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Roman Cultural Diffusion GALLICIZATION IN ROME A STUDY OF LEXICAL BORROWING AS EVIDENCE FOR GALLO- ROMAN CULTURAL DIFFUSION by Matthew Chandler A thesis submitted to the Department of Classics In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (August, 2017) Copyright ©Matthew Chandler, 2017 Abstract Following in the footsteps of Karl Schmidt’s 1967 article, Keltisches Wortgut im Lateinischen, and J.P. Wild’s 1970, Borrowed Names for Borrowed Things?, this thesis examines a total of twenty-one Gallic lexical items that were borrowed by the Latin language during the period of Roman hegemony over the whole of Gaul and, from that point, discusses whether the borrowing of these terms is proof of corresponding instances of cultural diffusion. In an effort to examine lexical and cultural integration in tandem, this study has selected terms from three semantic categories of material culture, specifically ‘food and drink’, ‘clothing’, and ‘wheeled vehicles’, and uses contextual evidence from the literary record to gauge the integration levels of the terms within both the Latin language and Roman culture. As a result, this thesis not only reveals much valuable information pertaining to both lexical and cultural integration, but also the effect which factors like perceived social status and the search of prestige had on the entire process. Furthermore, as a form of linguistic archaeology, this study succeeds in reconstructing certain aspects of Celtic culture which may have otherwise been lost to the passage of time. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my graduate supervisor, Dr. Bernard Kavanagh, for his expert advice, guidance, and patience throughout the research and writing of this thesis. In addition to continually putting up with some of my more obstinate writing habits – em dashes, mostly – Dr. Kavanagh encouraged me to pursue such a fascinating topic when it was little more than an ill-conceived idea and allowed me the freedom to do so in the direction of my choosing. I would also like to thank the members of my Examining Committee, namely Dr. Drew Griffith, Dr. Cristiana Zaccagnino, and Dr. Daryn Lehoux, for the time and effort they dedicated to reading and commenting on my thesis as well as their invaluable contributions to the final version. Furthermore, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to the remaining members of the Classics Department at Queen’s University, particularly Nicholas Gill, who graciously played the role of sounding board on multiple occasions, and Mary Smida, who never hesitated to take on those extra projects which I so regularly caused; the Classics Department won’t be the same without you. Outside of the Queen’s University community, sincere thanks go to my parents, Lorraine and Ron, who have always been there for me; to Carole and Shelagh for their constant encouragement and endless patience; and to Véronique, whose contributions to both this thesis and my continuing education could not possibly be put into words. iii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review ....................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3 Food and Drink ........................................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Lexical Profiles: An Introduction ..................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Historical Context: Food and Drink .................................................................................................. 30 3.3 Lexical Profiles: Food and Drink ...................................................................................................... 32 3.3.1 cervesia, -ae, f. ........................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.2 omasum, -i, n. ............................................................................................................................. 34 3.3.3 taxea, -ae, f. ................................................................................................................................ 34 3.3.4 tuccetum, -i, n. ........................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 4 Clothing ...................................................................................................................................... 37 4.1 Historical Context: Clothing ............................................................................................................. 37 4.2 Lexical Profiles: Clothing ................................................................................................................. 40 4.2.1 bracae, -arum, f. ......................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.2 caracalla, -ae, f. .......................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.3 cucullus, -i, m. ............................................................................................................................ 42 4.2.4 linna, -ae, f. ................................................................................................................................ 44 4.2.5 sagum, -i, n. ................................................................................................................................ 44 4.2.6 viriola, -ae, f. .............................................................................................................................. 45 Chapter 5 Wheeled Vehicles ....................................................................................................................... 47 5.1 Historical Context: Wheeled Vehicles .............................................................................................. 47 5.2 Lexical Profiles: Wheeled Vehicles .................................................................................................. 49 5.2.1 benna, -ae, f. .............................................................................................................................. 49 5.2.2 carpentum, -i, n. ......................................................................................................................... 50 5.2.3 carrus, -i, m. .............................................................................................................................. 52 5.2.4 cisium, -i, n. .............................................................................................................................. 53 5.2.5 colisatum, -i, n. .......................................................................................................................... 54 5.2.6 covinnus, -i, m. .......................................................................................................................... 54 5.2.7 essedum, -i, n. ........................................................................................................................... 55 iv 5.2.8 petorritum, -i, n. ........................................................................................................................ 57 5.2.9 pilentum –i, n. ........................................................................................................................... 59 5.2.10 ploxenum, -i, n. ....................................................................................................................... 60 5.2.11 raeda, -ae, f. ............................................................................................................................. 61 Chapter 6 Loan Analysis: Integration and Diffusion .................................................................................. 63 6.1 Low-Level Integration Loans............................................................................................................ 67 6.2 Mid-Level Integration Loans ............................................................................................................ 68 6.3 High-Level Integration Loans ........................................................................................................... 74 6.4 Anomalies ......................................................................................................................................... 92 Chapter 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 98 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 104 v List of Figures Figure 1: Continental Celtic .........................................................................................................................
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