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Bur¯Aq Depicted As Amanita Muscaria in a 15Th Century Timurid-Illuminated Manuscript?
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3(2), pp. 133–141 (2019) DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.023 First published online September 24, 2019 Bur¯aq depicted as Amanita muscaria in a 15th century Timurid-illuminated manuscript? ALAN PIPER* Independent Scholar, Newham, London, UK (Received: May 8, 2019; accepted: August 2, 2019) A series of illustrations in a 15th century Timurid manuscript record the mi’raj, the ascent through the seven heavens by Mohammed, the Prophet of Islam. Several of the illustrations depict Bur¯aq, the fabulous creature by means of which Mohammed achieves his ascent, with distinctive features of the Amanita muscaria mushroom. A. muscaria or “fly agaric” is a psychoactive mushroom used by Siberian shamans to enter the spirit world for the purposes of conversing with spirits or diagnosing and curing disease. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the author explores the routes by which Bur¯aq could have come to be depicted in this manuscript with the characteristics of a psychoactive fungus, when any suggestion that the Prophet might have had recourse to a drug to accomplish his spirit journey would be anathema to orthodox Islam. There is no suggestion that Mohammad’s night journey (isra) or ascent (mi’raj) was accomplished under the influence of a psychoactive mushroom or plant. Keywords: Mi’raj, Timurid, Central Asia, shamanism, Siberia, Amanita muscaria CULTURAL CONTEXT Bur¯aq depicted as Amanita muscaria in the mi’raj manscript The mi’raj manuscript In the Muslim tradition, the mi’raj was preceded by the isra or “Night Journey” during which Mohammed traveled An illustrated manuscript depicting, in a series of miniatures, overnight from Mecca to Jerusalem by means of a fabulous thesuccessivestagesofthemi’raj, the miraculous ascent of beast called Bur¯aq. -
The Role of Fitrah As an Element in the Personality of a Da’I in Achieving the Identity of a True Da’I
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 4 [Special Issue - February 2012] THE ROLE OF FITRAH AS AN ELEMENT IN THE PERSONALITY OF A DA’I IN ACHIEVING THE IDENTITY OF A TRUE DA’I Zaizul Ab. Rahman Jabatan Usuluddin dan Falsafah Islamic Studies Faculty Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Malaysia Abstract In the era of fast-paced development, a dā„ī is constantly faced with a variety of challenges as a result of globalization, among which are attacks on mentality headed and sponsored by other religious groups. A strong element of true fitrah (which translates as „disposition‟) is a critical requirement in dealing with these challenges by supplying oneself with knowledge, faith and good deeds. With these elements, a dā„ī can face the era of globalization that is so rife with tribulations. A dā„ī that has no true identity is an easy mark for exploitation by those with interest in doing so. Introduction Fitrah is a highly important factor in shaping the identity of a dā„ī who is capable of carrying out a successful mission in his da‟wah movements. A dā„ī who is not in possession of an element of fitrah that has been sown with the seeds of an untainted personality cannot face the trials he will encounter from the target audience of his da‟wah. This is especially so if a comparison is made to the missionaries of other religions such as Christianity, whose missions move systematically and with detailed planning. Fitrah in Developing the Personality of a Dā‘ī In Islam, “tendency” may bear similarity to the term “fitrah”. -
Heaven in the Early History of Western Religions
Alison Joanne GREIG University of Wales Trinity Saint David MA in Cultural Astronomy and Astrology Module Name: Dissertation Module Code: AHAH7001 Alison Joanne Greig Student No. 27001842 31 December 2012 Heaven in the early history of Western religions Chapter 1 Approaches to concepts of heaven This dissertation examines concepts of heaven in the early history of Western religions and the extent to which themes found in other traditions are found in Christianity. Russell, in A History of Heaven, investigates the origins of the concept of heaven, which he dates at about 200 B.C.E. and observes that heaven, a concept that has shaped much of Christian thought and attitudes, has been strangely neglected by modern historians.1 Christianity has played a central role in Western civilization and instructs its believers to direct their life in this world with a view to achieving eternal life in the next, as observed by Liebeschuetz. 2 It is of the greatest historical importance that a very large number of people could for many centuries be persuaded to see life in an imperfect visible world as merely a stage in their progress to a world that was perfect but invisible; yet, it has been neglected as a subject for study. Russell notes that Heaven: A History3 by McDannell and Lang mainly offers sociological insights.4 Russell holds that the most important aspects of the concept of heaven are the beatific vision and the mystical union.5 Heaven, he says, is the state of being in 1 Jeffrey Burton Russell, A History of Heaven – The Singing Silence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997) xiii, xiv. -
Brahma Sutra
BRAHMA SUTRA CHAPTER 4 3rd Pada 1st Adikaranam to 6th Adhikaranam Sutra 1 to 16 INDEX S. No. Topic Pages Topic No Sutra No introduction 4024 179 Archiradyadhikaranam 179 a) Sutra 1 4026 179 518 180 Vayvadhikaranam 180 a) Sutra 2 4033 180 519 181 Tadidadhikaranam 4020 181 a) Sutra 3 4044 181 520 182 Ativahikadhikaranam 182 a) Sutra 4 4049 182 521 b) Sutra 5 4054 182 522 c) Sutra 6 4056 182 523 i S. No. Topic Pages Topic No Sutra No 183 Karyadhikaranam: 183 a) Sutra 7 4068 183 524 b) Sutra 8 4070 183 525 c) Sutra 9 4073 183 526 d) Sutra 10 4083 183 527 e) Sutra 11 4088 183 528 f) Sutra 12 4094 183 529 g) Sutra 13 4097 183 530 h) Sutra 14 4099 183 531 184 Apratikalambanadhikaranam: 184 a) Sutra 15 4118 184 532 b) Sutra 16 4132 184 533 ii Lecture 368 4th Chapter : • Phala Adhyaya, Phalam of Upasaka Vidya. Mukti Phalam Saguna Vidya Nirguna Vidya - Upasana Phalam - Aikya Jnanam - Jnana Phalam • Both together is called Mukti Phalam Trivida Mukti (Threefold Liberation) Jeevan Mukti Videha Mukti Krama Mukti Mukti / Moksha Phalam Positive Language Negative Language - Ananda Brahma Prapti - Bandha Nivritti th - 4 Pada - Samsara Nivritti rd - 3 Pada - Dukha Nivritti - Freedom from Samsara, Bandha, Dukham st - 1 Pada Freedom from bonds of Karma, Sanchita ( Destroyed), Agami (Does not come) - Karma Nivritti nd - 2 Pada nd rd • 2 and 3 Padas complimentary both deal with Krama Mukti of Saguna Upasakas, Involves travel after death.4024 Krama Mukti Involves Travel 3 Parts / Portions of Krama Mukti 2nd Pada – 1st Part 2nd Part Travel 3rd Part Reaching Departure from Body for Travel Gathi Gathanya Prapti only for Krama Mukti - Not for Videha Mukti or Jeevan Mukti - Need not come out of body - Utkranti - Panchami – Tat Purusha Utkranti – 1st Part - Departure Pranas come to Hridayam Nadis Dvaras Shine Small Dip in Brahma Loka Appropriate Nadi Dvara Jiva goes • 2nd Part Travel - Gathi and Reaching of Krama Mukti left out. -
Revelation, Session 4 Seven Trumpets Revelation 8:6-11:19 It Is
Revelation, Session 4 Seven Trumpets Revelation 8:6-11:19 It is perhaps most helpful not to think of this central section of Revelation as a kind of timeline, with the drama of the seals followed by the drama of the trumpets followed by the drama of the bowls. Rather what we have here is a kind of triptych, with three panels set up beside each other. Or we can think of it as a kind of split screen motion picture with events juxtaposed against each other simultaneously. In each case what Revelation affirms is the power of judgment and the hope of redemption. In each case the power of the judgment is presented in such dramatic, almost overwhelming images that it is hard to grasp the hope, but in each case there is a fundamental affirmation of salvation that is there if we can pay enough attention, or rally enough faith. The depiction of the trumpet will in itself will resonate with John’s readers or hearers. There is the trumpet that calls people to worship at the temple. There is the trumpet that sounded before the fall of Jericho. There is the trumpet that is regularly part of the scenario for the last days in early Christian expectation: “For the Lord himself, with a cry of command, with the archangel’s call and with the sound of God’s trumpet, will descend from heaven, and the dead in Christ will rise first.” (1Thess. 4:16) “Listen, I will tell you a mystery, we will not all die, but we will all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. -
Shankara: a Hindu Revivalist Or a Crypto-Buddhist?
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Religious Studies Theses Department of Religious Studies 12-4-2006 Shankara: A Hindu Revivalist or a Crypto-Buddhist? Kencho Tenzin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/rs_theses Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Tenzin, Kencho, "Shankara: A Hindu Revivalist or a Crypto-Buddhist?." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2006. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/rs_theses/4 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Religious Studies at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Religious Studies Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SHANKARA: A HINDU REVIVALIST OR A CRYPTO BUDDHIST? by KENCHO TENZIN Under The Direction of Kathryn McClymond ABSTRACT Shankara, the great Indian thinker, was known as the accurate expounder of the Upanishads. He is seen as a towering figure in the history of Indian philosophy and is credited with restoring the teachings of the Vedas to their pristine form. However, there are others who do not see such contributions from Shankara. They criticize his philosophy by calling it “crypto-Buddhism.” It is his unique philosophy of Advaita Vedanta that puts him at odds with other Hindu orthodox schools. Ironically, he is also criticized by Buddhists as a “born enemy of Buddhism” due to his relentless attacks on their tradition. This thesis, therefore, probes the question of how Shankara should best be regarded, “a Hindu Revivalist or a Crypto-Buddhist?” To address this question, this thesis reviews the historical setting for Shakara’s work, the state of Indian philosophy as a dynamic conversation involving Hindu and Buddhist thinkers, and finally Shankara’s intellectual genealogy. -
The Marvels of the Number Seven in the Noble Qur'an
THE MARVELS OF THE NUMBER SEVEN IN THE NOBLE QUR’AN AbdulDaem Al-Kaheel Translated by Mohammed R. Al Salah The Marvels of the Number Seven in the Noble Qur’an Book Summary This book sheds light upon a recent discovery centred around one of the most exciting topics in world religion and Islam in particular: the miracles of the Noble Qur’an. After studying thousands of Qur’anic words and passages, I have arrived at what can be considered the discovery of an intricate numeric system that rests within the verses of the Noble Qur’an. By the blessing of God Almighty, I have succeeded – after a detailed and methodical investigation – in proving both the existence and accuracy of this prolific numeric system, which comprehensively covers the Qur’an’s chapters, verses, words and letters. This new phenomenon will be referred to as the ‘numeric miracle’ of the Qur’an. The foundation and basis of this numeric system is the number 7, one of the most significant numbers in the Noble Qur’an1 (if not the most significant), and a hint, perhaps, that the Creator of the seven heavens is indeed the One Who sent down this Book, preserving it from distortion. This work is an attempt at establishing firm scientific and ethical grounds on which to base any study of the numeric miracle. A sound scientific approach must be adhered to whenever Qur’anic numbers are analysed, and this is something that I have honoured throughout this study and hope that fellow researchers will honour as well. A substantially large collection of profound numerical truths will be conveyed in this book. -
Bhawat Geeta Class 114: Chapter 8, Verses 12 to 18
Bhawat Geeta Class 114: Chapter 8, Verses 12 to 18 Shloka # 12: सर्वद्वारािण संयम्य मनो हृिद िनरुध्य च। मूर्ध्न्याधायात्मनः प्राणमास्िथतो योगधारणाम्।।8.12।। Controlling all gateways of the senses, confining the mind in the heart, fixing the life breath in the crown and intent on the maintenance of Yoga. Continuing his teaching Swamiji said, from shloka # 6 onwards, of chapter # 8, Sri Krishna has been answering Arjuna’s questions regarding the method, significance and benefits of remembering god at time of death. Ishwara smaranam at time of death requires a person to be a Nishkama upasaka; upasaka means the one who practices meditation on Ishwara with attributes; therefore we say saguna upasaka. Upasaka is a meditator on god who recognizes that his highest goal is Ishwara alone. Finite form Ishwara symbolizes infinite God. Symbol is representation of god. We know symbol is finite. Facing this finite symbol he considers the infinite god as goal of life. God alone is Sat. Everything else is Tamas. He considers that infinite God as the primary goal of life. Thus we have the shloka: Asatoma sad gamaya; everything else other than God is asat, God alone is Sat; Tamasomaya jyotirgamaya; everything other than God is tamas; God alone is jyothihi; and Mrythoma amrutham gamaya; everything other than God is mruthyu means mortality; God alone represents immortality. Such a person is a nishkaama upasaka. He remembers god at time of death. As a person thinks so he becomes. Nishkama Upasaka thinks of god and he becomes one with god. -
6.श्री द्वादशज्योतितलिङ्ग स्तोत्रम् / Sri Dwadashajyotirlinga Stotram
Sankara Stotra Makaranda 6.श्री द्वादशज्योतितलिङ्ग स्तोत्रम् / Sri Dwadashajyotirlinga Stotram Introduction: Earlier in Dakshinamurthy Stotra, we saw the Himalayan heights of Gnana Marga, and now in Dwadasha Jyotirlinga Stotra we will see the peaks of Bhakti Marga. The essence of all these 12 Jyotirlingas is that Shiva has been so compassionate (Ashuthosha) that he has manifested himself in the form of Jyoti to those devotees, who reached out to him for Darshan and protection. They were ‘Aarthas’ (distressed). There are four types of devotees as mentioned in Bhagavad Gita in the following verse. Bhagavad Gita Ch 7.16 चतुर्विधा भजन्ते मा車जना賈 सुकृर्तनोजुिन। आतो र्जज्ञासुरर्ािर्ी ज्ञानी च भरतर्िभ॥ chaturvidhaa bhajantE maaM janaaH sukRutinOrjuna | aartO jignyaasurarthaarthee gnyaanee cha bharatarShabha || Oh descendant of Bharata, there are four kinds of persons who are privileged to worship me – those who are in distress, the inquisitive, those that seek wealth and those that desire self-realization. All the 12 devotees here were ‘Aarthas’, including Sri Rama. They had some misery or the other and hence approached Shiva who immediately emanated from the Jyoti, and gave darshan and succour. Our Kanchi Periyava, Sri H H Jayendra Saraswati Swamigal has emphasized Jyotirlinga yatra and he personally visited every Jyotirlinga Kshetram and installed Adi Shankara’s idol in all the Kshetrams. In Kailash Manasarovar also, he has installed the idol. Shiva is always worshipped in the form of a “Linga”. Parabrahmam manifests in two forms – “Saguna” (assumes an “aakaara”, form - Saakaara) and “Nirguna” (no “aakaara” i.e., Niraakaara). -
The Iconography of Nepalese Buddhism
TheThe IconographyIconography ofof NepaleseNepalese BuddhismBuddhism by Min Bahadur Shakya HAN DD ET U 'S B B O RY eOK LIBRA E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. P H A N I C- ZDH / T A P P H A N / M, T P. O. B N: , K, N e of Nepalese Buddhism M B S v A A Min Bahadur Shakya is a scholar of Newar and Tibetan Buddhism. Among his major publications are hort istory of uddhism in epal, . ntroduction to uddhist onasteries of athmandu alley, . He was elected Vice President of World Fellowship of Buddhist Youth WFBY for the years –. His major re- search work on ife and ontribution of epalese rincess hrikuti evi is shortly forthcoming. Mr. Shakya was nomi- nated by Venerable Master Hsing Yun, Fokuang Shan, Taiwan as Research Associate in Fokuang Shan Chinese Buddhist Research Academy for the years –. In , he was granted a SAARC Fellowship (Buddhist Studies) by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, impu, Bhutan. Currently he is working as the Chief Editor of uddhist ima- laya, a bi-annual journal dealing with Buddhism in the Hima- layan regions. He has also contributed more a dozen research papers in reputed foreign journals. Since , he is teaching in Engineering Institute, Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur. Presently he is the Director, Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods. F Under the definition of andicrafts there are multiple products. Of them the statues of gods and goddesses of Buddhism and Hinduism stand foremost.eir importance is enhanced not only because of the fact that they are hand made but also that they are made by using meticulously time-consuming traditional tech- v niques: Lost Wax Process, Chiselling, antique finishing and so on. -
Tara Mata – Astrological World Cycles
Astrological World Cycles By Tara Mata (Laurie Pratt) Published in Serial Format in 1932-33 IN a series of articles, of which this is the first, the writer proposes to demonstrate the profound connection of an astronomical phenomenon, known as the Precession of the Equinoxes, with the history of mankind and the great cycles of the world. The true Age, or Yuga, of the present world-period, in reference to the Grand Cycle of Time, symbolized by the stars in their courses, will be pointed out, and certain erroneous ideas that have been circulated by modern philosophical literature, due to misunderstanding of the ancient Hindu Scriptures, will be corrected. The writer will attempt to make all astronomical and astrological references clear enough to be understood by those with only a very elementary knowledge of those sciences. Authority Is Great Hindu Sage Readers of EAST-WEST will be interested to know that the chief authority for the writer’s central thesis, which will be developed mainly in the second article of this series, is a small work, published privately in India, entitled: "The Holy Science," by Swami Yogananda’s Guru and Master, Swami Sri Yukteswar Giriji Maharaj, founder of Sadhumandal (counsel of sages) and its various Sat-Sanga (fellowship) branches in different parts of India. This saintly Guru is a learned and illuminating commentator on the Bhagavad Gita and other Scriptures, including the Christian Bible, and has, in addition, a grasp of modern science that entitles his views to a very respectful hearing. Systems of Chronology The many systems of chronology adopted by different nations at various times are usually the source of great confusion to later historians and archaeologists in their attempts to fix the periods of history. -
Indian Serpent Lore Or the Nagas in Hindu Legend And
D.G.A. 79 9 INDIAN SERPENT-LOEE OR THE NAGAS IN HINDU LEGEND AND ART INDIAN SERPENT-LORE OR THE NAGAS IN HINDU LEGEND AND ART BY J. PH. A'OGEL, Ph.D., Profetsor of Sanskrit and Indian Archirology in /he Unircrsity of Leyden, Holland, ARTHUR PROBSTHAIN 41 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, W.C. 1926 cr," 1<A{. '. ,u -.Aw i f\0 <r/ 1^ . ^ S cf! .D.I2^09S< C- w ^ PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, LTD., FORE STREET, HERTFORD. f V 0 TO MY FRIEND AND TEACHER, C. C. UHLENBECK, THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED. PEEFACE TT is with grateful acknowledgment that I dedicate this volume to my friend and colleague. Professor C. C. Uhlenbeck, Ph.D., who, as my guru at the University of Amsterdam, was the first to introduce me to a knowledge of the mysterious Naga world as revealed in the archaic prose of the Paushyaparvan. In the summer of the year 1901 a visit to the Kulu valley brought me face to face with people who still pay reverence to those very serpent-demons known from early Indian literature. In the course of my subsequent wanderings through the Western Himalayas, which in their remote valleys have preserved so many ancient beliefs and customs, I had ample opportunity for collecting information regarding the worship of the Nagas, as it survives up to the present day. Other nations have known or still practise this form of animal worship. But it would be difficult to quote another instance in which it takes such a prominent place in literature folk-lore, and art, as it does in India.