed to give their rate of intensification. GALE scientists a better idea of how to was organized at the National predict these surprise storms more Center for Atmospheric Research precisely. in Boulder, Colorado, and directed This type of winter storm by Richard Dirks of NSF. results from a combination of effects involving the Appalachian GALE research Buoy deploy- Mountains, the ocean, and the jet ment from the research vessel Cape Florida (center photo); stream. Cold air heading south Portable Automated Mesonet from Canada is trapped along the Station to gather weather eastern slopes of the Appalachians. data on lan4 NCAR Electra Warm, moist air heated by the aircraft ouOtted with gust ocean, especially by the Gulf probe Stream, circles in over the East Coast, hits the Canadian cold air, and rises up over it. The contact between warm and cold air creates rain, ice, and snow storms over the coastal plain east of the Appala- chians. In some cases tWs further results in the explosive develop- tzt- ment of an East Coast cyclone. r,45 These storms move north along the jet stream, often tracking the coastline. Once fully developed, they can paralyze travel and commerce all along the coast. A large consortium of 250 researchers from 17 universities and 7 federal agenciesusing 5 satellites, 8 airplanes, 2 ships, 10 weather radars, 60 upper-air sounding stations, and 60 special surface mauls and buoyspartici- pated in a Si 0 million study called GALE, for Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment. GALE should give researchers the information they need to explain why storms are generated over the Carolinas' coastal area and why some intensify

t 1

SCIENCE FOUNDATION Fast, Cool Switching Devices for Lightwave Technology

young engineer has been At the University of Colorado 1 kworking with a material that at Boulder engineer Kristina may be used in components Johnson is using a material syn- of a computer that operates not thesized by Noel Clark, a con- with electric current, but with densed matter scientist, and David lighta so-called optical computer. Walba, a chemist. This materialcan Light can carry and process infor- switch.light off and on in .000001 mation in the computer more second, not quite as fast as gallium efficiently, making possible new arsenide. The advantage of their types of computers that can oper- material, a ferroelectric liquidcrys- ate much more quickly and work tal, is that it requires much less on several problems at one time. power to operate, so that it runs Before optical computers become 10,000 times cooler Such coolness a reality, however several diffi- means that almost a million fer- culties must be solved. roelectric liquid crystal switches One of these is to synthesize a can be linked together. The mate- material that allows information to rial also has a hundred times be both fed into and read out of better contrast than gallium the computer optically. Such a arsenide. material needs to switch a light signal off and on quickly and with high contrast, not overheating in the process. One such material is gallium arsenide. Single switches made of gallium arsenide can turn the signal on and off at speeds that range from .000001 to .000000001 seconds. But to make a computer that can solve several problems at once, many switches must be linked together, much the same way tiles are linked to make a mosaic. The more switches in the mosaic, the more power needed to do the computing. The more power, the hotter the whole system gets. Up to 10,000 gallium arsenide This kind of work brings Lightwat ogy imPle- switches can be linked together; optical computers a few steps merit This ferroelearic liq- more than that, and the system closer and advances a relatively uid crystal light shutter is melts. new field called lightwave tech- used by engineers, chemists, and physicists at the Univer- nology The technology promises shy of Colorado (Boulder). to have a significant effect on such The device switches in micro- areas as electronics, information secondA has very high con- processing, computing, robotics, ar-trast, and ran be easily tificial intelligence, aviation, and fabricated in large arrays communications. Johnson is al5o a Presidential Young Investigator (see description of this NSF program in chapter 2).

12 ANNUAL REPORT, FISCAL WAR 1986 5 1 9 8 6

Finding the Vulnerable Point of a Cold Virus

Researchers have mapped, in Rossmann's team used a super- atomic detail, the place on a computer to find the exact spot on cold virus where an antiviral the virus:s coat where an antiviral drug attaches. The researchers at drug attaches. The drug prevents Purdue University were led by the coat from breaking apart, and Michael Rossmann, who last year unless the coat is broken, the mapped a cold virus's overall virus RNA or DNA cannot get free structure for the first time. to cause infection. Researchers still A virus is a simple creature, a have not found a cure for the strand of RNA or DNA surrounded common cold. But knowing how by a protein coat. Once a virus and where a drug attacks the virus gets inside a cell, the coat breaks will help with the development of apart and releases the virus's RNA more effective drugs. It will also or DNA, which then takes over the provide fundamental and detailed DNA of the cell, As a result, the knowledge of how viruses carry on cell eventually manufactures more their lethal business. viruses, which break out and in- vade other cells.

tr Cold virus model. Michael Rossmann at Purdue University is shown with model first developed by Rossmann and his team in 1985.

1 3

6NATIONAL SCIENCE POUNDATION World's Most Powerful Magnetic Field

At the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory, Mas- sachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, a group headed by Lawrence Rubin has generated the world's most powerful magnetic field. Use of high magnetic fields helps materials researchers learn about the behavior of electrons in solids. Applying such a field profoundly affects the way electrons move through a conducting solid material, resulting in dramatic, ob- servable changes in the way the solid conducts electricity Research of this kind may lead to new materials for electronic, magnetic, and superconducting devices, instruments, and machines. The record field set by the Laboratory was 33.6 tesla. The previous record, set in Japan, was IV( most powerfid steady-state nu At 33.6 testa, the magnet consists qr a supereondact coil a water-cooled 30.7 tesla. By comparison, the insert and pole pieces made of the dmium. Most of die earth's magnetic field is about supercomincting outer coil is sbown illtaround the .00005 tesla; the small magnets that nnw for the water-cooled insert andlb"Windup; pole pieces hold messages on refrigerators produce about 0.1 tesla. The highest magnetic field anyone has measured in the universe is that of a white dwarf, a compact and dense star about the size of the earth. (Our sun will eventually become such a star.) The white dwarfs fieldmeasured by Gary Schmidt, Steven West, and James Liebert at the University of Arizona, Richard Green at Kitt Peak National Observator and H.S. Stockman at the Space Telescope Science In- stitute in Baltimore, Marylandwas 50,000 tesla. Neutron stars, even denser than white dwarfs, are predicted to have even stroner fieldsaround 100 million tesla.

ANNUAL Mufti; 11tiCid. yrAR 19867 1 9 8 6

Dawn Apes of the Fayum

Some 32 million years ago that of a mature female.Frag- there was a tropical rain ments of a third skull had been forest in the barren wind- discovered in 1966.) swept Sahara Desert about 60 This new pair of skulls be- miles southwest of Cairo, Egypt. longs to a primate genus Aeffp- Elwyn Simons of Duke University topithecus and the species A. and his collaborators have labored zeuxis; it is widely believed to be a for more than a decade to collect common ancestor of humans, the fossilized remains of species that apes, and possibly Old World once flourished there. Paleon- monkeys as well. The name tologists and paleoanthropologists "zeuxis" means yoke or link, and have focused considerable atten- this animal is a connection be- tion on the Fayurn, a small area, tween ancient prosimians or sub- because it contains the only fossil- monkeys and modern primates. bearing deposits in the Old World Aetyptopithecus was a tree- of this Oligocene age, and these dwelling animal approximately the deposits provide the first good size of a fox or a large house cat. documentation of warm-blooded What the two new skulls provide animals and birds from Africa. is clear evidence of sexual di- In October 1985 the Duke morphism: the male is larger than team recovered a small skull that the female. Modern primate spe- was badly crushed and encased in cies that exhibit this degree of a block of rock-hard matrix. A year dimorphism usually live in large later a second skull was recovered; multi-male and multi-female social only after laborious cleaning and groups. This advanced type of reconstruction has it become evi- social structure, Simons postulates, dent that these remainsdubbed can now be traced back as far as Adam and Eveare in fact the two 32 million years ago. oldest adult skulls ever found that Mthough the skulls are small, appear to belong to the direct the size of the brain is relatively ancestry of humans. One is the large. Casts made from the skulls' skull of a mature male, the other interiors reveal a brain at the general level of complexity of those found in modern owl and titi monkeys of South America. The teeth indicate ties with ape forms that inhabited East MI xa during the Miocene age, about 12 million years later, and these in turn are broadly ancestral to both modern apes and humans.

Anthropology find These are the two oldest adult skulls ever found that appear to belong to the direct ancestry of humans Skull at right is that of a mature malg the other that of an adult female Both come from an excava- tion site in the wind-swept badlands of the Fayum Province southwest of Cairo, EBYPL 8 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 1 5 New Devices to Study Newly-Created Crust

Most of the earth's crust is The drilling process itself was ancient. Some parts of the an innovation. The new crust lacks crust, however, are being the thick layers of sediment that created right now; they are, as provide stability for a drill, and geologists say, of zero age. Scien- young rock is hard and abrasive. tists aboard the JOIDES Resolution, The drill is consequently difficult the research ship of NSF's interna- to aim; it skitters all over. So tional ocean drilling program, have engineers developed what they call finally been able to look closely at a guide base, a 20-ton, room-sized zero-age crust in the process of doughnut held in place by 100,000 being formed. pounds of cement. They positioned the drill by using a real-time 1; underwater television camera. With the guide base and drill, scientists were able, for the first time, to look closely at rock formed at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Using the camera, they could also watch what happens when molten rock and sea water meet. The new rock is porous and hot; sea water circulates through it, dissolving its minerals and becoming extremely hot. Such circulation probably helps to determine the mineral composition of the oceans. Wbat the camera saw was a land- scape of 30-foot-high chimneys, formed when the dissolved mineral condensed back out of the water, that send out clouds of black smoke and metal-rich water. Ocean science at work One place where crust is The chimneys, called black being created is along the Mid- smokers, are made of copper, zinc, Atlantic Ridge, a jagged chain of and iron sulfides, sometimes in underwater mountains strung from massive nuggets. Swimming Iceland down the middle of the around the chimneys is a unique Atlantic Ocean to the antarctic. community of shrimp and eel-like Along this ridge two of the earth's creatures; thus the scientists called tectonic plates are tearing apart, the area the Snakepit. carrying Africa and Europe away The JOIDES Resolution, oper- from North and South Americaat ated by Texas A&M University, is about an inch a year. Where the funded by Canada, France, Japan, plates move apart, molten rock West Germany, the United King- from the interior of the earth dom, and the United States moves to the surface, piling up through the National Science Foun- new crust into a ridge. At sites dation, In 1986, these countries 1200 miles southeast of Bermuda were joined in the Ocean Drilling and 2 miles down, the interna- Program by the European Science tional team of scientists drilled into Foundation, representing 12 Euro- the ridge. pean countries. 1 6 ANNL1AL REPOHT, FIS 19869 9 8 6

Tying the Universe To ether with String

physicists are finding that a The work done by Gr --I-1 and new theory. which sees part'- Schwartz, along with that of phys- . cies not as tiny points but as icists at Princeton University (see the vibrations of tiny bits of string, later chapter on 'Awards"), has led may explain the force that governs to what is called superstring theo- the universe. For cenwries, phys- ry which perhaps may be the icists have studied the gravitational Theory of Everything. In it, tiny force between all bodies with mass bits of string wiggle in 10 dimen- and the electromagnetic force be- sions! 3 dimensions of space, 1 of tween all particles with charge. time, and 6 others that have During this century they described shrunk (physicists say "compac- two more: the weak force that tified") to imperceptibility. Strings governs the radioactive decay of can be open, like shoelaces, or particles and the strong force that closed, like rubber bands; they can holds particles together in the connect to other strings, or split nucleus of an atom. For decades from them. They vibrate, and the now, physicists have been trying to frequency of their vibration deter- learn whether these four phe- mines what particles they seem to nomena are, in some profoundly be. An extremely high frequency fundamental way, all faces of the vibration of a string may appear to same force. In short, physk besay, a quark; a lower frequency look for what they call a Theory of of the same string may be an Everything. electron. One sticking point iii their Superstring theory sound bi- search has been the gravitational zarre, and though it has more force. Until recently, it appeared internal consistency than previous that Einstein's well-confirmed theo- Theories of Everything, it awaits iy of the gravitational force is confirmation. At this writing, the incompatible with quantum me- theory has made no predictions by chanics. Since quantum mechanics which it can be tested. And experi- is an extremely successful body of ments that find strings direcdy are general physical laws believed to still out of reach of the most describe correctly the physical powerful particle colliders, either effects of any force, this incom- in existence or imaginable. patibility has been a serious prob- Supmfringsthe universa lem. Now Michael Green, at the building blocks (reprinted by University of London, and John permission of Nature) Schwartz, at the California Institute of Technology have shown the following: if elementary particles are actually the vibrations of tiny strings, and if the forces among the particles include electromagnetism, the weak force, the strong force, and possibly some other forces not yet observed in the laboratory, then the theory of the gravitational force becomes compatible with quantum mechanics.

1 7

10 NATIONAI SCIENCE FOUNDATION Models for the Way Gears Fail

Any mechanical system with The computer model allows moving parts is likely to Cheng and Keer to predict both depend on gears. The stress the shape of the crack and the way of gears running against each other it grows, and ultimatelygiven is so great that, sooner or later, all how long a gear has been used gears wear out and fail. Herbert to predict how likely it is to fail. Cheng and Leon Keer, at the Eventually, the model should allow Technological institute at North- engineers to design gears that will western University,have created a avoid the patterns of cracks that computer modelfor predicting just lead to failure, thus greatly extend- when a gear will fail. ing the life of a gear. One metal gear turning against another puts stress on both in such a way that their surfaces flowplastically, much the way mud flows, hut much more slowly Metal cannot flow far without making microscopically tiny cracks. These microcracks on gears are semicir- cular.,running from one point on the surface to another. With con- tinued operation, the microcracks grow until the metal above them flakes off, forming littlepitson the gear:s surface. Lubricating oils can only retard pitting,they cannot prohibit it. Once enough pits form, a geai is useless. In effect, all gears have a certain lifetime. Engineers cannot stop a (.7,ear from failing, but they would like to be able to predict its failure. This will allow them to select gear materials and operating conditions such that the failure will not occur during the expected life of the mechanical system. Cheng and Keer have a computer model that does just that. They study closely the growth of a pit on a real gear, then use that information to simu- late ona computer how many times the gear had to turn before a microcrack started, what the pat- tern of crack; was, and how they grew into damaging pits. Micro- cracks, they found, start early in the life of a gear but grow slowly

ANNUAL ..4EPORT, FISCAL WAR1956 11 1 9 8 6

Mussels That Live on Methane

ceanographers working in The mussel does not use he Gulf of Mexico have mvhane directly Instead, it is host discovered a mussel that to tiny, free-living bacteria in its lives on methane. The mussel, a gills that take methane and turn it new species, was found near what into organic compounds. Mussels oceanographers call hydrocarbon then use the organic matter as seeps, areas where methanecorn- food. monly called natural gasleaks The mussel is not the only from beneath seafloor sediments deep-sea creature that does not up into the ocean. The mussel is depend on photosynthesis. In the only known example of a 1977, oceanographers discovered higher animal that utilizes methane giant clams, other species of mus- for sustenance. sels, and four-foot-long worms liv- James Childress and Charles ing, cut off from sunlight, near Fisher (University of California at hydrothermal vents where hot Santa Barbara) and James Brooks water pours from beneath the (Texas A&M University) found the earth's crust. These creatures live mussels, ranging from one to six on the sulfur dissolved in the hot inches in length, about 150 miles wateror rather, like the methane- off the coast of Louisiana and 1800 eating mussels, they live in sym- feet below the surface. biosis with bacteria that consume Until recently, animals were the sulfur and provide food thought to depend, ultimately on substances. photosynthesis for their nourish- Since hydrocarbon seeps oc- ment. Lacking sunlight, the deep cur throughout the Gulf of Mexico sea is without photosynthesis, and and off the coast of California, only meager food substances come oceanographers speculate that down from the surface waters. A other types of bacterial symbioses process involving methane seems might be more common than they to ameliorate the low food level. had thought. Methane mussels. Tubeworms surround these mussels (cen- (er of photo), which lie on the ocean bottom near methane seeps Each clam is about four inches long.

12NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 1 Flashing Ge es

Biologists and chemists look- ing for a way to find out which genes are activated in which organs have come upon an ingenious method. They have engineered genes that make the roots, stem, and leaves of a tobacco plant glow. In most parts of organisms, each cell carries a full set of genes. But the genes that control the color of your eyes, for instance, are activated in your eyes only and in no other organ. In fact, which genes are activated determines the way each organ funct4ons. In order to track the genes activated in the roots, stern, and leaves of a tobacco plant, a team of biologists and chemists at the University of California at San Diego inserted a gene from a firefly into the genetic structure of the plant. One part of the San Diego team isolated the gene that the firefly uses to produce an enzyme, called luciferase, which makes the firefly glow. The other part of the team took the gene for luciferase and attached it to a gene froma plant virusspecifically, to the gene that controls the virus's When the viral genes were No ordinary tobacco plant. growth. Then the luciferase and activated in all the plant organs,Scientists at UC-San Diego virus genes were both attached to so were the luciferase genes, andbave altered the genetic the whole plant glowed. In fact, makeup of Ibis plant by yet another genethis one from a introducing a firefly gene bacterium that injects its own the luciferase genes apparently into its DIVA. As a result, We genes into a plant's. The plant took became a permanent part of the plant is pmducing its own up some of the bacterium's genes planes genetic structure and all glork6-414st like a firefly and, along with them, the viral succeeding generations of plants genes and the genes for luciferase. also glowed. The researchers noted that the luciferase gene reports whether or not a gene is activated with particular sensitivity, and that detection of the gene's activity is both non-invasive and non-destructive. The luciferase gene should help both genetiL engineers trying to breed resistance to diseases into plants and biologists studying which genes affect which organs.

20 ANNI T REPORT, }CA1 FK98613 1 9 8 6

Redrawing the Birds' Family Tree

Fver since the Swedish bota- More interestingly, they found nist Linnaeus (1707-78), biol- that a variety of birds in New ---=4 °gists have classified animals Guinea and Australiawarbler and by comparing anatomy: legs that thrush-like specieswere actually run versus the legs on birds that more closely related to one an- fly, for example, or beaks that other and to crows than to their crack seeds versus beaks that drill European look-alikes, warblers and holes. A new technique makes it thrushes. Sibley and Ahlquist group possible to classify animals more these birds as Corvida, crow-like accurately by comparing their ge- forms, which they maintain netic makeup, their DNA. Using evolved in isolation from other this technique, Charles Sibley and birds on the New Guinea- Jon Ahlquist at Yale University Australian landmass about 60 mil- found that the family tree of all lion years ago. This evolution birds needs to be redrawn. within the Corvida calls to mind For years, standard classifica- the variety of marsupial mammals, tion based on external anatomy from koala bears to kangaroos, that assumed that all groups of birds has evolved under the same had a single common ancestor. But circumstances. anatomy can be misleading. Swifts and swallows are unrelated but look alike because both adapted to feed on flying insects. In fact, animaV anatomies generally are shaped less by whom they are related to than by what they do. So classifying by comparing genetic makeup is more reliable. Over the last 10 years, Sibley and Alilquist compared the DNA of 1600 species of birds. The more similar the DNA of any two species, the more closely they are related. For instance, vultures of the Old World resemble turkey vultures of the New, since all vultures find and feed on carrion. But Sibley and Ahlquist found that the DNA of the former resembles that of hawks and eagles, while the DNA of the latter resembles that of storks.

14 0 SCIENCE FOUNDATION Mathematical Theory of Knots Unties DNA Molecules

To a mathematician a knot is However, Joneslooking beyond like a knot in a shoelace: a the boundaries of his previous closed, one-dimensional researchobserved that this same string that curves through three- methodology which was successful dimensional space. One knot can in the theory of von Neumann be twisted, pulled, pushed into algebras applies equally well to the another knot, and as long as the classification of knots. In fact, his string is neither cut nor untied, the construct, now called "the Jones two knots are, i.o the mathemati- polynomial," reduced the study of cian, the same. The method for complicated knots to simpler proving the similarity of any two mathematical expressions. knots is called knot theory. Nor- Molecular biologists Steven mally studied for itS own sake, Wasserman and Nicholas knot theory can surprisingly Cozzarelli, at the University of enough be applied to the workings California, Berkeley, used Jones' of a molecule of DNA. method to predict the sequence A DNA molecule consists of in which DNA could form in- two strands of chemicals misted creasingly complicated knots- Knot samples. The highly together into a helix. The helix in those that crossed once, twice, and supercoiled DNA molecule turn tWiStS into a coil, which winds so on. When they looked at the modeled below contrasts around, curving back on itself, actual DNA under an electron sharply' with the simple knot forming knots. In order for the microscope, they found Me knot shown in drawing. DNA molecule to reproduce itself, that ended that sequence, one that enzymes musi. straighten out those crossed itself six times According knots and coils, preparatory to to a National Research Council pulling the strands themselves report on trends in mathematics, apart. These enz-ymes, however, "these developments emphasize can begin work only on those again the eternity of a good portions of the knot of DNA that mathematical result,. .the unpre- are exposed to view So to under- dictable relationships between stand what portions of the knot the fields, and the many bridges across enzymes would "see," biologists the humanly created gap between had to understand by what rules core mathematics and the basic the knot had formed. sciences." Enter the mathematician Vaughan Jones. While at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, under a grant from the Modern Analysis Program in NSF's Mathematical Division, Jones developed algebraic methods for solving some long-standing problems in an area of mathematical analysis known as von Neumann algebras. This compo- nent of Modern Analysis arose nearly a half-century ago from the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, and both scien- tifically and philosophically it is far removed from knots and DNA.

22 ANNUAL REPORT, FISCAL YFAR198615 9 8 6

Unique Techniques from Small Businesses

Small businesses involved in scientific and technological innovations are often unable to support the high-risk basic research needed for the next generation of innovations. NSFI-; Small Business Innovation Research Pro- gram (SBIR) funds high-quality, high-risk research at such companies. The return on NSF's investment includes not only research results but economic and social benefits to the nation. Instruments and techniques developed by small, high-technology businesses under the SBIR program are often unique. Among them is the Redox Chemillumines- cence Detector, invented at Sievers Research in Boulder, Colorado. The instrument measures, with high sensitivity and accuracy, trace amounts of organic compounds in a gas. The detector has been delivered to several companies, and it is estimated to have a large market nationally and internationally. Another such instrument, developed by Charles Evans and Associates near San Mateo, Califor- nia, is a laser that helps to identify the materials in thin films. Thin films of varying materials, stacked layer by layer, are used in the semiconductor industry. The laser probes the entire stack, making it a useful tool for constructing depth profiles of the layers in the semiconductor material. Small business innovation The Red= Cbemillumines- cence Detector was invented at Sievers Research in Colo- rado, with NSF support,

16NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION President Recognizes Outstanding Science and Mathematics Teachers

In 1983, a new program was equipment, materials for student established to recognize out- research, and other books, media standing high school and materials, and software. Many middle school teachers: the awardees have supplemented the Presidential Awards for Excellence presidential award grant with in Science and Mathematics Teach- matching funds from their school ing. The quality of teachers in districts, local businesses, and these fields is important in deter- other sources. mining whether this country will, Specifically, some of the win- in the future, have the scientists ners in previous years have used and engineers we need. NSF in their award money as follows: cooperation with the White House O Doris DeBoe, mathematics and several scientific and educa- teacher at Banneker High School tional professional associations, es- in Washington, D.C., operated a tablished the awards to encourage summer math program, purchased high-quality teachers to enter and teaching aids, and supported a remain in the field. mathematics tutoring effort. Each year two teachers from Asthur Farmer, physics every state, the District of Colum- teacher at Gunn High School in bia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Palo Alto, California, set up a territories receive the award. In unique model for teaching physics 1986, 108 teachers from those at his school. He has disseminated jurisdictions and from the U.S. the model widely to colleagues at Department of Defense Depen- both the high school and college dents' Schools were honored. Each levels. awardee's school was given an NSF Juliana Tex ley, biology grant of $5000, to be used under teacher at Richmond High School the awardee's direction to improve in Richmond, Michigan, used her science and mathematics courses. award to establish an advanced- In general, the winners spend placement biology course, pur- their school's awards on profes- chase equipment for student proj- sional development activities, new ects, and update the facilities of her schook science department. Presidential awardee Blanche Brownley teaches mathematics at the Friend- shzp Education Center in Washington, DC. She is a 1986 winner of the Presiden- tial Award for Excellence in Science and Mathematics aching

ANNUAL REPORT, FISCAL YEAR198617 uch depends on science that the federal government, uni- State of Undergraduate and engineering: our inter-versities, and industry could act in Science and Enghteering national economic compet-partnership. To maintain the strong Education itiveness, our technological science base essential to our na- In March 1986 NSF's governing innovativeness and productivity, tional future, the Councik report body, the National Science Board, and our ability to defend this recommended: (1) issued Undergraduate Science, nation and provide for its people s significantly increasing Mathematics, and Engineering Ed- health and well-being. Among all federal support for basic ucation, This report found that the federal agencies, only the National research in universities and quantity of U.S. educational oppor- Science Foundation has the broad colleges; tunities is high, but the quality of mission of ensuring the overall that education needs attention. For health of science and engineering establishing science and technology "centers" that example, the Board noted that and the education of future scien- laboratory work is increasingly tin; and engineers. would work cooperatively with state government and absent in introductory courses. To meet its responsibility, NSF Laboratory instruction is too often focuses on several areas of con- industry in research areas of national importance; "uninspired, tedious, and dull," cern, including these: and many facilities are "obsolete the number and quality of and inadequate." Faculty members scientists, mathematicians, cannot always stay current with and engineers; their fields, and both courses and the state of precollege sci- curricula are often out of date, ence and engineering edu- unimaginative, and poorly cation and the importance organized. State funding of under- of education to our future graduate institutions has dropped, research capabilities; and corporate and federal funding the U.S. position in the is aimed elsewhere, at graduate international science and education and basic research. engineering community; The report recommended that and NSF establish and expand its un- public attitudes toward sci- dergraduate education programs; ence and engineering. encourage similar state, local, and private funding efforts; and work Several major reports have supporting scholarships, fel- harder to attract minorities and assessed these topics, and NSF has lowships, and other pro- women into math, science, and responded to many of the issues grams to attract more of engineering. raised (see below). Among those our brightest students to reports are the following: science and engineering ca- The Health of U.S. Colleges reers; and and Universities improving academic re- A special panel of the White search facilities, equipment, House Science Council examined and instrumentation. the overall status of U.S. research . See A Reiwuked Partlwrwhip, White House and higher education in science Science Council, Panel on the Health of U.S. Colleges and Universities, Feb. 1986 (also and engineering, focusing on ways known as the Paclord-Bromley Report, named for panel chairman David Packard of the Hewlett-Packard Company and vice chairman D. Allan Bromley of Yale University). 2 5 MON SCIENCE Mt INDATION ISSLI D INITIATIVES

Research Facility Needs M NSF survey done in the spring of 1986 produced these findings: (1) A majority of the research administrators and deans at top-50 schools (those with the highest expenditures in research and development) reported that the condition of their existing reearch facilities was good or excellent. A majority of those officials responding for schools ranked beow the top 50 rated the condition of their existing facilities as fair or poor. Virtually all campuses need more research space, according to their research administrators and deans. Both groups said that facility needs limited the number and type of projects that could be done on their campuses, and that it has been necessary to divert funds from other research areas to maintain and/or repair facilities. Research administrators most often cited engineering; biological, biomedical, and physical sciences; animal care facilities; and biotechnology as areas with significant facility needs. Universities have earmarked $7.5 billion for research facilities through 1991.Of the four major two-fifths of the total, with tax- Facilities like thi4 along funding sources for construction, with personnel (photo on the federal government ranked exempt bonds and private dona- next page), are vital elements last, accounting for 10 percent of tions or endowments providing the of the science and technology ongoing construction. State govern- remainder of construction support. enterprise ments accounted for more than Public institutions rely most heavily upon state support, whereas pri- 1.Science and Engineering Research Facilitit at Doctorate-Granting Institutions, September vate institutions receive most of 1986,Division of Science Resources Studies. their money for research facilities from private donations or endowments.

26 ANNUAL REIPOKL FIS(AL 198619 beyond the doctorate; unfor- tunately, declining federal support and those increasing education .1 requirements have caused fewei and fewer people to seek doctora; degrees in mathematics. The most recent study also says that the decrease in Ph.D. production "will continue if the potential talent does not feel that continuing, as well as entry level, research support will be available:' Evaluating Merit Review In recent years, an increasing number of academic research facilities have by-passed the merit review system to seek funding directly from Congress. In response, an NSF advisory committee has studied the merit review system (formerly called peer review) for its timeliness, strengths, and shortcomings, and found no fundamental problems. (1) However, the committee did recommend some procedural changes, and NSF has Public Attitudes Toward Continuing Need for Math responded accordingly see section Science and Tecluiology Support that follows). Studies cited in the latest According to a 1986 report Science Indicators (1) found that commissioned by NSF from the RESPONSES AND RESUITS the public is highly interested in National Research Council (Mathe- Some of NSF's major activities science and technology but Imows matical Sciences: A Un(jying and in fiscal year 1986 were direct little about them. Nearly half of zamic Resource), the United responses to the areas of concern those questiored in one 1983 States leads the world in mathe- discussed above. During the year survey said that they were very matics researcha field that con- NSF also launched major research interested in new discoveries, and tinues to find more and newer initiatives, along with efforts to a similar number had high con- applications. But, said the report, improve the way it does business. fidence in the research community. mathematics is also in a "pre- Some examples: College students also showed high carious situation, and we believe interest levels. However, only 14 that it may be worsening." 1. Final Report, NSF Advisoiy Committee on percent of the kmerican oak An earlier study by the Na- Merit Review 1986 and 10 to 12 percent of college tional Research Council in 1984 students thought of themselves as found that in spite of a decade of very well-informed about scientific "dazzling achievements," federal and technological discoveries. support for mathematics had declined. The current report notes L Science Indicators, The 1985 Report, Nadonal Science Board, 1986 that, because math has become increasingly sophisticated, a would- be mathematician must get an increasing amount of education

-2 7 20 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Boosting the Overall Supply of Scientists and Engineers In response to the scientific and technical personnel shortages cited above, NSF has put increased emphasis on programs to support precollege education in math, science, and engineering; to attract underrepresented groups, such as minorities and women, to careers in those fields; and to aid young researchers just beginning their careers. Chapter 2 includes a full discussion of those efforts. Cooperation Between Industry, Government, and the UtLiversities NSF endorses the idea that top-quality research be the joint responsibility of industry, academia, and government. Many of NSF's programrincluding the centers for engineering research, materials research, and supercom- putersincorporate such cooperation. A good example of cooperative effort is a joint study by the California firm Tracor Incorpo- rated, the Office of Naval Research, and NSF grantee Richard Pieper at the University of Southern Califor- nia. Using a suite of sonar instruments, they can monitor the ocearizooplankton, the insect-like swimmers that feed on plants and are themselves food for fish. The sonar gives readings, in real time, of the size and distribution of the zooplanlaon. Keeping track of zooplankton can tell the researchers where fish graze and how much they will have to eat. Joint research. University inaustot and government researchers work on a zOoplankton study Here they 211frequeng sonar with chlorophyll/depth/temperature cmiductivity sensors and a water pump. The computer colorenhanced profiles of zooplanklon with a multi-frequency sampler

2 8 ANNUM- MPOK1; FISCh& VAR 198621 The productivity of design NSF also supports a series of engineers and the quality of the Industry/University Cooperative Re- designs they produce are critical to search Centers, or IUCRs. The the competitive success of U.S. Foundation awards grants for col- industries. In another example of laborations between university re7 collaboration between university searchers and groups of industrial and industry researchers, the long- firms to plan programs that are term goal is to achieve a better broad-based and meet industry understanding of the links between needs. Grants to operate the pro- design and manufacturing and grams usually follow. Both kinds of with this understandingto create awards are supported by NSF and computer-based tools that will al- the industrial firnm, with the idea low designers to work more effec- that a center will, within five years, tively and efficiently become self-sufficient. The members of this inter- At this writing, 39 ILICRs a disciplinary research team are John distributed across the country R. Dixon from the Department of studying topics ranging from haz- Mechanical Engineering at the Uni- ardous waste management at the versity of Massachusetts, Paul R. New Jersey Institute of Technology Cohen at the same university's to optical circuitry at the University The IUCR at the Georgia Department of Computer Science, of Arizona, to non-destructive eval- Institute of Technology developed and Melvin K. Simmons at General uation of materials at Iowa State sofrware that has already been Electric Research. For example, the University used by a major soft drink firm. team has been exploring the use Usable on small computers, the of expert, or knowledge-based, software automatically determines systems for design and manufactur- the most efficient delivery routes, ing. Such systems have evolved out the best time schedules, and the of the field of artificial intelligence. most effective loading sequences.

'a Design-manufacturing IInk& An industry-university team pmduced a computeraided design (left) for a polycarbonate resin extrusion This representation aids automated redesign, structural analysis and evaluation of manufacturing potential Second photo shows model for designing a bracket mold

29 22 NATIONAL SCiiNCR FOUNDATION RICR product The Center jor Interactive Computer Graphics at the Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute pmduced this representation of an organic compound structure. The image was produced with a technique known as ray-tracing. Image-generation techniques are used in a wide variety nf applications, from computer-aided design and manufacturing to advertising and entertainment

3 0 ANNIIAL REPORT, FISCAL YV. 23 NSF also backs a program to By several measures, EPSCOR National Science Week encourage innovations in small has been a success. Since 1980, Thousands of schools, com- businesses. (See "Highlights" sec- when the program began with munity groups, businesses, profes- tion for an example of such work.) awards to five states (Arkansas, sional organizations, government The Small Business Innovation Re- Maine, Montana, South Carolina, agencies, and individuals all over search Program, or SBIR, funds and West Virginia), the number of the country celebrated May 11-17, small companies to explore ad- publications in professional jour- 1986 as the second annual National vanced high-risk ideas which may nals and the amount and size of Science Week. A highlight of the be the basis for new inventions. competitive grants awarded to par- Week, featured on NBC's Today SBIR effectively moves basic re- ticipating scientists and engineers show, was the launch of thousands search into the marketplace, and have all risen. Moreover, several of balloonscarrying weather infor every dollar put into the researchers have received national formation cardsby Washington, program by NSE the private sector honors for work begun with these D.C. teachers, hundreds of school has added eight dollars. monies. children, and 7bda3' weather re- Cooperation Between NSF In a separate state effort dur- porter Willard Scott. and the States ing 1986, NSF launched a project NSF supports National Science The Experimental Program to with the Conference Board, Inc., Week in an effort to increase Stimulate Competitive Research, or the nation's largest business re- public awareness of science and EPSCoR, is designed to enhance search organization, and the Na- engineeringand to encourage the competitive ability of university tional Governors' Association, young people to get involved in researchers in states that receive which represents the governors of those fields. Other 1986 activities relatively fewer NSF awards than all 50 states, to determine how included education packets for other states do. During FY 1986, 11 government, business, and acade- elementary teachers, hands-on sci- states and Puerto Rico, with NSF mia can join forces to make the :nce fairs, films, lectures, displays, assistance, analyzed their science United States more economically programs and exhibits at museums and technology bases to determine competitive through basic research and libraries, and "open house" current barriers to excellence. and education. The project in- days at research facilities, colleges, They then developed comprehen- cludes a national survey of busi- and universities. sive five-year plans for making ness, state, and university leaders Corporate sponsors for the substantial improvements in their to determine which issues they 1986 Week included the AMOCO universities. perceive have highest priority This Foundation, Atlantic Richfield Based on these plans, seven effort will also encourage the Foundation, Dow Chemical Com- states (Alabama, Kentucky North states to share information on pany Foundation, Dupont Com- Dakota, Nevada, Oklahoma, Wyo- programs that focus on research pany Eastman Kodak Company, ming, Vermont) and Puerto Rico and education as a part of their General Electric Foundation, and were awarded EPSCoR grants of economic development initiatives. IBM. For 1987, National Science $2.5 to $3.0 million each over five A related program, the NSF- Week has been expanded to Na- years. The NSF commitment for States Initiative, is studying the way tional Science and Technology that period totals $23.5 million, states with different resources and Week (April 5-11). and participating states have com- infrastructures are supporting edu- mitted more than $70 million to cation and research to further their the effort. economic development The four The EPSCoR plans in each states involved in a pilot project state represent a cooperative effort are New jersey, Michigan, iwkansas, among the academic, state and and Utah. This pilot effort was local government, and business begun to enhance communication communities. On a national basis, between NSF and state policy the program contributes to a makers and to encourage coopera- broader gc-igraphic distribution of tion among government, business, scientific and engineering quality. and academia. The pilot study will be evaluated in 1987 to determine the direction of future efforts with the states. 24 NATIONAL CI1NCI FOUNDATION 31 Perhaps more than at any time in the past, our nation now realizes the indispensa- ble role that science, engineerhig, and technology pla) in assuring this coun- wy's economic comped- tiveness, waflonal security, and prosperity. Because of the pervasiveness of science and technology and the rise of foreign competition in technology-based industries, we understand the need to increase our investment in basic research and to identily, attract, and nur- ture the new talent that will maintain America's future leadership in these fields. Statement by President Reagan during National Science Week 1986

Global Geosciences Since science is by nature international, NSF activities have always included support of international research collaborations, exchanges, and programs. Inter- national cooperation is also essential in studying those phenomena, such as climate, volcanoes and earthquakes, or:id rain, that National Science Week affect our whole planet or signifi- l98inaking the public aware of science Onelligb- cant parts of it. light of the Week wactb: The oceans, atmosphere, land, National Balloon Lamb and plants all form a complex (above). NI3CTodayumtber feedback mechanism. Global scien- reporter Willard keit is at far right of photo Also tists seek to understand the earth 4hown here is the official as it was and is, to monitor how it poster for NSW 19/36 might be changing, and to predict the effect of variationsboth natural and human-madeon the global environment. Only in the last few years has the study of our earth as a global system become technologically feasible. Satellites measure the motion of tectonic plates along fault lines; instruments on earth allow measurements in

INITIONAL SCIENCE WEEK i'ag ANIJAI RIPOR1 , 98625 Global geosci c C IS

the deepest oceans or the upper and the National Science Founda- atmosphere; computers are used t tionhave issued a set of guide- store and analyze the masses of lines to ensure the safety of bio- data. NSF cooperates with other technology research and products. federal agencies in a program that These guidelines spell out agency in its scope may be the biggest of responsibilities, the processes by all big science. For more on global which a genetically engineered geosciences, see chapter 2, "Focus product can be manufactured and on International Science and sold, and the conditions under Engineering.- which it can be released into the Biotechnology Guidelines environment. David Kingsbury, Biotechnology the engineer- NSF's Assistant Director for Biolog- ing of genes to make new prod- ical, Behavioral, and Social Sci- ucts, is used to help crops resist ences, coordinated this interagency insects or frost and to make effort, done under the a,:spices of vaccines, drugs, and diagnostic the White House Office of Science tests for diseases. Biotechnology and Technology Policy and its products will surely become a major force in the nation's economy Several government agen- ciesincluding the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Double helix Of DNA the Environmental Protection Agen- molecule cy the Department of Agriculture, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health,

NATIONM. SCIENCE IVU_ DATION Improving the Proposal Still anotler initiativt would Yet another inidative aims at Process simplify the pr_--oposal process. NSF strengthening ties l=-)erween NSF Responding to die Merit Re- has been worling with live other and university gran:- t administrators, view Report described earlier, NSF federal agencis (the National In- upon whom acader=iic scientists has developed procedures to use stitutes of Heanth, the Ogice of and engineers ofteri depend to multi-stage review panels to evalu. Naval Researelt_a, and the Depart- help them prepareproposals and ate large-scale projects. Among ments of Heo and Human Serv- administer their grls--Ints. Thus the other responses, NSF is: ices, of Energy, and of Agriculture) Foundation, the Nat3tional Council 1. Formulating ways to process tostandardizeand simpify the wpy of University Reseal:ch Admin- and review unsolicited inter- all of them apfrove and administer istrators, and the Sc=ciety of Re- disciplinary research proposals that research grant. search Administratc)-ors are jointly do not fall into established pro- Researche=-5 often receive sponsoring the Resarch Admin- gram areas; and funding for diferent pieces of istrator's Developrnnt Program. It 2. Assuring that its program their work frorml two or more provides for those t_miversity staff officers adhere to established federal agencis. The agencies to spend four montThs at NSF, guidelines to include more female wint to help tl-io_se investigators learning the detailsof the awards and minority scientists or engi- avoid duplicatin of effort They system. In addition rto their own neers and persons from predomi- also want to re=tzluce federal con- professional develornent, the ad- nantly undergraduate institutions trek, agree on the same rules, and ministrators learn proposal in the many stages of reviewing in general sirnlify the whole review process andthe system by proposals. Program officers also process. A proram at the Univer- which award budge=s are negoti- are encouraged to support high- sity of Miami a-.1d the Florida State ated and administer.=.-cd. The pro- risk proposals. University Systrn, called the Flor- gram, although only-- in its first year Other 1986 initiatives seek to ida Demonstra ion Project, is con- in 1986, has been vvell-received, mprove the process by which a centrating on w..rays to achieve with two university arrepresentatives researcher proposes a project for those goals. Thc project involves, working at the FourlAsidation during NSF to fund. One effort would for example, cordination of start the fiscal year (1). 13.oth NSF and speed up the proposal process. and stop dates =for grants,plus an university research dministrators Every year, NSF receives multiple effort to turn ower to the local have come to under_=stand the copies of more than 30,000 re- university the a_-_lithority to approve grants process and iwts problems search proposals. The proposals sch items as fi-yreign travel and from each other's vairrntage point. can be 50 pages each and contain equipment pur,chases. text, images, graphics, and pho- A recent ptia lot project at NSF A New Directc=orate tographs. More than half of these will expedite funinding for inno- NSF's investrnea _it in computer are mailed to some six or eight vative or exploc=atory engineering and information scince and engi- reviewers apiece; the reviewers' research. Much of the increase in neering has been grc:=Dwing rapidly, responses come back to NSE which our country's pr=oductivity in the as has the investmermt by the whole then notifies the researchers of last% years ha been due to science and enginee=ring communi- acceptance or declination. Now, technological it-innovations, which ty. Thus NSF consolic_ -hated its pro- through a project called Experi- NSF wishes to sz_= t imulate. Thus the grams relating to cor=mputers into a mental Research in Electronic Sub- Directorate for -7Fngineering has set new directorate calld Computer mission (EXPRES), the Foundation aside 5 percent of its budget for an and Information Scince and Engi- seeks to have this process done by experimental program to hind neering (CISE). For r=-1_ lore on this computerin short, to transmit novel ideas and do so quickly. move, see chapter 5. documents and images elec- Proposed reseacch can include 1. Joan E Snook, University - ot H;twaii, and Ruth tronically and to standardize trans- unt on the iniaxial elements of a Kemp, Stanford Ilniversity mission technologies. Ultimately, subject in an ei-ierging area of NSF hopes for a proposal-handling science and en=ineering, the ex- system that is virtually paperless. ploration of new," ideas for cross- disciplinary app :Toaches to research, or invesexigation of new ways to conduct_ basic research on science and einineering problems,

3 4 ANNUAL RFT(-1; 198627 CENTERS AND range from small collaborations of INSTRUMENTATION several researchers to huge facilities with scores of investigators. Truth is divined through experience and exper- Some of the large centers that imentation. NSF helps to support offer instru- alert Einstein ments that no one university could afford: 0 The National Optical Astron esearch in science often has omy Observatories (NOAO), unexpected applications in headquartered in Tucson, echnology: scientists curi- Arizona, include three facili- ous about the ways atomic nuclei ties. Two of themthe Kitt interact with matter uncovered the Peak National Observatory principles behind nuclear magnetic in Arizona and the Cerro resonance, a technique that has To lobo Inter-American Ob- revolutionary applications in such servatory in Chileprovide fields as biology, chemistry, geol- access to optical telescopes ogy, and physics. Similarly new in both the Northern and technologies often drive basic sci- Southern Hemispheres. The ence: bigger and faster compute.-s third site, the National Solar have turned computer simulations Observatory, has observing into a unique approach to science, facilities in New Mexico and halfway between theory and ex- Arizona for solar research. periment. Science and technology The National Radio Astrono- form a loop in which progress and my Observatory, with head- creativity flow both ways. quarters in Charlottesville, In the last few years, several Virginia, has facilities for trends have coincided to alter the astronomical observations at Sky coverage North and science-technology loop. First, South. Kitt Peak National federal support for non-defense radio frequencies in West Observatory in Arizona (be- Virginia, New Mexico, and low) and Cerro Tololo Intel-- research and development has de- Arizona. American Observatory in creased, although industry support Chile has increased. Second, the instruments and facilities necessary for 1 I _ aVfetrffr,Q1-7, research in the universities have been found wanting in many cases. (See "Research Facility Needs" in chapter 1.) To remedy the situation, universities, industry; and the federal government have increasingly pooled their scientific and engineering talent,s; in some instances industry and the federal government have jointly funded university-based programs that

28 NATK)NAL sciENCErouNakrioN FOCUS ON...

Survey telescope. The 91-meter transit radio telescope at the National Radio Astmnorny Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia

The National Astronomy Research Groups, Engineering Re- Materials Research Laboratories and Ionosphere Center op- search Centers, and Supercom- and individual project support, Ma- erates the worldii largest puter Centers. All include research terials Research Groups focus on single radio telescope near that crosses several scientific and complex materials problems that Asecibo, Puerto Rico. engineering disciplines, and all require a team approach combin- At the National Center for depend heavily on collaborations ing the complementary expertise Atmospheric Research in between universities, industry and of several investigators from one Boulder, Colorado, scientists the federal government. or more disciplines, working with from various fields study Six new Materials Research major, sophisticated instrumenta7 current weather patterns, Groups have been established this tion. Such projects have the dual long-range global climate fiscal year, bringing the total to goal of acquiring fundamental trends, and related topics. eleven. This program was started knowledge and assisting tech- Newer large-scale programs in FY 1985 to bridge the gap ,iological growth. ided by NSF include Materials between two types of NSF funding modes: the large, rnulti-disciplinar

36 AN EI OliT; FISCAL VFAI 986 29 New Materials Research Groups are at the Carnegie Mellon University, Case Western Reserve University, University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Purdue University, and the University of Texas. Their research areas involve several disciplines, including physics, chemistry, materials science and engineering, and other branches of engineering. The research areas are, respectively: new magnetic materials, including (1) thin films for potential use in magnetic recording and information storage, and (2) permanent magnet materials; ferroelectric liquid crystal polymers for potential opto- electronic applications; new multi-layered metal and semiconducting structures with novel electronic behavior; the potential catalytic p_ p- erties of silicate clays; the relationship berween the electronic structure and magnetic properties of a novel class of semiconductors for potential use in infrared detectors; the design and construction of a synchrotron radiation facility at the National Syn- chrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Labo- ratory, for studying the electronic properties of magnetic materials. Materials Research Group. A group at Five new Engineering Re- caltech is carrying Out computer graph- search centers joined the six ics simulations of a number of mate- launched in FY 1985, bringing rials, including zeolites (top) Other their total number to eleven. These photo shows motion dynamics for the molecule para-xylene Centers work closely witli industry on the research agenda: :11Justry also provides inzer,ictk),..; Jth its technical personnel, and cooperates in academic seminars and 3 7 classes.

30 NATIoNAL SCI74CF FOUNDATION The new Centers are at Brig- By providing capabilities for ham Young University/University of massive calculations and simula- Utah, Carnegie Mellon University tions, supercomputers are becom- the University of Illinois at Urbana, ing increasingly important in many Lehigh University and Ohio State fields of science and engineering. Engineenq Research Centers._ Ohio State University There researchers are Not only do they make previously Univemity work involves the computer, studying, respectively, the process impossible computations practical, aided design and machining of poly . of combustion; the theory of engi- but they add another dimension to styrene models for making arnes, com- neering design; compound semi- theory and experimentation in the pleted model is shown In pl.nto conductor microelectronics for immediately below At Lebigp University study of complex natural phe- the Center for Advanced 7ech77-3ology for optical interconnects in digital inte- nomena. To deliver the needed Large Structural Systems is grated circuits; large-scale struc- computer time to the academic such structures as New York d=ityVavits tural systems; and the manufacture research community a _fifth NSF- Convention Center shown ht second of formed parts to near-linal shape supported Supercomputer Center-- photo. with as few steps as possible run Jointly by Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburghwas brought online in 1986 (Four were launched in 1985 ) In addition, NSF sponsors institutes to help train potential users in this powerful new tool. Cooperating with other federal agencies, the Foundation has also arranged access for medical researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health.

ANNUAL REPORT, FINGAL -i 198631 Although the Supercomputer Along with these centers, NSF Centers are young, they are heavily also supports the instrumentation used. With rapidly changing and that is so critical to research. Son( new technologies in mind, re- _xamples: search is in progress on ways to In astronomy, telescopes make bigger, faster, and more Via the radio telescope at widely distributed machines. In- Arecibo, Puerto Rico, a group cluded here are so-called super- under the direction of Joseph minicomputers that potentially give Taylor at Princeton University dis- users a quarter of the speed of a covered the fastest binary pulsar. supercomputer at a tenth of the This pulsar is a neutron star (the price. remnant of a supernova explosion In a parallel effort, as part of a that orbits another star. Although plan to improve scientific com- many single pulsars are known, munication and make advanced astronomers have identified only computing capabilities more ac- seven that exist as members of cessible, the Foundation is sup- binary systems. Pulsars are extraor- porting the creation of NSFnet, dinarily dense and roughly 10 nerwork of computer networks. miles in diameter. They also spin, Eventually it will include academic sending out pulses of radio noise networks; those run by the U.S. with every turn. The pulses of the Departments of Energy and De- newest pulsar come every 5.362 fense; and regional nemorks in the milliseconds, meaning that the San Francisco Bay, Houston, New star spins around every five- York State, Midwest, and Southeast thousandths of a second. IndeAl, areaswith others still to come. the pulses are so regular that the pulsar makes an exquisitely precise natural clockso precise that it

NORTFIWERTNET

Supercomputers at work Shown here are two examples of work done at the National Center for Supercomputing Ap- piicationA Champaign, IL The round image represents a calculation of the axisymmetric accretion of rotating gas onto a "black hole" in space. Second image is a computation of a planar symmetric supersonic jet of gas flowing into a two-phase atmosphere.

,w,ork. Rcioiza ,lnywks in 114-1- w will be zA'ed In Ilw six supercomputer Centers, and U nothem: via the "Ixwk.bnne-- iWCtinhI 71 here (grid area). Abbreviations: 13ARRNET---- Bay Area Regional Research Network; CV41,--,(:ornellNational Supercomputer l'aeility; JVNNS(.= John %lin Neumann National SupercomputerCenter: NIERIT =Michigan lidue:Ition & Iks. 11111 Intcruniversity 'ILleeommunic:akm:i; NCAR =NationalCenter for Atmospheric Research: NCSANational Center for SU perommputcr Applications; NYSER- NP,T New York State Education & Research Nemork; PSC= Pittsburgh SupercomputerCenter: SDSC=San Diego Supercomputer Center; SESQUINFX = Sesquicentennial (iii 'texasNetwork; SURANET=Southea_stern Rese:irch Association Network 32 IONAL tiCIENCK FOUNDATION q could provide a better time standard than the best atomic clocks. In related work at Kitt Peak, LIC-Berkeley's Shrinivas Kulkarni has been able to detect for the first time at optical wavelengths the other member of a pair of these binary pulsar systems. Astronomers had not previously known what type of star the neutron star orbited. Two have been found to orbit white dwarf stars, the end- points in the life cycles of stars like our sun. Other teams analyzed the return of Halleyi; Comet, using optical telescopes at Kitt Peak and at Cerro Tololo in Chile, along with the National Radio Astronomy Ob- servatory:s Very Large Array in New Mexico. Finally, the high accuracy of in gauging distances to other gal- Gravity wave detector This prototype Very Long Baseline interferometry axies. Star-forming regions existing instrument is at Caltech Detection of has been used to determine a new in nearby galaxies can be used to Rravity waves, which are very weak, can tell us much about stars quasars black value of the distance to the center determine extragalactic distance holes and the nature of our galaxy of our galaxy In this technique, scales. The technique changes our images of moving water vapor entire concept of our galaxy's size maser spots close to the galactic and of distance scales in general. The resulting changes in center were observed over a year's in physics, the gravity length are so small that physicists time. From measured positions and wave detector would have to be able to spot a velocities, it was possible to If Einstein's ideas about gravity change the size of a proton over provide a statistical estimate of the are correct, physicists should be the distance from the earth to the distance to these objects. ATI inter- able to detect gravitational waves. moon. So far, the prototype gravity national team, led by Mark J. Reid In Einstein's theory of general wave detectors, built at the Mas- at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center relativity, gravitational waves are sachusetts institute of Technology for Astrophysics, used radio tele- moving wrinkles in space-time, and the California institute of scopes at the National Radio generated by moving masses, just Technology fall somewhat short of Astronomy Observatory and as electromagnetic waves are gen- that kind of sensitivity But they are elsewhere to obtain a value of 7.1 erated by moving charged improving rapidly. ± 1.2 kiloparsecs. This measure- particles. The only events large enough ment indicates that the size of the Gravity waves are extremely to give off detectable gravity waves Milky Way galaxy is significantly weak: those given off by Jupiter as are astronomical catastrophes, such smaller than the older 8.5- it orbits the sun correspond to a as a supernova explosion or the kiloparsecs size determined from few watts. In order to detect the collision of two black holes. In data on pulsating variable stars. (A waves, physicists suspend highly- addition to substantiating Einstein parsec is equal to 3.3 light years or reflecting mirrors at the ends of theory of gravity, detection of 31 trillion kilometers.) two large perpendicular evacuated gravity waves will open a new This measurement technique, chambers and then bounce laser window into violent processes in in addition to its importance in beams between them many times. the interiors of stars, quasars, and determining the distance scale of A passing gravity wave should black holes, as well as in the our galaxy, could perhaps be used cause the separation between the nucleus of our galaxy mirrors in the rwo chambers to change microscopically.

ANNUAL REP FiscAL s---KAR .9 633 In chemistr3ç nuclear magnetic resonance NMR techniques are valuable to many disciplines. The technique depends on the fact that the nucleus of an atom is a tiny magnet, spinning much the way a top spins. And just as a top begins to wobble under the influence of gravity, a nucleus will wobble depending on how strongly its environment affects it. Nuclear magnetic resonance measures the strength of magnetism of the nucleus and, consequently, the strength and nature of the nucleus's environment. NMR was first developed by Nuclear magnetic resonance work physicists to measure the magne- In related work, using a dif- nvO investigators. Aksel Bothner-4y tism in the atomic nucleus, then ferent approach, John Waugh at the (at right in first photo) is at applied by chemists and life scien- Massachusetts Institute of Tech- Carnegie Mellon University John tins to determine the way atoms nolow has cooled laboratory sani Waugh is at MIT are linked together to form mole- ples to within a hundredth of a cules, then used in medical imag- degree of absolute zero. He has ing as a safe replacement for x- been able, for example, to increase rays. The technique now provides the sensitivity of NMR by a factor a way for geologists to identify of 10,000 by using helium-3, which slightly differing minerals without changes the rate at which the Instruments to improve destroying them. nucleus will respond to an applied undergraduate instruction Chemists have found ways to high-frequency electric field in the A recent report on under- make NMR even more sensitive. magnet, This allows measurements graduate education (1) stated that

They use it to map the atoms in a that were previously impossible "Laboratory instruction. . toofre- molecule, which in turn reveals because of a lack of sensitivity it quently is conducted in facilities the structure of molecules. The also allows Waugh to observe and with instruments that are more chemists know about a mole- smaller molecules adsorbed on the obsolete and inadet':iate:' NSF's cule's structure, the more they can surface of a catalyst, or even a College Science I umentation understand how it behaves. For single large molecule such as an Program is one rt ,nse to this instance, Aksel Bothner-fly at Car- enzyme. This provides an impor- need. It provides gi..ts that are to negie Mellon University has used tant advance in unravelling the be matched with equal or greater NMR with unusually strong super- details of catalyst activity which is contributions by the grantee in- conducting magnets to find the crucial in the development of new stitutions. Awards are based pri- detailed structure and shape of and more effective chemical marily on the quality and important molecules such as DNA systems. significance of the teaching im- and hemoglobin. provement made possible by the equipment requested. Projects that not only effect local improvements but also may serve as models for other schools are given priority. I. undergraduate &Owe. Mathematics., and Engineering Education, National Science Board, March 1986 4 1

34 NATIONALSCIENCE 1,(INDATION Many of the projects supported since the program's inception in ESTIMATES OF 22VEA9OLOS IN THE U.S. POPULATION Women as a percent of total selence and FN 1985 use technologies new to engineering employment: 19114 fly AL PUPUA lioN ITT I HAUT-JAN[2s undergraduate instruction, such as TO 20 30 robotics, biotechnology laser spec- 22 ..413a3.0 troscopy, and electron microscopy. .1..10 10.1 Computerized instrumentation, for 00,0011 Campy.. rapid data collection and analysis, ftogi#1.1, is frequently included. In addition to projects focusing on the sepa- sTJJJ I doin0 roTi 2T.Tw$ 1.350010301, rate disciplines, a number are In the second place, while 11111111111111111111WINI...1 interdisciplinary in nature. 50tT demand for scientists and engi- v. 101311 neers is always difficult to predict, 0,1110 iAN. A.T.TJTTTTTT, TTT FIG :WILw,TTITifiT it has been increasing of late, and SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING indications are that academia and A third trend is the numbe PERSONNEL: industryespecially those indus- MEETING FUTURE NEEDS minorities, especially blacks. As tries depending on engineers and was the case with women, the If I hve seen further, it is computer specialistsmay experi- numbers of minorities in science by standing upon the ence shortages. These trends, add- and engineering have risen over shoulders of giants. ed up, could forecast a troubled SiritixICNcwt the last decade. However, despite future for a country whose health numerical increases, blacks are As part of its mandate, NSF depends greatly on its scientists now 12 percent of the population collects information on the num- and engineers. but they graduate with 6 percent of bers and characteristics of science Three other trends, however, the degrees in science and engi- and engineering personnel, also affect supply One is the neering and represent only 2 per- monitoring changes in this popula- increasing numbers of foreign na- cent of all scientists and engineers. tion over time. The scientific and tionals in science and engineering:

technological enterprise depends the number of foreign nationals Racial/ethnic minorities as a percent of on maintaining a balance berween enrolled in undergraduate and employed sclentista and engineers: 1984 030..50 the supply of, and demand for, graduate schools, as well as the 5 such personnel. At present, several number hired by U.S. industry and trends suggest that in the next academia as scientists and engi- decade the flow of science and neers, is going up. Questions have engineering personnel into aca- been raised among science and demia and industry could be technology policy officials as to reduced. whether the possible return of ,1.01113 00..0 01.11 A... t .1001, In the first place, the supply foreign specialists to their native 0101 ..,1 0.00, may well decrease. The population countries could pose a threat to 50.1,0 354!115, W51t5/4.0505 :;,-,,,c,(re'd 2TTTI of 22-year-olds, of which college the long-term competitiveness of Minorities and women are graduates are a part, is decreasing U.S. industries. underrepresented in science, math, (see art), and the percentage of A second trend is the number and engineering; they are a valu- those who graduate in the natural of women in science and engineer- able, largely untapped, resource sciences and engineering has been ing. Their enrollment increases for the future. With the general relatively constant. Moreover, un- over the last decade have levelled population of young people drop- dergraduates are expressing less off. Among college graduates with ping, it is even more important to interest in majoring in science and degrees in science and engineer- attract these two groups to careers engineering. ing, 38 percent are women; yet in science and technology The only 13 percent of persons em- issues here are both pragmatic ployed as scientists and engineers science and engineering cannot are femalesdespite the rapid employment growth of women in the overall workldrCe.

42 ANNIIM. REIS-I; TAIL I 5 afford to overlook any potential The Minority Research Ini- more than $4.5 million to 16 of talentand ethicalour country is tiation (MRI) program helps these institutions. For example: committed to offering all citizens minority faculty members get their equal access to professions. o Civil engineers at the Uni- first research grants by funding versity of Texas-El Paso are NSF recognizes all these issues equipment and release time from developing a testing facility and offers a number of programs teaching, providing assistance in for investigating the dynam- to attract and assist minorities, preparing proposals, and linking ic properties and holding women, disabled researchers, and the researchers with NSF programs capacities of plates and an- young scholars in general. Some in their disciplines. Since 1981, chors in soil and in ce- examples follow (see also the when this program began, the mented sand. Results from section on precollege education, number of grants under it has these experiments will have below): risen and an increasing number of important implications for Fellowships and MRI grantees goes on to apply to dec ,_=:asing earthquake Related Programs (and receive awards from) other dam,:_,,c to various Through Graduate Fellowships NSF programs and other funding structures. and Minority Graduate Fellowships, agencies. Some of these grantees OPh'sicists at Fisk University outstanding students are awarded have later received the Presidential in Nashville, Tennessee are annual stipends to pursue graduate Young Investigator awards (de- using an upgraded and up- study in science and engineering. scribed below). dated molecular spectro- During fiscal year 1986, NSF made Among those receiving awards scopy laboratory to study 560 such awards under these two in FY 1986: the vibrational determina- programs. O Henry L. Neal of Atlanta tion of crystal structures The Foundation also admin- University is using several and to develop crystals that isters NATO Postdoctoral Fel- chemisorption models to will conduct light. lowships in Science (see later investigate the photoemis- A project at Southern Uni- focus on international activities), sion spectra of several tran- versity in Baton Rouge, and awards travel grants that en- sition metals. Louisiana uses new tech- able young scientists to attend Maria Garcia of the Univer- nological methods to syn- certain NATO Advanced Study In- sity of Massachusetts thesize and purify certain stitutes abroad. (kmherst) received a plan- virus inhibitors found in In FY 1986, NSF began a ning grant to find ways to embryos of the cowpea. program to provide supplemental get explicit mathematical The study will provide im- funding for engineering re- solutions for systems of portant information on ways searchers to hire female, minority nonlinear equations and to to control plant and animal and disabled students (both high develop a full-scale NSF viral infections. school and college) to work as research proposal address- research assistants on grant ing this topic. The Research Oppor- projects. NSF also funds grants to boost tunities for Women (ROW) pro- Many NSF grants for research the research capabilities of minor- gram, begun in fiscal year 1985, by principal investigators in all ity colleges and universities. Under provides opportunities for female disciplines include support for the the Research Improvement in scientists and engineers to undergraduate students assisting those Minority Institutions Program, take independent work. ROWsup- investigators. The Foundation also these institutions receive support ports (1) research planning and works to improve the ratio of for such activities as organizing research initiation grants for graduate students to principal in- and managing research programs, women who have not previously vestigators, or PIs; its long-range buying equipment and facilities, been principal investigatorsor are goal is one or two students per PI. and collecting and publishing data. reentering research careers, and In FY86, NSF made grants totalling (2) career advancement awards for any female investigators eligible to receive standard NSF research 43

36 NATIONAL. SCIENCE , grants. The program thus responds Jean M. Bennett, from the to NSF's concern for the quality, Naval Weapons Center in distribution, and effectiveness of China Lake, California, went the human resource base in sci- to the University of Alabama ence and engineering. at Huntsville to work on The Visiting ProfessorshipS ways of improving the for Women give both promising quality and reflectiveness of and established female researchers optical surfaces and the chance to engage in research coatings. and teaching as visiting faculty Facilitation Awards for members at host institutions. The andicapped Scientists and program has several aims: to glneers provide additional sup- provide role models for women port to make available special who wish to go into science and equipment or assistance under NSF engineering; to increase the vis- grants to reduce or remove barri- ibility of women as faculty mem- ers to participation in research and bers; to enhance the awardees' training by disabled individuals. Jean M Ben own work; and to enable thetn to These awards respond to NSF's return to their home institutions long-standing policy of encourag- with new ideas. ing disabled researchers to partici- Among those receiving awards pate ft'lly in NSF programs. in 1986 were: Min M. Boesgaard, professor of astronomy at the University of Hawaii, went to the California Institute of Technology to study the way all the chemical elements created in stars are distributed throughout inter- stellar space.

NSF Facilitation Awardee Reginald G. Golledge is Professor of GeOgrapby at the University of California at Santa Barbara In 1983 he was stricken with a progressive eye disease that left bim legally blind In 1985, NSF made an award that enabled Golledge to purchase a stereo copying machine Interpreting graphic and cartographic images is a critical part of his research; this machine uses a capsule paper that expands instantly upon absorbing heat or light from a map or a graph, producing a raised image of the original. The stereo copier (not shown in photo) bas been of great value in helping Golledge to Ann M Boesgaard cOntinue his research and teaching.

4 4 ANNIIM, REP(I; FISCAL YEAR 1956 37 Presidendal Young 0 Doreen Weinberger, an Investigators ass stant professor in the Depart- NSF also seeks to develop ment of Electrical Engineering, and science and engineering personnel Computer Sciences at the Univer- by selecting highly talented young sity of Michigan, did her under- faculty for the Presidential Young graduate work at Mt. Holyoke Investigator (PYI) Awards. Cospon- College and her graduate work at sored by industry these awards can the University of Arizona at Tucson. involve up to $100,000 a year for Weinberger is an experimentalist as long as five years. The MI whose research combines optics awards are intended to help uni- and semiconductors. Communica- versities attract and retain faculty Wendell Hill (at left) tions systems, robotics, and com- who might otherwise pursue non- puters all depend on how quickly teaching careers. Of the 100 "I'm doing this first of all signals can travel through various awards made in fiscal 1986, three- because it's interesting," says Hill, materials and how quickly those quarters went to researchers in the "and second, because new instru- signals can be switched off and on. physical sciences and engineering. ments have only just recently made Orjnarily, these systems use elec- Among the recipients: it possible, and third, because it:s tric current as signals; Weinberger Wendell Hill, an assistant related to what goes on in the is most interested in using light, professor at the Unive:sity of Mary- atmosphere." in the upper at- the fastest signal possible. In one land, did his undergraduate train- mosphere, sunlight hits molecules line of her research, she looks at ing at the University of California of oxygen and, as in Hill's experi- the way light affects semiconduc- at Irvine and his graduate work at ments, disassociates them. One tors. Asi intense laser can induce Stanford University. Hill's research outcome is the formation of ozone, changes in the properties of the is in chemical physicsin par- which, along with oxygen, absorbs semiconductor that allow a second, ticular, how molecules in the at- the ultraviolet part of sunlight. less intense laseralso shone at mosphere form and how they fall Chemicals manufactured on earth the semiconductorto be effec- apart. He shines a laser (tuned to a can destroy the ozone, and thus tively switched on and off certain energy) at an oxygen mole- allow more ultraviolet through the cule until it disassociates, or falls atmosphere. The effects of in- Another Presidential Young Investfgator apart, then studies the way the creased levels of ultraviolet light Mark O. Robbins is a Presidential Ibung energy is distributed among the include increased levels of skin Investigator at Johns Hopkins University fragments. cancers. Hill's research on what whose research covers a broad range of condensed matter physics One of his One possibility is that the happens to individual oxygen mol- projects is to understand the ways in molecule simply falls apart into ecules should help scientists un- which a systems orderliness affects its two atoms, each with a specific derstandand perhaps may behavior His theories apply to the way level of energy Another scenario is suggest controls overthe whole fluids such as oii move through rock or that the molecule does not frag- process. (See also "Highlights" for the way a wave of electrons moves through a crystal as though it were one ment at all, but senc6 off a single discussion of Antarctic ozone electron. Some of Robbins work involves electron so that the entire mole- hole.) simulating these systems on a supercom- cule carries a charge and fluo- puten be has been allotted time to resces. A third possibility is that -,o1:-1- pursue his theories at the University of the molecule falls apart into frag- ° Illinois Supercomputer Center ments that consist of one neutral oxygen atom, one charged oxygen atom that is missing an electron, and the electron. Hill wants to know which possibilities are most likely to occur

38 wrioNAL saws= IVUNDATION In another line of research, In general, too few of this forms of inservice training. The Weinberger looks for novel devices country's elementary school teach- that combine semiconductors, teacher enhancement projects, with ers have even a minimal science additional support from business which control a light signal, and background; too few of the science and industry, aim at keeping teach- optical fibers, which carry the and mathematics teachers at the ers updated, encouraging them to signal from one point to another. high school level have been well- Weinberger has built one such share materials and curricula trained in their subjects. Too many among themselves, and bringing device, an optical fiber with a hole classrooms have poor or out-of- well-trained master teachers to- in its side, laid down on a chip. date equipment, and adequatesup- gether with instructors who feel Light comes through the hole and port systems are rarely available. they need more training. NSF also triggers a semiconductor detector By the time they reach high grown on the same chip. works with aniversity education school, most girls and most departments to develop new pro- Weinberger's next step is togrow, minority-group students are not grams that prepare candidates to on the same chip, a many-layered pursuing the "difficult" courses that become science and mathematics semiconductor device that will are needed for science literacy as teachers. xwitch the light from the holeon well as to prepare for a scienceor and off. The rest of the light engineering education in college. continues travelling down the By the time students reach college length of the fiber. Sucha device StRWS, fewer and fewer are either would be the basis for theex- prepared for, or interested in pur- tremely fast and capable newgen- suing, a science or engineering eration of computers called optical career. Moreover, a survey by the parallel processors. National Science Teachers Associa- tion, with support from NSF, found that a third of the country:s high PRECOLLEGE EDUCATION AND schools offered no physics courses, THE PERSONNEL ISSUE nearly a fifth offered no chemistry, MI who have meditated on a tenth no biology, and almost the art of governing three-fourths no earth or space mankind have been science. convinced that the fat NSF's Directorate for Science empires depends on the education of youth. and Engineering Education is di- le rectly concerned with these issues and with raising the quality of The quality of science and engi- precollege education at all levels, neering education, particularly at using a variety of approaches. the precollege level, is a matter of One approach is to focus on critical national concern. For exam- the teachers. NSF cooperates with ple, the Carnegie Corporation other agencies and organizations Forum on Education and ihe Econ- to offer the Presidential Awards for Project RISE This is an example of an omy reported in 1986 that the Excellence in Science and Mathe- NSF-funded effort to enhance the teaching profession. Here two high school system of precollege education, matics Teaching, to encourage chemistry teachm in California demon- not only in science but generally, high-quality teachers to enter and strate the properties of melting silver fly was so badly in need of repair that remain in the field (see "High- using extra oxygen it should be rebuilt from the lights"). In addition, NSF funds ground up. public schools, colleges, museums, and professional educational organizations that offer teacheren- hancement projects, including workshops, institutes, and other

4 6

ANNUM Kyoto; mom. ytm 198639 Education for toinorrow Sci entisa Math teacher Thnothy Howel4 from St. Paull' School in Concorg NH, won a Press' dential Teaching Award for Evcellence in 1984.

Another approach is to im- school systems and the National A museum in Columbus, Ohio prove curricula. NSF funds efforts Geographic Societyis creating has held a weekend "science camp- by universities, public school sys- and marketing an innovative sci- in" for Girl Scollis. Other exam- tems, and professional organ ila- ence curriculum, It extends from ples of museum activities funded tions to design, develop, and field kindergarten through sixth grade by NSF in FY 1986 and/or earlier test science and engineering cur- and emphasizes experiments and years: ricula. The American Chemical So- computers. the Academy of Natural Sci- ciety, for instance, used NSF Another approach to improv- ences in Philadelphia and support to design and develop a ing the general state of education its popular dinosaur exhibit; new kind of high school chemistry is through a series of creative the Smithsonian Institution course. Instead of the usual "junior informal programs. Many school "Discovery Room," with its version- of college chemistry, this children and much of the general hands-on, "please touch" course, called CHEMCOM, is a public learn what they know about approach to learning; broad introduction to the role that science and engineering outside of the Boston Children's Mu- chemistry plays in our water sup- schoolfrom books, newspapers seum and the San Francisco ply and biological processes, and and magazines, television and ra- to the products that result from dio programs, and museums. NSF Exploratorium. chemical processes. At this writing, concentrates particularly on the CHEMCOM has begun a field test last two. involving 3000 students and 63 NSF funds museum collabora- teachers in 13 states. tions to create science exhibits that One new precollege initiative travel between the museums. Sub- funds coalitions between university jects of these well-attended ex- education departments, large pub- hibits include robots, genetic lic school systems, and publishing engineering, the tropical rain for- companies to design, develop, and est, ancient technologies, the bio- market curricula in all science and chemistry and biophysics of cells, engineering fields. With NSF sup- and the engineering design of port, for example, the Technical bridges and buildings. Education Research Centers group in Cambridge, MAcooperating "Sun Painting" (by artist Bob with a number of major public Miller) at the San Francisco Exploratorium

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 4 7 INFORMAL EIJUCAJION THROUGH MUSEUMS

Explorator u "Color 'Vistorted Room" at Exploratorium

Three exhibits at Boston Childrenk Museum

The success of the Girl Scout "Camp-ln" program at the Columbus OH science museum has fostered similar programs in 19 scieme-technology centeri across the country 4 8 ANNtvu, IUsrowr , risc,AI, YEAR 1946 41 NSF also provides key suppon first public academic high school Tis echication for television science series such is named for Benjamin Banneker forms the as "How About," with Don Herbert (1732-1807), the Maryland farmer (Mr. Wizard), and specials such as descended from slaves who be- common mi-tcl; the award-winning series, "The came a self-taught astronomer, Just as the twig Brain." Other programs are aimed mathematician, almanac writer, in- is bent, the at young people. "Reading Rain- ventor, and surveyor. bow" a summer show hosted by Banneker and NSF have par- tree's inclined. actor LeVar Burton, dramatizes ticipated in a variety of activities Alexander Pope children's books, including general- from classroom lectures and interest science works; the pro- career-day mentoring to "hands- gram has contributed to a dramatic on" experience for Banneker stu- jump in children's book sales. The dents at NSF-funded research facili- UNTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND shows "3-2-1 Contact" and the new ties. For example, two students ENGINEERING "Square One" are extremely popu- won a math/science contest and Cooperation and lar, award-winning science and went to the Woods Hole Ocean- Competitiveness mathematics programs produced ographic Institution in Mas- Science is by nature interna- by the Children's Television Work- sachusetts for two days in tional: inquiry into the origin of shop in New York City. September 1986. There they ex- galaxies or the structure of mole- plored the facility and examined cules has no national boundaries. vin, the three-passenger submer- Some science, such as high-energy sible that helped bring back pic- physics, requires machines that are tures of the Titanic. very expensive for a single country to afford. Other scientific efforts, such as antarctic research or the global geosciences, are intrinsically internationaleither by treaty or because they study worldwide systems. The Foundation encourages and supports U.S. participation in international science and engineering activities that promise signifi- Media education. Television programs such cant benefit to the U.S. research as "3-2-1 Contact" are a valuable way to effort. It is Foundation policy to increase Imblic understanding of science. foster the exchange of information "Contact- co-host Judy Leak is seen here leanzing about the propert of light among scientists in the United States and foreign countries, and to Patrick °hart initiate and support scientific activities in matters relating to international cooperation. In meeting Finally, in an example of local these goals, NSF provides support cooperation, several federal agen- to U.S. scientists and engineers for cies have outreach efforts with access to unique sites, facilities, or Washington, D.C. area schools. expertise abroad. (This is part of the National Part- nership in Education Program launched by President Reagan in Educational partners. Washington, DC 1983). NSF's "Partner in Education" students George Kelley and Tamara is Benjamin Banneker High School Cleveland visit the Woods Hole in the District of Columbia. This Oceanographic Institution They are high-achiever schoolthe city's students at Benjamin Banneker High Schoo4 Nsn high-achiever "partnershin scbooL- 42 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 4 9 Accordingly, NSF has bilateral One program that watches out In one sequence of events, for agreements with 30-odd countries, for our competitive edge is JTECH, instance, changes in the atmos- both well-industrialized and less for Japanese Technology Evaluation phere could lead to a worldwide so. Activities include cooperative Program. Sponsored by NSF jointly rise in sea level. Both human-made research, scientific visits, and semi- with the U.S. Department of Com- products and natural processes nars or workshops. The Founda. merce, U.S. Department of Defense increase the amounts of carbon tion also has a program to support (Defense Advanced Research Pro- dioxide and methane in the at- scientific collaborations aimed at jects Agency), and other agencies, mosphere. This increase in turn improving the scientific infrastruc- JTECH WAS set up to assess pro- changes the atmosphere, produc- ture of developing countries. gress in Japanese research, coming what is called the greenhouse One bilateral cooperative proj- pare it to U.S. research, and come effect. The result is a slow increase ect is with ICOT the Japanese to conclusions about our competi- in atmospheric temperature that Institute for New Generation Com- tiveness in the future. Experts in could eventually, for example, lead puter Technology This agreement science and technology review to melting of the antarctic ice. enables U.S. computer scientists both U.S. and Japanese programs, Some 90 percent of the world's funded by NSF to travel to Japan publishing reports on the relative fresh-water ice is in Antarctica, and and work at ICOT on the develop- status of various technologies: melting of that ice would cause sea ment of fifth-generation com- robotics, biotechnology computer levels to rise. puters, in collaboration with science, alternatives to silicon for Other examples of phe. Japanese researchers. microelectronics, polymers, tele- nomena with global implications Another project is the Indo- communications and lighrwave are volcanic eruptions, earth- United States Science and Tech- technology, and computer hard- quakes, acid rain, deforestation, nology Initiative. This cooperative ware for artificial intelligence. At and large-scale climatic events such effort to advance understanding in this writing the conclusions of the as El Niño (an oceanic phenom- the areas of health, agriculture, reports for all fields have been enon that occurs periodically and weather, and materials has involved similar: although the United States causes widespread and destructive NSF and several other U.S. govern- still has the lead in some areas, weather changes worldwide). ment agencies. that lead is decreasing; in other In short, human beings con- While most formal interna- areas, this nation is a distinct tinue to make global changes, and tional cooperative activities are in second. scientists do not yet fully under- NSF's Division of International Pro- stand the global cycles that are grams, many other collaborations Global Geosciences naturallet alone those caused by are supported throughout the Of particular note is this re- our own actions. Foundation. Examples include a cent initiative, which is especially In the global geosciences program on international ecology international in nature. In order to effort several federal agencies, and a social sciences database understand both natural changes working together, are supporting shared by researchers taking cross- and the ways in which human researchers and instruments based cultural social surveys; both of beings influence their world, re- on the ground, under the ocean, these efforts are in the Directorate searchers need to study that world and in the sky Global geosciences for Biological, Behavioral, and So- as a single system. They need to is divided into six different proj- cial Sciences. In addition, NSF examine what it was like in the ects: study of the paths and effects operates the international ocean past, how it may differ in the of different chemicals entering the drilling program (see "Highlights"), present, and what the future might atmosphere; study of the ways in is the lead agency for arctic re- be. To do this, they must study which the oceans affect climate; search, and also funds and man- simultaneously the atmosphere, the identification of the processes that ages the U.S. Antarctic Research oceans, the continents, life forms, control ocean circulation; study of Program. and the ways in which all these are the ways in which plants and Science also serves our na- linked so that a change in one animals affect the earth; examina- tion's need to maintain its econom- triggers a change in one or more tion of the mid-ocean ridges where ic competitiveness in the world. of the others. the seafloor is spreading apart and Thus NSP's international programs growing; and charting the motions reflect that concern, too. of both the eartB interior and its crust.

50 ANNUAL R8pORT, wok'. YRAR 198643 s The greenhouse effecta warming of the lower atmosphere and the earth's surface

Global geosciences: research that affects all of our world This schematic view of earth systems shows winds (large arrows); evaporation and precipitation; seajloor spreading at bottom, reshaping the earW surface and recycling elements through its interior (section); and photosynthesis by terrestrial vegetation.

51 NATO Postdoctoral In particular, Cifuentes studies interior the average winter tem- Fellowships the Caribbean plate, a small area perature is approximately 90 Since 1959, NSF has admin- bounded by the Cocos (or Pacific) degrees Fahrenheit, but on the istered this program, funded by the plate, the North American plate, coast the winters may be as warm North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the South American plate. At as 4 to 27 degrees Fahrenheit. (NATO). It grants fellowships to its northern end, the Caribbean The lowest temperature recorded young postdoctoral researchers plate is sliding under the North in kntarctica is 128.6 degrees whose work gives them reasons to American; at its western edge in Fahrenheit. study abroad. Such reasons might Central America, it is sliding past In the arctic tundra there is a include the study of environmental the Cocos. The movements to- great variety of plants and animals, systems that our country lacks, or gether create volcanoes, earth- and people have lived in this work with international experts in quakes, and some minor rifting. region for thousands of years. a particular field, or research using Cifuentes maps earthquakes and Antarctica has never been inhab- techniques or facilities unique to faults, watches how the crust ited, and only a few hardy insects, the foreign country moves, what happens at plate mosses, lichens, and one type of One fellowship grantee is Ines boundaries, and how the plates grass exist on land year-round; Cifuentes, a geologist at the Car- change with time. The answers to however, the oceans surrounding negie Institution in Washington, her questions may help to solve a the continent support abundant DC. Cifuentes is using the NATO related problem: the Caribbean marine life with a harvest potential fellowship to complete a postdoc- plate appears to be composed of estimated to be equal to the toral program at the Institut de fragments from other, older plates. current world total catch. Physique du Globe in Paris, She Part of Cifuentes' work could be studies the continental plates and working backward to the what and The Pactic the ways in which they accommo- where of those older plates. This area is contiguous with, date the forces to which they are and an integral part of, moderr commerce. Its skies are crucial to subjected. POLAR PROGRAMS airline traffic, communications, and The arctic and the antarctic have national defense. Its gas, oil, miner- apparent similarities. Both are als, and coal represent a significant hosts to multinational commu- fraction of the world's total. Its nities, are dominated by rigorous fisheries account for around 10 cold, and undergo extended peri- percent of the world's catch, and ods of daylight alternating with weather in the arctic influences equal periods of darkness. Despite weather all over the world. Thus it these similarities, however, the two is an area of considerable regions are very different. The importance. arctic is essentially an ice-covered Setting Policy for Use of ocean surrounded by North Amer- the Arctic. For these and other ica, Europe, and Asia. The antarctic, reasons, the Arctic Research and which is also a desert, is a Policy Act of 1984 set up two perennially ice-covered continent groups to oversee U.S. policies for surrounded by a great southern research in the arctic. One, the ocean and isolated from the other Interagency Aictic Research Policy fries Cifuerites, NATO continents, Committee, is a federal group that postdoctoral fellowship Temperatures in the arctic can sets policy and formulates a com- awardee range from above freezing in some prehensive five-year plan for re- areas during the short arctic sum- search in the arctic region. Such a mer to below 50 degrees Fahr- plan must balance national enheit over the Axctic Ocean during the winter. In the antarctic

52 ANNII TAL REPORT, FISCAL VEAII198645 and the earth's magnetosphere in The Antarctic order to predict disturbances to U.S. policy here is different defense and communications sys- from that which applies to the tems from sunspots and solar arctic. The United States is a storms. consultative party to the Antarctic Research on the Seas Treaty, which was signed by 12 Around the Bering Strait. A countries in 1959 and entered into research project called ISHTM (In- force in 1961. At this writing, 18 ner Shelf Transfer and Recycling) countries are full members of the studies the biology and oceanogra- treaty organization; 16 others rec- phy of the seas on either side of ognize the treaty, which prohibits the Bering Strait: the Bering Sea territorial claims in Antarctica, bans on the south, the Chukchi on the military activities (except for those north. The shallow strait overlies a that support research programs), large underwater shelf. Wind blows and prohibits nuclear testing and Arctic researcb mainly from the north over these nuclear waste disposal. shallow seas and circulates Pacific The United States Antarctic needsdefense, communications, Ocean water that carries nutrients. Program, managed by the National and development of natural re- The combination of Pacific nu- Science Foundation, includes sci- sourceswith the need to disturb trients and sunlit waters makes the entific research as the nation's the environment as little as possi- seas around the Bering Strait ex- principal expression of interest in ble. The Committee also works tremely productive. This richness the continent. Each year, NSF sup- with state government officials, and feeds the whole food chain, from ports as many as 100 research proj- with private sector and public plants to fish to birds and mam- ects in Antarctica and its surround- interest groups. The other body, mals. Through ISHTAR, collaborat- ing seas. There is a growing the U.S. Arctic Research Commis- ing scientists at the Universities of recognition of the region's signifi- sion, is an independent group; its Alaska, South Florida, and Wash- cant role in global processes in the task is to recommend policy, con- ington study this rich and fragile oceans, the atmosphere, and in sult with the Committee on de- systemthe flow of nutrients, the near-earth space. For example, veloping the five-year plan, and entire food web, the chemical most of the deep-bottom water promote research in the arctic in balance of the seasso that scien- throughout the world's oceans is general. tists can design better schemes to believed to be formed in the The Committee and the Com- protect it. southern oceans, and it is clear mission have agreed that certain that the huge ice dome (averaging research areas are critical. One 2 miles thick over 5 1/2 million area with especially high priority is square miles) covering Antarctica is resolution of the health problems the major heat sink for the global and of the social and cultural atmosphere. issues faced by the people who are Life at the Edge of the native to this increasingly indus- Ice. Scientists from government trialized and urbanized region. laboratories, universities, private Another concern is to understand ci MB OF 4 O 4ie institutes, and industries are collab- the relationships between atmos- orating in an ambitious project phere and ocean, and between called Antarctic Marine Ecosystem atmosphere and land, in order to Research at the Ice Edge Zone, or predict weather and large-scale AMERIEZ, which focuses on the climatic changes and to ascertain exceptionally high productivity at the impact of resource develop- the edge of the sea ice. ment. Still another issue is re- Each winter, the sea around search on the upper atmosphere Asitarctica freezes from the land out for about 1000 miles, growing EE PRO° new logo for U.S Antarctic Pmgram managed and funded by NSF 46 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 4

until it more than triples the size NSn McMurdo base on Ross Island In Anta of the continent. In late spring, the ice begins E0 melt, retreats at a rate of 20 to 30 miles a day, and is gone by the end of summer. As the ice melts, the ocean in this area literally blooms with plant life. More plants and animals live in the ice-edge zone than in the open ocean. As the AMERIEZ scientists have discovered, the water from the melting ice is less dense than the sea water and floats above it. The melting ice contains algae and other micro-organisms. This rich organic soup supports krill and other small animals and ultimately Project AMERIEZ in progress: marine mammals and birds. A Weddell Sea scubaive teams found ancient marine plant.s, Life Frozen in Antarctic fossilized wood, and fossil remains Ice. During the 1985-86 austral of terrestrial land animals and summer, several geologists and New data acquired during the plants that require a temperate glaciologists studied the region investigations near the Beardmore environment. The theory now pro- near the Beardmore Glaciet; in the Glacier suggest that as recently as posed is that periodic warming Transantarctic Mountains near the rwo to three million years ago the and cooling trends cause the ice center of the continent. This east antarctic ice sheet may have sheets to fluctuate. By studying the glacier flows from the east ant- withdrawn and a waterway may ice sheets of Antarctica, scientists arctic ice sheet, one of two such have existed across Antarctica, (Past hope to learn more about global sheets covering Antarctica and held data suggested that the ice sheets climate cycles. in place by ice shelves that float on have covered Mtarctica for the last the ocean. 15 million years.) The research

5 4 ANNUAL REPOR1 IscAl. Yri1986 47 NATURAL DISAS miles an hour down the mountain is on an island,itseruption could and into nearby valleys. One mud- trigger a tsunami. Tsunamis are Volcanoes flow hit the town of Asmero, 30 fast-moving waves, caused by earth- Covered by glacial snow and miles from the volcano, killing quakes, that are imperceptible in ice, Nevado del Ruiz is the north- most of Armero's 25,000 people. the open ocean. Once they hit the ernmost volcano in the high Andes Nevado del Ruiz had not shallower waters along a coast, in Colombia, On November 13, exploded like this since 1595. It however, they build. Tsunamis have 1985, the volcano erupted with an and all other volcanoes sit over reached speeds of 375 miles an explosion heard 18 miles away, underground reservoirs of melted hour, and heights of 100 feet. sending a column of ash nearly 7 rock, called magma, which rises to miles into the sky Soon after the the surface through fissures in the Earthquakes eruption, rwo groups of NSF- rock. Magma can rise slowly for On March 3, 1985, an earth- supported volcanologistsne years, until the upward pressure quake shook an 800-mile stretch of headed by Haraldur Sigurdsson at builds to more than the rocks Chile, toppling buildings, killing the University of Rhode island, the above can withstand. Moreover, the 180 people, and leaving hundreds other by Stanley Williams at Loui- magma under Nevado del Ruiz, of thousands homeless. On July 8, siana State Universitywent to the like that under Mount St. Helens in 1985, an earthquake along the San site, The teams reported back on Washington State, is full of dis- Andreas fault hit southern Califor- the exact sequence of events lead- solved gases, so the upward pres- nia, blocking roads and causing ing up to and during the eruption, sure builds more precipitously and power failures, which in turn dis- and on the geochemistry of the the volcano erupts more violently. rupted the water supply, On Sep- volcano's lava, ash, and mud. Mter the November 13 catas- tember 19 and 20, 1985, two Since the previous November, trophe, Nevado de Ruiz remained earthquakes nearly destroyed parts Nevado del Ruiz had been sending of Mexico City, collapsing or out danger signals: small explo- active, venting 5000 tons of sulfur dioxide daily, sending out ash and damaging 300 buildings and break- sions of steam and gas, earth- dust, and rumbling with constant ing the lifeline system of water quakes centered below the supply, sewage disposal, communi- volcano, and a minor mudslide. In earthquakes. Such activity is evidence that the volcano could ex- cations, electricity, and all transpor- November 1985, however, the top tation. The mvo quakes killed of the mountain blew off, sending plode again, and since 90 percent of the glacier remains, the poten- 20,000 people and left 30,000 ash 250 miles away. Hot lava from homeless. the volcano triggered three mud- tial for more mudflows remains as flows that moved at around 20 well. Scientists have been monitoring it and nearby volcanoes closely. Mount Augustine on Lower Cook Inlet in Alaska is the same sort of explosive volcano as Ne- vado del Ruiz and Mount St. Helens (1), only with shorter periods berween eruptions. Scientists at the University of Alaska have monitored it so as to warn the Cook Inlet communities in time for them to evacuate. Since Mount Augustine, unlike Nevado del Ruiz,

1. Al MOM SI. Helens, a mild eruption in October 1986 added new material to ihe dome top, which has been rebuilding since the major eruption in 1980. Hawaii's Kilauea volcano erupted after [his publication was prepared and will be discussed in a later report.

55 -TIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Some 39 of our 50 states feel moderate-to-major earthquakes every year. if the 1906 San Fran- cisco earthquakes happened today, property damage would exceed $24 billion, 700,000 people would be injured, and 5,000 would die, just from the ground shaking alone. Thus NSF has programs that study earthquakes to find what causes them and how their devas- tation can be mitigated. The Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) is a 50-university consortium created by the seismology community. It will put in place some much- needed national facilities to support research during the next quarter-century on earthquakes Nevada del Ruiz in Colombia and the earth's interior. (above) and Mt. Augustine in Alaska (below) are two vol- One indicator of a pending canoes that have erupted earthquake is a seismic gap, a since late 1985. segment of a major active fault that has a longtime absence of major earthquakes. (The Mexico City earthquake occurred at a well- known seismic gap.) A possible precursor to a major shock is the Mogi doughnut, a ring of minor earthquakes that occur around a seismic gap. To monitor such phenomena as seismic gaps and Mogi dough- nuts, IRIS plans, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, to establish 100 seismic stations with new, high-quality digital equipment around the world. It will also build an array of up to 1000 portable seismographs that can be moved to the site of an earthquake. These networks will use seismic tomogra- phy, a technique analogous to x-ray images of the human body, to make three-dimensional pictures of the earth's interior. Via satellite data transmission, the networks will help determine the size and precise location of an earthquake anywhere in the world within minutes of the event.

56 kNNUAL REPORT , FISCAL YFAR 1956 49 Immediately after the earth- The Mexico City earthquake main aqueducts bringing water to quake in Mexico City, NSF dis- occurred along a subduction zone, the city failed. The subway system, patched a team, assembled by a where one plate dives under an- however, was relatively unharmed. Berkeley, California research in- other. (Subduction zones also oc- Researchers studied both what stitute and the National Academy of cur along the Washington State and went wrong and what did not. Engineering, to the quake site to Oregon coasts, and along southern They investigated the causes of the collect valuable and perishable Alaska and the Aleutian Islands.) earthquake, how quakes affect dif- field data. NSF also made grants to Although the earthquake was cen- ferent kinds of ground and dif- 28 U.S. research institutions, to tered 230 miles away, Mexico City ferent structures, what kinds of cooperate with Mexican re- was badly damaged because it sits hazards such features as glass and searchers in studying the Mexico on an ancient lake bed whose silts elevators cause. Ultimately, what City earthquake. The site had been and sands amplified the shaking of researchers learn from the Mexican well-monitored, and many of the the ground; in addition, the earth- earthquake could help lessen the buildings that collapsed were de- quake lasted an unusually long impact of similar shock waves. signed using state-of-the-art princi- time. Concrete and mid-sized NSF is giving this sort of ples, techniques, and standards. buildings were the most seriously research special emphasis in a new The extent of the damage was damaged, steel and larger struc- Earthquake Engineering Research unexpected, and researchers tures less so. Rescuing people Center. This Center, at the State needed to collect all the informa- trapped under collapsed buildings University of New York at Buffalo, tion they could. was a serious problem, and the is conducting research to improve basic knowledge about earthquakes, engineering practice, and the implementation of seismic hazard mitigation procedures to mini- mize the loss of lives and property. Major areas of study initially are being directed toward buildings and other structures built before the need to mitigate the effects of earthquakes was realized. Emphasis is given to a systems approach in which earthquake requirements are integrated with consideration of other hazards, such as high winds. Although the award went to Buffalo, which will serve as a focal point for the Center's activities, the new facility also involves the coordinated efforts of the City College of New York, Columbia and Cor- II; Remnants o co City earthquake nell Universities, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Lehigh and Princeton Universities, and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

5 7 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION NSF funds are being matched NSF, in cooperation with other for the first year by the Urban Using information from these government agencies, funds proj- studies, Doppler radarcan now Development Corporation of the ects to study microbursts and help identify some of the precursors State of New York, a partnership to airplanes to avoid them. One proj- of microbursts: Meteorologist promote improved cooperation ect, called Microburst and Severe Theodore Fujita, at the University among universities, government, Thunderstorm, or MIST, has been and industry. of Chicago, has examined recent gathering and analyzing data on microburst-related crashes and Microbursts surface temperature, atmospheric found radar images of down- Microbursts are those small, pressure, moisture content of the rushing wind and rain fading just lethal downdrafts of wind thatcan air, and the motion of winds in the before the burst hits the ground. cause airplane crashes and result clouds. Surrounding airports with in scores of injuries and deaths. A second project, called Joint monitors that look for these and During a microburst the air sud- Airport \Weather Studies, or JAWS, other precursorS should be ableto denly rushes downward, then (1) is aimed at improving aviation's give 5 to 10 minutes warning ofa spreads ourward along the ground. safety systems and weather radar developing microburst, which is A plane encountering such a burst networks. JAWS also has helped to enough time to warn an aircraft. (on landing, for example) is poten- document conditions that lead to tially in danger: it will initiallyrun microbursts: rain evaporating in into a headwind, add lift and rise. mid-air, causing the air to cool, It will then be followed by a then falling. Microbursts can hap- tailwind that reduces aircraft lift; pen both in humid and dry cli- these effects can cause the plane to mates, and with torrential rains or crash short of the runway. much smaller storms. Microbursts The microburst is some 2 also may occur in seemingly calm miles across and lasts only about weather conditions. 10 minutes. Downward winds can I. JAWS is now part of the Research Applications be more than 40 miles an hour. Program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, CO.

A nikrobunt and Its effect on a landing aircraft

ANNUAL REPORT, FISCAL YEAR198651 3

0 The Alan T Waterman the fundamental forces of nature Award This award, named for such as photons and gravitons NSn first director, is presented are not points but extremely small each year by the Foundation to a one-dimensional loops of strings of researcher who is 35 years of age energy or younger or has had a doctoral Dr. Witten also has provided degree for not more than five fresh insights into other problems years, and whose research shows of theoretical physics, including the excellence, innovation, and the long-debated question of whether potential for new discoveries. In enerff in Einstein's theory of gen- 1986, the Alan T. Waterman Award eral relativity is necessarily went to Edward Witten, professor positive. of physics at Princeton University. Dr. Witten's research has been Witten is considered one of the supported for several years by most outstanding theoretical phys- NSF's Theoretical Physics Program. icists of his generation. He is also He was selected from 165 highly _ one of the world's leaders in new regarded nominees to receive the Isidor Isaac Rabi developments in superstring theo- prestigious award, which includes sponsored by the United Nations), ry that may unify gravity with the a medal and NSF support for up to and in establishing the Interna- other forces of nature. (See "High- $100,000 a year for three years of tional Atomic Energy Agency, an lights" section.) research and advanced studies. outgrowth of the U.N. Conference. The Vannevar Bush Award. Dr. Rabi also made the proposal The National Science Board, NSFS that led to establishment of the governing body, grants the pres- Centre Europeene de Recherches tigious Vannevar Bush Award, Nucleaires (CERN) in Geneva, named for the engineer and World Switzerland, one of the major War II science administrator who internationally managed sdenti c prepared the presidential report facilities. recommending establishment of RabiS 1944 Nobel Prize was the National Science Foundation. awarded for fundamental contribu- The award recognizes individuals tions that allowed measurement of who have made outstanding contri- the magnetic properties of atomic butions to the nation in science nuclei to a very high precision. and technology. This work not only led to a deeper In 1986, the Vannevar Bush understanding of the properties of Award was given to Isidor Isaac matter but also continues to find Rabi, winner of the 1944 Nobel applications in numerous fields Prize for physics and Professor ranging from space science and Emeritus at Columbia University. technology to the highly sophisti- The basic theories of 20th- Rabi has long been a dominating cated medical diagnostic tool of century physics are quantum me- presence in high-energy physics. nuclear magnetic resonance. chanics (the theory of atomic Among the many contribu- Dr. Rabi was born on July 29, phenomena) and general relativity tions for which Dr Rabi was 1898, in Rymanow, then part of the (Einstein's theory of gravity). The recognized were his efforts in Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was superstring theory holds that the organizing the first International brought to this country as an infant objects responsible for creation of Conference on the Peaceful Uses of and grew up on the Lower East Atomic Energy (held in 1955 and Side of Manhattan and in Brooklyn. He received his bachelor's degree 52NATIONAl. SCIENCE F UNDATION 5 9 AWARDS

in chemistry in 1919 from Cornell Initiation pr( grams, and as a lead- University and his PhD. in physics ing member of the Women in Math from Columbia, in 1927. His aca- organization. demic progeny include many of the nation's top scientists. Nobel Prizes for NSF Grantees. The most prestigious Distingutshed Public Service and well-known of all awards Awards. NSF awarded two Dis- honoring scientists and their con- tinguished Public Service Awards tributions to science and the wel- in 1986. This award, for dis- fare of humanity is the Alfred B. tinguished service to science and Nobel Prize. In the last decade U.S. engineering, is one of the highest scientists have received 60 percent honors conferred by the Founda- of the total number of prizes tion. It includes a gold medal and awarded in physics, chemistry, and a citation. One award was to physiology or medicinean in- William Carey, executive officer of Elvtra Doman dication of the nation's relative the American Association for the strength in science and tech- Advancement of Science, publisher Mira Doman for her nological capability. The Nobel of Science magazine, and past exemplary record of activities and Prize represents the very highest publisher of Science 86. The other accomplishments in promoting level of achievement in fundamen- honor went to Don Fuqua, long- equal opportunities for minorities tal research. time and now retired chairman of and women, including scientific The National Science Founda- the House Committee on Science outreach through numerous site tion has made a significant contri- and Technology in the U.S. House visits, efforts to recruit minorities bution in the prior support of of Representatives. and women for NSF, and service as Nobel Prize winners. (There can New Internal Award Estab- Executive Secretary to the Commit- be a delay of 10 to 20 years or lished. TO reflect the Foundation's tee on Equal Opportunities in more from the time prize-winning emphasis on affirmative action and Science and Engineering. work is done until it is recognized equal opportunity in employment Judith S. Smiley for her by the Nobel committees.) For and all program areas, an Equal outstanding efforts to promote example, of the nine 1986 Nobel Opportunity Achievement Award equal opportunities for minorities Prize recipients, four are previous from the NSF Director was estab- and women in the field of mathe- NSF grant awardeessome receiv- lished in 1986. The Director's matical sciences through her own ing awards for scientific research Award for up to $2500 recognizes recruitment efforts at the Founda- going back to the mid 1950s. They outstanding achievement in pro- tion, through active support of the are: moting equal opportunity within Foundation's Visiting Professorships Dudley Herschbach, Chem- the Foundation, or in increasing for Women and Minority Research istry (7 previous NSF the representation of minorities, grants) women, and disabled individuals in Rita Levi-Montalcini, Phys- the scientific and engineering com- iology/Medicine (9 previous munities. Directorate-level awards for up to $500 are also available NSF grants) to reward NSF staff for special _James Buchanan, Economics achievements in equal opportunity. (6 previous NSF grants) The first of the Director's Yuan T Lee, Chemistry (7 Equal Opportunity Achievement previous NSF grants) Awards went to these individuals in Among the Nobel Laureates 1986: from 1980-86, 17 had received more than 200 NSF awards at some time during their research careers.

60 ANNUAL REPONT, FINCAL )1,AR 198653 ELVIRA DOMAN In recent years, Dr. Dornan was the coorganizer of an NSF Associate Program Director for workshop on "Research Funding at Regulatory Biology Four-Year Institutions," and she was Division of Cellular Biosciences instrumental in two scientific work- Directorate for Biological, shops: "Regulatory Mechanisms in Behavioral, and Social Sciences Insects: Future Directions," and "Strategies for the Study of Inverte- brate Peptides. Tenure at NSF: 1978 to present Prior experience/education/ Special achievements: other interests: Dr. Doman has a distinguished Elvira Doman holds degrees in record of accomplishments extend- chemistry, molecular biology phys- ing far beyond her regular pro- iology, and biochemistry Her grammatic responsibilities in postdoctoral studies were com- physiology and endocrinology, She pleted at Rockefeller University has, for example, been very active 4 She was a part-time lecturer at in a number of activities to pro- Douglass College, the women's di- mote increased participation in vision of Rutgers University, while science and engineering by under- bringing up her family She accept- represented groups. Directorate since the inception of ed an Assistant Professorship of In 1981, Elvira Doman the NSF Outreach Service." (1) In Biology at Scion Hall University, organized and headed a successful 1986, Dr. Doman's record was where she also served as Chief Pre- event for Women in Science and again recognized when she re- Medical Professions Advisor. In Engineering (WISE), an interagency ceived the Director's Equal Oppor- 1977, she moved to Washington, group. Entitled "Science in Your tunity Achievement Award (see D.C., where she served one year as Life," the program was held at the chapter 3). a volunteer for the D.C. public H.B. Owens Science Center in Other activities during her school system. Lanham, Maryland. Dr. Doman is years at NSF include service as an To promote women in sci- still involved in the WISE Student Equal Employment Opportunity ence, Dr. Doman is active in the Challenge Program, which encour- (EEO) Counselor and the repre- local chapters of Minority Women ages 9th- and 10th-grade girls to sentative for Native American Indi- in Science (MWIS) and the Associa- pursue careers in science and ans on NSF's EEO Council. To tion for Women in Science (AWN). engineering. encourage young people to pursue She also sings in two church Elvira Doman has setTed on careers in science and engineering, choirs, plays tennis, and has been the NSF Black History Committee she has served as role model, Administrative Vice-President and since 1983 and played a major role panelist, keynote speaker, and sci- Educational Vice-President in a lo- in bringing outstanding scholars to ence fair judge for public schools cal club of the International Toast- the Foundation for Black History in the Washington, D.C. area. masters. She is a wife and mother Month, as well as for National of rwo children. Her daughter, Hispanic Week. In 1985, she was 1. Through the Outreach Service, administered Paula, holds a degree in electrical by NSF's Office of Legislative and Public Affairs cited by NSF Director Erich Bloch in conjunction with the research directorates, engineering from Cornell Univer- as the "outstanding outreach pre- Foundation staff travelling on official business sity; her son, Rodney, is a high senter within the Biological, Be- give orientations about NSF funding oppor- school senior who plays varsity tunities at all institutions, especially those that havioral, and Social Sciences are not among the leading recipients of NSF basketball and is business manager funds. These include predominantly minority or of his school newspaper. womenli colleges/universities and primarily undergraduate institutions, Except where indicated, all photos in (his chapter ate by Morton 54 NATIONAL suENCE FOUNDATIoN 61 Eireirman, NSF PEOPLE

JOHN WOOLEY With a substantial increase in Prior experience/education/ both proposal load and the quality other interests: Program Director for Biological of projects received, Dr. Wooley Instrumentation John Wooley received his B.S. in has worked closely with the scien- biochemistry from Michigan State Division of Molecular Biosciences tific community to "stretch" NSF University (1967) and his PhD. in Directorate for Biological, dollars as far as possible through biophysics from the University of Behavioral, and Social Sciences cost-sharing by institutions and Chicago (1975). He carried out through discounts, where available. postdoctoral studies at Harvard Dr. Wooley is also an un- University in biochemistry and mo- Tenure at NSF: 1984 to present usually capable supervisor and has lecular biology, and has held fac- provided notable leadership for Special achievements: ulty appointments at the Searle both support and program stall Molecular Biology Institute in High Under Dr. Woo ley's leadership, his Even with an especially productive Wycombe, England; the Marine program has emerged as one of administrative year; he found time Biological Laboratory at Woods the Foundation:s leading activities. to pursue personal research at the Hole, MA; and Princeton University The area of instrumentation de- Brookhaven National Laboratory His research interests have been in velopment has grown several-fold and he copublished two papers in protein-nucleic acid interactions since John Woo ley became Pro- professional journals. and chromatin structure. The role gram Director. In addition, more of nuclear ribonucleoprotein com- multiuser proposals have been plexes in RNA processing and gene jointly reviewed with other NSF expression is the current focus of instrumentation programs, result- Dr Wooleyii research. Along with ing in a substantial increase in the "microphotography" associated jointly supported awards. This with these research studies, em- works to the benefit of the entire ploying the scanning transmission science and technology community, electron microscope, he also is as requests for multiuser equip- interested in mountaineering and ment may now include subprojects the macrophotography of alpine from chemists, materials scientists, and arctic flowers, or engineers, as well as biologists. Dr. Woo ley has proven especially effective in helping to assure the coordination needed in reviewing these proposals. John Woo ley was also highly effective as liaison to NSF's Office of Advanced Scientific Computing, located in the new computer sciences directorate. He has helped to provide a better understanding of supercomputer opportunities throughout the BBS directorate, Moreover, the National Institutes of Health, another federal agency has based key instrumentation efforts largely upon the role model provided by the Nsg as shaped by Dr. Wooley

ANNUAL KEPORTt FISCAL YEAR 1986 55 KENT K. CURTIS Kent Curtis has managed the growing number of professionals Director, Division of Computer and and support staff in his division Computation Research with skill and dedication. Begin- Directorate for Computer and ning with 3 individuals, the divi- Information Science and sion now includes 11 professional Engineering positions and 8 positions in the support center. (See chapter 5 for more information on resource/ Tenure at NSF: 1967 to present administrative/program support Special achievements: centers.) Prior experience/education/ From the time he joined NSF Kent r Curtis has been intimately involved in improving support for the field B.S., Yale University, 1948 of computer research. NSF's com- M.S., Dartmouth College, 1950 mitment to this field has grown in Head, Mathematics and Computing the past decade from a small office Services, Lawrence Berkeley Labo- to a directorate, paralleling the ratory, 1957-1967 growth of the field, and Kent From 1982 through 1983, Kent Curtis has had a major role at each Under the direction of Mr. step along the way Curtis was an IEEE (1) Dis- Curtis, the Division of Computer tinguished Lecturer on needs and With Mr Curtis serving first as Research (formerly in NSF's Direc- a section head for the computer prospects for computer science torate for Mathematical and Phys- personnel. He has served aS a research part of NSF's Division of ical Sciences) introduced a variety Mathematics and Computer Sci- consultant to several of the Na- of innovative programs within NSF tional Laboratories, received the ence, then as Division Director for and helped to develop important Computer Research, the Founda- NSF Sustained Superior Accom- new interagency programs. For plishment Award in 1980, and is tion has become a key actor in example, an electronic information listed in American Men and developing the nation's research exchange facility, CSNET, WaS cre- infrastructure in computer science, ated to unify the computer re- Women in Science. as well as a significant source of search community by connecting 1. Institute for Electrical and Ekcrronics project support. Early on, Kent academic, industrial, and govern- Engineers Curtis recognized that the health of mental research groups. The Coor- the field depends upon a complex dinated Experimental Research interplay between theoretical re- (CER) Program, developed under search, personnel development the leadership of Kent Curtis, has and production, and application successfully expanded the number and use of computers. of excellent university departments by improving the infrastructure of the institutions involved. The program has done this by helping to increase the number of much- needed PhD. computer science graduates, and by improving the overall environment in the computer science research community. Curtis also chaired the task force that led to the creation of NSF's advanced scientific computing initiative; today that initiative provides state-of-the-art supercomputer facilities to research scientists in many disciplines. 56 N1IONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 63 IRENE LOMBARDO In addition to her regular duties, Ms. Lombardo is an edi- Administrative Officer torial correspondent forDiscovoy Division of Advanced Scientific an inhouse newsletter at NSF: Computing Prior experience/other Directorate for Computer and interests: Information Science and Before joining DASC, Irene Lom- Engineering bardo was a program assistant in the Division of Molecular Biology and a section secretary in the Tenure at NSF: 1979 to present Division of Materials Research, Special achievements: Since she arrived at NSF in 1979, Ms. Lombardo has been promoted Each month, hundreds of scientists through six government grade and engineers telephone NSF:i Di- levels. vision of Advanced Scientific Com- In her few off-hours, Ms. puting (DASC) seeking access to Lombardo exercises her talent in the powerful supercomputers ad- arts and crafts. Weekends often ministered by this part of the find her at country fairs where she Foundation. More often than not, sells a wide variety of artifacts their first contact is with Irene crafted in collaboration with her Lombardo, whose good humor and daughter and mother. unlimited patience ease the way for them. Serving as the Administrative Officer for this division since its inception in 1983, Irene Lombardo has participated in the growth of supercomputer users from a hand- ful of hardy pioneers to several thousand researchers. She has been responsible for coordinating all their accounts, working with program directors from all over NSF Her duties have become so extensive that they are now shared. However, if there is some bot- tleneck to unplug, or a knotty problem to untangle in order to help a research project get going a little sooner, Ms. Lombardo gives it her special attention. All the researchers are known to her by name, and all are treated as persons instead of grant numbers. She also keeps all of the financial records for the division, and has organized a smooth-running administrative support center.

64 'emit98657 HOPE W DUCKETT Since joining the Foundation, Ms. Duckett has received numer- Administrative Officer/ ous achievement awards, served on '1.'4/ Center Manager several NSF program committees, Division of Mechanics, Structures, assisted with the recruitment of and Materials Engineering high school students as NSF support staff, and participated in many Directorate for Engineering other activities. These include the NSF softball team, the Social Com- mittee of the Federal Employees Tenure at NSF: 1969 to present Association, programs for NSF Sec- Special achievements: retaries' Week, NSF Christmas ac- Surfing as a Clerk-Typist at NSF, tivities, and the Savings Bonds and Hope Duckett eagerly took courses Combined Federal Campaign at George Washington University to drives. advance her career. She progressed Prior experience/other through the ranks to Program interests: Secretarv Section Head Secretary, Ms. Duckeu came to NSF from the Division Secretary, and Admin- Civil Service Commission (now the istrative Officer. She now holds the Office of Personnel and Manage- dual position of Administrative Of- ment), where she worked as a licer/Center Manager with her clerk from 1966 to 1969. She is a division, member of such organizations as the National Organization for Women, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Blacks in Government, and the American Federation of Gov- ernment Employees, Her union involvement brought her to one of her current posts as an Equal Employment Opportunity Coun- selor at NSF Hope Duckett is known for her sensitivity, open-mindedness, and fairness in dealing with coworkers. Her counseling skills were honed by involvement in the counseling program of a local high school where her daughter was a student.

58 NATIONAL SCIENCE FouNDATION ELEONORA SABADELL graduate student in mechanical engineering at Princeton University, Program Director for Natural and and her son is a graduate student Man-Made Hazard Mitigation in civil engineering at Colorado Division of Emerging and Critical State University. Her husband isa Engineering Systems chemical engineer. Directorate for Engineering Before coming to Nsti Dr. 14., Sabadell was a lecturer at Prince- ton University, a program director Tenure at NSF: 1985 to present at the U.S. Department of the Interior, and a senior scientist in Special achievements: the graduate program of science Dr. Sabadell has successfully in- and technology policy at George creased interest in the new NSF Washington University Washington, program, Natural and Man-Made DC. Hazard Mitigation, by the research In addition to her work at NSF communityincluding those in to attract and encourage female disciplines other than civil and engineers, Eleonora Sabadell is mechanical engineering. She has active in the American kssociation actively sought every opportunity of University Women and the So- to visit universities, attc.nd meet- ciety of Women Engineers. She ings, inform other agencies and Eleonora SahadelLprofession- frequently gives lectures, partici- researchers, and respond promptly al expertise has been recognized pates in seminars, and organizes ,o domestic and international in- by both national and international meetings aimed at drawing other quiries about the program. organizations and governments. women into _her profession. At NSF Dr. Sabadell has been She has been invited to visit During her many international able to persuade other program research centers, serve on advisory travels, Dr. Sabadell has developed officers to share in funding pro- bodies, chair meetings, and set a large and unique collection of posals that bridge several research guidelines for possible cooperation boxes that reflect the diversity of areas. Eleven grants have been in research activities in India, cultures she has experienced. She split-funded, five with other pro- China, Japan, Pakistan, Portugal, notes that she is "very proud" of grams in the Engineering director- Spain, and Austria. these artistic and cultural artifacts, ate, four with the International Dr. Sabadell also has actively which come in a variety of shapes, Programs Division (STIA director- participated in NSF activities to sizes, and materials (e.g., wood, ate), and two with the Social and increase the number of female glass, marble). Her other current Economic Science Division (BBS engineers, advance their careers, hobbies include knitting "very directorate). and add to the number of suc- fancy things," and she has done cessful proposals by these inves- both painting and ceramics in the tigators. To that end, her program past. has funded a Visiting Professorship for Women award, a female undergraduate student, and two female principal investigators. Prior experience/edu on/ other interests: Dr. Sabadell was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and received both her bachelor's and advanced degrees from the National University of Buenos Aires. She has been in the United States for 23years. She has three children; one daughter is an architect, anotha daughter is a

RR ANNUAL RE1,0141; FISCAL 'MAR 198659 NSF REPRESENTATIVE, ANTARCTICA

Division of Polar Programs Directorate for Geosciences

Special. achievements: The NSF Representative in Ant- arctica makes science happen on a continent of 5.4 million square miles. In the antarctic summer, when the sun is up and outdoor work is practical, two "NSF Reps' serve two to three months each to cover the live-month season (Oc- tober through February). In recent years these representatives have been David M. Bresnahan and Erick Mang, both career civil servants. The NSF Rep works at McMurdo, the largest station in Antarctica and the hub of the U.S. Antarctic Program, which the Foun- dation funds and manages. Avail- able resources include the Naval Support Force Antarctica (includ- David Bresnahan ing the Navy's kntarctic Develop- ment Squadron Six) and a support contractor. In a typical antarctic summer season about 2,000 personnel operate three year-round research stations, six LC-130 airplanes, six UH-1N helicopters, two icebreakers, a research ship, and a massive sealift and airlift from the United States. In the 1986-87 summer, leaders of 75 NSF-funded research projects (250 scientists and techni- cians) in the geosciences, engineering, and biology turned to the Foundation for support that was planned months before in the United States.

6 60 NATIONAL SC NCR FOUNDATION People plan antarctic research, Prior experience/education/ but nature is in charge. When the other hnerests: weather is good, events happen rapidly: planes arrive, deliver car- David Bresnahan David go, resupply inland stations, deploy Bresnahan joined NSF in 1970, field research parties. By De- after graduating from Old Domin- cember the sea ice runway will be ion University with a B.S. in busi- rotten, forcing the planes onto an ness administration. Prior to his ice shelf skiway where they cannot graduation he had completedtwo take large loads. Similarly, the trips to Antarctica, one working as annual resupply ships have a nar- an undergraduate research assist- row window to get through the ant funded by NSF Mr. Bresnahan pack ice at its summer minimum. and his family live in rural Virginia, Support personnel must reopen a where he is active in localcom- runway after a blizzard, close in munity affairs. He also enjoys new buildings before winter, and gardening. refuel the South Pole Station, while Erick Chiang Prior to join- scientists work to get necessary ing NSF in 1979, ME Chiang worked data. at SUNY-Buffalo; there he was responsible for the arctic and Much of the science is obser- Erick Cbicing vational and must meet natureS antarctic ice-core facility and par- schedulee.g., measure the ma- ticipated in several Greenland and within or outside Antarctica; local antarctic expeditions. He received rine plankton bloom, get an at- (McMurdo has several hundred mospheric reading before the his B.A. at Rutgers University in telephones) and long-distance tele- 1972 and M.S. at Ade lphi University moon sets. Despite meticulous ad- phone (via a satellite network); vance planning, changes caused by in 1975. His degrees are in geology and a constant stream of personal and earth sciences, respectively mr. storms or equipment availability contacts and site visits, memoran- are inevitable. To maintain scien- Chiang is an avid Chesapeake Bay da, notes, and letters. The NSF Rep sailor and enjoys both racquetball tific productivity, the NSF Rep has is obliged to discern immediately and tennis. to weigh alternatives quickly. There the value of current information. is rarely time to seek outside Days are long (typically 7:30 counsel; decisions tend to bp quick a.m. to 9 p.m., six days a week); and final, and at all times they are personal and professional lives are influenced by the need to operate inseparable. At day's end, the NSF safely in the extreme environment. Rep does not go home to family or The NSF Rep deals with a a separate set of friends but is wide array of personal and organi- always on duty. zational culturesscientists, pilots, U.S. research in Antarctica was mechanics, chaplains, postal clerks in its 30th consecutive year in builders, the military, and repre- 1986, with a safety record second sentatives of the other Antarctic to none. The number of annual Treaty consultative nations. The research projects gradually has Rep succeeds through good plan- been tripled, while the levels of ning, informal communication, per- field-support elements such as air- sonal credibility, and the ability to craft hours and personnel were motivate others. kept constant or declined. U.S. Information flows heavily: antarctic research literature from through the local two-way radio this period led the world and has network, single-sideband radio, been among the core documents and telegraphic messages from in numerous subdisciplines. These achievements of safety and research productivity belong to thousands, but theNSF Representative has had a proinin'ent role. 68 ANNUAL Kg PON% FISCAL'u 198661 KATHRYN R. RISON Prior experienc educaUoit/ other iluerests: Administrative Officer Kathryn Rison has been ATM's Division of Atmospheric Sciences Administrative Officer since the Directorate for Geosciences division was established in 1975, after rpending several years in one of NSF's biological divisions. She is also a part-time student working Tenure at NSF: 1967 to present toward an undergraduate degree Special achievements: in computers. Other outside inter- Kathryn Rison has furthered NSF's ests include gardening, boating, goals through her long-term, supe- skiing, and school or church ac- rior contribution to the smooth tivities primarily related to youth functioning of all internal opera- development. She serves, for ex- tions in her division (ATM). Her ample, on the advisory boards for constant, concerned attention to all Lackey High School and General administrative needs concerning Smallwood Middle School in ATM staff, the Administrative Sup- Charles County, MD. port Center, travel, training, equipment, proposal processing, budgets, disbursement of funds, long-range planning, and the ATM Advisory Committee assures her fellow workers that all these duties will be accomplished in a timely and accurate manner. Kay Rison works in a position, between management and support staff, where she has intimate knowledge about policies and practices that dominate the work place and affect the actions of individual employees. Professional and clerical staff alike, from her office and elsewhere in the Foun- dation, seek her aid and advice constantly. She is never too busy to provide help, and she either knows the answers or promptly finds them. All of this is done in a quiet, unassuming manner. Because of her attitude, other employees are ready to help her and want her to be pleased with their work. Mrs. Rison is an outstanding NSF staff member who functions as a key person in Atmospheric Sci- ences, depended upon by all her coworkers. 69

62 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ELI?' BETI= TUCKER During Elizabeth Ricker's ten- Mrs. Tucker has compiled the ure at the Foundation, she has most comprehensive database on Staff nt been responsible for keeping track NSF chemistry in an exceptional Division of Chemistry of all cli istry expenditures, so file that has migrated to a local Di ectorafor Mathematical and that eaci:ar the outflow of funds computerized system. If anyone Physical Sciences is exactly equal to those provided wanted to know about the joys of by the Congress. She also has an NSF grant, the anguish of a arranged nearly every chemistry declination, and the directions that Tenure at NSF: 1952 to present advisory committee meeting, be- chemistry has taken in the past come acquainted with each com- three decades, she has captured all Special achievements: mittee member, prepared the the hard statistics on these matters Elizabeth G. ibcker joined the Foundation's report for each com- in her files. One can easily pin- chemistry activity at the Founda- mittee meeting, and participated in point the trends in chemistry from tion in 1952. She was NSF's first the growth and development of these data. Every discipline needs chemistry employee, to be joined chemistry as we know it today. a corporate memory, and Mrs. one month later by Walter R. Tucker represents that for the Kirner, the first program director Foundation's chemistry activity to implement chemistry's role in more than anyone else. the Foundation Except for a short interlude in the NSF grants office, Other Mterests: Mrs. Tucker has been employed Mrs, 'Ricker's interests beyond the continuously in chemistry Not only Foundation include travel (e.g., to that, she has been at the Founda- Europe and the Caribbean), knit- tion continuously longer than any ting, caring for several dogs, and other NSF employee. During this dealing with the pleasures and time she has watched the program problems of her semirural home grow to a section and finally to a about 40 miles from Washington. division as it is today. She also has two children and five Mrs. Tucker has not only grandchildren and keeps in close processed every grant, declination, contact with all of them. and withdrawal that chemistry has handled since the Foundation began but, more importantly, she has set a standard of excellence that is a model for efficiency and accuracy This standard has become vital as NSF's chemistry activity has expanded to a budget approaching $90 million. This standard of excellence was established in handling 73 advisory committee meetings; providing support for 59 rotating program directors; organizing travel, hotel reservations, and documentation for 158 advisory cornmittee members; and providing staff support for 18 permanent staff members in chemistry

7 0 ANNUM -WORT, MSc 1986 63 MARTIN L. JOHNSON serving a three-year term on the Research Advisory Committee of Fo sociate Program Director the National Council of Teachers of for Teacher Enhancement Mathematics. He continue; to pub- Division of Teacher Preparation lish papers md textbooks in his and Enhancement field. In 1985, the University of Maryland, where he is now a full Directorate for Science and professor, selected him as Minority Engineering Education Faculty Member of the Year. Prior experience/education/ Tenure at NSF: 1985-1986 also other htterests: served as a consultant and a part- B.S. in chemistry, Morris C-Ilege, time employee 1984-85) 1962 Special achievement3: Ed.D. in mathematics educati n, As a rotator program officer, Martin University of Georgia, 1971 Johnson demonstrated outstanding Fulbright Scholar in Nigeria, ability in the operation and man- 1983-84 agement of NSF's. Teacher Prepara- hobbies: reading, golfing tion Program. For example, he provided strong leadership and support in developing the special program solicitation for middle- school teacher preparation in science and mathematics. He also demonstrated outstanding effort in assisting those interested in the program by providing timely, clear, and accurate information to prospective proposers, principal investigators, and others. In addition, he consistently provided crucial input into NSF concerns for underrepresented minorities. Martin Johnson is an active, productive scholar, consultant, and leader in mathematics and math education. He is the author or editor of several books and has written many articles and book chapters. He also has contributed to a wide variety of professional meetings and symposia. He is past president of the Maryland Council of Teachers of Mathematics and is

64 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ETHEL sCHULTZ In addition to this admirable leadership, Mrs. Schultz worked rmer Program Officer for very diligently on projects she Teacher Enhancement recommended. Her recommenda- Division of Teacher Preparation tions contributed significantly to and Enhancement the consistency and coherence of Directorate for Science and many programs within the Division Engineering Education of Teacher Preparation and Enhancement. During her tenure at NSF, Mrs, Tenure at NSF: 1984 to 1986 Schultz maintained her involvement in both teaching and profes- Special achievements: sional organizations. She presented To enrich the Foundation and to papers, for example, at several help administer its education pro- professional meetings and was se- grams, NSF appointed a secondary lected by the Chemical Manufac- 0. school classroom teacher from turers Association as the recipient Ma.ssachusetts as a rotating pro- of its 1986 Catalyst Award, gram officer This teacher, Ethel Schultz, was an enormously effec- Prior experience/education/ tive NSF representative to many other interests: interested groups, especially those B.S. in chemistry, Simmons at the state and local levels. She College, Boston received much praise from these M.Ed, in science education, North- groups on the clarity of her eastern University presentations, and on the program- Employed at Marblehead (MA) matic content and strategies that High School since 1962, first as a she conveyed. She displayed con- chemistry teacher (1962-83), now siderable initiative in making these as a science administrator, K-12 contacts and in carrying the NSF Mrs, Schultz has long been message to groups that had not active in professional organizations previously been involved with the such as the kmerican Chemical agency Mrs. Schultz became widely Society (from which she has re- recognized as a competent com- ceived two awards), the New Eng- municator and leader by many land Association of Chemistry prospective grant proposers. Teachers, the National Science Teachers Association, and other educator societies. A wife and mother of three sons, Ethel Schultz describes music and concert going as two of her biggest outside interests.

72 ANNUAL __A HSCAL 1,-Aki 1986 65 PETER W HOUSE Prior experience/education/ other interests: Director, Division of Policy Ph.D. in public administration, Cor- Research and Analysis nell University Directorate for Scientific, Peter House came to NSF Technological, and International from the U.S. Department of Ener- Affairs gy; prior to that he was with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency He also has served as a Tenure at NSF: 1983 to present visiting scholar at the University of Special achievements: California, Berkeley, and taught at Peter House is one of the many the University of 'RMS. He has "power users" of personal com- published a dozen books on such puters on the NSF staff He has subjects as methods in federal S&T made extensive contributions in policy analysis, forecasting, model- the application of personal coming, technology transfer, research puters to NSF policy and manage- management, and environmental ment tasks. He recognized early politics. the tremendous potential of per- the use of laptop portable Peter House's private interests sonal computers for science policy computers to extend key- include gourmet cooking, science analysis, NSF program data analy- board availability econom- fiction, landscaping his new home, sis, and general office administra- ically to the entire staff, wi 1 and neighborhood politics. A chief tion. His ingenuity, leadership, and capability for direct inter- objective in recent years has been encouragement have resulted in face with the local area to assure that the recently aban- many innovative NSF computer network within the office, doned railroad right-of-way in front applications. Some of these and telecommunication of his house is sold to the National achievements include: links to the network after Park Service, rather than to high- rise office building developers. an early microcomputer lo- working hours (summer cal area nerwork (Sep- 1985); tember 1984); establishment of a large the preparation of briefing mainframe science policy charts using computer database that allows quick graphics and high-speed access to information for color pen plotters (De- NSF policy analyses spring cember 1984); 1986). a test of secretarial services In July 1986 Peter House, performed at an employee's along with staff from NSF's Office home during her maternity of information Systems (ON), con- leavedone with a com- ducted a unique demonstration of puter linked to the office live computer-driven briefings, (summer 1985); using the Foundation's new television projection system. House also worked closely with OIS in the recent plan for acquisition of a new mainframe computer at NSF His continuing efforts to use new technologies to enhance the productivity of federal employees de- serve special recognition.

73 66NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CHARLES T OWENS Through Mr. Owens' efforts, NSF management and decision Former Head, NSF Regional Office, makers elsewhere in the U.S. gov- Tokyo ernment have become much more Division of international Programs aware of Japanese S&T capabilities Directorate for Scientific, and developments; this has in turn Technological, and International enabled us to design better coop- Affairs erative programs and activities with the Japanese. Mr. Owens has since returned to Washington, DC and has been Tenure at NSF: 1971 to present setting up a foreign science infor- Special achievements: mation and assessment group in Charles T Owens has greatly his division. helped to improve access by NSF Prior experience/education] and the U.S. research community other hiterests: to information on Japanese science 1963-70: Foreign Service Officer, and technology. In 1982, Mc U.S. Department of State (service Owens was appointed head of in Argentina and Washington, DC) NSF Tokyo Regional Office, and he set about establishing a com- U.S. Coast Guard Academy 1957-59; prehensive reporting program. In University of California at Berkeley four years the Tokyo office pre- 1960-63, A.B. International pared some 160 studies on Jap- Relations anese science and technology interests include sailing, classical policy, R&D budgets of Japanese music, and the Oriental discipline government agencies, the work of of Tae Kwon Do. individual Japanese researchers, along with translation of Japanese government documents and literature searches on Japanese automated data bases. In addition, thousands of news items, articles, and books were sent to NSF program staff for information on current developments. Mc Owens also was a key figure in the successful negotia- tions leading to Japanese participation in the Foundation:s Ocean Drilling Program and acceptance of U.S. researchers at the research organization for Japan's Fifth Gen- eration Computer Project.

ANNUAL Mil 1 VISUAL YEAR1986 67 ROBERT D. NEWTON approach to federal support of university research. This demon- Former Head of the Policy Office stration project was remarkable, Division of Grants and Contracts considering the varied interests of Directorate for Administration the parties involved. (See chapter 1 for more on this project.) Robert Newton's clarity of pur- Tenure at NSF: 1958 to 1987 pose and his commitment to research funding and administration Special achievements: issues that transcend individual During much of his career, Robert agencies and universities made Newton studied, and involved him- him a widely known and highly self in, the relationships between respected federal employee. those who support research and Largely through and because of his those who perform it. His efforts efforts, NSF enjoys its reputation as to simplify research grant admin- the federal agency with one of the istration have influenced not only most reasoned and reasonable ap- NSF but the larger federal and proaches to research funding and university research communities as administration. well. At the Foundation, Dr. Newton Prior experience/education/ was instrumental in defining the other interests: grant relationship to emphasize A.B. in philosophy and general grantee responsibility and mini- science, University of Rochester, mize NSF involvement in the man- 1950 agement and administration of Ph.D. in philosophy and political research. He pioneered the NSF theory, Columbia University, 1957 "master grant experiment" in the 2 years with Department of the late 1970s and developed the Army, working in research expanded "OPAS" concept (Organi- contracting zational Prior Approval System). Hobbies: running, travel This concept serves as the basis of NSF; grant administration philosophy today More recently Dr. Newton spearheaded a cooperative effort among 5 major federal R&D agencies, the National Academy of Sciences (Government-University- Industry Research Roundtable) and 10 public and private universities in the state of Florida. Through his leadership, these parties engaged in a demonstration project using a new, standardized, and streamlined MARY THOMAS NSF's Division of Personnel and Mary Thomas' widely re- Management; she also requested spected knowledge and ability Oversight and Administrative input from DAO staff as she was and her interest in people as Specialist and Administrative developing plans for the center. individualsare key factors in the Support Center Manager After the model was decided upon, success of DAO's administrative Division of Audit and Oversight Mrs. Thomas prepared the neces- center. She also designed and set Office of Budget, Audit, and sary paperwork, including rewrit- up the clivisionadministrative ac- Control ten position descriptions and counts, using the Lotus 1-2-3 pro- employee performance plans for gram. Because of the efficiency of the six support staff persons in- her design, the accounts are easily Tenure at NSF: 1974 to pese cluded in the center. maintained and kept current, and Special achievements: Mrs. Thomas meets often with account status reports are readily both program and support staff to Mary Thomas helped to design and available for DAO management remain aware of the workload, to review. establishand now headsthe Di- provide assistance in redistributing vision of Audit and Oversight:i the work as necessary, to resolve Prior expertence/educa 'on/ (DAO) Administrative Support Cen- issues, and to keep her division other Mterests: ter, set up in January 1986. It is director apprised of center ac- Mrs. Thomas is originally from one of two such centers in NSF's tivities and accomplishments. With Connecticut, where she attended Office of Budget, Audit, and Con- the acquisition of personal corn- schools such as the St. Francis trol; they share the distinction of puters in DAO, some of the work is Hospital School of Nursing in being the Foundation's first of- now automated and new pro- Hartford. Her prior experience ficially established and fullyopera cedures have been introduced; includes 6 years with private indus- tional administrative support try and 19 years of federal service. centers. Mrs. Thomas has made arrangements for staff training in the use Before coming to the National These centers were designed' of various computer programs Science Foundation in 1974, she to increase the efficiency and effec- (Word Perfect, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase held a variety of secretarial and tiveness of NSF programs and III) and in working with databases administrative positions with the activities by equalizing workloads for Hewlett-Packard (NSn main Department of Labor and the De- and alleviating occasional staff computer). partment of the Air Force. At NSF, shortages. DAO staff members feel she has served in secretarial and that their center also allows for administrative positions with the growth and training in the divi- former Directorate for Applied Re- sion's various activities. They note search; she currently occupies the that the center operation tends to dual roles of Oversight and Admin- give a more technical character to istrative Specialist and Admin- positions that had been primarily istrative Support Center Manager secretarial. Moreover, routine tasks in the Division of Audit and (timecards, supply orders, travel Oversight. and training arrangements) are During non-working hours, rotated every 60 days, allowing Mrs. Thomas devotes her attention everyone to remain proficient in to home and family, including her these activities. children and grandchildren, and to In order to design a center travelling with her husband. that would best suit the needs of DAO and the 15 professionals it was to serve, Mary Thomas held numerous meetings with staff from

ANNUM MCA", WAR 198669 SURARI S. SMITH Prior experience/education/ other interests: Paralegal Assistant Sukari S. Smith's NSF career started Office of General Counsel in the Division of Biology and Medical Sciences in November 1971. She worked as Information Tenure at NSF: 1971 to present Assistant in the Division of Polar Special achievements: Programs and as a secretary in the National Science Board Office for As NSF's paralegal assistant, Sukari several years before joining the Smith has major responsibilities in Office of the General Counsel helping NSF staff to avoid or deal (OGC) in 1980. She has assumed with conflicts of interests. Working increasingly important roles in with a lawyer designated as NSF's OGC, becoming the Foundation's ethics counselor, she draws on her sole Paralegal Assistant in 1984. extensive knowledge of federal Ms. Smith received an Associ- conflict-of-interest laws and the ate degree in Arts and Sciences NSF regulations that implement from George Washington Univer- them. Scientists rely on her for sity in 1978. She continues to work advice; many rotators and others, toward completing an undergradu- upon leaving the Foundation, re- ate degree in sociology at the same ceive from her a required brief- institution. During a hiatus in this ingtailored to their particular effort, she spent a year as a situationsabout the postemploy- volunteer lab technician (in the ment rules that will for a time evenings) with the Washington restrict them from representing Free Clinic in Washington, DC. This private interests vis-i-vis the NSF. work grew out of her original As the Foundation'sFederal interest and studies in medicine at Registercertifying officer and liai- the Washington Technical institute. son with a key Office of Manage- ment and Budget section (Office of Information and Regulatory Af- fairs), Ms. Smith is the gatekeeper for NSF's published rules and regulations. Ms. Smith also helps the Foun- dation's lawyers with work in a wide variety of legal specialties, from patents to legislation. In addition, she is an editorial correspondent forDiscoveryan NSF inhouse newsletter. In discharging all her responsibilities, she displays a vigor and style that have made her one of the Foundation's best- known personalities.

77 70 NATIONAL SCIENCE 1-01.INDATION RY McDONOUGH KEENEY Ms. Keeney's enthusiasm for Her dedication to broadening the program, and her ability to the base of informal science educa- Coordinator, National Science & communicate this feeling to mem- tion to include a wide spectrum of Technology Week bers of the science and technology ages, interests, and backgrounds is Office of Legislative and community have sparked a re- responsible for the breadth and Public Affairs sponse throughout the various success of NSTW Moreover, she has groups; this has resulted in the been able to draw on groups of participation of many professional people who demonstrate excel- Tenure at NSF: 1984 to present societies and associations as spon- lence in their fields to act as Special achievements: sors of NSW activities and events. advisors in many areas of tht. Her ability to produce top- NSTW program; these advisors Since 1985, the National Science quality materials in a high-pressure serve without recompense, even Foundation has coordinated Na- situation has been demonstrated paying for their own travel and tional Science Week, a program to throughout the last three years as accommodations to attend increase public understanding and the program has evolved and meetings. awareness of science, mathematics, grown far beyond its original Finally Mary Keeney's work and technology Another goal of scope. throughout the Foundation has the Week is 'to encourage young Ms. Keeney, in addition, has encouraged various NSF director- people to pursue careers in these successfully managed the fundrais- ates to participate in the spon- fields. So successful were the 1985 ing portion of the program, assur- sorship of NSTW programs that and 1986 efforts (see "Highlights" ing corporate financing of various relate directly to their particular section earlier in this report) that Week activities and involving the disciplines. the program was expanded to major corporate sponsors in plan- become National Science & Tech- ning sessions prior to each of the Prior experience/education/ nology Week (NSTW), held April Weeks. other interests: 5-11, 1987. Mary Keeney previously worked at Mary Keeney, the Foundation the Naval Historical Center, the coordinator for this initiative since Smithsonian Institution, and, on it began, is also the originator of Capitol Hill, as an organizer for the many of the ideas and activities "Year of the Ocean." Her M.A. associated with the Week Indeed, degrees are in American history its success and widened scope and museum studies (University of can be attributed largely to Ms. Delaware Hag ley Program, 1978). Keeney's creativity and extraordi- She is interested in graphic arts nary drive. Additionally, her talents and design and is also a gourmet have resulted in plans to carry out cook. Ms. Keeney is certified as a NS1W for a number of years to SCUBA diver, an activity she shares come. with her husband.

ANNUAL kW P S CA L 198671 the new NOTE mail system are: The new directorate is headed OPERATIONS access to the national and interna- by C. Gordon Bell, former pro- tional computer networks BITNET, fessor of computer science at Establishment of Support ARPANET, and CSNET; the ability of Carnegie Mellon University and or Resource Centers. NSF has staff to reach the mail system using former vice-president for engineer- set up support staff centers, each a local phone number while on ing at Digital Equipment Corpora- under a center manager, to coordi- travel; and the ability to query tion. Bell is well-known -as an nate clerical and related services in local and national electronic bul- innovative computer architect; he an organizational unit. Under the letin board services. (See also and his wife Gwendolyn are co- new system, based on industry "Improving the Proposal Process, founders of the Computer Museum models, people learn to perform in chapter 1.) in Boston, MA. most of the services a unit re- Internal Moves. l'he Divi- quires. As a result, they can act as sion of Astronomical Sciences back-up support when someone is ORGANIZATIONAL CHAAGES moved to the Directorate for Math- out, their workloads can be bal- ematical and Physical Sciences. The anced, teamwork is encouraged, New Directorate. As of move reflects the tendency of and duties considered routine can May 1, 1986, NSF established the academic departments of astrono- be rotated. Occasionally, people Directorate for Computer and in- my to be associated with depart- can even be assigned to duties formation Science and Engineer- ments of physics. The former they especially enjoy doing. Among ing, or CISE, bringing the number Directorate for Astronomical, At- the most important advantages of of its directorates to eight. CISE mospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sci- the centers system is the possibility consolidates programs in computer ences, now minus astronomy, has of upward mobility for support and information science and engi- changed RS name to the Directo- center staff as they learn new, neering from throughout the Foun- rate for Geosciences, or GEO for higher-level functions. dation. The Division of Computer short. One of the early support Research (formerly in the Directo- The Office of Equal Oppor- centers was orgarized in NSF's rate for Mathematical and Physical tunity (0E0) moved from the Division of Electrical, Communic Sciences), the Division of Informa- Office of the Foundationli Director tions, and Systems Engineering; its tion Science and Technology (for- to become part of the Directorate success has served as a model for merly in the Directorate for for Administration. 0E0 provides other divisions. And the center Biological, Behavioral, and Social advice, training, and guidance to serving the Office of Legislative Sciences), the Office of Advanced NSF staff to promote the full and Public Affairs has received one Scientific Computing (which han- participation in science and engi- of the Foundation's Commendable dles supercomputer centers and neering of women, minorities, and Service Awards for its design, networks), and certain computer disabled or handicapped persons. structure, and successful operation. engineering and communications/ Electronic Advances. NSF's signal processing activities from Office of Information Systems be- the Directorate for Engineering are gan to implement a new electronic now housed in the same organiza- mail system to replace those which tional unit. CISE aims to prevent have been in use throughout the overlap between programs and to Foundation. Among the features of link the disciplines that practice computer science.

79 72 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION NSF OPERATIONS AND ORGANIZATION

SENIOR FO&7DATION BOARD OFFICALS, FY 1986 New Engineering Office. Engineering as a field depends especially on cooperation between industry, academia, and the federal government. The Directorate for Engineering established the Office for Engineering I nfrastructure De- velopment (OEIP) to coordinate activities affecting more than one of that Directorate's divisions. Among the office's responsibilities is a program to identify and develop research potential in engineering at the undergraduate and graduate levels, in order to encourage more students to go on to doctoral degrees in engineering. New Name. In the Directo- rate for Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences, the Office of Bio- Erich Bloch John H. Moore technology Coordination changed NSF Director NSF Deputy Director its name to the Office of Inter- directorate Research Coordination. It continues to be responsible for maintaining NSF's activities in biotechnology in addition, the office now coordinates Foundationwide activities related to ethical issues in science and engineering

Roland W Schm Charles E Hess Chairman Vice Chairman National Science Board National Science Board

ANNUALREP01flFISCAL WAR 198673 he National Science Founda- tion is convinced that the T__nation's international competitiveness in this highly technological era can be maintained only by having a vital, well- supported, and well-equipped community of scientists, mathematicians, and engineers doing forefront basic research. Many factors affect our ability to compete economically in the modern world, but basic research and education for a technology-oriented age are unquestionably vital. Without them, we can neither maintain a competitive posture nor advance our knowledge base. The discoveries, inventions, and principles of basic research underlie existing technologies and open the way for future ones._ Investment in research and education has been the source of much of our economic progress over the past four decades; that investment continues to be the best single way to provide for the future. CONCLUSION

Einstein statue at National Academy of Science4 Wasbngton, DC

82 ANNUAL REFOR1 ; Fisca YEAR 1986 75 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION STAFF AND NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD MEMBERS (FISCAL YEAR 1986)

NSFIONAL SCIENCE Division Director Division al Engineering Director Office nall and Disadom FOUNDATION STAFF Science in Electrical, Waitress Utilization. I N maid Communications. and Systems Senich Engineering Frank 1.. Unhand Enron)* IMIsion of Industrial Science and (as of September 30, 1986) Directm: Division of Engineering .Science 'technological Innomtion I Ninald /Ewe tor Erich Bloch Mechanics. Structurev. and Svnich Demur Direaor .1ohn 11, Moore Materials Engineenna. (Acting) Director: Mrision qjMtwara) Initiationand Senior Science ildo:cor Nkiry E. Clutter win ming huinovement, Alexander J. Nlorin Gerwra/ (Ammer', Charles Ilerz Director Dimion iii linulanwmal Research Dinctor: Dimon al international Director; Office af Legislative and Public NfirirN, in Emerging and Crithal Programs. (Ailing) Richard J. Raymond F. Bye Engineering Systems, Arthur A. Green Controllo: Office qf Budget. Audit, and (.'ontrol, Ezra Director Division of Policy Research and Sandra I). liye Direct: Division of Science Base Analysis, Peter W. !liaise Director: Office (if Mformation Systems, Dovlopment in Design Dintlar: InvIcian aj Science Requin s

Constance K. N1clindt)11 Manufacturing and Computer Studies. William I. !wart Amistaril Director fin. Biological, Behavioral, and imegrated Engineering. Michael Assistant Demean. fur Admia' in, Geoffrey .Social Sciences, David T Kingsbury %Nunn' NI. Fenstermacher Executive Officer Alan I. Lesliner Ascoam Director fix 6'covi(91cm William J. Director: Office of Ifqc.."kir/tinily, Dora, Office of Interdirectoraw Research Nlerrell, Jr. Brenda NI. Brush Coordination, (Acting) Thomas S. Evecutive Officer Kurt W. Sandved IThicion 0.1 Mianclal Quarles Din,clor Divicion of Atmospheric Scient 31anagement, Kenncth II. Fi)ster Director: Division al Ikbaviand and Neural Eugene W Bierly Director truvion of Grants and Contracts, Sciences.RichardT Lourrit Innyclor Divisiori of Earth Sciences. J;cnies I. William IS. Cole, Jr 'Myelin; Division of Ifirgic Syvtems and !lays Dime/ Division of Personnel and Resources, John L. Brooks iErecum Divi,vion of Oc.2an Sciencev, NI. Management Margaret IWindus Director Divishm of Cellular Bioschwees, Grant Gross Dit mar Division of Administratilv Services, (Acting) Bruce F. Cmminger Director INtision l'rosp'aM Peter Gaylord L. Ellis Director: Division of Moleodar Waveiences E. Wilkniss James II. liriiwn Avisamt Director for Mathonatical and Physiod Direc n. Division of Social and Economic Sciences, Richard S. Nicholson Science, Roberta B. Nliller KWCntilv Often NI. Kent Wilson NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD /U.c Ian/ Director firr Computer and Director Division of Astronomical Sciences, mfonnamm Science and Engineering, C. Laura P !klutz 'terms Expire May 10, 1988 Gordon Bell Director DiOsim; of Chemistry Edward F Executive Officer Charles N. BRAtlitileill 1 !ayes I. BAKER. Presklent, Calitornia Director Office of ildianced Scientific Director Division Materials Research, Polytechnic State Cniversity San Luis Computing, John W. Connolly Lewis 11. Nosanow Obispo, CA Direct Division of Compnwr Research, Direct(Ditision Malhematiad Scienaw. ROBERT F. GILK1,,SON, CILlirrmin of the Kent K. Curtis Jiihn C. Polking Executive Ommiittee, Philadelphia *. Dirkiion of Information Scknce Director Dirv:sion of Physics, Ilarvey B. Philadelphia, PA and 4-chnologil (Acting) l'i-Tmu Willard CI1ARLES E. IIESS (Vice (:hairman, National Chien ilk:swam Director for Science and Engineering Science Board) Dean, Ci)Ilege of Director: Division of Computer and Education. liassam Z.. Shakhashiri Agricultural and Environmental Scien liffbnuation Engineering Bernard Evecuthv Officer Peter E. Vankwich University 01 California at Davis, 1=4,ds, CA Chem Dead, Office cf College Selma, CIIARLES I.. 110SLER, Vice President for Assistant Dirvelor for Engineering, Nam I? Sul) Instrunwnlatimi, Robert E Watson Research and Dean of Graduate School, Deputy Assistain Director for Engineering, Dead, Office of Studies and Proqram Pennsylvania State 1 'niversity iversity Carl W [fall Acsmsment, William 11. Schmidt Park, PA Dead Office for Engineering Infrastructurv Director lifiWan of Yember Preparation WILLIAM E NI1LLER, President and Chief Development William S. Butcher and Enhancement, Arnold Executive Officer, SRI International, Menlo Director Division of Cross Disctpinutry Strassenburg Park, CA Research, Lewis G. Mayfield Director Division of Materials Deivlopment. WILLIAM A. NIERENBERG. Director Emeritus.

Director Division of Enguwermg .Science m Research and Inihrlind Science * Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Chemical. Biochemical. and Education George W. Treawl l'iliversity of California at San Diego. %hernial Engineering, Nlarshall M. Maxtor Division qf Research Career I ill Development, Terence I.. Porter RNIAN C. RASM1!SSEN, McAfee Professor of &sigma Dovour fbr Scientific, 'technological. Engineering, Nlassachusetts Institute ol and International Mairs, Richard J. Green Technology Cambridge, NIA If:coal/ire OffiCOn Richard R. Ries ROIAND W SCI INUIT (CILiirntin, Director Office al Small BasineN Research Science Board) Senior Vice Presidem and and Development. 1Nmald Senich Chief Scientist, General Electric Cimcpany Schenectady, NY

76 NATIOw tiCIENCE KMINDATION Urms Expire May 10, 1990 PERRY L. ADKISSON, Chancellor, Texas A& University System, College Station, TX ANNELISE G. ANDERSON, Senior Rese:Irch Fellow, Tlw Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford CA CRAIG C. BIACK, Director, Lus Angeles County Museum of Natural Ilistory Los Angeles, CA RITA IC COIWE11., Vice President for Acideniic Affairs and Professor of Microbiolon a, Central Administration, University of Maryland, Ade MD momAs B. DAY, President, San Diego State University San Diego, CA JAMES J. DUDEILSIADT, vice presidcnI for Academic Affairs and Provost, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI K. JUNE LINDSTEDISIVA, Manager, Environmental Sciences, Atlantic Richfield Company, Los Angeles, CA SIMON RAMO, Director, TRW Incorporated, Redondo Beach, CA

Terms Expire May 10, 1992 E. ALBERT con-oN, WI Doherty-Welch Foundation Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Director, Laboratory for Molecular Structure and Bonding, Texas A&M University College Station, DO MARY L. GOOD, President, Engineered Materiak Research, Allied-Signal Corporation, Des Plaines, IL* JOHN C. HANCOCK, Executive Vice President and Chief Tecfinkal Officer, United Telecommunications, Inc, Wesmood, KA* JAMES B. HOLDERMAIN, President, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC' JAMES!, POWEll President, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA* "HOWARD A. SCHNEIDERMAN, Senior Vice President for Research and Development and Chief Scientist, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO

("Pm) vacancies)

'Confirmed 10-21-86 "nomination pending Senate cunlirmarion a of 2-117

Mernber Ex Officio ERICH BLOCH, Director, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC

THOMAS UBOIS, Executive Officer, National Sci- ence Board, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC 8 4 ANN1 At. to,:p( JR 1; FIst :A1, 'STAR 1986 77 PATENTS AND FINANCIAL REPORT FOR FISCAL YEAR 1986

I.Patents and Inventions Resulting from Activities Supported by NSF During lisc if year 1986, the 1bundation received 123 invention disclosures. Allocations of rights to 49 of those inventions were made by September 30, 1986. These resulted in dedic:ition to the public through publication in 13 cases, retention of principal patent rights by the grantee or inventor in 37 instances, and transfer to other government agencies in 2 cases. Licenses were received by the Foundation in 56 patent applications filed by grantees and contractors who retained principal rights in their inventions.

11. NSF Financial Report

Research and Rekited Activities Engineering: Appropriation Chemical, Bkwhemical, and Thermal Engineering 27,708 Fund Availability Mechanics, Structures, and Fiscal year 1986 Appropriation Materials Engineering 22,674 4,060 Electrical, Communicaticms, and Unobligated balance available, start of year Systems Engineering 19,813 197 Design, Manufacturing and Adjustments to prior year accounts 4,639 Computer-Integrated Eng. 12,775 Fiscal year 1986 availability $1,29 ,896 Emerging Engineering Technologies 10,396 Critical Engineering Systems 23,846 Obligations Cross-Disciplinary Research 27,735 Biological, Behavioral, and Social i ces: Molecular Biosciences 59,645 Subtotal, Engineering $144,7 Cellular Biosciences 49,965 Biotic Systems and Resources 58,265 Geosciences: Behlvioral and Neural Sciences 43,623 Atmospheric Scieiices $ 92,580 Social and Economic Sciences 27,794 Earth Sciences 46,827 Ocean Sciences 119,424 Subtotal, Biological, Behavioral, Arctic Research Program 8,035 and Social Sciences $ 239,292 Subtotal, Geosciences $ 266,866 Computer and Information Science andEngineering: Computer and Computation Mathematical and Physical ience- Research $ 33,482 Mathematical Sciences $ 51,928 Information, Robotics, and Astronimical Sciences 80,151 Intelligent Systems 15,093 Physics 113,172 Microelectronic Information Chemistry 85,745 Processing System..... 7,278 Materials Research 104,314 Advanced Scientific Computing 36,468 Networking and Communications Subtotal, Mathematical and Research and infrastructure 8,558 Physical Sciences $ 435,310 Subtotal, Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering 100,879

78NATIONAL scsistm FouNDATIns Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs: Special Foreign Cur rency Appropriltion Industrial Science and Techm)logical innovation $ 15 International Cooperative Scientific Fund Availability Fiscal year 1986 appropriation Activities .. .. 10,222 957 Policy Research and Analysis 1,828 Unobligated balance available, start of year Science Resources Studies 3,853 .... . 2 Research Initiation ancl Adjustments to prior year accounts Improvement 7,096 Fiscal year 1986 availability.. 1,191 Subtotal, Scientific, Technological, and Obligations Intermuional Affairs ... Special Foreign Currency 1,098 Program Development and Unobligated balance available, cod c year Management $ 71,836 _ Unobligated balance lapsing Subtotal, obligations ..... $1,297,313 Total, fiscal year 1986 availability Unobligated balance available, end of for Special Foreign Currency year 1,472 Program 1,191

1.11,,,bligated balance lapsing 111 Total, fiscal year 1986 availability for Research and Related Science and Engineerhig Education Activities Activities $1,298,896 Appropriation Fund Availablity Fiscal year 1986 appropriation $ 53,161 U.S. Antarctic Program Activities Unobligated balance available, start Appropriation of year 31,494 Adjustments to prior year accounts 21 Fund Availability Fiscal year 1986 availabili. 84,676 Fiscal year 1986 appropriation $110,151 Unobligated balance available, start of year 59 Obligations Adjustments to prior year accounts 31 Research Career Development..... $ 25,938 Materials Development, Research, Fiscal year 1986 availability.... $ 110,241 and Informal Science Education.. 24,357 Teacher Preparation and Obligations Enhancemem 26,256 Studies and Program Assessment 2,785 U.S. Antarctic Research Program 11,016 College Science Instrumentation 5,259 Operations Support 99,145 Subtotal, obligat $ 84,595 Subtotal, obligations $110,161 Unobligated balance availahlc, end of Unobligated balance available, end of year year 80 Unobligated balance lapsing Total, fiscal year 1986 availability for U.S. Antarctic Program Total, fiscal year 1986 availability Activities $ 1 0,241 for Science and Engineering Education Activitics

86 I. 1 !rIscj OAR 198679 Trust Funds/Donations Table 1. Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences, Fiscal Year 1986 Fund Ava112bility (Dollars in Millions) Unobligated balance available, start of year Number of Receipts from nonfederal sources .. 527 Awards Mnount Molecular Biosciences .... 832 Fiscal year 1986 availability.... $ 59.65 Cellular Biosciences 765 49.96 Biotic Systems and Resources 789 58.27 Obligations Behavioral and Neural Sciences... 784 43.62 Social and Economic Science 548 27.79 Ocean Drilling Programs 1 Miscellaneous Prwam Activities 284 littal...... 3,718 $239.29 U.S.-Spain Scientific and Technological Program 72 SOURCE. Fiscal War WWI Budget ID Cigre%JulilkaLIon nI Btintate of Appropria- lion tOuantitative program Data Tables). Subtotal, obligations $ 12,874 Unobligated balance available, end of Table 2. Computer and Information Science md year . $ 1,779 Engineering, Fiscal Year 1986 fiscal year 1986 availability for (Dollars in Millions) Trust Funds/Donations $ 14,653 Number of SOURCES: Fiscal Year 1985 Supplementary itudgo Schedules and Fiscal 'IV ar 1985 Awards Amount Budget to Congress. Computer and Computation Research . 279 $ 33.48 Information, Robotics, and Intelligent Systems 210 15.09 Microelectronic Information Processing Systems 92 7.28 Advanced Scientific Computing 18 36.47 Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure 54 8.56

Tbtal. 653 $100.88

Table 3. Engineering, Fiscal Year 1986 (Dollars in Millions) Number of Awards Amount Chemical, Biochemical, and Thermal Engineering 506 $ 27.71 Mechanics, Structures, and Materials Engineering 360 22.67 Electrical, Communications, and Systems Engineering 311 1981. San Diego computer site Design, Manufacturing, and Comput r- integrated Engineering 144 12.78 Emerging Engineering Technologies 145 10.36 Critical Engineering Systems 309 23.85 Cross-Disciplinary Research 59 27.73 TOtal $144.91

80 NATIONAL iCIENCF FOUNDATION 8 7 Table 4. Geosciences, Fiscal Year 1986 Table 7. Scientific, Technological, and International (Dollar; inMillions) Affairs, Fiscal Year 1986 (Dollars in Millions) Number of Awards Amount Atmospheric Sciences 570 $ 92.98 Earth Sciences 650 46.83 Industrial S & T Innovation . .. . 207 $ 15.22 Ocean Sciences 725 119 42 Internael. Coop. Sci. Act. 479 10.22 Arctic Research 82 8.03 Policy Research and Analysis 138 1.83 Thtal 2,027 5266.86 Science Resources Studies.. 40 3.85 Research Initiation and Improvement 51 7.10 Total .. ,...... 8.22 Table 5. Mathematical and Physical Sdenccs Fiscal Year 1986 (D liars in Millio s) Table 8. U.S. Antarctic Program, Fiscal Year 1986 (Dollars in Millions) Number of AwArds Amount Number of Awards Mathematical Sciences 1,265 $ 51_93 Amount Astronomical Sciences 263 80.15 U.S. Antarctic Research Program 129 $ 11.02 Physics 506 113.17 Operations Support 16 99.14 Chemistry ...... , 986 85.75 Total 145 5110.16 Materials Research 875 104.31 Total 3,895 $435.31

Table 6. Science and Engineering Education Fiscal Year 1986 (Dollarsin Millions) Number of Awards Amount

Research Career Development 152 $ 25.94 Materials Development, Research, and Informal Science Education 108 24.35 Teacher Preparation and Enhancement 276 26.25 Studies and Program Assesment 12 2.79 College Science Instrumentation 207 5.26 Total 755 5 84.59

ANN' IAL HEN 4J FAR 1986 ADVISORY COMMITIEES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1986 (ADDRESSES EFFECTIVE AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 1986)

OFFICE OF ME DIRECIUlt Committee on Equal Opportunities IvQfficio in Science and nchnology Simon Ramo NSF Advisory Council Leoorc Blum Director Victoria BergM Department of Math and Computer Science TIM Inc. Deputy Commissioner for Curriculum .1* Mills College Redtindo Beach. CA Program Development oakland, CA Texas Education ,1gency Kimiko Advisory Committc- on Meriteview Austin, 'IN oak Ridge National ltlor.iti try (Terminated 8/86) Dennis Chamot Oak Ridge, TN Charles j. Arntzen Associate Director, Departmen Director, Plant Science & Micbiok Pmfessional Employees Bernard J. Bulkin E. DuPont de Nemours AFL-CIO Direcior, Analytical Scie ces Laboratory Wilmington, DE Washington, DC Standard Oil Ci). Cleveland, Oil William D. Carey Matina I tomer President Thomas W American Assn, for the Advancement of 'Acme President Wishington, DC Radcliffe Gillege Cambridge, MA West Virginia State College Norman I lackerman Institute, WV Chairman of the Scientilic Advisory Board William FL Kruskal Mario J. Gonzalez, Jr. Riiberi A. V'elch limodation Department Of Siatistics haiston, 'IN University of Chicago Associate Dean for Engineering University of Texas, Austin John F Niblack Anna J.I larrison Priscilla Grew Emeritus Professor Vice President pfimr, Commis.sioner Mt. I lolyoke College Grimm, cr California Public I tIt5 Comm. South I ladley, MA San Francisco, CA Edward A. Knapp Roger Noll Phillip C. Johnson President Professor of Economics Deputy Director, Department of Ecology Universities Research Assn. Stanford University Washington, I)C Stanford, CA State of WiLshington, Olympia Gardner Lindzey Robert Noyce Harry G. Lang National Technical In. Mute for the Dell' Director, The Center for Advanced Study in the Vice Chairman of the Board Rochester, NY Behavioral Sciences !met Ciarpiiration Stanford, CA Santa Clara, CA William K. LeBold William E Raub Gail Pesyna Director, Education, Research, and Inforniarlim Systems National Institutes of I lealth Biomedical Products Department Purdue llniversity Bethesda, MD E.I, DuPont de Nemours Claremont, CA West Lifavette, IN Charles P Slichter Professor of Physics and in theenter Gerard Piel Shirley M. Malcom American Assn. for the Advancenietit of Science Advanced Study Chairman of the Board University of Illinois, Urbana scienItfic Anteriam Washington, DC New York, NY Nikla Martinez-Rivera Nam P Sub Wats(in Research Lab Assistant Director for Engineering Lois Rice National Science Found:akin Senior Vice President Yorki(,wit Heights, NY Control Data Corporation Shirley M. Mellay Michael Winston Washington, DC Dean for Student Affitirs Vice President for Ac:alemic Attains Massachusetts institute of Teclintrlogv Howard Ilniversity Linda S. Wilson washington, DC Vice President for Research Cambridge, MA University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Caryn L. Navy Leo Thong Department of Defelse Harry Woolf Raised Dot Computing, Inc. Madison, WI washington, I/C Director The Institute for Advanced Study Ernest G. Uribe Princeton, NJ Department of Botany Daniel Vankelovich Washington State University Pullnian The Daniel Vankelovich Group Sally Wood New Thrk, NY Department of Electrical Engineering University of Santa Clara, CA

82 NATION/U, SCIENCE FOUNDATION Alan 1: Waterman Award Committee President's Committee on tlw National DIREC FORAM FOR COMPUTER ANI flivid Baltimore Medal of Science INFORMAUON SCIENCE AM) Direckw Katherine S, Bao ENGINFFRING Whitehead Institute Los Angeles, CA Unthrklge, MA Advisory Committee for Richert If. Cannon, Jr. Computer Research Margaret Burbidge Professor Chairman Department of physiCN Dept. c if Aeronautics cIck Astrimautics (all in university computer science I:Inver:illy of Cali licnua at inDiegi Stanford l'niversity departments unless otherwise listed) La Jolla, CA Stanford, CA Clarence Ellis tear Giavver Ilmmas B. Day Microekctronics and Ciunupuier iidinnl GE It & D Center President Corp. Sclienectady, NY San Diego State I niversity Austin, 'IN Charles W Gear Iiarry B. Gray Roger D. I Jai-Hymn University of Illinois a tI trbana Division of Chemistry and Clienuical Engineering Department of Physics Iiadiolc vy California InNtittite of lechnok cgv Oral Roherts rniversit Champaign, II, Pasadena, CA Tulsa, ok A. Nico I lahermann Envin I.. Dalin lAddie I fughes (;irnegie-Mellon I niversi l)epartment of pli!.!iies Palo Alto, CA Pittsburgh, PA Universitv of Calikwnia, lterkclev John A. Niterzel richin E. I loperoft E. r Director, St. Marvk I lean Center Cornell trniversity Dean. Institute or Technology St, Louis, MO Ithaca, NY universitv or Minnesota Willie J. Nunnery Kenneth W Kennedy Minneapolis, MN Rice University Adi, Assoc. Pmfessor of Civil Engineering I holism!), IX Peter W. Likens University of Wisconsin, Madison President Rai) Kosaraitt Lehigh t!niversity Gopal 5, Pah vA Department of Electrical Engineering and Bethlehem, PA Computer Science Gardner Lindzey r Ryal R. Poppa Johns I lopkins University Center for Advanced Study in theItellavucral chair.o or the Board, Sti wag 'Iichn cli igy Baltimore, MI) Sciences Ocrporatkin Louisville, C Lawrence II Landweber Stanford, (A Myersity of Wisconsin, NI:Olson Roy E Schwitters Rene E Rodriguez Jackson Heights, NY Wendy G. Lehnert PR)fetitior Of PhlyNICN University of Massachusetis, Amherst larvard University Allan Spitz Nancy A Lynch Cambridge, MA Vice President for Academit, Afhiirs and Protessor of Political Science Massachusetts Institute of licluni chugs ' W Clark Still, Jr. Cambridge, MA Pmfessor of Chemistry University of Alabama, I funtsville lohn T Pinksion, Columbia l!niversiiy Bruno 0, Weinschel III New York, NY Weinschel Engineering Microeleoronics and Oimputer Technolo Gaithersburg, MD Corp. Torsten N. Wiesel Austin, -17): Laboratory or NL(ir()hiol(ut,iv Ey Qflicio Rockefeller University Burton J. Smith New Yiwk, NY John P McIague Supercomputing Research) Center Aciing Science Advisicr to the President and Institute for Defense Analysis larriet A. Zukerman Lanham, MI) The Russell Sage Foundatkm Acting Director, Office of Science & New York, NY lechnology Poliq Lawrence Snyder Frank Press Universiiy of Washington i.Offkio President Seattle, WA Erich Bloch National Academy of Scieticcs Direcior, Natkinal Science Pc cundatkm Program Advisory Panel for ank Press Advanced Scientific Computing president, National Academy of Sciences Robert J. Asaro Roland W. Schmiit Department of Engineering Chairman, National Science Boa Brown University Robert M. White Providence, RI President, National Acidcniv of En ,ineering

ANSI 'Al. Rlaq MT, UN FAH I 986 Suse Broyde DIRECTORATE FOR ENGINEERING AdviSoryCommitteefor Engineering Biokigy Department Science in Chernical, Biochemizal, New NOrk University, NY AdvisoryCommitteefor Engineering and Thermal Engineering David K. Ferry George It. Abrahamson John Anderson Department of Electrical Engineering SRI International Arizona State University Tempe Department of Chemical Engineering Menlo Park, CA Carnegie Mellon University Arthur Freeman Arthur E. Bergles Pittsburgh, PA Department of Physics Department of Medianical Engineering Arthur E. Bergles Northwestern University Rensselaer Polytechnic institute Evanston, II. Johnson Engineering Center Troy, NY itenssalear Polytechnic Institute Peter Gilman D. J. Forbes Troy, NY Natkmal Center for Amkispheric Research Exxon Research & Engineering Company limilder, CO Patsy Chappelear Florham Park, NJ Hudson Engineering Corporation Anthony C Hearn Elsa Garmire louston, TX Information Sciences Department University of Southern CalifOrnia, los Angeles Rand Corporation Robert C. Dean, Jr. Santa Monica, CA Frederick W. Garry \Wax Comoration General Electric Company Lebanon, NH Neal lane Fairfield, CN Charles Eckert Office of the Provost Department of Chemical Engineering Rice University tester A. Gerhardt University of Illinois, Urbana Houston, TX Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY John C. Friedly William A. Lester Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemistry Mario J. Gonzalez, Jr University of Rochester tlniversity of California-Berkeley Office of the Dean of Engineering University of Thxas, Austin Simon 1 Gi)ren Werner Rbeinboldt Chemical Engineering Department Department of Mathematics & Statistics John F Holzrichter University of California, Berkeley University of Pittsburgh Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, CA J. V.It. Herberlein Allan R. Robinson Westinghouse R&D Center Division of Applied Sciences Paul C. Jennings Pittsburgh, PA Harvard University I lead, Engineering & Applied Science Cambridge, MA Departmen James Hsu lifornia Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Christopher A. Sims Pasadena, CA lehigh liniversity Department of Economics Bethlehem, PA University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Robert W Lucky AT&T Bell tahoratc>rjes Henn, C Lim Frank IL Stillinger Holmdel, NJ Purdue University AT&T Bell Laboratories West Lafayette, IN Murray Hill, NJ John W. Lyons Director, National Engineering Laboratories William Manogue Keith Uncapher National Bureau of Standard.. Central Research Department Information Sciences Institute Gaithersburg, MI) EL duPont de Nemours & Co. Marina del Rey, CA Gordon II. Millar Wilmington, DE J. Craig Wheeler Motortech, Inc. I toward Palmer Department of Astronomy Daytona Beach, EL The Graduate School University of Thxas, Austin Irene C. Peden Pennsylvania State tiniversity Kenneth G. Wilson University of Washington, Seattle University Park, PA Newman Laboratory of Nuclear Studies Gary poehlein Cornell University Cary Poehlein Associate Vice President for Research Ithaca, NY Associate Vice President for Research Georgia institute of Technolow Georgia institute of Thchnology Atlanta, GA Atlanta, GA Herbert H. Richardson Lanny Schmidt Texas A & M University Department of Chemical En ineering and College Station, TX Materials Science University of Minnesota, Minneapot Daniel P Siewiorek Carnegie-Mellon University Joseph L. Smith, Jr. Pittsburgh, PA Department a Mechanical Engineerint, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sheila Widnall Cambridge, MA Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Shirley Tsai Cambridge, MA Department of Chemical Engineering California State University Long Beach John FL Wiggins Research Engineer Redondo Beach, CA Advisory Committee for the Critical Engineering Systems Section Peter Will Research and Development Laboratories Mihran Agbabian Palo Alto, CA Ilniversity of Southern California Los Angeles, CA

84 NATIONAL SCIENCE rt. NDATION John E. Breen Eugene Del A iatch Irene C. Peden Phil NI. Vergermin Sk mid Engineering Dean, School of Engine/ ing IAINiratory Department of Electrical Engineering Nhirgan State itniversity University of Wishington, Seattle University of Texas, Austin Baltimore, NID Joseph Rowe Rolf Eliassen Richard S. Gallagher Metcalf ,S4 Eckly Vice Chairngin, uld me. Graphics Software l)evekipment ittAling Meadows, IL Palo Alio, CA Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc. John W Fisher Pnwidence, RI Loalard NI. Silverman Dean of Engineering Lehighilniversity John A. Goldak liniversity of Southern CalitOrnkt Los A geles Bethlehem, pA Depormient of Mechanical and Anr mautical Iitik Y Rani Engineering Robert L. Thomas Washinguin Slate I niversitv Carleton (iniversity Department of PhySics puilman, \VA Ottawa, Ontarki, Canada Wayne State University Detroit, MI liarclay G. jurli. 1)avid A. !lodges Department of City and ItjlonaI Nat ling Department of Electrical Engineering and Timothy N. Trick Cornell lInivursity Computer Science Chairman, Departnient of Electr;i:al and Ithaca, Ny University ot California, Derkeley Computer Engineering University of Illinois, Ilrhana Joseph L. Minor Carver A. Mead '1,1 Tech Univers0 Department of CAimputer Science Thomas NOlken lathbiwk, TX California Institute of li.Mukilogy Institute for Materials Science and Engineering Pasadena, CA National Bureau of Standards James L. Noland Gaithersburg, MD Atkimain 5 Nkiland M Theodosius Pavhdis !kinkier, CO Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray 1011, NI Advisory Committeefor the 1)(mald J. O'Connor Emerging Engineering Manhattan College tarriect II. Rips Bronx, NY Department of Electrical and C(auputer Systems Section Engineering Bruce Rittman MahalBirnbaum I.S. Naval PtIstgraduate Aerospace C:(irporation Department of Civil Engineering Montere CA l'rbana, IL Los Angeles, CA Daniel P Siewiorek Dwight A. Sangrey David E, Cook Diviskm of Computer Sciences Vice President Carnegie Melkm University Carnegie-Melhin University Pittsburgh, PA DakotastaleCollege Pittsburgh, PA Madison, SI) John H. Wiggins I tarok! S. St( tne Thomas II. Fraser National 'technical Stteni, IIIM Redondo Reach, CA Repligen Corporatkm Yorkomn I !eights, NY Cambridge, MA Lily N: Thung 1)aniel E. Whitney Department of Enviummenial Medicine & Elsa M. Garmire C.S. Draper L.:Min-mon lIniversity of Southern California Microbiology Camhrkige, MA New Mirk University Medical Center, NY Los Angeles, CA Peter Will John G. 1.invill Research & Development Laborauiries Advisory Committee for Design, Stanford University Fairchild Semiconducuir Oirporation Stanford, CA Manufacturing, and Polo Alto, CA Computer Engineering Colin A. Mel,aurin University of Virginia Me,lical School Saul Amarel Advisory Committee for Engineering Charlottesville, VA Information Processing Techniques Office Science in Electrical, Communica- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency tions, and Systems Engineering Stewart D. Persmick R(isslyn, VA Oimmunications Research, Inc. C. S. Hurrus Holmdel, NJ Adam Bell Chairman, D.portnuent of Electrical Engineering Alfred R. Porvin Technical Univ,a-sity of Nova Sc01111 Rice University Halifax, Nova Scotia Eli Lilly Company Houston, TX Indianapolis, IN John Bollinger John E Cashen Dean, College of Engineering Charles D. Scott Vice President, The N hrop Ciirporatkin Oak Ridge National Labor:km.1.4 'IN liniversity of Wisc(insin Pico Rivera, CA Madison, Wi I louII. Sun Bruce A. Eisenstein Ralph K. Gavin, III Drexel lIniversit Chairman, Department (If Electrical Engineering Fhiladelphia, PA Semiconducuir Research Corporation Drexel (Iniversity Research Triangle Park, NC Philadelphia, PA Lynn Conway Advisory Panel for Engineering Sigrid R. McAfee Research Centers Associate Dean of Engineering Deportment of Electri al Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Rutgers Universky ("11:rminated 9/30/86) !Limy C Cragon Piscatawa; NI Marilyn W Andrulis Department of Electrical and Computer Stephen Nelson Andrulis Research (:orptiration Engineering Vice President of Researcl Bethesda, NII) University of Texas, Austin Chippewa Falls, WI Charles Christ Xerox Corporation Rochester, NY

ANNUAL It0,01(11 FIN( AI VVAR I Thimus II. Fraser Ronald Scott l,ucille Shapiro Rep ligen Corpiwatitm California institute of Thchnology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Cambridge, MA Pasadena, CA New York, NY John C.I lancock Sook P Sung LiAti A. '1.adell lInite(i Telecommunications, Inc. Department of Chemistry Department of Electrical Engineering 04 Kansas City, MC) University of Connecticut Computer Sciences Storrs,cr Miversity of California,Berkeky Mounir Kanial General Motors Research Lahs Branimir R. Von liarkovich Warren, MI University of Vermont Advisory Panel for Ethics Burlington, VI' and Values Studies Joseph lAmgo Rockwell International Science Center James H. Williams, Jr Rosemary Chalk Thousand Oaks, CA Massachusetts Institute of 'rechnologe Consultant Cambridge, MA Terry Loucks Cambridge, MA Technolow Nttrum Ciunpany Ward 0 Winer Clifford Gnibstein Worchester MA Georgia Institute ol Technctlogy Pnigram on Science. Tecluudogy, Atlanta, GA Gene M. Nordby and Public Affairs University of Colorado, Denver University of California, San Diew) DIRECTORATE FOR BIOLOGICAL, Harold W Paxton Joseph B. Kadane Carnegie-Mellon tiniversity BEIIAVIORAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Department ofStatistics Piusburgh, PA Carnegie-Mellon IMiversity Advisory Committee for Biological, Pittsburgh, PA John Rvdz Behavioral, and Social Sciences Emhart Corporation Barry lachter lartford, CT Lawrence Bogorad VanderbiltI. Miversity Nashville, TIN Arthur Trabant Department of Ilioltigs Ifniversitv of Delaware, Newark II:Irv:1rd University DouglasE. Mad.can Cambridge, MA Center for Philosophy and IkuhiliPolley Erie Walker University of Maryland l'ort Itoyal Plantatkm David Cohen for Research and Dean of the College ',ark, MI) lilton I lead, SC vp (,raduate SLUR)) Nicholas Steneck Northwestern lIniversity Department till listory Advisory CommiUce for Engineering Evanston, II Ilniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor Science in Mechanics, Structures, and Roche! Gelman Donald Warwick Materials Engineering Department of Psychology Harvard Institute for International Devvlopment Dan K.Ai University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Cambridge, MA Aluminum Ctnupany or AnriLa Frederick Mosteller AlcoaCenter, PA Department ofHealth Polky & lanaliiL'!i -IAVIORAL AND NEURAL 5ClENflS Harvard University Samuel Aroni Advisory Panel for Anthropological of Architecture and tirban Planning Cambridge, MA School Systematic Collections University of California, Los Angeles Peter Raven Lia V. Brillhart Director Barbara H. Butler Triton College Missouri licitanical Garden Museum of NaturalHistory River Grove, II. St. Louis, MO University of Delaware Newark, DE Gordon Brown Eastman Kodak Conipany Rochester, NY Donald Harleman Massachusetts Institute of Techm)logy Cambridge, MA Maurice Holmes Xeroxanporation Webster, NY Martin C. Jischke University of Oklalu ma Norman, OK Karl N. Reid Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK James Rice Harvard University Cambridge, MA A, William Ruff, JE National Bureau o , Washington, D.C.

86 NATIONAL SCIENCE VouNDATION Phillip Lewis icflrey [Oilman Gregg C. Oden Fiekl Museum Islatural listory Washington linlversity Department of Psychology Chicago, II. St Louis, MO University of Wisconsin Nang 0 Lurie ittinaldgAiy Madison, WI Milwaukee Public Massachusetts Institute Susan U. Philips Bruce McMillan Cambridge, MA Department of Anthroj Illinois State M LISCLII ii !Oily A. MIXkly University of Arizima Anna Mxisevelt University of Virginia 'Meson, AZ New York, NY Charlottesville, VA

John P31k3 Advisory Panel for Memory Advisory Panel for Archaeology Department of Zoolog and CognitiveProcesses and Physical Anthropology University of Washingu In (all In university psychology clepa mos (allin university anthropology departments Seattk, WA unless otherwise listed) unless otherwise listed) mu.M1ngl'oo Sam Clucksberg Yale lInhersity JohnathanS. Priedlaender Princeton Universit Temple University New Riven, CT Princett in,NI Philadelphia, PA MichaelStryker Prank Keil Donald Grayson University of California CornellUniversity University of Washington San Erandsco, Ithaca, NY Seattle, WA C. Nnoininue Toran-Alleran - Gail McKoon Clifford J. Jolly Inst. (or the Study of litimat i Reprodtion Northwegern University New Thrk University Ctilt11111113 University Evanston, II, New York, NY New York, NY Douglas I. Ntedin William ,k IA mgacre, University of Illinois Advisory llniversity of Arizona PanelfoIfltc rFative llrbana, Meson, A7, NeuralSystems Linda B. Srnit Douglas W Owsley John 11.11)TIIe Indiana University Bloomington, IN Department of Geography andAnthropology Department of Physkilogy & Rioicm Louisiana Stale UniiiCriffy t I niversiry of Texas Medical uml James Voss Auslio,1)4 Baum Rouge, IA Learning Research & T Erik Tonkaus Anthony Caggiula University cif Pittsburgh University of New Mexico Departmentof Psycholto, Albuquerque, NM IniverAy of Pittsburgh Advisory Panel for Molecular Raymond) Dingledine and Cellular Neurobiology Departnienof Advisory Panel for Archaeome y Pharmacolop-- Marjorie A. Arian() t Iniversicy of North Can di na Department of Anatomy & Netirohiolig Francis II.Brown Chapel 11111,NC Department of Geology & Geophysics University of Vermont University of Utah Patricia WW1 Burlington, VI` Cleveland Chiropractic Salt Lake City UT Anne M. Etgen Department ofAnatomy Albert Einstein College of MediCine Jeremy A. Sal-40ff Los Angelo,CA Department of Anthropology Department of Psychiatry Llniversity of Pittsburgh Josh Wallin) Bronx, NY Department of Biology Gordon Curoff Edward V cayre City College of Nov Conservation Analytical lAboratory National Instilutes of !WaldNil I) Smithsonian Institution Charles J. Wilson Bethesda,mr) Dcpartnynior Anatomy Washington, DC Mark) ManineA-Carrion tiniversityof Tennessee Virginia Commonwealth University Jerry Stipp Knoxville, TN Department of Geology Richmond, VA University of Miami Robert J. Milner Advisory Panelfortingifis,----,ties Scripps Clinic Fred Wendorf (all in university linguistieed=epartmersts Department ofAntlircipcilogv unIcss La Jolla, CA otherwise listed ) Southern Methodist University Thomas L. QUit imic hue Dallas, TX Sheila E. ilhonstein NationalInstitutes of I lealth Ilrown Unhersity Bethesda, roD Provklence, Advisory Panel for Developmental Hobert Perlman Neuroscience Lyle Campbell University of BIM Department ofAnthropmilogy Urbana, It, Gordon Guroff SUNY at Alkuly National Institutes of Ilealth Guillermo R. Pilar Bethesda, MD Sandra Chung The Biological Sciences (in mop iversity of California, San I University of Connecticut Fredrick C. Kaufmann Storrs, CT University of Maryland David MeNeill College Park, MD University of Chicago Charles I. Schauf Lise Menn Deportment of Physiolo)..,vy Pal R. Levitt Department of Psychokw linsh.Presbyterian, St. Lukc's Mediral College of Pennsylvania Chicago. II, Philadelphia, PA University of California, 1./).A1--1

ANNt tm.itroovrr, 7 Timothy J. 'ley ler Robert Fox June Schneider Department of Netm)biology Department of Psychology City I !niversity of New 'iOrk Nhinheastern Ohio University Vanderbilt Ilniversity Program in Anthroptilogy Rixnstown, 011 Nashville, TN New York, NY Gregory A. Weiland Charles D. Gilbert Cornell liniversity Central Visual Studies AdvisoryPanel for Social and Ithaca, NY Rockefeller University Developmental Psychokw New Thrk, NV Jack Brehm Advisory Panel for Psychobioloff N.I Ialpern Department of Psychol()gy (all in university psycholog) departments Department of Anatonw l!niversity of Kansas unless otherwise listed) SUM' - Stony lin )ok lAwrence, KS Jeanne Altniann Peter II, Hardine Marilyn IS. Brewer Alice Lalmratory of Animal Behavior Eve Research Institute of the Retina Eiuui,daiiuun Institute for Smial Science I esearch Universiw of Chicago Boston, NIA university (it Caldornia, IA Roy 1,, Cakiwell Eric I. Knuds(m Ciraziono Stanford University University of California, Berkeley Department of Psycludogy Department of Neuniliiokigy University of Georgia Donald A. D,i,vAniry Stanford, CA University of Florida Atiwns, GA G.ainesville, FL Masakam Konishi CaroI Naw Jacklin (:alm1i-nk, institute ot TeChnology Bert Hondo!) ler Universiw of Southern California,IA Pa CA NIuseum unuparath'e Dean G. Pruitt I larvard lIniversity La, Kruger Department of Psycholow Cambridge, MA University (il California, IA SUNY at Burial() Department i if Anatomy Stewart I I. 1 luke Berkeley, CA Richard Schulz. Johns I lopkins University 1tniversity (il Pittsburgh Bakinuire, MD Foteos Macrides Worcester Foundation for Experilmtal Biology Leonard E. ,larrard Shrewsbury MA MOM SYS`l'EMS AND RESOURCES \Washington 4.\k Lee Cniversit Lexington, VA Robert F Miller Advisory Panel for Ecology Department of Ophthalmology Barrv IL Komisaruk Washington 1Iniversity George 0. liatzli Institute of Animal Behavior St Dmis, MO Department of Ect tlogy litho] and Evolution Rutgers (Iniversity University of Illinois New Brunswick, NI Lawrence Pinto Ilrhana, 11, Purdue l'niversity Donaki IKniodsma Departmentif Biological S iences B. Ben Bob( iiI University ol Massachusetts West lAfayeue, IN Natal Project Boston, MA University of Ilawaii Nhirray IL Sachs limolulti, Ill J. Ilruce Overmier Department of Biomedical ingineering University of Minnesi-aa ,fohns Flopkins University David C, Coleman Minneapolis, MN Baltimore, MD Natural Resource Foilogy Lii ii iran try \William D. Timberlake Colorado State 17niversity Steven K. Shevell Indiana (Iniversity Fort Collins, CO Department of Behavioral Sciences likximington, IN University of Chicago, II, Alan P Covich Meredith J. West Department of Zoology Carol Welt University of Niirth Cjii tuna University of Oklahoma Waisman Center on Human Petardation and Chapel Hill, NC Norman, OK Human DevekTmem Stephen C. WoOdS University of Wisconsin D. A. Crossley University of Washington Madison, WI Department of Enumuulogy Seattle, WA University or Georgia William A. }Z)st Athens, GA Department of Psycht)logy OtolarVngOlOgy Advisory Panel for Sensory Physiology Ia )yola University Stanley I. Dodson and Perception Chicago, II, Department of 7(iology University of \Wisconsin Richan' Altschuler Madison, WI Kresgei .learing Research Institute AdvisoryPanel for Social and Diana W Freckman University of Michigan Cultural Anthropology Department of Nematology Ann Ar..-,or, MI Michael Burum University of C.alikirnia-Riverside Gary K. Beauchamp University of California-irvine lenry S. I lorn Morten Chemical Senses Center Patricia Draper Department of Wow Philadelphia, PA Pennsylvania State University Princeuin lIniversity Randolph lake University Park, PA Princeton,NI Northwestern University Conrad Kona% Michael J. Klug Department of Psychology University of Michigan WK. Kellogg Biological Station Evansum, IL Ann Arbor, MI Mi. ,iigan State I Iniversity Carol Cicerone Renalto I. Rosaldo 1,,ast Lansing, NII Department of Psych()h)gy Stanford University Ilniversity of California, San I )iego Stank)rd, CA

85rim a:v.4m. sciEricE Rita tige Liv Judy I. Meyer van B. ljiulicrt Deprimeni of Plant 1)Atlux )1oK,,y Department of Zookw Department of l'awiron ti la t Virgighlywchoic Itistiiitte and;Ititt,, University of Georgia Organismic 1101 l'Hitasity Athens, GA VA William J. Parton Eidullich" I lira W. LI Nacu nd Resource Ecoltw lali la tins li Pitelko Derma lleni of Fisheries aim _nd Coktrado State University lici)logical studies Prokt r-n OregoSmte University Von Collins, CO Electric lit Avcr Researcl-A IWiiuii CorvilIK OR William II. Patrick l'alo Alto, CA Riehatlit Mack center for Wetland ttrces Leslie Real IN2nJoini Louisiana Mate University Department of Zigilo}.ty Washlnimn Slaw I:Myer liaton Rouge, L.A North Carolina State I 4-1 holly P011nut Eldirr A. Paul Raleigh, NC PatriNA.Slorrow Department of Plant & Soil Milt tgy Susan Riechert Depoim of Paralt-gy c_laviortil University of California, Berkeley Department til Vatology Ilniwity of mintiest na liniversity of Tennessee Nilti nopolls, MN Timothy R. Staiterlt Department of Ilioloq Knoxville, 171 JaCk KM1Sas State University Barham A. schual Pest iAllesearch Lahorigtiirv Manhattan, KS Washingkm University' Penosykidi state Universil ity St. lamis, MQ tnivasiiy Park, PA Herman It Shugart Department of Environmental Sciences T Stormer Jack A Milord Ilniversity of Virginia sSyyrr2sse ,eIrll \riliversity" Fhabodlake Biological N4-a:ution Charlottesville, VA mieusily of Montana Keith Van Cleve Missoli,4f Joseph Travis Forest Soils Laboratory Florida State lIniversit INinaldit Sating, Jr Iniversity of Alaska Tillahassee, EL Deparma of Biological S;ciences Fairbanks, AK FlOrkk SEW IliiVersiO,' W;ide Walter G. Whitiord liillalukste, ,niversity of Chicago, Department of Bkilog!,' PatricklWebber New Mexico State Universi y Arcticod Alpine Reselrciv Campus las Cruces, NM II:teltricTueVritLiiryersity' l!nivemyof West Lafayette, IN Bottlder.co Advisory Panel fo"1puIa1ion Biology 'biology or biological Darrell G West and Physiological .nogy t Oak IFAke National Laborat....=,ory, TN Warren Abrahamson Donald K Whitehead Advisory Panel for SyN.-Intir X3iology Bucknell University Piz= :ant DcPariliol or BOWI hOlOgy Lewisburg, PA Gregory J. Anderson iThipg Nlaine Deparmiera of Ilitilogy Janis Antonovies knigor, liii Iniversity or CAinnecticts Deparmient of litnany Storrs, er AdVison'I'mel for EcoS5-stern StUdies Duke Ilniversitv Durham, NC Richard C. Brusca Life Science Diyisiol Carol KO. Illedsoe Fakhri Bazzaz L.A. County Museum ti CollegeolForest gesonrc Department of Organismic & Los Angeles, CA Washingam livolutkinary Bioltigy Sealtle,WA Hao'ard University Sherwin Carliquist William(' Cale Cambridge, MA Department of Botany DC1130111011 of EnviroorneliMEal Sciences Albert li Bennett Ranch() Santa Ana llotani4:Crilen Santa Ana, CA LiniVOSitiof Texas.Dallas Ihniversity of Giffin-ilia Irvine' Anthony Rochelle Jerry Wilwood James Ehleringer Departmet a of %WOW DivisioadEmininmental SW.---4ciences University of Utah' Oklahoma State Oak Rik:NationaI Laboran()ry, TN Salt Lake City UT StElwater, OK Mary Klirounie 1)(llighLs lkauyma James E. Estes Deparkia of Plant 5 Soil Biology Ecology & Symematics Departmem of [totally Univc001 Cornell University University of Oklahoma Ithaca, NY Jerry Frrinklin Norman, QK Eurem scams Laboratory Nelson G. flairston, Jr. Daniel C. Fisher Oregonbe IMiversity Ecokigy & Systematk museum of Paleontology Corvallis,OR Cornell I In iversit y I in iversity of Michigan Ithaca, NY James Ann Arbor, mi Deparima iii za-Ailogy David loom. linivepiliof Wisconsin Jack IPisher Department c, Zoology Fairchild Thipical C iarderi Madism,WI University of maryland Jerry KI.Melillo College Park, MD v.bousiklie Ocean( raph IC Jean Gilmartin I 115111 ution MA Cathy CI Laurie-Ahlbe,'g Department of Genetics Department of liotanY Washington State Univer i North Carolina State University Polk-nail, WA Raleigh, NC 9 6 As,,,,. 1986 89 John It Gold George M. Langford Kathryn B. Horwitz Genetics Section Department of Physiolow Health Sciences Center Texas A & M University University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill University of Colorado College Station, TX Andrea M. Mastro Denver, CO Morris Goodman Department of Biochemistry Microbiolo Joan K. 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Sherman Department of Botany Department of Botany Department of lmniunolog% Miami University University of Georgia-Athens Scripps Clinic & Research F undation Oxford, 011 Raymond Reeves L.:a Jolla, CA Diane B. Stein Department of Genetics and Celliolog Margaret A. Shupnik Department of Biological Sciences Washington State University Mass. General Hospital Mount Holyoke College Pullman, WA Boston, 1M South Hadley MA Keith Ray Shelton Kenadall Smith Department of Biochemistry Department of Medicine CELLULAR BIOSCIENCES Virginia Commonwealth University Dartmouth Medical School Advisory Panel for Cc II Biology Richmond, VA Hanover, NH Robert Alan Bloodgood Eugene L. Vigil Stuart R. Taylor Department of Anatomy USDA Agricultural Research Cemer Department of I'harmacologv University of Virginia School of Medicine BelLsville, MD Mayo Foundation Charlottesville, VA Christopher C. Widnell Rochester, MN Lilly Yuen Wen Bourguignon Department of Matomy & Cell Biolo Gregory W Warr Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology University of Pittsburgh, PA Department of Biochemistry University of Miami Medical School Medical University of South Carolina Coral Gables, Ft Advisory Panel for Cellular Physiology Charleston, SC David S. Forman Harold Behrman Maurice Zauderer Department of Microbiology Department of Anatomy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Uniformed Services Univ of the Yale University School of Medicine University of Rochester, NY Health Sciences New Haven, CT Bethesda, MD Carol Cowing Advisory Panel for Developmental Biology William T Garrard Medical lining)Institu e John E Ash Department of Biochemistry Li Jolla, CA University of Texas Health Science Center University of Utah" San Antonio, TX Carol J. Deutsch Salt Lake City [1T Department of Physiology Michael Green Kate E Harald University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Department of Microbiology Philadelphia, PA St. Louis University School of Medicine University of Michigan Medical School St. Louis, MO Norman Lee Eberhardt Ann Arbor, MI Metabolic Research Unit Anthony Robert Cashmore Jonathan WJ:uvik University of California, San Francisco Carnegie-Mellon UniverY Laboratory of Cell Biolow Pittsburgh, PA Dean Edwards The Rockefeller University Department of Pathology New York, NY Ajit Kumar University of Colorado John J. Eppig Department of Biochemistry Boulder, CO George Washington University Medical Center Jackson Laborauwy Washington, DC James C. Garrison Bar Harbor, ME Department of Pharmacology Leon Kwang Lewis J. Feldman University of Virginia School of Medicine Department of Botany Department of Zoology Charlottesville, VA University of Tennessee University of California Knoxville, TN Jeffrey M. Harmon Berkeley, CA Department of Defense Vicioria Finnerty Uniformed Services Univ of the *biology or biological sciences department Emory University Health Sciences Atlanta, GA Bethoda, MD **anatomy depar nt

SCIENCE FOUNDATION 9 7 Frank C. Greene Mary A. Yond Advisory Panel for Regulatory Biology Western Regional Re.search Center Department of Genetics U.S. Department of Agriculture University of California, Berkeley Eldon Braun Albany CA Department of Physiology Thomas J. Guilfovle Advisory Pand for Eukaryotic Genetics University of Arizona, Tucson Department of Botany Sylvia Christakos University Of Minnesota at St. Paul James J. Bonner Indiana University, Bloomington' Department of Biochemistry S. Robert Hilfer University of Medicine and Dentis Temple University Robin E. Denell New Jerse.; Newark Kansas State University Manhattan' Philadelphia, PA Patricia Decoursey Ann M. Hirsch Christine Guthrie University of South Carolina, Columbia Department of Biochemistry & I3iophvsics Wellesley College August W Epple University of California, San Francisco Wellesley, MA Department of Anatomy Eugene Katz Larkin Curtis Hannah Thomas Jefferson College Department of Microbiol gv Vegetable Crops Departm nt Philadelphia, PA University of Florida SUNY Stony Brook John C. S. Frav Gainesville, FL Long Island, NY iniversity of Massachusetts Medical School Claudette Klein Alan N. Howell Worcester, MA Department of Biochemistry University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston Gilbert S. Greenwald St. Louis University School of Medicine Thomas Kialfman University of Kansas Medical School St. Louis, MO Department of Biolow Lawrence, KS Indiana University Jack E Lilien Jeffrey Hazel Bloomington, IN Zoology Research Building Department of Zoology University of Wisconsin Charles S. Levings Arizona State University Tempe Madison, WI Department of Genetics Cecil A Herman North Carolina State University Charles D. Little New Mexico State University' Raleigh, NC University of Virginia" Lis Cruces, NM Charlottesville, Va Joseph Nadeau Fred J. Karsch The Jackson Laboratory Richard B. Marchase Reproductive Endocrinology Program Bar Harbor, ME Depanment of Cell Biolow and Anatomy University of Michigan, Ann Arbor University of Alabama Carol Newlon Harry J. I.ipner Birmingham, AL Department of Microhio Ilvgv Florida State University' New Jersey Medical Sclnxil Laurens J. Mets Tallahassee, FL University of Chicago' Newark, NJ Lynn M. Riddiford Roy O. Morris Shirleen Roeder Department of Zoolow Department of Biology Department of Agricultural Chemistry University cm Washington Yalu Universit Oregon State University Seattle, WA Corvallis, OR New Haven, CT Howard J. Saz Rodney J. Rothstein William I). Park University of Notre Dame Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics Department of Human Geoetic.s Development Notre Dame, IN Texas,A & M University Columbia University Dorothy Skinner College Station, TX New York, NY East Tennessee State Univer Rudolf A. MT George A. Scangos Johnson City TN Indiana University Johns Hopkins University' Milton H. SteuiOn Bloomington, IN Baltimore, MD School of Life & Health Science Melvin I. Simon Kenneth R. Robins n University of Delaware Purdue University California Institut - of TLchnokigr Newark, DE W Lafayette, IN Pasadena, CA C. Richard bylor Joan V Ruderman Christopher R. Somerville museum of Comparati Harvard Medical St. Department of Botany & Plan Patholow Harvard University Michigan State University Cambridge, rs. tA Cambridge, MA E. Lansing, MI LificOln David W Towle Edward Wakeland University of California, Santa Cruz' University of Richmond. VA Department of Pathology William H. Telfer University of Florida John C. Wingfield University of Pennsylvania* Gainesville, FL Rockefeller University Philadelphia, PA New York, NY Keith R. Yamamoto Gail L Waring Department of Biochemistry & IMoplimics Marquette University* University of California, San Francisco 'biology or biological sciences department Milwaukee, WI Michael W. Young Fred H. Wilt Rockefeller University Department of Zoology New York, NY University of California, B rkeley William E M. Wold 'biology or biological sciences department institute for Molecular Virolow St. Louis University School of Medicine

*biology or biological sciences department 'anatomy department 98 ANNU ruieotrr, viscoa. YEAR 198691 MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES Robert Webster Bruce Averill Duke University Advisory Panel for Biochernist_I Department of Chemistry Durham, NC University of Virginia (all in university biochemistry departments Charlottesville, VA unless otherwise listed) Advisory Panel for Biological Stephen G. Boxer Keith Brew Instrumentation Department of Chemistry University of Miami Stanford University Robert C. Cooks Gerald M. Car Lson Stanford, CA University of Mississippi Department of Chemistry Purdue University I.udwig Brand University, MS W lalayette, IN Department of Biology Richard L. Cross Johns Hopkins University James Cronshaw SUNY-Upstate Medical Center Baltimore, MD Department of Biological Sciences New York, NY University of California, Santa Barbara Gerald Fasman Raymond Frederick Gesteland Department of Biochemistry Department of Iliokw Margaret K. Essenberg Brandeis University University of Utah Department of Biochemistry Waltham, MA Salt 1.ake City, UT Oklahoma State ITniversity Stillwater, OK Gerald Feigenson Arthur Edward Johnson Department of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry Alfred F Esser Cornell University University of Okkihoma Department of Comparative & Fxperi- Ithaca, NY Norman, OK mental Patholow University of Florida, Gainesville David Gorenstein George Kenyon Department of Chemistry Department of Pharmacolow & Chemistry Robert p Futrelle Purdue University University of California Department of Genetics S: Development W Lafayette, IN University of Illinois, lThana Berkeley CA Stephen Harvey Jack F Kirsch Lynda Goff University of Akima, Birmingham University of C;tliforni;r-flerkelev Department of Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Sherwin Lehrer William H. Konigsberg Muscle Research Institute Department of Molecular Biophysics and David G. Gorenstein BiNton Bkrmedical institute, ts.LA Biochemistry Department ol Chemistry University of Illinois, Chicago Ira Levin Yale University Laboratory of Chemistry S Physics New Haven, CT Fred L. Heffron National institutes of I lealth Fred Russell Kramer Molecular 13k)k)gyeScripps Clinic Bethesda, MI) Institute Cancer Research and Research Foundation La Jolla, CA Richard Malkin Columbia University Department of Plant &nil 13kikigy New Nbrk, NY Jan Hermans University of California, Berkeley Jack Kyle University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC Stanley Opella .Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Llniversity of California-San Diego John 1.2ngmore iniversity of Pennsylvania Leroy F. Lui Biophysics Research Philadelphia, PA Department of Biological Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Graham Palmer Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Department of Biochemistry Baltimore, MI) Richard A Laursen Rice University Carolyn MacGregor Department of Chemistry Houston, Tx Boston University, MA Arlington, VA Gary Quigley Carl Parker Warner Peticolas Massachusetts Institute of lechnolt gv Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Cambridge, MA California Technical institute University of Oregon Eugene, OR Francis Salemme Pasadena, CA Department of Central Research R, Michael Roberts John Michael Schurr The moult Company Department of Biochemi Department of Chemistry Wilmington, DE University of Missouri University of Ahshington Seattle, WA Thomas Schleich Columbia, MO Division of Natural Science Charles 0 Rock Thdd M, Schuster Itniversity of California, Santa Cruz St, Jude Childrenk Hospital Department of Biological Science University of Connecticut, Storrs James P Thornber Memphis, TN Department of Bit)Im Okl G Uhlenbeck John E. Smart University of California, Los Mgeles University of Colorado Mogen Research Corporation MA Boulder, CO Advisory Panel for Metabolic Biology David Wemmer Department of Chemistry Roger N, Beach Boston University, MA Department of Biology Washington University Advisory Panel far Biophysics St, Louis, MO Norma amen Department of Biology Wesleyan University Middletown, CT 9 9 92 NATIONAL . CIENCE FOUNDATION Samuel Beale Richard S. Hanson SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCE Department of Blot Gray Freshwater Biol. Institute Division of Biolow & Navarre, MN Advisory Panel for Decision and Brown University Management Science Dennis J. Henner Puwidence,RI Genentech Inc. Alfred Blumstein Diana S. Beattie San Francisco, CA School of Urban & Public Affairs Department of Biochemistr Stephen H. Hughes Carnegie-Mellon t Iniversity West Virginia University NCI-Frederick Cancer Research Center Pittsburgh, PA Morgantown, WV Frederick, MD Emilio Caseui Barbara K. Burgess Ethel N. Jackson Department of Geography Department of Molecular Biokigy Bethesda, MD Ohio State University and Biochemistrv Columbus, OH University of California, Irvine Julius H. Jackson Department of Microbiology C. West Churchman Mary Lou Ernst-Fonberg Meharry Medical College Center for Research in_anagement Department of Biochemistry Nashville, TN University of California Quillen-Dishner College Los Angeles, CA Johnson City, TN Paul S. Lovett Department of Biolog-y Ward Edward.s Mark Jacobs Director, Social Science Res -arch institinion Department of Iliokiw University of Maryland Catonsville, MD University of Southern California, I,os Angeles Swarthmore College Swarthmore, pA K. Brooks Low Kenneth II. Hammond Department of Radiology Center for Research on Judgment and policy Edward R. Leadhetter Yale University Iiniversity of Colorado Department of Molecular & Cell Bio MN' New Haven, CT Boulder, CO University cif Ccinnecticut, Storrs Anne G. Macthys. e Kingsley E. Haynes Peter Makiney Department of Botany School of Public & Envircrimental Affairs Department of Physiolcigy Indiana Universit: Ilkmmington Johns Hopkins Universitv Universitv of North Can)lina Chapel Hill, NC Baltimore. MD Gary I,. [Alien Peter A. Pauee Ccillege of Business Administration Richard E. McCarty Department of MiCrobiology Pennsylvania State University Sectkm of lik chiemjsirv & M kilecul Bit I University Park, PA Cornell University Iowa State University of Science & Technukigv Ames, IA Ithaca, NrY Andrew P Sage Robert L. Quackenbush Associate Vice President for AL idemic Affairs Thomas Moore, Jr. Department of Microbic) George Mason University Department of Ihnany lJniversity of Sciuth Dakota Fairfax, VA Louisiana State University Vermillion, SD Baton Rouge, IA John Reeve Advisory Panel for Economics Peter I I. Quail (all in university economics departments unless Department of BotaL Department of Microbiolo- otherwise listed) University of Wisconsin, Madison Ohio State University Columbus, OH Beth Allen Clarence A Ryan, Jr. University of Pennsylvania Department of Agricultural Chemistry Monica Riley Department of Biochemistry Philadelphia. PA Washington State University Pullman SUNY-Stony Brook, NY Theodore Bergstrom Jerome A. Schiff ilniversity of Michigan Institute for Plaitobiology Marcus M. Rhoades, Jr. Department of Microbiology Ann Arbor, MI Brandeis University University of Mississippi Medical Center Waltham, MA Ernst Berndt Jackson, MS Massachusetts Instititte of lechnolo Thomas H. Wilson Priscilla A Schaffer Cambridge, MA Department cg. Physiok-igy Laboratory of Tumor Virus Harvard Medical School Alan Blinder Duna-Farher Cancer Institute Boston, MA Brookings institutitin Boston, MA Washington, DC David Zakini Cornell University Medical College David E. Sheppard Jcinathan Eaton Ithao, NY School of Life & I lealth Sciences University of Virginia University of Delaware, Newark Charlottesville, VA Advisory Panel for Prokaryotic Genetics Michael It Silverman Richard Gilbert Microbial Genetics Section University of California, Berkeley George S. Beaudreu Agouron Institute Department of Agricultural Cheniisir La Jolla, CA Charles Manski University of Wit; Oregon State University Corvallis Philip M. Silverman Charles E Eurhart Department of Molecular Bio Robert Porter Department of Microbiology Albert Einstein College of Medicine SUNIY-Stony Brook, NY University of 11,txas, Austin Yeshiva University Thomas Romer New York, NY Richard Frisque Carnegie-Mellon University Department of Microbiology Loren R. Snyder Pittsburgh, PA Pennsylvania State University Michigan State Univ rsity Ltn.sing Alvin Roth university Park, PA University of Pittsburgh PA

ANNUAL REPORT, FISC 98693 "Ilioniata=s Sargent iter Advisory Panel fomir Political Science Hooves=r Institution Stanfor=d, CA (all in universiry par=ilitical science/governmi Sklar departments ttim-dess otherwise listed) Alan Stockman ty of Michigm James Ak Univere.-=Aty of Rochester, NY Anr tsr,MI Washington Universirmty Nancy I L Stokey sober SE. Louis, MO Kello- Graduate School ,n iment 0f philosop4 David W Brady Nortirestern University ;A-sity of Wisconsin Rice University Evanst=n, .lison, Houston, TX Lawren-sace II. Summers Harvarl University John FL Chamberlin Advisory Panel for law and SociW Institute of Public PcJnolicy Studies CaMbridge, MA Sciences University of Michign Jeffrey Q. Williamson Gordon Bermant Arm Arbor, MI HarvarJ University Federal Judicial Center Pamela y Conover Carnbri-Adge, MA Washington, DC University of North rarolina Chapel Bill Charles A. Wilson Phoebe Ellsworth Michael Lewis-Beck New li>=irk University Department of Psyehbgy University of Iowa New Yc,rk, NY Stanford University Iowa City, IA KennetEM Wolpin Stanford, CA Ohio Srite University Barbara D. Sinclair Joel B. Cirossman University of Califorrula ia, Rive Colunilus, OH Department of PoliticaBdence James A_ Stimson University of Wisconsin,Madison University of Houstor-n, TX Adviso.,wry Panel for Geography and Lynn M. Mather Herbert E Weisberg Regiorial Science Department of GOvernain Ohio State Universit)- (all in t=aniversity geography departments or Dartmouth College Columbus, OH schools unless otherwise listed) Hanover, NH Marilyn Brown Dina X Zinnes Albert J. Reiss, Jr. University of Illinois Oak ftilge National Laborator); TN Department of Sociohq Urbana, IL Andrew- - Isserman Yale University Regionaaal Research institute New Haven, Cr Advisory Panel for West Vic-Arginia University Joseph Sanders Sociology Morganertown, WV Law Center (all in university socAliology departments unless otherwise liscd) Edward y Malecki University of Houston Universadty of Florida, Gainesville Steven Shavell William T Bielby University of Califon- -ia, Santa Barbara Nelson 1 R Nunnally Harvard Law School UniverSUaty of North Carolina Cambridge, MA Glenn Carroll Chapel L Hill, NC School of Busintr.s m--frninistration University of Califort-amAa, Berkeley David R. Reynolds Advisory Panel for Mcaurement Methods UniverSLary of Iowa and Mark Granovetter Iowa Citmty tA Data Improvement SUNY at Stony Brook Billie L. Turner, II Robert E Boruch Frances E. Kohrin-Gudscheider Clark Or-setiversity Department of Psychdow Brown University Worcestr, MA Northwestern ilniver,ity Providence, RI Evanston, II. Peter V. Marsden Advisomey Panel for History Patrick L. BrOckett University of North C-=-=-rolina and Phlosophy of Science Professor, Department ()f Finance Chapel Hill, NC (all in P.,---z_niversit)' history & philosophy of University of Texas, Atisim Jeylan Mortimer seiene. - departments unless otherwise listed) Clifford C. Clogg University of Minneso.:--ta, Minneapolis Richard W Burkhardt, Jr. Institute for Policy Resurcli& Ev Iuation Michael tiseem Departrent of History Penn State University Boston University; MX University Park, PA Universiw-ty of Illinois, Urbana Lynne G. Zucker Nancy C.-=-_-rtwright A. Kimball Romney University of California, Los Angeles Stanford University School of Social Science Stanford CA University of California,Inine Edward 0. Constant Donald 13. Rubin Carnegl-Mellon University Department of Statis PittsburE,=h, PA Harvard University Cambridge, MA Richard 01.C. Jeffrey Departirr-ixent of Philosophy 1. Paul SchultZ Princetori University Economic Grriwth Cenlet Princeter-mn, NI Yale University New Haven, CT Robert Kargon Johns -spkins University Harold W. Watts Baltimor.=.v, MD Center for Social glow Columbia University New York, NY

94 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION DIRECTORATE FOR GEOSCIENCES John It Booker Bruce D. Marsli Geophysics Program Department of haah and Plan Science Advisory Committee for University of Washington Johns Hopkios University Atmospheric Sciences Seattle, WA Baltimore, MP Susan R Avery W Gary Ernst Judith A, Mamie Cooperative Institute for Research in Department of Earth and Space Sciences University of Florkla Environmental Sciences University of California, Los Angeles Gainesville, Ii University of Colorado Arthur R Green Richard J. O'Gmodl Boulder, CO Exxon Production Research Company Harvard Uniumily' Lance E Bosart Houston, TX Cambridge, MA Department of Aim spheric Science' Stanley R. Hart Peter Price SUM' at Albany Department Of Earth and Planetary Science Littleton, CO Robert L. Carovillano Massachusetts Institute of Technology Thomas J. Slooklind Department of Physics Cambridge, MA Geophysics Ortt9 Boston College, MA Miriam Kastner Los Alamos Word Laboratory Stanley Changnon Scripps Instittrion of Oceanography Los Alamos, NM Illinois Stare Water Survey University of California, San Diego LaJolla, CA Robert B. Smith Champaign, EL Department offieolog and Get)ph,..-.-sic Robert A. Duce Susan W Keiffer University of thu Salt Lake Graduate School of Oceanography U.S. Geological Survey tlniversity of Rhode Island James R. Steidlorans James J. Papike University of Wymning, Laramie* Kingston. RI Department of Geologw and Geol mai John W Valley Robert A. Booze Engineering Department of Geology and Geoph---,sics Department of Atmospheric Sciences South Dakota School of Mines and Technology University of Oconsin, Madimm University of Washington Rapid City SD Seattle, WA Karen I.. Prestegaard David Walker Department of Geological Sciences Colunibia Universily. James F Kimpel New Thrk, NY Department of Meteorology University of Illinois-Chicago University of Oklahoma David M. Raup Norman, OK Department of Geophysical Sciences *geology or geologia sciences deprtment Mukul Kundu University of Chicago, IL Department of Astronomy Peter A, Scholle Advisory Committee for Ocean :Sciences University of Maryland Department of Geological Sciences Donald Boesch) College Park, MD Southern Methodist University Louisiana Univershies Marine 7 n Sharon K. LeDuc Dallas, TX Chauvin, IA NOAA/AISC, Models Branch Robert W Corcll Columbia, MO EarthScienCeS Proposal Review Panel Marine Programillnikling Jennifer Logan Subir K Banerjec University of New Hampshire, Dorhairn Center for Earth and Planetary Plwsics Dept of Geology and Geophysics Harvard University Robert G. Douglis University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Institute for Mirk and Coastal Stud As Cambridge, NU% Arthur I.. Bloom University of southern California,LO. An vies Harold D. Orville Cornell Univer.sity Institute of Atmospher:c Sciences Terrence Joyee Ithaca, NY South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Dept. of Physical Orwnography Rapid City SD Maryellen Cameron Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. Department of Geology and Geophysics Woods Mile, INB Manfred H. Rees University of Oklahoma Geophysical Institute David M. tirl Norman, OK Department of Oceanography University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK Richard W. Carlson University of Hamill, Honolulu Dept. of Terrestrial Magnetism I,. Jay Langfelder Barry Saltzman Carnegie Institution of Wishington Department of Geology & Geoj,hvsics Harbor Branch Oinographic Instiririoii Inc. Washington, DC Ft. Pierce, El. Yale University New Haven, CT Darrel S. Cowan Margaret Leine° University of Washington* Graduate Scluvl of OceanographY Seattle, WA University of Ithule Nland, Narraganti Advisory Committee for Ear h Sciences Gregory A Davis &fan I Lewis Samuel Adams University of Southern California* Department of Oceanography Department of Geology & Geological Los Angeles, CA University of Withingion, Seattle Engineering Colorado School of Mines Thomas H. Jordan John li, Martin Boulder, CO Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Moss Landing Maine laboratory Planetary Sciences San Jose State University Don L Anderson Massachusetts Institute of Technology Moss landing, CA Division of Geological and Planetary Science Cambridge, MA California Institute of Technology Mary Jane Perry Pasadena, CA I-I. Richard Lane Department of Ommography Amoco Research Center University of Washington, Seattle ThIsa, OK

(12 AVM REPORT, FISCAL 198695 Thomas C. Royer Teh-Lung Ku .lames R. Heinzler Institute of Marine Science Depattment of Geological Sciences NASA/Goddard Spa Flight Center University of Alaska, Hirhanks Unix: of Southern California, Los Angeles Greenbelt, MD Constance Sancetta Michael T. Ledbetter David Hopkins Lamont-Doherty Geological Obseret ory Moss Landing Marine lalis Dept. of Geology md Geophysics Palisades. NY San Jose State University University of Alaskkhirbanks Moss Landing, CA David R. Schink Hans O. Jahns Dean of Geosciences Ants Lemma Exxon Production IWO Co. Texas A&M University College Climate Analysis Center Houston, TX Friedrich Schott NOM Camp Springs. MD Louis.1_ Lanzerotti Rosenstiel School of Marit and Atmosnlm Bell Laboratories Sciences Roger Lukes Murray LEI!, NJ Miami. H. Department of Ocearmgraphy Ursula Bailey Manium 7 University of Hawaii, Honolulu Derek W Spencer Smithsonian Mtrophsical Observatory Associate Director of Research Andrew McIntyre Cambridge, MA X'oods Hole Oceanographic Inst. 1 Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Woods Flole, MA Columbia University Ellen S. Masley-Thompm institute of Polar Sido New.' Yorlt, NY Fred Spiess Ohii_m State Univer*Columbus Scripps Institution of Oceanography Marcia McNutt Worth D. Nowlio, Jr University of California, San Diego I Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, & Planetary ience 1.a Jolla, G1 L _Massachusetts Institute of Technologl. Department of Ocoagraphy 0-Cambridge, MA Texas MAI Dnivers4 College Station Chester M. Pierce Advisory Panel for Ocean 0---53u5tav Paffenhofer CamLridge, MA Sciences Research =tikidaway Inst. of Oceatgra thy Larry Atkinson avannah, GA Center for Marine Studies tittawrence Pomeroy 1171erprl'arrTtniciesnzetnofBldg Department of Oceanography WAnstitute of Ecology Augustana College Sioux Falls, SI) Old Dominion University UK:University of Georgiat1-AICM Norfolk, VA Johannes Weertmari OCUIG.Michael Purdy Michael p Bacon LILIDept. of Geolow & Geophysics The Technological Mame Northwestern ifnimily Chemistry Department NoNX'oods Hole OceanograpInc Institute Woods Hole Ocearnigraphic lostitinion N;bods Hole, MA Evanston, Peter Belzer a--fhomas Royer Department of Marine Science ITTAnstitute of Marine Sciences University of South Florida, St. Petersburg 1=XIniversity of Alaska William Boicourt Fairhanks, AK Horn Point Environmental Laboratory aron Smith University of Maryland, Cambridge 7 jceanowaphic Science Division Leo Bum Uro()Iihaven National Laboratory Department of Biology 1___Lipton. NY Yale University l-_-enneth Tenure New Haven, CT =hesapeake Biokigical Lahoratory Doughis Capone 1-__:_iniversity of Maryland Marine Sciences Research Center olomons. MD SUNY at Stony Brook, NY 1e:111n Walsh John Cullen N-00arine Science Department Bigelow Laboratory I. Iniversity of South Florida, "Eimpa \Vest Boothhay Harbor I-I-bomas Whitworth John Delaney 1=Department of Oceanography Department of Oceanography IT-1-exas A&M University College Station University of Washington, Seattle I----lerhert L. Windom Silvia Garzoli S-.74kidaway Inst. of Oceanography Lamont-Doherty Geological Ohsciziturv S.Zavannah, GA Columbia University New Ihrk, NY Arekdvisory Committee for Polar Proa Susan Henrichs Adams Institute of Marine Sciences 15--Eiarrow AK University of Alaska Fairbanks fagmar R. Cronn Thomas C. Johnson 1.zaboratory of Atmospheric Research Duke University Marine Laboratory \Viocushington State University Pullman Beaufort, NC n W D. Dalziel John Klinck 1=niversity of Texas, Austin Department of Oceanography Texas A&M University College Station Jc._-L-_Mn Eddy LTriiv Corp. for Atmospheric Research II--z-ouldel; CO

103 96NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION DIRECTORATE FOR MATHEMATICAL LuitiFCIVONII Pierre C. Hohenherg AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES UniversilyniMiami AT&T Bell Laboratories - _ Coral Gabbs, It Murray Hill, NJ Advisory Committee for Bertraro OlteierReid Astronomical Sr:knees Alan Jacobsen Duke Unimity Ex_xon Research & Engineering Company Mitchell C. Begelman- Durharn,K Annandale, NI University of Colorado, Boulder David M.Ilecules Samuel Krimm David R. Branch UniversityntPittsburgh, PA Department of Physics Department of Physic:5 and Astronomy Ralph University of Michigan, Ann Arbor University of Oklahoma, Norman Merck, ShriiDohme Research _ries Alexei A. Maradudin Bruce W Carney Rahwity, Department of Physics Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Jiri joaas University of California, Irvine University of North Carolina Universityolillinois, Urbana Dennis W. Readey Chapel Hill, NC TheodoreNona Department of Ceramic Engineering John A. Graham Center fa kilablical I esearen Ohio State Universio: Columbus Carnegie Institution of Wshingtoii University o(Onsas John Silcox Washington, DC EaWrence,l6 School of Applied and Engineering Physics Donald N. B. Hall James C. kin Cornell University Institute for Astronomy Varlderbill tioersitv Ithaca, NY University of Hawaii, Honolulu Donald M. Snwth Martha P Haynes JerrY It Nolitig Materials Research Cen -r Department of Astronomy I.ehigh University Cornell University Nrthorield,MN Bethlehem, PA Ithaca, NY I D ps Kinhleen C. Taylor Frank'. Low MallindsrethInr Department of Chemistry

Ste..m1 Observatory St, Lonis,hIT General Motors Research Mhoratories univerw, of Arizona, lbcson Warren, MI Kenneth Siilyrnond Harold A. McAlister University01California,Berkeley Department of PhysicsaridAstronomy VeroniCa Nhql Advisory Committee for Mathematical Georgia State University Atlanta Sciences .lo /kmider Joseph E Salah (all in university mathematics (Imam) nts NEROC Haystack Observatory unless otherwise listed) University of Tesas, Massachusetts instituteorTechnolol.,T Morris It deGroot Camhridge, MA Mark S. Wrighton Department of Statistics Irwin I. Shapiro Massachuschlostitute of TeellnoloW Carnegie-Mellon University Cambridge,M Center for Astrophysics Pittsburgh, PA Cambridge, MA Robert D. Edwards Hugh M. Van Horn Mivisory Committee for University of California, Los Angeles Materials Research Department of Physics & Astrortoniv Ramanathan Gnanadesikan University of Rochester NY GtienterAJnIy Bell Communications Research Arthur B. C. Walker, Jr. Deparunenio(fliysics Morristown, NJ Center for Space Science and Astrophysics University eitliifornia, Santa Barbara Les A. Karlovim Stanford University Robert H. Dv Dean, College of Sciences & Liberal Studies Stanford, CA Pepartnientatterials Sciencc Georgia Instituteof'11..chnology Robert W Wilson Engine* Atlanta, GA Radio Physics Research Department University ofblifornia, Berkeley Anatoly Katok Bell laboratories G. Slade California Institute of Technology Holmdel, NJ tlltq CorPonioa Pasadena, CA NOrktown IkIghts, NY Nancy J. Kopell Advisory Committee for Chemistry Stuart i cow Northeastern University (all in university chemistry departments Pepartnientaemical Engineering Boston, MA unless otherwise listed) University e(WS(onsin Domild J. Lewis Jacqueline K. Barton Madison, WI University of Michigan Columbia University Larry It Oak Ann Arbor, MI New York. NY Department of Chemistry Andrew J. Majda Richard li. liernstein University olSoothern California, l.o.s Angtles Princeton University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry RAYMond F kker Princeton, NJ University of California. Los Angeles Michigan Technological Univer Louis Nirenberg Sally Chapman Houghton, NI Courant Institute Barnard College Coli n p Pim New York University; NY New York, NY Department olthysicS & Materials Researd=1 Linda P Rothschild Peter B. Dervan tabOratoty University of Califnria, San Diego California Institute of Technoloa UniversitY cllffinois, Urbat)a Alan D. Weinstein Pasadena, CA Men M. gOldlOgi University of California Berkeley SchQ01 Of p4sand Astronomy University oiMinnesota, Minneapolis

1 4 ANNLIM REPORT, FISCAL YEAR 1986 97 Guido L Weiss DIRECTORNVE FOR SCIENCE George C. Pimentel Washington University AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION University of California, lierkeley St Louis, MO motimmm Karl S. Pister Advisory Committee for Science University of California, Berkeley Advisory Committee for Physics and Engineering EduCatiOn Henry O. Pollak (all in university physics departments unless William O. Baker Bell Communication Research Center otherwise listed) Murray Hill, NJ Morristown, NJ Lloyd 'Armstrong Larry J. Blake Mary B. Rowe Johns Hopkins University Oregon institute of Technolow University of Florida Baltimore. MD Klamath Falls, OR Gainesville, ft Thomas W Appelquist Eugene FL Cota-Robles Paul Saltman Yale University University of California, Santa Cruz University of California-San Diego New Haven, CI' La Jolla, CA Norman C Craig Sam m. Austin Oberlin College Susan Sprague Department of Plnsics ,Y4 A.stroiioiiiy Oberlin, OH Mesa Public Schools Michigan State University Mesa, Pa East Lansing, MI F Joe Crosswhite Ohio State University Anne B. Swanson George B. Benedek Columbus, OH Edgewood College Massachusetts Institute of Technolow Madison, WI Cambridge, MA Kay Davis Fernbank Science Center Gail E. Thomas Joan M. Centre Ila Atlanra, GA National Research Council Department of Physics anti Atmospheric Washington, DC Science James D. Ebert E Karl Willenbrock Drexel University Carnegie Institution ofashington American Society for Engineering Education Philadelphia, PA Gregory L Florant Washington, DC Eugene D. Commins Swarthmore College University of California Berkeley Swarthmore, PA Stanley Deser Patricia A. Graham Brandeis University Harvard University Waltliam, MA Cambridge, MA Gerald T Garve David A. Hamburg Division of Mathematics and Physics Carnegie Corporation al New York Los Alamos National Lhoratory New "trork, NY Los Alamos, NM Irwin J. Hoffman Robert L. Gluck.stern George \Washington High School Physics Prograni Englewood, CO University of Maryland. College Park Gerald J. Holton Paul D. Grannis Harvard University MINN-Stony Brook, NY Cambridge, MA Joseph A. Johnson, Ill David W Hornbeck City College of the City Unive sity of State Superintendent of Schools New York, NY Baltimore, MD Walter Kohn Philip W Jackson University of California, Santa Barbara University of Chicago Steven E. Koonin Edward C. Keller, Jr. Division of Physics and Astronomy West Virginia University California institute of 11.,chnology Morgantown, WV Pasadena, CA Leslie Koltai Leanne C. Pitchford Los Angeles Community Coll,-!,gstrict Gil Laboratories Inc. Los Angeles, CA Waltham, MA Annuli Lis Frank Sciulli Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences Columbia University New York University NY New York, NY Margaret MacVicar Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA Walter E Massey University of Chicago Homer A. Neal SUNY- Stony Brook, NY Roger L. Nichols Boston Museum of Science

98 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION DIRECTORATE FOR SCIEN11F3EIC, David S. Wiley TECHNOLOGICAL, AND Michigan State University East Unsing INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS_ Jean Wilkowski Volunteers in Technical Assistance Advisory Committee for InchisMtrialScience Arlington, vA and Technological Innovation F Karl Willenbrock Tura Kay Bikson American Society for Engineering Education Rand Corporation Washington, DC Santa Monica, CA Alfred Brown Consultant Washington, DC Wayne Brown Salt lake Cit; UT Phillip Certain Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin Madison, WI

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NATIONAL tiCIENCE FOUNDATION 107 The An(arctic Journal of the United States, established in 1960. is published quarterly March, June. September, and December) with a Mtn annual review Issue by the Deri- sion of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation, The Journal reports on U.S. activities in Antarctica and related activities elsewhere, and On trends in the VS- Antarctic Research PrOgram. For a cur . rent review of U.S. antorctiC activities, use the lorm on 'his card.

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