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Sallustius'un Bellum Catilinae Ve Bellum Iugurthinum Adli Eserlerġnde Karakter Betġmlemelerġ Ve Söylevler Üzerġne

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Sallustius'un Bellum Catilinae Ve Bellum Iugurthinum Adli Eserlerġnde Karakter Betġmlemelerġ Ve Söylevler Üzerġne T.C. ĠSTANBUL ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ ESKĠÇAĞ DĠLLERĠ VE KÜLTÜRLERĠ ANABĠLĠM DALI LATĠN DĠLĠ VE EDEBĠYATI BĠLĠM DALI YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ SALLUSTIUS’UN BELLUM CATILINAE VE BELLUM IUGURTHINUM ADLI ESERLERĠNDE KARAKTER BETĠMLEMELERĠ VE SÖYLEVLER ÜZERĠNE BĠR ĠNCELEME BURAK DĠNLERER 2501140574 TEZ DANIġMANI: DOÇ. DR. ÇĠĞDEM MENZĠLCĠOĞLU ĠSTANBUL-2019 ÖZ SALLUSTIUS’UN BELLUM CATILINAE VE BELLUM IUGURTHINUM ADLI ESERLERĠNDE KARAKTER BETĠMLEMELERĠ VE SÖYLEVLER ÜZERĠNE BĠR ĠNCELEME BURAK DĠNLERER Bu çalışmada Gaius Sallustius Crispus‟un Bellum Catilinae ve Bellum Iugurthinum isimli eserlerinde, karakter betimlemeleri ve söylevleri kullanarak tarihi olayları ve kişileri okuyucunun imgeleminde daha canlı hale getirmek istediğine dair bulgular incelenecektir. Yazarın karakter betimlemeleri ve söylevleri kullanırken faydalandığı çeşitli söz sanatlarının da incelenmesiyle üslubuna dair öne çıkan belirli özellikler de tezin ufak bir kısmını oluşturmaktadır. Karakter betimlemeleri ve söylev kullanımının her iki eserin kurgulanmasında nasıl bir rol oynadığı da göz önünde bulundurularak yapılmış bu çalışma genel olarak yazarın üslubuyla birlikte tarihçiliğine de odaklanmaktadır. İki eserdeki söylevler ve karakter analizleri incelenerek Sallustius‟un inşa etmek istediği dramatik yapı ortaya konmuş, bu eserlerdeki kişilerin karakter yapılarının tarihi olayların gidişatına nasıl etki ettiği gösterilmek istenmiştir. Sallustius‟un her iki eserdeki söylevler aracılığıyla çeşitli söz sanatlarının da yardımıyla okuyucu üzerinde yaratmak istediği etki de tezde incelenmiş olan unsurlar arasındadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sallustius, Tarih Yazımında Söylevler, Tarih Yazımında Karakter Betimlemeleri, Roma Tarih Yazıcılığı, Catilina, Iugurtha iii ABSTRACT A REVIEW OF CHARACTER PORTRAYALS AND ORATIONS IN BELLUM CATILINAE AND BELLUM IUGURTHINUM OF SALLUST BURAK DĠNLERER In this study, the findings of Gaius Sallustius Crispus in his works Bellum Catilinae and Bellum Iugurthinum will be examined by his using character portrayals and orations to make historical events and characters more vivid in the imagination of reader. Some of the prominent features of his style constitute a small part of the thesis by examination of rhetorical devices the author makes use of while using character portrayals and orations. This study, which takes into account the role of using character portrayals and orations in the arrangement of both works, generally focuses on the author‟s style and historiography. The dramatic structure that Sallustius wanted to constitute was revealed by examining the orations and character analyses in both works and it was aimed to show how the character traits of the people in these works affected the course of historical events. The effect which Sallustius wanted to create on the reader by means of orations, and with the help of various rhetorical devices, in both works is one of the elements in the thesis. Keywords: Sallustius, Orations in Historiography, Character Portrayals in Historiography, Roman Historiography, Catilina, Iugurtha iv ÖNSÖZ Bu tezin amacı, Gaius Sallustius Crispus‟un Bellum Catilinae ve Bellum Iugurthinum isimli iki eserindeki karakter betimlemelerinin ve söylevlerin incelenmesi ve tarihçinin karakter betimlemeleri ile söylevleri kullanarak eserlerindeki karakterlerin düşüncelerini, duygu durumlarını ve kişilik özelliklerini ne şekilde ortaya koymak istediğini irdelemektir. Her iki eserinde olayların kendisi üzerinden şekillendiği iki karakteri 1 ana merkeze yerleştirerek söz konusu karakterlerin hırs ve arzularının onları ve çevresindekileri nasıl uçurumun eşiğine getirdiğini gösteren Sallustius, eserlerindeki birçok karakteri için düzenlediği söylevlerle de onların iç dünyalarını yansıtmayı çok iyi başarmaktadır. Sallustius‟un karakter betimlemesi ve söylev kullanımını tarihi bir olayı naklederken edebi bir yöntem olarak nasıl ve ne şekilde kullandığının da incelenmiş olduğu bu tezde, önce Sallustius‟un betimlediği karakterlerin açıklaması yapılmış, daha sonrasında ise yazarın çeşitli karakterler için hazırladığı söylevlerin hepsi eserlerdeki kronolojik sıraya uygun bir biçimde incelenmiştir. Tez yazımı süresi boyunca emeği ve ilgisi ile hiçbir zaman desteğini benden esirgememiş olan değerli hocam Doç. Dr. Çiğdem Menzilcioğlu‟na, kaynak kitaplara ulaşmam konusunda yardımını esirgemeyen Sn. Ayşe Aktemur‟a ve hayatın her alanında her zaman yanımda olan sevgili Semay Buket Şahin‟e teşekkürlerimi sunmayı bir borç bilirim. 1 Catilina ve Iugurtha v ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………..iii ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................iv ÖNSÖZ……………………………………………………………………………...v ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER……………………………………………………………………vi GĠRĠġ………………………………………………………………………………..1 BĠRĠNCĠ BÖLÜM SALLUSTIUS’UN HAYATI, ESERLERĠ, TARĠHÇĠLĠĞĠ VE ROMA TARĠH YAZICILIĞINDA SÖYLEV 1.1. Sallustius‟un Hayatı ve Eserleri……………………………………………….....6 1.2. Sallustius‟un Tarihçiliği ve Roma Tarih Yazıcılığında Söylev………………...13 ĠKĠNCĠ BÖLÜM BELLUM CATILINAE’DAKĠ KARAKTER BETĠMLEMELERĠ 2.1. Catilina‟nın Karakter Betimlemesi……………………………………………..20 2.2. Quintus Curius ve Sempronia‟nın Karakter Betimlemeleri…………………….27 2.3. Gaius Iulius Caesar ve Marcus Porcius Cato‟nun Karakter Betimlemeleri…….30 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM BELLUM CATILINAE’DAKĠ SÖYLEVLER 3.1. Catilina‟nın İlk Söylevi…………………………………………………………36 3.2. Gaius Iulius Caesar‟ın Söylevi………………………………………………….43 3.3. Marcus Porcius Cato‟nun Söylevi……………………………………………...54 3.4. Catilina‟nın İkinci Söylevi……………………………………………………...63 vi DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM BELLUM IUGURTHINUM’DAKĠ KARAKTER BETĠMLEMELERĠ 4.1. Iugurtha‟nın Karakter Betimlemesi…………………………………………….69 4.2. Gaius Marius ve Lucius Cornelius Sulla‟nın Karakter Betimlemeleri………...80 4.3. Bellum Iugurthinum‟daki Diğer Karakter Betimlemeleri……………………86 BEġĠNCĠ BÖLÜM BELLUM IUGURTHINUM’DAKĠ SÖYLEVLER 5.1. Micipsa‟nın Söylevi…………………………………………………………….91 5.2. Adherbal‟ın Söylevi…………………………………………………………….94 5.3. Gaius Memmius‟un Söylevi……………………………………………………98 5.4. Gaius Marius‟un Söylevi……………………………………………………...105 5.5. Lucius Cornelius Sulla ve Bocchus‟un Söylevi……………………………….111 SONUÇ……………………………………………………………………………116 KAYNAKÇA……………………………………………………………………..123 vii GĠRĠġ Roma tarih yazıcılığının bugün anladığımız anlamda bilimsel ilk tarihçisi olarak görülen Gaius Sallustius Crispus, monografi türünde eser vererek Coelius Antipater‟den sonra bu türün önemli temsilcilerinden birisi olarak kabul görmektedir. Tek bir dönemi ya da belirli kişilerin yol açtığı olayları ele alan üç eseriyle de Roma tarih yazıcılığına farklı bir soluk getiren tarihçinin hedefi, beden gücüne dayalı olan kölelere yaraşır işlerle uğraşmak yerine akıl gücünü kullanarak ardında ölümsüz eserler bırakmaktan ibarettir.1 İlk eseri olan Bellum Catilinae‟ı yazarken takındığı objektif tutum 2 ve iç savaş esnasında tarafında bulunduğu görüşün kendi bakış açısına gölge düşürmediğini belirtmesi, 3 tarihi olayları aktarırken mümkün olduğunca objektif ve tarafsız kalmayı hedeflediğinin bir göstergesidir. Ancak bu hedefine tam anlamıyla sadık kalmakta zorlandığını görüyoruz. Roma devletiyle Numidia kralı Iugurtha arasındaki savaşı anlattığı ikinci eseri Bellum Iugurthinum‟da kendisini bu olayı anlatmaya yönelten en önemli sebeplerden birinin ilk kez bu savaşta soyluların kendini beğenmişliğine karşı çıkılması olduğunu belirtmesi, bir tarih yazarı olarak onun tarafsızlığını koruma konusunda kişisel görüşlerinin etkisinden sıyrılamadığını gösterir. Tezin söylevler ve karakter betimlemeleri bölümünde detaylı bir şekilde incelendiği üzere hem söylevler aracılığıyla hem de soylu kesimden birçok karakteri olumsuz yönlerini öne çıkartarak betimlemekle, halkçı olan politik görüşünün etkisinde kaldığını okuyucusuna hissettirmektedir. Üçüncü eseri Historiae diğer iki eserinden ayrışarak Roma tarih yazımının ilk örneklerinde olduğu gibi annales tarih yazımına bir örnek oluşturacak şekilde İÖ 78 ile 67 tarihleri arasındaki olayları kapsar ve monografi türünde olmadığı için tezimizde incelediğimiz eserler arasına dahil edilmemiştir. 1 Sal. Cat. 4.1-2. 2 “…statui res gestas populi Romani carptim, ut quaeque memoria digna videbantur, perscribere; eo magis, quod mihi a spe, metu, partibus rei publicae animus liber erat.” (Sal. Cat. 4.2) 3 “Neque me divorsa pars in civilibus armis movit a vero” (Sal. Hist. 1.6) 1 Cassius Dio‟ya göre Africa Nova‟daki görevi esnasında eyaleti yağmalayarak zimmetine para geçiren 4 Sallustius, başarılı sayılamayacak bir siyasi kariyeri noktaladıktan sonra, Gaius Iulius Caesar‟ın da ölümüyle birlikte Horti Sallustiani adı verilen evinde inzivaya çekilip kendisini tarih yazımına adamıştır. Kartaca Savaşları sonrasında Roma toplumunda ortaya çıkan ahlaki bozulma onun monografilerindeki en fazla öne çıkan konudur; ona göre Kartaca devletinin İÖ. 146 yılında yıkılması Roma erdemlerinin sonu, ahlaki dejenerasyonun ise başlangıcı olmuştur.5 Roma devletinin Kartaca Savaşları öncesinde ve sırasında tam bir uyum içinde olduğunu, açgözlülüğün ve hırsın bulunmadığını6 ancak bu savaşlardan sonra para ve yetki elde etme tutkusunun insanları esir alarak Roma devletini uçurumun eşiğine getirdiğini söyleyen Sallustius, Lucius Cornelius Sulla‟nın yönetimi silahla ele geçirdikten sonra yaşanan ahlaki çöküntünün boyutlarını açıkça ortaya koymak niyetindedir. Ona göre Sulla, emrinde bulundurduğu orduyu kendisine daha da güvenilir kılmak için atalarının geleneklerine aykırı (contra morem maiorum) olarak onları sefahate ve aşırı serbest bir hayat tarzına alıştırmıştı. 7 Sulla
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