Date Printed: 11/03/2008

JTS Box Number: IFES 11

Tab Number: 9

Document Title: Romanian Non Governmental Organziations Forum April 30 - May 3 1995 Development Document Date: 1995

Document Country: Romania

IFES 10: R01852

DII~ A - A~IIIIIIIIIIIIII~ E E 3 CEO 7 A • • :.• International Foundation for Bectoral Systems • 110/ UtA Slurt, N. W . • Tltlr~ I-loo,. W.. .IIillrtoll,IJ.C. JOOO.~. (101"11.1501 •

..•• ~ -. ROMANIAN • NON-GOVERNMENTAL • ORGANIZATIONS • FORUM • BRASOV, APRIL 30 - MAY 3, 1995 ~1 • DEVELOPMENT OF THE • CIVIL SOCIETY

BUCURESTI ROMANIA . 1995 I I I I I FOREWORD I

For the second time. more than one hundred people, 4. Media; 5. Protection of the Environment; 6. Youth. : I representatives of clllzens and of the government have l1le preliminary versions were amended by the partict­ .. ..:.. been offered the opportunity to discuss issues of pants. The final versions of the "White Papers" are utmost importance for the development of the clvtl soci­ offered. in this brochure. to all those interested. ety in Romania. A very Important part of the second edition of the NGO -, TIle International FoundaUon for Electoral Systems Forum was Ule passing. at the initiative of a group of (lFES). through the program financed by the United partiCipants. of two resolutions. one regarding the States Agency for International Development (USAID), necessity of a law of access to infonnalion. and another tn cooperation with the Foundation for Plurallslp regarding the necessity of a new law regulating Ule reg­ I (Funda\la pentru Pluralism - FpPl, through the pro­ istration and activity of associations and foundations. gram financed by the Regional Environmental Center The resolutions were passed by the plenary and were for Central and Eastern Europe - RECI have organized submitted to the Parliament. Besides these resolutions. the second edition of the NGO Forum. in Bra~ov. on a presentation was made on the positions of the NOOs I April 3D-May 3. Thts event had brought together repre­ regarding the provtslon of the Forestry Code (Art. 37. sentatives of more than 65 Romanian non-governmen­ Par. 4) regarding grazing In forests. l111s resolution was tal organizations. of many financlng organizations that signed by many NGOs and was subsequently submitted develop programs In Romania. and of the House of to the Parliament. Deputies. House of Senate and the Romanian I Govenlment. For the second time It was discussed the fonnation of an Infonnatton Office for NGOs within the Romanian TIle Fonml was a good opportullity for the civil society Parliament. project that was discussed at the first edi­ representatives to discuss with representatives of the tion of the Forum. govenlment about specific Issues from their field of I activity. and espeCially about the lacks of the actual Following the NGO Forum. a workgroup was created to . legal framework. In the same time. the representatives draft an amendment to Ule law 21/1924. law that is of the govenullent have been olTered the opportunity to currently governing the activity of NGOs in Romania. ~1 present thetr point of view on the eXistence and activity l1le organizers wish to thank the NGO Forum 1995 of non-govenlmental organizations. and also to present parttclpa.nts for their efforts and for the acttvlty they their strategy for the assistance in the field of civil soci­ develop for the consolidation of the civil SOCiety In ety, Romania. Also. our gratitude goes to the authors of the TIle NGO representatives partiCipated very actively in "White Papers" preliminary verSions. that facllltated I the workshops that had as a main goal the drafting of greatly Ule workshop activities. And finally. we wish to Ule final versions of the "White Papers" on Ule six fields: thank USAID and REC for their funding and support. In I 1. Civic: 2. Economic Development; 3. Human Rights; the absence of which this event could not take place. .' I I I FOREWORD. 3

1 1 1 I THE DYNAMICS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL 1 ORGANIZATIONS IN ROMANIA 1 Dorel $ANDOR

I. INTRODUCTION serviceo for the NGO sector. The present development .1 The objective of this Report Is the assessment of the of the sector. but particularly Its consolidation within ....,:.. non-governmental sector In Romania. their profile. the following years. presume an Increase In complexity modalities of action. as well as their degree of connec­ of some organizational, and Infonnational factors. as -I tivity. well as the support related to their relations with the State institutions. The problems havlng accumulated during the last years, and the tendenCies for the near future, shall be In the meantime. this Report. represents a message. focused on by this analysts. They synthesize the most Both In analysis and in finding some solutions. the relevant Issues for the present situation and the poten­ author relied on data. ideas. initiatives belonging to a 1 tial for development of the non-govemmental organiza­ large number of peopie in Romania. They assumed dur­ tions (NGOs). Concomitantly. starting from the prob­ Ing these years. the attempt to tUTn into freedom, lems. solutions. recommendations and work hypothe­ hUman participation and soUdarlty. openings on an ses may be drawn up, useful for the general approach. Institutional level and soclal-economic opportunities specific to the gradual removal of communism. Without 1 In fact, this Report represents one of the comp«?nents having spectacular resources at their disposal. w1thou~ Involved by the preparation phase of the PHARE ClvU experience and steady support. they create alternatives. Society Development Programme in Romania. encourage the change tn mentalities. keep up ~he hopes Amplification of the roles and the Improved effective­ even when the chances are very low or inlss altogether. 1 ness of the non-govemmental organizations represent main factors for this development. Hence. the concern Based on this experience. options and strategies can regarding such organizations' being properly valued. already be built. The NGO sector In Romania has stimulating the number of organizations coming Into already proved Its capacity of an effort steadily dedicat­ I being. as well as of their Influence within the civil socl· ed to the democratic values. human rights and reinte­ ety. . gratlon into the European community. The present Report aims at correlat1ngly emphasize the defining characteristics for the profile, functionality II. ftRRnORIAL DISTRIBUTION and conooUdation po... lbUltles of the NGO sector In . The Report mainly considers the differentiation among Romania the counties accordtng to the number of organizations The territorial diotribution of the NGOs was consid­ reviewed here and to the number of completed projects. ered as being significant for the present profile. The And it Is this correlation that justly manifests the I quantitative dimensions and the present regional differ­ essential characteristics of the NOOa. as an expression ences point out a series of active centers. but also some of tbe need for ..soclation formulated through tbe pertpheral areas, left outside the general tendency so civic initiative. far. Although the data obtained so far give only an approxi­ I Orientation of tbe programmes, and the varied weight mate picture. still several general tendencies can be of the objectives assumed by the NOOs were conSidered ouWned. They are suggestive for the up to the present bastc criteria for an understandtng of the speclflcs of development. such activities and the mechanisms through which I they respond to human needs and the challenges of transition. The major disparity between Bucharest and the other counties The main sources of dlftlcultles the NOOs in Romania are faclng were analyzed with a thorough View to the Both In tenns of the number of organizations and the typical functionality for such Institutions. but also to number of recorded events represents the main asym­ identify resources and solutions in surpassing the pre­ metry of the NGO sector. ". sent barriers. This discrepancy. is due to some factors that shall keep One of the main recommendaUons of the Report is on existing in future as well: I meant to stress the usef~lness of setting up support - population's dimensions

I THI DYNAMICS OF NON-GOYERNMENTAL ORGANIZAnONS IN ROMANIA • 5 - dynamics of the soclal-pollt1caJ life marked by cen· target groups or local problems. TIle centralized admln· tralism Istralion of tile Programme should avoid the domination - presence of the main foundations of some metropolitan views when approving of projects· financing. - foreIgn su pport Suppor1Jng for such regional centers and saUelJtlng - preferential media coverage a.s.o. Ule coordinating functions shall favor the affinnation of Meanwhile. this centralism shows the preliminary tile local Initiatives coming from areas less emanCipated stage of the basic factor role. actually civic in setting up . from traditionalism or from the dependencies typical for of NGOs and stimulating Uleir actions. TIlls tendency post-communism. correlates With the prevalence of the Top to bottom Reform specific to the economic transition or the democratIzation processes. III. ORIENTAnON OF PROGRAMMES Stimulation of settlement or consolidation of some regional centers Ulat could build similar conditions for promes speclflc to the NGOs the self~rganizatlon tendencies and civic Initiatives at TIle expertence already gaIned In thc last years (90-fl4) local level. should be a priority of the strategy. represents one of the main prerequisites of the NGO Particularly that. not in few domains. other clties and environment coming Into being In Romania. The regions have already proved at least equally potential. self-evaluation of this experience within the regional consultations. sectoral studies perfonned' as well as the Significant differentiation also show up among d1f- . data base made up by SOROS Foundation emphasize ferent counties several prevailing tendencies. Revealing them might suggest pOints where support would be most efficient In These can be grouped into four large categories: view of a strategy for the consolidation of the sector. - advanced counties - as regards their quality and By correlating the assumed goals. modes of operating perfonnance. similar to the Capital. but remarkable and the resulted effects. five profiles specific to the for their more stressed vocation towards autonomy: NGOs functioning in Romania were identified: Cluj. Bra~ov. TIml~. Harghlta A Constitution and consolidation of the organization - counties wh~re the NGO environment Is already B. Assertion and self-protection of the members sketched and NGOs are prepared for triggering some through association ampler actions: la.!?l. Hunedoara. Prahova. Dob. C. Dedication of the organization to a target group Neamt. Arad. Siblu. Bihor. Mure~. Valcea. D. InfluenCing some of the transition processes or Constanta implication Into specific domains - less developed counties. where tllere are initiaUves E. Setting-up networks on regional. national levels or for specific sectors. but still incoherent and less stable: Gala\l. Cara~ Severtn. Suceava. Satu Mare. Covasna. SaJ.aJ. Arg~. TIle key words: organlzatioll. members. target group. Mehedlnt1. Maramure~. Bacau. Nisaud. Boto~anl. domains. network. concomitantly show a clear enough Alba picture of the basic elements of the NGO enVironment - the counties in the fourth category seem to be in post-communlst Romania. placed still at the periphery of the associative phe· A crucial question in working out the PHARE _strategy nomenon and the extsting initiatives are ephemeral would be to assess as accurately as possible. the weight and marked by Isolation: Buzin. Ialomlta. of each of these prevailing tendencies. Teleorman. Tulcea. Dambovlta. Giurgiu. Bralla. Out of the existing data it results that the major inter· Calara~i. GorJ. Olt. Vaslui. Agricultural District IIfov. est Is given to the programmes dedicated to target groups. particularly orten ted towards social protection. The big cities Ranking second. the civic initiatives dedicated to some domains with a critical evolution (pollution) or to the The differentiation among counties does emphasize the substantiation of new values. Institutions and struc· subsistence of an important disparity between the role tures do stand out. of the big cities and the countrysIde or of the small towns. Influence of the academic centers. development Self"rotection through association ranks third Within of t.he private sector. cultural traditions. higher recep· the hierarchy. followed by the concern for constitution. Uveness the western patterns. more JUarked multi-eth· conSOlidating and Improving the organizations. nic stnlcture. Industrialism effects under the condi· TIle Interest for the identification of partners or cooper­ tions of transitlon to the market economy a.o. do repre· ation has become significant. Stili. systematic efforts to sent main factors of differentiation. set up some organizations' networks are modest. though the isolation and fragmentation are perceived as dangers and sources of difficulties. Peripheral areas As an overall assessment of this environment. it results Preservation and ever marking of these differentiation Ule prevalence of the interest for protection. to recover do represent the main SOllrce of vulnerability of the the autonomy from tile power structures and from the NGO environment In the present. Decrease of tile state still extended influence of the State over the life of Indi­ role in providing the social protection is here doubled vtduals. groups and communities. by keeping the civic initiative at lower initial phase. Significant components of an offensive approach; spe· The PHARE Programme Strategy could support the cific to Initiative and civic solidartty are gradually out­ effort of Identifying the less favored areas. aiding the lined. TIlis should also be the prevailing dimension of existing NGOs. Stimulation of their being connected on consolidation. the regional level with other organizations represents an additional resource of the NGOs through the expert· ellC'e transfer and initiation of local assistance. 'nleir A. Constitution and consolidation of organizations advantage of being more readily compatible with the According to the evidences with the Ministry of Justice. procedures and approache.'O of the international InsUtu· between 1990-1994. 6961 aSSOCiations and founda­ tions makes an artificial distance in relation with some tions have registered in Romania.

6 • NGO FORUM 1995 I '-~' nln- Only 1035 NGOs have responded to the questionnaire tlveness might bear success cases wtth a decisive lUon sent by the Soras Foundation to a number of 5,126 Impact upon the proliferation of the associative Romanian organlzatlons. Out of these. at the question structures. TIlus, modernization nuclei may also aSking to list the significant events from their existence represent supporting pOints for the evolving net~ :, and activities of the associations. only 410 NGOs bldl­ works. eiUler regionally or by sectors. In of cated more than three events. Certainly. there Is a c. Nevertheless. the most specific objectives view the series of factors and conditions which render relative all Qtl social or professional topics: these data, starting from the hazard of the question­ ~~ - moral and material compensations for the dlsad· naires being submitted by maU. and even to the differ­ vantage categories by Ule old regtme abuses ent understandings of some questions. - protection of culturalldentlty But there are also some facts Indicating that a major dlspartty Is still present between: - mutual assistance within the small rural and ethnic communlltes ~ I - founding organizatlons - vocational improvement of the members and pro­ - their survival for more than one year motion pf t.he1r artistic, SCientific products within - their effectiveness for a pertod as long as possible the external envirol11nent ~J out of their existing time. - health services for the association's members. lanai A major characteristic of the present tendencies of (formerly Imprisoned people. physically handi­ reconsolldatlng the civil society In Romania is thus capped people. diabetics. a.s:o.). right this very disparity between the need of protection 111e defining aspect In this ease is to be found In the ~1 and the need of association. 11le first Is rather a prelim­ relation between vulnerabilities specific to the period :Ilt in Inary reaction. In a tlme perspective It reflects the con­ and the individuals and small communities' capacity of sequences of the near past totalitarian system and the self-protecUon. Facing marginalization, poverty and the ~tl new fnlstratlons and challenges specific to tranSition excessive Increase of the commercial criteria tn less ~t associated with the present and the near future. profitable domains (art, humanities, a.o.) represents TIle low concern for the NGOs consolidation and for the social reflexes essential for the person's dignity. for the III ~. 1 competence only at a constitution level, are conse­ preservation of the cultural and eUlnlc identity. quently, inherent features for the period of rediscover­ The differences In contents Impose differences in '°1 Ing the civic assoclativeness. If In the period of collec­ approaching. Adjusting the performance criteria and tivization people used to be forced to be led into being flexibility In comparing the objectives are cructal to dis­ es or organized. now they rediscover the usefulness and the tinguish from among programmes that proposed civic value of self-organtzatlon. actions with different outcomes. ,lsi It Is essential that among U,e eligibility criteria of the In this case, the symbolical outcomes (dignity, Identity) projects. not only the effects for the others (target and the relational ones (solidarity. autonomy) impose roup. groups, Impact domains) be taken into account but also themselves In relation With the prevailingly material thl! stimulation of associations' consolidation. the outcomes and efficlency specific to the economic cate­ ~1 recovery of some Inter-war traditions. and acquiring gory. From the civil society perspective, they are neltller publlc prestige. The NGOs gradually become. institu­ Inferior, nor subordinated. rategy tions that are minded. It would be Improper to fonnu­ lated this as a programmatic objective. Nonetheless, for veil the general development, It appears to be a strategiC C. Target groups Int - principle and an effectiveness criteria. (See: SERVICES Differentiation of NGOs by Identifying tilem with Ihelr target SUPPORTING THE NGOs ) speciallzed actions and programmes dedicated to some target groups highlights significant aspects regarding both the dynamics of the NGO environment and its spe­ B. Assertion and protection through NOOs ctfic functions under the present conditions. to':1 e This represent one of the basic prerequisites as regards s.tme· A1though crystallization in time of this specialization the extension and consolidation of assoctativeness. often took place spontaneously, its present configura­ Another significant fact conSists In U,e growing capacity tion proves a surprisingly effective adjllstment. The civil :1 of organizations. to take over services and activities pre­ SOCiety as an ensemble of relatively autonomous ten­ :utlon. viously provided and controlled by the State Institu­ dencies, under process of consolidation tn Romania tions. demonstrates an already outlined and viable capacity of a. Promotion of the Interests of the members of the response to the challenges of transition. And this aSSOCiations in their relations with the authorities capacity is, in many respects superior to the typical ,d~~ . has already become a current function. institutional - govenmlental approaches designated by ved as b. Within the economic area Ulere pre several stable the Refonn from top to bottom formula. On the other obJectives. specl/lc to this period: hand, the general picture that can be outUned at pre­ sent (March - August 1994) proves quite clearly the resls - property restitution and protection 'ec r advance of the differentiating tendencies and social )m the - making use of some opportunlUes stratification having imposed recognition In Romania ,fili- - privatization of some services (health, education, after 1990. 1111s call be also found out from the orienta­ research a.s.o.) tion of the specific programmes dedicated to different population categories. I. spe- - finanCial support for the assoclation's members Between: 'BUilding-up family type home for the elderly' Iy out- - protection of their members' Interests for the f quality of constructions and other consumer , 'Collecting information about the existing labor force mOr goods. within the area' and 'Our chance In Total guallty Management' tllcre are striking differences. It Is easily noticeable Ule correlation with the major 'Ibey are Induced by: :lons processes of transition. namely: privatization, social IUt:. stratification, competition. - mere nature of the problems :m - Support through technical. legal and managerial - capacity of coopcration of the benefiCiaries assistance. directed towards pcrfonnance. cOlllpeti~ - contents of the effort

I THE DYNAMICS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN ROMANIA • 7 - value of resources Surprisingly low Is still the churches contribution In _ socIal lmpact and foreseeable follow-up of the pro­ this respect. gramme. Under these conditions, priority should be given to Stut there Is a common feature that defines the very the support In: vocation of the NGOs as an active dimension of the civil - providing with a skllled social analysiS for the . society: a social need Is turned into an objective for a IdenUOcation of the m'ost disadvantaged groups current action Without multiple Institutional (state) - deslgnlng feasible progranunes, easy appUcable mediation or profit (private sector) condltionings. - accomplishing some advertising actions and of This self-regulating function at a dally level through stlroulating the ctvlc soltdarlty Indlvtduals, main groups and communities moblllza­ tlon. seems to be one of the main regulating mecha­ - training volunteers nisms of the clvtl society Within the post-totaHtartan - stimulaUng Interconnections and the use of com- environment. The differentiated perception of the new plementary efforts. needs. and frustrations on the level of some target b. Adjustment and emancipation. For the great maJori­ grou ps is something already acquired in Romania. ty of the population, the transition brought about The support strategy of the PHARE Progamme may use multiple Uberties and opportunities, but also a great thls capacity acquired during the last years by the NGO many critical situations and thresholds. envtronment In Romania. Both the foreign technical The educational system, largely wo~n out by the assistance and the system of allocation of resources extent of changes, or the medIa dominated either by should consider this as a starting point. thus avoiding political maneuverlng.or by. economic criteria were the mechanical transfer of patterns and experience.

Protection and mutua) support Acijustment and emancipation Promotion and competitiveness - psychically handicapped people -women - over~ed chIldren - elderly - neuro-motory handicapped - businessmen -veterans -family - organizations teaders - abandoned children - youtll - professionals - needy families -consumers -Inventors - alcohol and drug addicts - rural or ethnic communities

a. Protection and mutual support. The evaluation of capable neither to r~nstruct the near horizon nor this category of programmes Is essential for under­ to create new behavioral patterns. standing the specifiC conditions and subjective bar­ The Initial consensus for Change was gradually riers, typical for tile 1990-1994 period. replaced by fragmentation, skepticism. and even by Poverty has gradually become a current and extend­ the equaUtarian nostalgia. Ing reality In Romania. On the other hand, the The osciUaUng character of Ule govenlmental poU­ non-spectacular character of these effects d1m1nlsh­ cles when applying the refonn. and Its social costs, es the private or public (budgetary) Interest for a confused particularly through the turning of some pennanent, institutionalized support. transient circumstances Into lasting structures of The obsessive presence in the international press of the post-communlst system. the handicapped In Romania, as a major subject in Re-establishing the balance between the status of the last years. was viewed rather as a fonn of dis­ the indiViduals. groups and communities on one quaUfylng guiltiness and as a restriction with hand and the enVironment emerged (rom only par­ regards to the continental reintegration. tial changes on the other hand stands out as a fun­ Within the internal public debate, the economic damental problem of the Romanian society at the decline and human degradation were vtewed either end of the XXth century. generally, statistically, or as a topic for the political It also represents the central area of the clvic initia­ propaganda of tlle nostalgiC communism and of tlle tives. of the NGOs' programmes and fields of acUon. rightist criticism on the technocratic lack of Interest The restricted list of target groups already found at showed off by the government. the core of these. efforts point out the preliminary For those who. nonetheless. ventured, directly and stage of development of Ule civil society in Romania. concretely Into this type of programmes. the obsta­ It concomitantly shows a picture of the actual vul­ cles met are equally concrete and tough: nerability of the SOCiety in relation with the near - the precariOus level of infrastructure future and ~th the European geo-polttlcal area as - Ule low financing amounts well. - dispersion of subjects On the other hand. the transfer of behavioral pat­ - difficulty in approaching some SOCial noxae hav- terns. of solution systems, and western type stan­ ing already faHed into Isolation and often con­ dards was often restricted to mimiCry, Imitations nected With the crime environment (prostitution. and fonnallsm. TIle Dallas 1V series movie, seems offense. vagrancya.s.o.) to Influence the population's orientation to a greater extent than the exigencies of the Council of Europe. - reduced cooperation of the benefiCiaries. At the same time, the momentary reactions under In an Inevitably atheist society as it is post-commu­ crisis condtuons do not necessartly bring about nist Romania as well. charity can only hardly find Viable options directed towards the future. even its language and concrete patterns of supporting though they are fomlUlalect under the conditions of non-proflt Initiatives. So much less In favor of some some democratic enough electoral processes. sUhJects whose solely quality is that. In spite of their physical. ecollomic or moral degradation. have not Assessment of the programmes that have been suc­ ceased to be hUman beings so far. cessful stili suggest that there is a strategiC principle adequate to the condItions in Romania.

8 • NGO FORUM 1995 TIle NGOs programmes should give priority to Ulose An outstanding fact Is shown by tile very gradual exten­ III target groups whose adjustment and emancipation sian of the action Oelds. It is Initially domains from shall bring about favorable outcomes not only for which the state withdraws or In which It slackens down I those ones but will also offer a marking and sup- Its influence or contribution. Most often only the contrl­ ltl porting point for the oUlers as well. butlon. For both privatization and de-centrallzatlon th The transfer of information from other were In Romania deeply marked by the postponlng syn­ East-European societies. the encouragement of drome and the sequels orthe etaUsm. " Inventlvlty. giving priority to the quality of the But tllere are also new domains. started under the con­ on-golng training programmes and acquiring new diUolls of democratization. the extension of private Int­ ;01 languages and acting patterns could offer to the tar- tiatlve. and the press' relatively free expression. get groups the baSic resources tn order to change They represent already Ute components of a regenerat­ the relation from dependency. obedience. resign a- Ing clvtl soctety. tion in favor of autonomy. initiative and efficacy. . It Is often .Ignored Ule evidence that they often represent ~ml c. Promotion and competitiveness. Although. for the one of the main resources for stabUity and dynamism r:t.rt- time being they hold a restricted share and target within a SOCiety stili deeply marked by Ule aberrations out small size groups. these programmes might take a of the communist dictatorship. ,eal Fields and Domains Institutional Community Dally the .b - Human r1ghts - Local communities - Ecology ,er - Representation of interests with- - Culture. art - Media In governmental polictes - Education - Urbanism l - Electoral processes - Ethnic relations - Health - Civic and political behavior - Religion - Social protection • - Leisure leading role as an active dimenSion of the NGO envi­ - : ronmen t In Romania. There are Unee main domains which group the most characteristics domains for NGOs activities. I' TIle high degree of responsiveness of the beneficia­ TIle institutional medium in which the main role of the ries. the performed outcomes of higher compatlb1l1ty with the intenlationaJ standards represent prerequi­ Naos Is to maintain the relations between the civil soctety and the State. in Ute splrtt of the democracy val­ sites for the gradual ensuring of the self-support ues. nOil and even of attracting additional resources to be used for oUler types of programmes. TIle conmmnity medium. The present configuration of Some limits and difficulties still do not miss for the the domains and their proportion show the process of lll. accompUshment of these Initiatives. On the other de~ntralization. of constitution of local structures. the I by hand. Ule level of esteem for Individual values being directions and components of autonomy. ,0111 as yet low. as well as the necessary competence for Duling Ule first years after the RevoluUon. an essential their estimation before waiting for international dimension has been represented by the re-evaluation of .t~ recogntUon. represent a typical shortage when pro­ rellglon's role. tile emancipation of culture from poUtlcai Ime moting talents. of the over-gifted children and domination. re-evaluatlon of ethnic relations. The youngsters. Increase In minorities' Interest and efforts for highlight­ , On the other hand. some target groups (business­ Ing and preserving cultural Identity has proved this to :} be a prevailing concern. one men. leaders of organizations a.o.) tend to become. according to their suC'cess. elitist. getting Isolated or At Uds level. tlte relations witlt the new local adminis­ , II migrating towards the political competition. towards tration. elected on 19 February ]992. have been a con­ ::'~I- tradictory experience. The relation between civic and th other mlllelis. economically or from public exposi­ tion viewpoint more privileged. admJnlstrative at local level Is still at an IniUal phase. In this lies Ulough the chance that at Ule least some But here lies a significant potential for further develop­ .... of them would use their Influence In supporting Ule ments. ~ non-profit sector. through sponsoring. Internal and TIle daily medium. TIle fields In which NGOs are most I ~. lntcntational publicity. active are closely connected with the specific chaUenges ! lary An Important source to consolJdate the programmes of transition. with changes occurred In Ufe style. and dedicated to the performant groups would be the with the new difficulties such as on-eetting and extend­ facllitatlng Uleir promotion within the network of the ing unemployment. degradation of urban Infrastruc­ ~il international foundations and programmes. ture. a.s.o. I as Support granted for some prestigious meetings to be The specialization of NGOs activities by fields has organized In Romania with intenlational participa­ advanced.if compared with 1990. TIlelr weight differs In tion does represent a way enVisaged by many of relation with the real demands and needs. and the ~.I those that have been consulted. complementartty of programmes and accurate assess­ ons ment of their impact representing therefore priorities for ,",s Also. setting up In Romania some regional centers the follOwing period. specialized in such programme would contribute to otel the consolidation of the NGO environment. ~e. E. Networking lder D. Domains Networking betweell differellt nOIl-govenlmental organi. zattons Is possible as a subsequent stage to the f',ve Identification of the domains In which NGOs have been re-estabUshmellt and consolIdation of the NGO sector. • steadily Involved and in which the programmes running and a major condition for Its development. had a signIficant Impact between 1990-1994. gives the most certain basis for projection of some strategIes TIle Romanian experience has shown three different meant to support the civil society in Romania. levels of the cO-<>lleration efforts done by associations. foundations and other ciVic InitIatives.

I THE DYNAMICS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN ROMANIA • 9 A1though Lhey dlfTer In tenns of complex1ty. and their from foreign sources - i.e. the main source for the sequence assume a certain level of development. still 1990-1995 period - was limited chiefly by the they do not exclude one another. They co-ex1st and restrained access to Infonuation and NGOs low capacity together define this fifth category of actiVities and pro­ to design and Implement good proJects. grammes. - TIle most viable solution could be: The three levels of networking among NGO. Information Mobilization and cooperation Consolidation of the NGO envi- ~-~I~d~e~n~tl~n~ca~tl7o~I~,~o~f~o~t~h~c~r~N~G~O~s----1-~-==~n~lo~n~ITto~rt~I~I~g~t~h:c~p~r~o=g:ra~m~m==es~---1~ro~n~lD~e=n=t ______~--~----~----~ _ information exchange - exchange of experience - opening new branches and _ dissemination and publIcity of - complementary activities within affiliates Initiatives programmes nationWide - setting up federations transfer of regional and Inter- - representation of the intercsts - providing scrviccs for NGOs national experience within Parliament and - financial assistance for NGO _ identification of target groups Government programmes by foreign donors - exchange of services

TI1C starting point for establishing relations In the pre­ - Improvement of coordination between governmental sent period is reprcsented by Joint-programmes With a institutions and foreign donors by a cohcrent defini­ largc social Impact. TIlls stimulates the creation of hori­ tion of the eligibility critcria to cllsure complemen­ zontal networks which are actually specific to thc NGO tartty of the support granted to NGOs; ellVironment. - tcchnical assistance for the implementation and It Is more difficult to both create and maintain hierar­ monitoring of thc sponsorship law to favor the NGO chical type of relaUons. TIley create the premise for new enVironment: subordination relations or even for maneuvering either by govcnunental Institutions or by political ones. 11lis - a minimal coordination between the main foreign tendency has actually become more visible in 1994. donors: PHARE. USAID. SO ROS. Know How Fund and thc forthcomJng eJecUons of 1996 is going to stress a.o.: it even more. - Improvement of the NGOs management capacity in Consolidation of some regional centers might bc the project dcslgn and finanCial management: main counterweight to these tendenclcs. - increase of transparency related to potential finan­ 011 the other hand. networking activities presumes cial assistance of both government and foreign additional organizational. logistics and information sources; efforts. Specific type of networking resulted from thc - stimulating Ule private sector to increase sponsor­ activities carried out by the major fOllndations through ship of ficlds specific for NGO and civil society initia­ sponsorship and transfer of assistance. tives; Within this context. the foundations havc also had dur­ - special programmes to improve the image of ing thc first years of actiVity a more significant tnflu· non-profit activitics. the civic interest. solidarity and ellce upon Ule orientation of programmes. thus stimu­ chartty. lating the appearance of some NGOs With Similar pro­ files in sevcral cities. But Ute creation of some special­ Equipment ized networks depends on the initiative of these grass roots organizations. OtherWise, artifiCial and dcpendent Significant difficulties are related to: stnlctures. exposed to fonnal and bureaucratic views - the lack of necessary equipment for the current might result. actiVities being performed within organIzations; - ever-growing prices of the service and supplies of IV. MAIN SOURCES OF DIFFICULTIES consumable materials bring about the frequent ullder-utilization of the cqulpment. TIlis report considers the issues raised by the NGO's representatives who partiCipated in the regional consul­ - taking over by specialized centres of support to taUons organized Within the preparatory phase of the NGOs actiVity. of the cfforts related to multiplication PHARE programme. as well as thc opinions expressed and distribution of printed matters. especially in III a series of national symposia held durhlg cases when this Is bcyond the NGOs capacity to deal 1993-1994. Obvlollsly. the perception of difficulties With: represents a starting point. though not UIC only one. In - improving the skills 011 how to use the existing defining the basiC orientations of the Programme's eqUipment; Strategy. - endowmcnt reqUired by some specific activities With­ Surpassing these barriers generated by difficulties in programmes (c.g. vocational and re-training for should be correlated With the stillmlatioll of the NGOs' work force. ecological. educational programmes. potential and particularly with the increase of their press campaigns a.s.o.). receptivity to the tcndencles and dcmands of thc civil society. 11lere is a varied range of sources generating difficulties and obstacles. namely: financial. material Housing offices (eq1lIpment. hOUSing offices. logistics) and others relat­ NGOs' housing offices requiremcnts arc chiefly related ed with the social enVironment and State Institutions. to: headquarters, halls for public meetings and semi­ nars as well as places for spcclalizcd activities. Without repre.,.,enting a sophisticated componcnt of NGOs' acUv­ Financial difficulties itie.."i. the hOllsing office problcm is sUll one of Ule most TIley COllie to a certain extent from the delay in cnforc­ significant preliminary barriers ullder the present con­ ing the sponsorship law and the chaotic manner ditions In Romania. through which govcnllllcntal institutions have support­ 1llcre are sOllie aggravating circumstances which shall ed the programmes of somc NGOs. Access to financing

10 • NGO FORUM 1995 I e preserve this source of difficulties amongst the hardest Hons. actions and services provided through pro­ e to be solved wlthln lhe forthcoming years: grammes and projects will often have a superflcial - explosive Increase of the demand on housing offices Impact or will only remain at the stage of generous due to the shnullaneous development of privat.e sec­ debates. tor. NGOs, pollUcal parties. press tnsUluUons a,s.o.: On the other hand. under Ule present conditions of the precarious state of the real estate stock and the transition stage, a series of new challenges and fntslra­ uncertainty of property and regulations within this tlons show up. previous difficulties are amplified, popu­ domain; lation's perception and attitudes versus such dlfficul­ I tLes Is modLlled. - raising prices for rents, building or renovations of hOUSing offices meant for public activiUes: TIle danger of the gap between the actual demands and expectations on the one hand and the NGOs capacity of mtreaucratlc control over the housing offices being directing their actions in agreement with them. on Ute allotted and proliferation of corruption in adminis­ -I other hand. does represent one of Ule main vulnerablli~ tration; sometimes. distribution of housing omces ties of this area. has become a means of political maneuvering and megal gains. TIlere are more and more Important: I 111ese are the reasons for: iniUaUng a project to assess the specific needs of tal this period. correlated with categories of popula­ reconsidering the costs related to housing offices tions. target groups. community: within the programmes' budgets as well as the pos­ sibll1ty for some proJects be co-tlnanced regarding - opinion surveys and other social Investigation tech­ the up-buildlng of housing offices dedicated to the niques to map and measure the necds. either NGOs activity; regionally or sectorally Improvement of cooperation with the State institu­ - devising some Instruments of micro-social level tions and local govenullents. Viewing to Issue some analysts and training of NGOs members tn their uti­ regulations and decisions referring to the share of lization as profesSionally as possible: housing offices attributed to the NGOs; - organizing some joint activities to eXChange expert­ Identification of some housing offices which ence tn Identifying needs. belonged to some foundations and associations from 11ll1s. the NGQs shall get: the Inter-war period and which were confiscated or - civic reflex of being responsive to actual needs of the an- nationalized. TIleir restitution to the benefit of some Individuals. groups. communities; NGOs reinstating the lnter-war lradlUon or perform­ 'lgJ ing public use services might also be a Viable solu­ - realism in approaching issues: so tion. - autonomy vcrsus other factors, thus avoiding the LUa- tendency of their being subordinated or maneu­ vered. Relations with the social-political environment RebuUdLng the relaUons wlUt Ute State InstttuUons Critical aspects referring to the NGOs integration within Ule social-pollUcal and economic environment consider Understanding the Issue of relations to state institu­ the follOwing five segments that Ule NGOs are in rela­ tions goes beyond the present difficulties. SUll, it lies in tions with: Ule reciprocal perception betwccn Ule on-scttlng NGOs and the components of post-collllllllnist government. 1 - Ule civil society also subject to transition towards the proper fonn and - other NGOs operation under the nile oflaw. .rel the prtvate sector llle main critical aspects raised are as follows: the State Instttutions - the prcsent stage of the legislation and regulations; es local govenuuents uent lack of responsiveness and cooperat1on of Ule cen­ foundations and NGOs from abroad. tral authOrities: TIle efforts of the NGO enVironment to Integrate within Inertia and lack of effecUveness of the local govenl­ aUrtf the Romanian society as a whole and within the inter­ ment; lly In national context bring about a 'colllplex set of difficul­ - authoritarian tendencles and centralized control ties . upon alltonotllmlS orgallizaUons; .dl - ethnic and racial discriminations tolerated by the su Identification of the needs authortties: TIlc Increase of NGOs' capacity to iclcnUry real nceds of - difficult access to public information about target individuals. target groups and cOllllllunities represents groups and fields of interest; 19wlt a cnlclal component In the actual accomplishment of .preservation of sOllie rigid structures. speCific to Ule 1n1 • their role. 111is capacity ensures the basic prerequisites central administration system of some social securt­ 'in choosing and designing the proJects. Finally. how ty institutions in spite of the ever decreasing contri­ adjusted they are to these needs. might be considered bution of Ule State to the proviSion of such public as one of the effectiveness criteria for the NGO's activi­ services; ty. - dclay in working out aBd implcmenUng somc poli­ semi· TIle as..... essments performed have shown that although cies related to de-centra1izaUon of important areas the needs of the target groups represent one of the of public scrvices. ~ basic criteria in defining objectivcs. still the idelltifica­ Hon capacity is reduced. and lacks prorcssiollalism.

M v _SUPPORT SERVICES FOR NGO. It~~-~ con· Often. consenslls as regards the cont.cllts and dhllCIl sions of thesc needs COInCS from mimicry. maneuvering Thc necd for stich services. deriving rr01ll the present or rOtltine. charactcristics of the NGO environment in Romania is hill Qne worsening aspect is the t.endency towards a gener­ bccoilling clear: al. abslrad image about thesc nceds. 'nllls. the SOlll- the crystalli7..aUolI of spccific necds relaled to legal

I THE DYNAMICS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN ROMANIA • 11 assistance, accounting, Infonnatlon and public com~ - NGO accounting and bookkeeping of current municatlon, personnel's training, Improvement of expenses and financial management; resources management s.o.. : - the NGOs' knowledge on the social, economic, poUti­ _ the difficulties related to administration, manage­ cal processes In post~l1lmt1njst Romania In order ment or Infrastructure: to enable tllem to better Identify the actual needs of _ the gradual specialization of NGOs activities by the target groups. sensitive Issues of specific areas; fields and target groups: - editing. and wide distribution of messages and Infor- _ rising of complementat1tles, advancement of ways of mation produced by NCOs. exchanging actlvtties and the solidarity specific to Within Ule foreign and national donors and foundations NGOs: strategy these areas might be approached as projects - avoiding overlapping and parallellsm, and diffusion themes for a distinct category of NGOs capable to pro­ of foreign assistance and sponsorship at local. vtde specific support through consultancy .servlces: regional or sec-torial levels. - NGO Centre of Consultancy and Tralnlng for Project One may estimate that a critical threshold was riched Design and Implementation between the Increase In NGOs diversity. the complexity - Info-Centre of their actlvtties, on one hand and the organizational - Legal Advise Centre and managerial exigencies. secondary but Indispens­ able for tile operation as a whole. These routine topics - Accounting and Internal Financial Check-up often contradict the basic vocation and Initiatives of the (Auditing) Advise Centre NGOs. - Centre for Study of tile Problems of Transition TIle fundamental pt1nclple may be here constituted by - Center for Desktop Publishing and Printing turning the drawbacks Into privUeges. As the NGOs - Center for PubUc and Media Relations .. activities shall expand. such matters should be re-assessed as an ensemble of specific demands on the Setting-up of Ulese NGOs shall Induce a series of favor­ intenlal market of the NGO environment. These could able effects such as: be considered as opportunities for consultancy activi­ - complementing the Programme's--fillanclal and logis­ ties dedicated to NGOs th~t here are viewed as target tic support with technical asslslance required to groups. facilitate the actuallmplemelltatton of the projects; A more general solution might be producing and provid­ - Increase of the consultancy capacity· as an Internal Ing services meant to simplify and facliltate the activity resource of the NGO envtronment by aSSimilating proper of NGOs. 11le main fields where such a support the foreign experience together wi th a more ade­ might bring about qualitative changes In the NGO envt­ quate knowledge of Ule processes and characteris­ ronment are the following: tics proper to the Romanian society: - project design and Implementation; - increase of Internal cohesion within the NGO envt­ - collecting. managing and disseminating Infonnation ronment: about the NCO envtronment. current projects. possi­ - a better distribution of resources through avoidance bilities of cooperation: of parallelisms and fragmentation: ' - legal assistance for NGOs in matters like· constitu­ - Indirect evaluation of the projects financed by' the tion. re-organizatton. administrative regulations and Programme by the level of NGO demand for Ulese praxis a.s.o.; services.

12 • NGO FORUM 1995 ltiller o oro. Ins cts ~:. WHITE PAPER ROMANIAN CIVIC NGOs up• A preliminary version by Sorin ANTOHI, noles by Dan PETRESCU

• i Any presentatton of Romanian Non-Governmental only the 'bourgeolsle' had proilts. a fact which aecord­ Organizations (NGOs) In the Civic field should start Ing to Marxist thInkIng deepened the llIas and led the with a short theoretical discussion concerning civil 'proletariat' to exasperation. society. Undoubtedly such a discussion can only guide nle lenn 'clvtl society" was especially used In .Marxlst rather than set a standard. After more than five years of dialogue during the 70·s. During tlIls time It lost its the practice' of civil society and attempts to set up a ethical implications and contributed to the design of the self-referential discourse. the analyst Is forced to adjust non-political aspects of the contemporary (Western) the Western understanding of the matter to the dynam­ social order. ic and complex local reality of practice. The other-option Is the adoption of the more Wide spread Western cate­ gories. which gtve the tlIuslon that East-West dialogue b. Clvll Society va. The State Is essentially a matter of establishing some superficial In accordance with a logical pattern, so typically similarities and tenntnology. European, the distinction between civil society and This paper includes: (1) the establishment of a mt_nimal state has quite quickly become distinct. The fonnula lhe conceptual framework. (2) the peculiarities of civil soci­ 'society against state' (Pierre Clastles), Inltlallyelaborat-" ety In the Central and Eastern Europe and (3) an out­ ed for 'ptimltive' societies. has often been used In exten­ line of the Romanian expeJience. sion for modem societies. In this respect, the clvt1 soct­ ety and the state are In a pemlanent competition or TIle thematic workshop tn Brasov consequently focused even In an Irreducible confilct. nlerefore. civil society on collecttng new data concerning civic NGOs In has to pressurize (especially through organizations) the 1\ Romania. TIlls was an exercise tn self-evaluation and state In to reconstnlction. In other words. liberal think­ an attempt to IdentifY the spheres of co-operation and a Ing claims that civil society wUl nourish as the state presentation of future strategies. wtUldraws and leaves space for many autonomous pub­ lic domains. • 1_ THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK a. Clvll Society c. Recent Developments 111is obsessive sector of SOCial sciences has a prehistory Firstly. one can notice that In the West. civil society Is of its own, which first and foremost includes the tenn prosperous despite the ·threat' posed by the state (by Its civilis soc/etas. TIlls tenn founded on a tradition initiat· drift towards assistance) and private corporations (by ed by Cicero, Imposed itself in the 15th century. It their ambitions which exceed the 'pure' economic I I detennlned a civilized political community, which pre­ sphere and enter the traditional area oC-state and civil I I supposed the development of urban centers, self sodety). Secondly, one can also notice that theories • defined legislation and civic partnership. In short it was stating the disappearance of civil society In Western Ule opposite of barbarism. TIlls tradltlonal understand­ democracies reassemble the complementary theories on Ing of the ternl, which had already gained valuable the disappearance of the state. Both types of theories Implications, was refonnulated by proposed Ideas (e.g.: represent an ideology rather than a political philosophy. • Locke) as an antithesis to pattiarchal authotity and the Other recent developments are summertzed below. We natural state. TIlerefore, Adam Ferguson was· able to know that the theories concerning state and society (set I write a history of civil SOCiety which was in fact a histo­ up in a claSSical foml in the 19th century) should have ry of civilization. been adjusted to fit modem and post-modem realities. Hegel and similar leftist thinkers (e.g.: Marx) revised the TIle emergence of hybrid institutions which were simul­ axis of reasoning and sustained the concept of clvU taneously political and social (and even economic, cul­ SOCiety (burgerlicile GeseUschaft) so it encompassed the tural etc.), Significantly overlap and spread over their stage of development which advanced people reach. At own specific tertitorles. ambitions and competence. TIle this stage. economic and social systems fUflctioned tendency to Integrate some key social groups In to the independently from the ethical requirements of both the state structures. TIle appearance of new social move­ I law and politics. According to Marx this meant that ments and new forms of collective action. TIle disman- I ROMANIAN CIVIC NGO. • 13 tHng of state support which In practice meant a range from subverSion to co-operation) to place the \ \ reduced presence of the state as a unifying agent (as In intelligentsia against the state In Ulis region makes the the model of the last century). TIle transfonnatlon of analyses of Ule respective civil SOCieties more difficult. social Ufe (even at the Indlvidualleve)) into an InextJica· ble combination of both pubUc and private nonns and provisions (under Ule ambiguous circumstances of the b. The Communist Mutation new conceptions on the pubUc·private diVision). TIle landed ambiguity of the couullllnlst state can be TIle opposition between civil society and Ute state even· perceived in the paradox of a society simultaneously tually moves towards co.operatlon and mutual contam­ modem and archaic. In other words. the Soviet state ination. The aggreSSive strategies are reduced and produced and exported a modenlism which was already pushed towards a boundary. Some (neo-conservatlve) archaiC, TIlls modernism was proposed by Leninist groups propose a selective Withdrawal of state-power thinking which was unable to assimilate the mature from civil society all together. with a gradual relaunch­ phase of the inrtustrial revolution. beyond Taylortsm ing of both private competition and market ethics. and Fordtsm. Stalinist thinking. a mutation of Other groups (whIch tend towards classical liberalism Sovietism. did nothing else but deepened this charac­ altered by a neo-liberal reflection) propose an Impene­ teristic, despite the obviOUS ncgative signals from the trable and better arranged civil society. granted by the reality of the situation. state. TIle recent history of Western NGOs proves that With reference to civil society, this Situation was the democratic state and civil society can have an excel­ absorbed by a highly rewarded state which was weak lent co-operation. especially if they set their limits (desperately needing the support of all Ideology. of the mutually but keep a clear distinction. Party and of the political police) as well as megalomani­ ac. illegitimate and obsessed with (a fake) consensus. 2. THE EASTERN EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE However, this did not mean that the totalitarian inten­ tion succeeded. although the civil society's atrophy (or It is unreasonable to impose Western social theories on Its disappearance In some extreme cases) seemed to non-western local realities despite their capacity to indicate precisely this fact. especially after the emer­ encompass universal historical experiences. In this gence of the New Man. way. the East European dtstincUveness can be more precisely conceptuaHzed and the main traps of the What was left untouched by this situation? It was pre­ analysis of the information can be avoided. Abusive cisely those archaiC forms. the fossils of the pre-modem similarities (a matter-of-fact usage of certain terms. sociality which were neither under the traditional concepts. patienls and theories disregarding the differ­ state's extent of influence (the everyday Itfe. especially ences). depict Eastenl Europe as an exotic area (as a nual) nor a constitutive element of civil society accord­ superficial method to describe Its distortion) and sug­ ing to the. definition given to It by modernism. These matize it. For several reasons, such amateur analytical relic social spheres. which were there previous to the exercises (groWing In to a real catastrophe due to Ule public-private distinction and clearly previous to the above mentioned vices) are frequenUy and tiresome as modem state posed a modest subverSive potential. It they represent the intellectual element of the typical was at the end of the 'SOs when this subversive poten­ celebrated. academic and conditional relations between tial grew apparent. although not really active. It was East and West. less important change to occur to the COIllJUunist order Ulan from Ule fonns of civil society that resulted from the dynamics of Communism (e.g.: dissident groups a. The Triangle of the State, Civil Society and the from Within the Party. individuals or groups of opposi­ Intelligentsia tion, free trade unions or trade unions Inherited from Several studies of Russia have revealed that besides the the pre-ColUmunlsm and the lUodenl stage of societies state and Civil society. there is a third pole: intelli­ In Eastem Europe Uke Polish CaUlolic circles). gentsia. According to Alain Besanpoll. the Russian Intelllgentsia of the past century was the result of: a c, Post-Communism centralized mode of education: being under the strict control of the state; founded on the crisis experienced The 'DOs seem to be a triulllph to civil society In by the Former Regime and emerged under the circum­ Eastern Europe. But what kind of clvtl SOCiety is it? stances of a civil society unable to command Ule Intelli­ Where does it come from? Is it represented by some gentsia (which came out fonn Within It) to Its own val­ hidden forces which have now come on to the stage? Is ues and reasons for existence. While civil society tried it a sudden development of some previously reduced to reabsorb the Intelligentsia and link it to Its desires phenomena? Is it the resurrection of pre-Communist' for change (similar to the Westenl pre-Revolutionary civil society or a spontaneolls generation? civil societies which aimed at abolishing the Former TIle experience of the past years will indicate that cer­ Regime). the RUssian intelligentsia adopted an abstract tain features (which have an endemic character at least and boundless program for change. This program for some of the states in Eastenl Europe) could be pre­ adhered to prhnltlve revolutionary Ideology. As civil sent again or perhaps they have never disappeared. TIle society dreamt of limited changes. the Intelligentsia intelligentsia In this region (which are not merely a were radical. these two historical players would soon revised version of the Russian intelligentsia in Ule past come Into conflict (dull at first and then head on). TIle century but exhibit important similarities) have mere existence of a common enemy (Ule state) was not involved themselves tn relaunching the structure and enough to unite them. the ethos of civil society. TIlis has occurred despite Ule '11C HlIsslan pattenl deSCribed here cannot be applied total fracture under the COllllnttllist rule between the to lhe whole of Central and Eastern Europe. a region intellectoal democratic (or at. least with a democratic With sHch a slllall degree of hOlllogcllcity. However. one bias) elite and 'the mass·. One can now sce leaders of should bear in mind this type of conflict between civil opinion and political framcworks who articulate a new society and the elite (which comes from within thelll). disco11rse 011 civil society and who speak to their indif­ as well as the structural difficulties of building tip, in ferent fellow countrymen generally using an 'inappropri­ many Eastern European count.ries. stability and SOIllC­ ate rhetoric. l3y til esc mealls t.hey try to reclaim the thing more than Just rhetorical bridgcs between tennl- popUlation for t.he cause of a West.t:m type of democra­ 1I0iogy. 'I11e t1llcertainty posed by the attempt (which cy.

14 • NOO FORUM 1995 11l1s new discourse often has a lower power to moblllze lecUve illuSions of cllange Ilave been reabsorbed or have than Its corresponding alternatives (the discourse been transformed Into the opposite as a result of the based on: Communist nostalgia and restoration. obVious failure of this transition. Romania faces an nationalism or a combination of Ulcse two). extreme difficulty In estimating the civic NGOs' contri­ TIle reality of the civil SOCiety in Eastern Europe Is bution because: the ciVic/social-political distinction Is I difficult to be made (for example hybrid forms like The Ulcrefore a great problem. In what way do the shy work be CiVil Alliance are not easy to categortze); many such 81 for NGOs or the academic build a consLnlctive view of Ule West U1at stimulates thiS reauty? In short: can civil organizations make no promotion on their activity .at1 (sometimes because they try to protect their financial ,d society be built up? resources, which are often Intenlatlonal) and finally the list eJdsting data bases are not complete. easily accessible 3. THI! ROMANIAN AREA or credible (data from Soros Foundation. for example). 81 I '·"1o TIlcre seems to be problems with the cllrrent state of If the situation or sol11tions were clear we would not I Romanian civil society. Perhaps because part of the col- need a Forum for non-govenllnental organizations. ,I ~eJ- I ,a I ~ak I NOTES

~!Iell­ I. PRESI!NT SnUAnON OF CIVIC NON-GOVERN­ TIle df[flculties encountered by these NGOs wah relation (or MENTAL ORGANIZATIONS to their target groups are: identification. access, lack oj During the "CIvic NGO" workshop. the participants con­ knowledge conceming their problems, lack of resources. ~~1 centrated on developing this draft paper which lack of democratic experience. communications. lack of attempts to deffine ciVic organizations as well as to managerial experience. If';:· address the issues of civic NOOs. The characteristics mentioned above represent an The proceedings of the workshop were led by Ms. extremely shortened assessment of a number of diffi­ Juliana Geran Pilon, Director of Programs. IFES. TIle culties encountered by the inltiaJ civic NGO movement. lily~~ whIch was based essentially on enthusiasm. At present rd- reporter was Mr. Petre Anghel. TIle following Is an edit­ ed synUlesls of the discussions and analysis made by tllere is a need for a more professional approach espe­ the participants. written by Dan Petrescll of IFES­ Cially tn the area of the theory and practice of mass­ th~~J ROInania. communications techniques. collective decision making . It as well as leadership and management of non-profit NGOs. 8. The definition of civic non-governmental organl· ::. zations de~ Civic organizations are non-governmental. nOIt'-projit c. Means of action om S structures. promoting civic activism with the nim of Civic NGOs actions indude: uphOlding and acting in the involving the citizens ill solving locnl or regional issues. direcUon of spreading knowledge (Uld education of the lsiIPt TIlls rather general definitioll tries to include the group spirit of civic values. stilrtll/cLting public involvement and 01 of organizations Ulat promote or watch the fundamental participation. promotiHg and defending individual human :les civic values and rights (e.g.: voting rights and participa­ rights. upholding the common interest and act in the tion. election monitoring. accountably of their elected sense of monitoring and controlli.ng the activities oj tlte offiCials etc.'. These are the objectives of human rights authorities. I organizations and also tllOse of organizations who are TIlis wide inventory Includes specific activities such as concenled with the development of democratic struc­ , , .In ~ivic education programs (seminars. pubUshlng and , I hires and attitudes at local and regional levels through distributing educational mateJials etc.). participating In various issues be it environmental. Juridical. economic ~Jm national campaigns of public opinion and infonnalion etc. / I and collecting Signatures for legislative initiatives (see ::ed A special problem in this area Is the proper Identifica­ the campaigns of Pro Democracy for parliamentary list tion of such organizations. As there Is no documenta­ accountability and reform of the electoral system). I· tion available for the classification of such organiza­ !er Uons. Of course one may name organizations like Pro ast Democracy Association. Pro Europe League. Civitas etc. d. Partners >re- As well as, well known national and regional NGOs. Potent.iul partners in cilJic NGOs activity are: parlicunen­ 111 Issuing annual reports and having clearly defined and tarians, local administmtion. gOl'ernmental institutions, nlll programs. TIlere are also an important number of POlitiCCLl parties. mass media. unions. other types Of ~ l less known organizations. which act at a local level ast NGOs, churches. eledorCll institutions. national or inter­ lve stich as Union of the Vrancea People in }<~oc_anl. Pan nationalJoundations Wid other intenmtlonal institutions. Clvica in Ramnicu Valcea etc .. It is a goal for the future TIle variety of the potentIaJ partners Is understandable 1111th to Identify all organIzations that fall under the above umbrella definition. In view of the wide array of Issues in the sphere of civic Ihe NGOs. Practically allY elected body or representatives of ltiC profeSSional cO!llnHlUities or interest groups can 1 h. Target Groups become pot.ential partners of civic NOOs as long as :e nle tarrJct group of a civic NGO CWI lJe any segment of a there are co III III on Interests that can be sustained 'II~ cOIJUlHmity which lias a comlllon interest alld/or need. through publJc participation. Jri- TIle "sense of the above denotation strengthells the very ProlJlellL'i of dolc NGOs in relationship wilh other NGOs: definitioll of civic NGDs. It stresses participation. which luck q{ ndequcde knowledge oj tllese orgcmizaltons. luck ~I Is the lIlain o~jective of these organI7...ations. oj solidarity. COllulllUlicatioll Wid coopemting spinl par-

I ROMANIAN CIVIC NGOs • 15 aile! actions. lack of infrastnfcture and lack of manageri' development of collaborating attitudes. develop­ al experience. ment of partnerships and constant Infonnatlori Problems in the relationship with oiher partners: lack of shartng. . .l, political wili. identifieatinn of dUJlculties. absence of 1.6. Growth of the number of civiC organizations channels of communication. intolerance and a want oj 1.7. Partnership wtUl local administration. • democmtic experience and t'gnorance of the legislation and tts slwrtcomings. 2. Negative restraining forces and solutions: Most of the problems mentioned are related to deficient 2.1. Poor experience and managerial activity: solu­ or absent communication as well as an Inherited suspi­ tion: training and managerial assistance and cious attitude. Problems related to the legislation. dis­ human resource management. cussed at length have tn fact been made clear in the 2.2. Lack of resources; solution: fUlldralslng plan two resolutions made during the Forum '95. On the (budgeting. IcienUOcation of sponsors and other basis oftills. action will be taken. fuuders) and Increasing own funding activities. 2.3. Absence of volunteers; solution: perfecting the II. SOWnONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF CIVIC reenllUng and motivating techniques. NGOsACTIVITY 2.4. Need for Increased access to public Institutions: In the civic organizations workshop. the participants solutions: (I) proposals for the improvement of tried to suggest an example of a strategy of action to relevant regulations; (II) activities targeted at Improve actlvtties. Using a process of force field U.e dri­ educating and Infonning the authorities ving and' restraining forces were Identified. Solutions 2.5. Regulatory legislation: soilltlon: actions related to were found to enhance the first and weakening the sec­ ImproVing the relevant laws (sponsorship laws. ond. nle contents of the analysis seSSion are presented below: tax laws. law 21/24 and Ule public finance law) 1. Positive. driving forces identified and solutions of 2.6. Citizens resistance to change; solution: continu­ enhancing them: Ing educational activities 1.1. Adaptability of NGOs 2.7. Inadequate media coverage; 'Solution: training In collllnunications and marketing techniques 1.2. guaiJty of leaders; solutions: training. human resources management. public relations and 2.8. Duplication of activities; soluUon: networking managerial assistance. and improvement of activities concerning infor~ maUOJl 1.3. Collaboration with the mass media; solutions: activities concenling infonnaUon and education. 2.9. Lack of communication with the extenlal envi- partnership and development of personal con­ ronment tacts. TIle solution to the last four points lies In a concerted 1.4. Cooperatton with the intenlational community; effort to Increase training in intenlal and external com­ solutions: Identification of partners. activities munications of the civiC NGOs. concenling InfonnaUon and education. partner­ The analysis made above can help civic organizations ship and development of personal contacts. IdentIfY their main deficiencies and act accordingly to 1.5. Networking; solution: Identification of- partners. Improve their activities.

16 • NGO FORUM 1995 lon I

>!tIlan

la,he • WHITE PAPER ROMANIAN ECONO~IC DEVELOPMENT NGOs Despino PASCAL, dr. Ion ANTON

FOREWORD and Ute work force employed in the private economic TIlls 'White Paper' concerns the non-governmental sector represented 41 % of the whole wQfk force. organizations (NGOs) and non-profit organizations, TIle distribution of Ule work force and of the turnover which function in the field of business and trade devel­ for each sector of the economy demonstrates that tn opment In Romania, It is the second update from the Romania, Ule private seclor is active mainly tn agrtcul­ Intenlational Foundation for Electoral Systems (lFES) lure, commerce and services. It m11st be taken Into con­ presenting this extn;mely dynamic sector of civil soci­ sideration that the percentage of the work force and ety, which has a great potential in the role of economic that the tunlOver of the industrial sector is less than In) democracy. 2% of the small and medlulIl size enterprises represent­ Ii ed in this sector. :rte Without being an exhaustive record of all the NGOs ~m~ functioning in the field of business development In nlC data provided by the National Office of Regtstered Romania, the present report represents a starting point Commerce demonstrates an extremely explosIve I, and a basts for debates concerning the state of this sec­ amount of new private enterprtses entertng the free tor. The debates have already taken place during the market. ~;I workshops organized for this report at the NGO Forum Each small and medium size private company ensures in Bra,>"v. May 1995. on average 3.5 working places. TIle drafttng of this 'White paper' has prompted an The great majority of the private companies can be I effort to gather reference material. to communicate and described as 'micro' In size. TIlis category comprises to synthesize the Infonnation offered by oUler organiza­ 92.8% of all the private companies. 36.3% of all the tions and programs, such as the campaign 'Good Ulonl­ persons employed III the private sector and contributes lng, Romania', developed by Deloilte & Touche. with 60.4% of the lunlover of the private sector. I Furtller Information was provtded by Ule second Forum The class of small enterprises has maintained Its of the Employers Organizations. Oradea, 1994 and by importance within the sector and this is why the con­ tile Annual Report (1994) of tile 'Romanian Center for cerns of these private enterprises rieed to be much bet­ ;'1 Small and Intennediate Enterprtses'. ter sustained and represented. At the same time, the present ·Whlte paper' Is a good The small and medium size enterprises are vulnerable account of the documentation which has been accumu­ due to their size and their economical force in their lated by TIle International Center for Entrepreneurial relationship with the state owned enterprises and also Studies (elsA). during the common programs developed because they are strongly disadvantaged compared to I together with the NGOs in the field of business. the state owned enterprises. Small and medium size Nevertheless, the comments, conclusions and direc­ enterprises have set up with their own free Initiatives, tions concerning further actions belong to the authors their own associations and representative structures. and tile participants of the workshops which took place TIle NGOs which function In the economic and bUSI­ I at the 1995 NGO Forum. ness field are est.ablished according to the Law 2 II 1924, according to certain govenlluental decisions THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE NGO. (e.g.: The Romanian Chamber of Commerce and TIle development of the non-governmental sector In the Industry a'nd 'The Romanian Center for Small and I economic and business field Is closely connected to the Intermediate Enterprises·) or according to the provi­ 23 25/1993 overall evolution of the prtvate sector, whose InteresL~ it sions of Article of the Ordinance which has represents and for which it offers certain services, become the Law nr. 83/1994 for the stimulation of the small and medium size enterprises, TIle rapid growth of the private sector Is an encouraging aspect for the appearance and development of the NGOs, NGO. IN THE ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS SECTOR At the end of 1994. it was estimated that the private Sil1lilarly for the sitllation in other countrtes of Central I sector had contributed approximately 38% of the GDP Europe. the NGOs nBc! themselves in a stage of devel- I ROMANIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT NGOs • 17 oplllent and ripening which brings certain difficulties. THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF THE SMALL AND Beside the chambers of commerce which are still look­ MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ICNIMMR) Ing for their place In the market economy. there have Bucharest. IG Repllblicli Bvd .. Tel: 40 (0)1-312 66 OB. developed a large number of Independent business It was fOllnded in 1902 and functions as an employers' organizations. These are now competing against the orgall17.atlon which Is non-govenllllClltal, non-political chambers of commerce and against one another. and lIon-proflt. TIle stnlcture of the NGOs In the field of business Is as TIle aim of CNIMMR: To promote and defend the ceo· follows: nomic and social interests of the private entrepreneurs. - Employers' Associations (Chap. 1) TIle structure of tile members: Small or medium slze - Chambers of Commerce and Bilateral or Mixed enterprises With private capital, an individual who has Chambers (Chap. 2) an entrepreneur license. - Training and Consulting Centers (Chap. 3) Structure: 21 branches and initiative groups all over - ProfeSSional Associations (Chap. 4) the country. A<;soclatlve and cooperation agrecments with the employers' associations In Cluj. Oradea. BraiJa. Rill. Valcca. Ploiesf.i. as well as with the CHAPTER I. EMPLOYERS' ASSOCIATIONS Romanian Federation for Montan Development and the III the districts where there has taken place a dramatic Romanian Foundation for the Promotion of Quality. evolution of the bUsiness cOIllIIHlllity. one can also CNIMMR Is a member of the European COllfederation of notice the build lip of associative stnlctures. which rcp­ Independent Entrepreneurs (CEDI). rcsellt the interests of the owners of private companies. Main Projects: The Mutual Fund for [3usincssmell These district employers' organizations are generally (FMOA). a nnancial instit1ltion which was foun~ed in members of associative federate stnlctures at a natioll­ December }1-)93 by CNIMMH. 'nle Manager Institution allevel. and are described as follows: and The Romanian Association for Management in Supplies and Sales (AROMAV). The FMOA project is administrated by TIle SOCiety for FInancial Assistance THE NATIONAL UNION OF ROMANIAN EMPLOY. and Investments (SAFI) Which Is one of the auditing ERS IUNPR) companies accredited to CNIMMR. - It was foundee! In 1992 and has its headquarters in Other activities of CNIMMR: It provides consulting ser­ Bucharest: 2k Splalul In depend en tel. 3rd Door. Tel: 40 vices and qualified assistance for starting lip and devel­ (0)1-311 0991: Fax: 40 (0) 1-3110993. TIle chairman oping contacts With ROIwmiall and foreign partners. It Is ~tefall Chelariu. recommends auditing cOlilpanles and collaborates wltl) them to organize intensive courses In the field of: man­ UNPR c1ahns to have 234.720 members. agement. financing alld accoullting, commercial and TIle aim of the organization: It represellts and defellds judicial procedures. contracts. evaluating assets, inter· on a lIationaJ and local level. the rights and tile Iliter­ viewing personnel as well as publicity and advertising. ests of its members. It provides. for its members, tech­ It also provides logistic support and assistance to the nical and commercial assistance and consulting ser­ initiative groups of the private entreprelleurs. vIces on the folloWing issues: the technological modern­ lzatlon of small private Industrial production; the usc of TIle board - Chairman: Prof. Ovidlu Nlcolescll Ph.D .. General Manager: Lucian 13laga. equipmcnt and technOlOgy In small industrial produc­ tion and the promotion of marketing techniqucs on a local and Intcnlational level. It also supplies \ia an ade­ THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF THE EMPLOYERS quate information network Ule current data and illfor­ FROM ROMANIA ICNPR) matlon concenling the activities of its members. Headquarters: 155 Plata Vlctoriei; President: Mihal TIle organizational structure: 52 territorial federations Carciog, Vice-President: Eugen Burada; Tel: 40 which are organized as non-profit institutions with (0)1-6158166: 650 07 46: Fax: 40 (0)1-312 09 67. their own legal statlls and 8 professionaJ associations. ft has 25 local organizations which Include 200 smaller TIle budget of tlle organization: 174.6 million lei out of organizations. which 84.6 lei represents the contribution of the mem­ Aim: To support the entrepreneurs anel all the produc­ bers and the rest Is Ule result of sponsors and grants ers. It promotes managerial behavior which meets the for activities. reqUirements of the market economy. In 1004 lJNPR benefitcd from PHARE nnanclal support Targets: To solve key problellls ('oncenling the reslnlc­ which was administrated by TIle Romanian Center for turing. relaunclling. privatization. capitalization and SllIall and Medium sIze Enterprises. clevelopmellt of bUsiness enterprises and their transfor­ illation into efficient units. Main projects: The Congress of the Employers' A.o;sociaUolls in Romania. Financing: Contrllllltioll frolll members and support from PHAREI CRIMM. Projects which are being developed at present: Assistance. auditing and consulting serv1ces In the technical. economical. fiscal and Juridical fields. THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL EMPLOYERS' ASSO. CIATION Organization. functionaJ and structure: UNPR has 116 paid employees. Foullded in March 10DI with headquarters at 219-221. ~erball-Voda Street. It is represented by loana Nlcolae TIIC leadership is ensured by the following bodies: lllC anel Costache Gheorghe. 'conventioll' which meets in regular sessions and nomi­ 111e organization has hrallches In 38 districts and rep­ nates the Managemcnt Board and the Auditing resent.ative ollkes In USA Italy. Greece and Germany. COllimisslon. 11le Board includes 95 llIelllbers ami It has a 4 year mandate. TIle Ooarel of Directors is wade lip of 21 members who ellsure thc lIlallagclIIcllt of the THE NATIONAL CONFEDERATION OF ROMANIAN c1lrrent lINPR activities and the implelllclltatioll of the EMPLOYERS ICNPR) def'isiollS taken by the Mallagelllellt Board. The With headquarters at 2-4 Ministcrului Sl. Bucharest. ClJainnan of UNPR is elected for a period of 4 years. reprcscilted by Hielns Corm!l.

18 • NGO FORUM 1995 I Ouring the past two years, alllong these employers' Martn Paun; Tel: 40(0)57-237 722; ~-ax: 40(0)57-237 associations there were concluded several strategic 772. 08 alliances known as: The Agreement among 6; The • The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of ers Alliance of the Romanian Employers' Association (Dec. Private Entrepreneurs from Bucharest. Founded Ica1 1093): TIle Agreement among 4. and more recently. TIle in June 1090 as an autonomolls. non-govemmcntal Agreement between 2 (namely TIle National Connell of and llon-proOt organization. according to the Law the Employers' Association from Romania and The 21/1924 and to the Decree 31/1954. wlU, the head­ <00Jrs. National Council of the Small and Medium size quarters at G Eplscoplel Street. sector 1. 70144 En lerprises). liz Bucharest. The president: Eugen Marcoy and 1189 Beside these 'employers' associaUons. there gravitate a General Secretary: Daniela-Maria Creteallll. Tel: number of oUter non-govenullcntal stnlctures. such as: 40(0)1-6143275; Fax: 40(0)1-3123135. • The Union of the Small and Medium size In November 1904 Ute first branch of the Chamber ,vel· Enterprises from Romania. at 1-3. SC8une Sr .. of Commerce and Industry of the Private Ht ea. 3rd. noor. ap. 22. Bucharest. the contact person: Entrepreneurs was founded with the same alms and Mlrcea Bllrada; Tel: 40 (0) 1-3124995. actlvtties as the umbrella organization. thlth • The Romanian Union of the Industrial Producers Founders: 20 private entrepreneurs. tty and of the Independent Merchants. at 39 Panclu Members: 200 commerCial societies. small and lof Str .. Bucharest. the contact person: Gheorghe medium stze enterprises as well as Indivtduals. Cozea. Tel: 40 (0) 1-668 77 80; 659 27 95; Fax: 40 (0)1-311 0581. Aim: ':'0 represent. support. promote. and defend the legal rights of their members in the professional. • The General UniOD of Romanian Manufacturers. commercial and financial domain. Also to sustain at 2-4 Ministenllul St.. 2nd. floor. sector 1. the COn­ the development of the partncrships between tact person: George C.Paunescli. Tel: 40 (0)1-312 70 Romanian and other European companies while cre~ 06; 6150200: Fax: 40 (0)1-312 70 06. atlng concrete actions with a view to Integrating ROInania Into the stnlcblres of the European Union. ., ;;. LOCAL EMPLOYERS' ASSOCIAnONS Activities: • The Association of Private Entrepreneurs. Sibili. - It provides assistance and consultation for Juridi­ ~~I at 11 Plata Marc Street. the contact person: cal. commercial. financial and managerial fields '. II Gheorghe Nlcolaescu for Its members or for third parties. 11th • The As.oclation of the Firms with Private Capital - TIle establishment and development of tntenla­ Companies. Bralla. at 1. Vapoarelor Street, the con­ lional cOllnectlons with similar companies and ~(I tact person: Gheorghe Canlz. Tel: 40 (0)39-611 544. organl7"atlons. With a vtew to extending the actly· ler • The Association of the Employers with Private lties of their Romanian members to an interna· g. Capital. TlInnl Magurele. at 70 Nlcolae Balcescu tlonal level (e.g.: tmport-export. finance and Joint th) Street. 0750 1\Jrnu Magurele~ the contact person: ventures). Ion Nastasescu. Tel: 40(0)47-413 708; Fax: - Exchanges and bhmivocal spreading via. comnll1- D.. 40(0)47-413088. nity programs. TIlese concern Information. bllsl~ • The District Employers' Association. Teleonllan, ness opportunities. cooperation proposals. at )07 G. AI. Ghlca Street, the contact person: Investments. chances for external financing by Spirldon Did. Tel: 40(0)47-322 260. Fax: banks or by the European Union. I 40(0)47-325 000. - Organizing of seminars. round table meetings. hal • The Association of the Employers with Private exhibitions. fairs and business trips. Capital, Rosiorli de Vede. at 51 DunarU Street. 0600 - TIle lmildlng up of a supportive system for pri­ 41 Rostorii de Vede. the contact person: Mlrcea ZHitaru. vate Investors by settillg lip the Mutual Fund of Her Tel: 40(0)47-462385; Fax: 40(0)47-461 411. the Private Investor. • The Employers' Association Prahova, Ploie,ti. at Since 1994. The Chamber of Commerce and 2. ~tefan cel Mare Street, 2000 Plole~ti. the person Industry of the Private Entrepreneurs has been ami· !rclth to contact: Adrian Morolanu. Tel: 40 (0)44-145 023. lated to the Association of the Employers' Inter-pro­ • The Employers' Federation. DoU. at 20. BUJoru11l1 fessional Organizations rrom the Capitals of Europe. Street. 1100 Craiova. the contact person: Since 1994. The Chamber of Commerce and ~:~1- Constantin Mindrulenu. Tel: 40(0)51-134447; Fax: Industry of the Private Entrepreneurs has been a for 40(0)51-71471 69. member of the Board of the Ell ropcan CommIttee. to • The Employers' Federation Blhor, at 6. Plata help build a relationship among the social activists )Ort Unirli, 3700 Oradea. the contact person: Vlorel operating In the Public Services in Brusscls. LaSCII. Tel: 40(0)59-135098: Fax: 40(0)58-135 098. Programs which are currcntly being devcloped: • The Foundation of Businessmen. Constanta. at - BUREAU DE RAPPROCHEMENT DES ENTER­ I). I 32-34 Uniril Street. 8700 Constanta. the contact PRISES (BRE). A program created and organized person: Nicolac Butoi. Tel: 40(0)41-660615. Fax. by the Commission of the European Community 40(0)41-619468. :21. for the promotion or lmsincss. commerce and )Ia • The Group of the Private Employers. Maramllre~. International cooperaUon on a non-confidenUal at 11 A. Unirli Bvd .. 4800 Bala Marc. the contact basis. As a local representative for Romania. The persoll : Petre Mitru. Tel: 40(0)62-436 720; Fax. Chamber of COllllllerce and Industry of the 40(0)G2-436 705. Private Entrepreneurs has the role of promoting: • The League of the Private Entrepreneurs. PttC!?tt. the Romanian business opportunities via the at 14 B. Depozitclor Street. 0300 Pitc~ti. the COli tact BRE net.work and in l{om3nia the bllsin~.ss pro­ person: Florea Clobanu. Tel: 40(0)48-()81 137: Fax: posals suggestcd by cOlilpallies In other COltll­ 40(0)48-681 137. tries. III t.his way facillt.atillg contacts between • The District Employers' Association Arad. at 3 compaliles interested ill thc respective slll~ject. Cristian Street. 2900 Arad. the COli tact person: - To orgallize anel set illto Illation a NATIONAL

I ROMANIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT NGO. • 19 NETWORK FOR THE DISSEMINATION AND 40(0) 1-312 38 30, It was rounded according to Ule GATHERING OF BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES. Decree, Law 139/May ]990, The project Is financed by PHARE/CRIMM Subsequently. in each district of Ule country local (Romanian Center for Small and Medium size Chambers have been founded which operate as Enterprises) and alms to Integrate the Small and non-governmental and non;>roflt organizations and Medium size Enterprises In Romania In to Inter­ are autonomous In relation to the Chamber of national networks by exchanging business Commerce and Industry of Romania. opportunities and by accessing economic data bases. TIle aim and the objectives of the Chambers of Commerce: TIley promote t1lose activities which are Other activities: meant to support the strengthening and the exten­ - It facilitates the participation of Romanian busI­ sion of the private sector, Ule development of agri­ nessmen to commercial events organized within culture. industry and services. and by the European community: EURO-PART­ Activities: They are not engaged In direct commerce NERSHIP, EURO-TECHNOLOGY, INTERPRISE but they organize for their members the following AND EURO-ALLIANCE, types of actiVities and services: possible contracts. - TIle publishing and dlstr1buUon of U1C bimonthly negotiations. exhibitions. fairs. assistance c;oncem­ EURO-BUSINESS bulletin, which Is a bimonthly ing the setting up of commercial companies. economical and juridical publication containing Romanian economic missions abroad. business Infonnatlon about the countries of the European [orums. the training o[ speCialists and managers. . Union. It is published with the support of the The Offices of the COlUmerce Register are affiliated COlllmission of the European Community. to the Cham:bers of COlHmerce and Industry and DGXXlII. they operate according to the Law nr. 26/1991. Staff: 5 p~rlllanent employers and 18 external Main projects: nle multiplying and printing of vari­ co-workers. ous texts. The National Office of the Register of Budget: It Is made up of the contribution of Its Commerce. offers the firms the followtng publica­ members. fees paid for various services offered to tions l1le Catalogue of COllunercte.1 Companies' and other enterprises and other sources. 'TIle Catalogue of Companies tn Bucharest' as well as others: Methodological Advice; The Statistical • The Chamber of the Private Farmers, Curtea de Bulletin and Catalogues with the addresses of vari­ Arge~. at 25 Basarabilor Street. TIle contact person: ous companies. lt also offers infonllatJon wtth a View 1\"lorel Bilrbulescu, Tel: 4010)48-712809. to Identifying a company which exists In the data • The Confederation of the Private Entrepreneurs bank. information about companies according to from the Timls District. at 6 Lenau Street. Central certain criteria and it organizes the mulUplying and Hotel. Room 104 .. 1900 1lIUi~oara. TIle contact per­ printing or texts. son: Vilmos Soos. Tel/Fax: 40(0)56-190091. TIle budget of the chambers of commerce: It is made • The Employers' Association from the Cluj up of: members contribUtions (according to the District. at 4 Muzeului Street. Cluj Napoca, Ule per­ turnover or profit), money coming from other son to contact: loan Mantea, Tel/Fax: 40(0)64-193 sources (attracted by the Offices of the Commer,:ce 455. Register which are affiliated to the chambers) and • The Association of the Employers and the fees for the services they oITer on commercial Handicraftsmen. at 18 MoUlor Street. Cluj Napoca. principles to the fimls. the persolls to contact: Gheorghe Ardelean and Petre TIle strategic leadership: TIlls Is held by the. General Talllas Assembly of the members. the current leadership Is • The Employers' Federation Satu Mare. at 27 ensured by a presIdent elected for a period of four Cosbuc Street. 3900 Satu Mare. the persons to con­ years. tact: Mircea Chereches and Elena Orha: Tel: 4010)61-716005, Bllatera! Chambers of Commerce • The 'A.rdealul de Sus' League, at 13 Vlad Tepe~ Aim: TIley are non-profit organizations which Intend to Street, 220 Bra~ov, Tel: 4010)68-113 770; 150 030; contribute to better infonnation of Romanian and for­ Fax: 4010)68-151 874. eign entrepreneurs as well as the institutions con­ • The Association of the Women Managers. at 40 C cerned with the business climate between partners. Olarl Street. Bucharest. the person to contact: their markets. the hllport-export posslbillUes and the Raillca Bejan. Tel: 40(0) 1-619 )6 89; Fax: economic regulations in force. 4010) 1-311 2234. Projects: Concluding contracts, offering consulUng ser­ • The Association of the Private Entrepreneurs. at vices with a View to develop exchanges. promoting eco­ JO-INFO, Tg. Mures, 147 I Decembrle 1918 BVd .. nomic cooperation and the foundation of joint ventures. represented by Bod Aladar Albert. Tel: 4010)65-135 TIle representative offices in Romania keep the entre­ 220: Fax: 4010)652-168095. preneurs informed about the economiC' situation and • The Association of the Handicraftsmen and Interest regarding Romanian 1I1arkets. Merchants. with the headquarters in Bucharest. 15 • The American Chamber of Commerce in Smirdan Street. represented by the manager Valerlu Romania. at 9 Gh. Manu Street. sector l. Manager: Ruta, Tel: 4010)1-{;15 69 38, Costin Polana: Tel: 4010) 1-659 36 00, Fax: 40(0) 1-{;50 66 84. CHAPTER 2. THE NETWORK OF THE CHAMBERS • The Franco-Romanian Chamber of Commerce OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY AND THE MIXED and Industry. at 50-54 Mihal Elllincscll Street. sec­ (BILATERAL) CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE tor 1. Bucharest; contact person: Catherine • The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Cam boise: Tel: 40(0) 1-211 0 I 23: Fax: 40(0) I-{;Il Romania. With the headquarters in Bucharest. 22 0123. Nicolae Balccscu Bvd.; President Aurel Ghiuutiu • The Romanian-Swiss Chamber of Commerce. at Ph.D .. Tel: 4010)1-312 1312; 615 47 03; Fax: 2, sr. Spirldon Strect; Tel: 40(0) 1-210 38 29.

20 • NGO FORUM 1995 ~ bel " • The Romanian-Russian Federation Chamber of Romanian and foreign consulting centers and Commerce, at 48, Jean Louts Calderon Street. sec­ research reports regarding the evolution of the sec­ tor 2. Bucharest. Manager: Vladimir Kupreev; Tel: tor. For certain types of expenses (e.g.: salaries) as 40(0)1--3123798. there is a self-Onanclng scheme that involves seUlng 'WI services and prtnciple programs on the market. The nd ' • The Romanian-Indian Chamber of Commerce. at disposable budget set by the European Union Is 10 of 22. Balcescu Bvd. Bucharest. Tel: 613 52 71: Fax: 3123830. mil ECU In several installments. • The Romanian-israeli Chamber of Commerce. at TIle stafT: 21 at CRIMM and an average of 3 to 4 per­ 01 133. Calea Vlctorlel, 4th floor. Manager: Jose sons for each CDIMM. tre ~n~ lacobescu; Tel/Fax: 40(0)1--3120289. • The International Foundation of Management • The Romanlan-ltallan Chamber of Commerce. at (FIMAN). It was founded according to the Law ~-I 31. Pandurl Street. BI.P2A. 2nd floor. apt.9. 21/1924 In 1992 with Its headquarters In Bucharest. Tel: 40(0) 1-631 5054. Bucharest, 6-8 Povemei Street, sector 1. Manager: ree Gabriel Matauan; Tel: 40(0)1-2122912 and 21l 19 ng • The Romanlan-Ukralnlsn Chamber of Commerce. 45; Fax: 40(0)1-212 19 37. 135. Calea Vlctorlei. 7th floor. Manager: Nlcolae ts., Atm: To create a basis for the- understanding and Dragoman. Tel: 40(0) 1-659 63 85; Fax: 40(0) 1-312 "'- development of the management system in ~S. 10 59. Romania. Its also alms to develop Itself and to Iden­ :ss • The Romanian-Hungarian Chamber of rS' tify the needs of the market and to meet the tntema- Commerce. 8. Unlrl! Blvd .. BI. 7 A. 2nd floor. - tional standards of the network of competent opera­ :ed Manager: loan Apollan; Tel/Fax: 40(0)1-312 73 81. nd1 tional institutions. ProJects: FIMAN Is meant to be an agency belonging 01- CHAPTIR 3. TRAINING AND CONSULTING to the PHARE program which can implement man­ CINTERS FOR BUSINESS agement. It was conceived as an Integration and ~:~ • 'The Romanian Center for Small and Medium support program for Romania In the transition pert- 1 od to the market economy. - nd size Enterprises Foundation' (CRIMM). Created by I\!lf' Governmental Decision nf.405/1992. with head­ Financing: PHARE quarters in Bucharest: 20 Ion Cimplneanu Street. • The Center for Implementation of Efficient :oJ.IrI- sector I; Tel: 40(0)1-311 19 95; 311 19 96; Fax: Management (CIMP). It was created as an non-gov­ ew 40(0)1--31269 66. President/Chairman: Bogdan enlmental and non-profit organization In September Ita Teodoriu. manager: Laurentiu Tachlciu. 1992 with the headquarters In Bucharest. 1-3 tOI TIle main aim: To promote and support the develop­ Annata Poponliui Blvd. sector 6: Manager: Cannen nd ment of Ule small and medium size private enter­ Panzar; Tel: 40(0) 1-631 71 72. 631 25 30; Fax: prises. 40(0)1-311 18'13. ide Other objectives: The setting up of the Regional Founders: TIle Bucharest Polytechnic Unlvertty. The hel Development Centers for the Small and Medium Ministry of Industry. The Romanian Agency for ler Enterprises (CRIMM). guiding. supervising. coordi­ Development and TIle University of Hertfordshlre rce nating. technical assistance and development of and the Know-How Fund in Brttain. nd human resources. Aim: TIle implementation of modern management iall The CRIMM network operates In Arge~ (Plte~t1). techniques and methods. in order to increase the Bralia, Dolj (Craiova), Maramure~ (Baia Mare). performance of the Romanian enterprises and to rsl Teleorman (Alexandria). The setting up of the support them in the restructurtng process. ds National Network for Business Innovation and Objective: The elaboration of certain 'Romanlan ,uri Incubation Centers has been accomplished by solutions' by the analysis of the leading managertal selecting the following centers: Bucharest. methods. which have been used with success in the llml~ara. Baia Mare. BraUa and MJercurea Ciuc. industrtalized countrtes during the restructuring . TIle Main programs of CRIMM (Romanian Center for process (a process which has been Imposed by the to Small and Medium size Enterprises): TIle Implemen­ changes which occurred In the business enViron­ ~t taUon of the PHARE Program of developing the sec­ ment). The way CIMP tackles the problem (s depen­ Dr- tor of the small and medium size enterprises In dent on the identification. development and capital­ Ill- Romania (project R-9207). which has been financed Ization of the human resottrces in the enterprtses rs. by the European Community for 1993-1995. and Ulelr Involvement In the process of adjustment .hel Main Projects: TIle scheme for ensuring the pur­ to a market economy. CIMP plays an active role In facilitating the contacts between Romanian and er- chase of equipment for the new slllall and medium size enterprtses in order to compensate their lack of British companies with a view to establishing coop­ 00- access to funds. 1111s scheme Is called 111e Program eration relations)llps. es.• re- of Financial Assistance for EqUipment Pluchaslng' ActiVities/Projects: Consulting services for the nd and is also open for private companies which are restructuring of organizations In the field of human supported by the other CRIMM (Developing Centers resources and in other specific fields: marketing. for the Small and Intermediate Enterprises), operat; Quality. finanCing schemes. ClEM organizes courses Inl Ing on a local level. TIle access prinCiples which lie on the follOWing topics: efficient management. :er: at the basis of the scheme guide the financial assis­ strategiC management and Integrative modules at lX: tance only towards the small and medium size request. enterprtzes sector In the field of production and ser­ Other activities: The publishing of teaching and vices, which are related to this sector. 'eel training material and case studies. The center pub­ ec- Financing: TIle cruMM (Romanian Center for Small lishes an Information ·perlodlcal 'Efficlent ne and Medium Enterprises) activity and projects are Management'. CIMP is the organil.atton which repre­ :11 finanCially supported by: the Romanian government sents In Romania. the English group known as for Infrastructure (via the ROA (Romanian BESQ (British Executive Service Overseas). 1111s Is al Development Agency). sources from PIiARE for facil­ an organization which offers help by a group of lUes. equipment. training of the Centers staff. experts for assistance and consulting services to all

I ROMANIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT NGO. • 21 the countries In East. Europe, with a view to facilitat­ Seminars and auditing services (drawing lip a bllsl· ing rapid and efficient transactions. ness plan). Staff: 20 persons (counsclors and Instructors) and Financing: Initially from USAID consequently by extenlal collaborators. TIle current management of selling programs. elMP Is ensured by an executive director. . Such centers wtth Similar projects and services func­ Financing: Initially from the founders and then by tion In cooperation with ollter universities tn the COHII­ seIlJng their services and traIning programs. TIle try: Cralova (13 A.I.CU7..8 Strect; manager. Florin Radu; British Know-How Fund and The University of Tel: 40(0)51-11 89 63); llml~oara (2A Paris Street 4U. Hertfordshlre ensure Ule main financial support for floor; manager: Anea Dragol. Tel: 40(0)56-135 966) and CIMP. lalll (22 COpOll Bvd. block B; Manager. Dl1Inltru Oprea; • AnoUler KNOW-HOW FUND project Is The Business Tel: 40(0)32-144 7(0). Foundation Murefl. It.was created In 1993 In Targu Mure.!j with headquarters at 36 Gh. Doja Street. CHAPTER 4. NON-GOVERNMENTAL PROFES­ Managers: Silvia Pop and Bokor Ferenc; Tel: SIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 40(0)65-169 600~ Fax: 40(0)65-169444. • THE INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR ENTREPRE­ AIm: To promote slIlall and medium size enterprises. NEURIAL STUDIES (CISA) BUCHAREST UNIVER­ to prevent unemployment by cOlltlnuous training SITY. It was created In January 1902. with the and ncw qualificaUons, to re<>rganlze enterpr1ses by headquarters in Bucharest. 64, Kogalniceanu Blvd.; offering speCific consulting services and to sustain Tel/Fax: 40(0)1-613 33 40; President: Ion Anton the Anglo-Romanian partnership and relationships. Ph.D .. • The Center for the Promotion of Small and Aim: To promote and support the market economy Medium Enterprises PNUD. Created in 1992 with and the pr1vate entl:":rpr1ses in Romania as factors headquarters in Bucharest. 3 Modrogan Street; which consolidate democratic values and the indi­ Program Manager: John Allen. Although this Is a vidual freedom of the entrepreneurs class to be. project which Is financially supported by PNUD and Activtties: In order to aUain its goal. elSA Is Implied the Romanian Govenuuent through TIle National in the following types of activities: research. consult· AgencY for Privatization, this centcr has dey-eloped lng, round tables, conferences for ellcouraglng com­ through the country a network of FOUNDATIONS IImnlcation with decision makers. periodical publi­ ·DEVELOPMENT CENTERS FOR SMALL AND MEDI­ caUons. translations and publishing of books and UM ENTEHPRISES' which function In Alba Julia. manllals as well as organizing a Resourcc Center. Galati. Bra~ov. lal1l. Buz3.u. Targovi~te and Satu Marc. For a more rapid tranSition to the market economy. CISA places Imporlance and necessity on the "trans­ • The Foundation 'Civic Action' - The Center for fcr of International experience to Romania. takIng Economic Development. Created tn 1993 with the into consideration the characteristics of the headquarters at 9, sagetii Street. seclor 2; Manager: Romanian economy and society. Prof. Ion Hohan. ProJccts: AIm: Support for the development of business. It is addressed to those who are In favor of the Clvtc - Program of Entrepreneurial Development In Alliance party. Romania, 1992-1993 with the support from CIPE Washington D.C. (CIPE Is affiliated to the USA Projects: Economic and juridical consulting services. Chamber of Commerce). data bank as an operational structure. courses in - The Policy Research Program 'The Economic business administration and other types of training. Restructuring in Romania' common program • The Romanian American Center for Excellence in CISA/ICEG San FranCisco. 19D3-1994. Bussines. Created in 1992 willi the headquarters at - TIle Program 'TIle Development of the Private the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, 1 PoUzu Enterprise in Romania' 1994-U)95. the second Street, block P. 2nd floor: manager: Cezar Scarlat; which is financially and technically supported by Tel:40(O)l-659 49 56; Fax: 40(0)1-3129581. CIPE. Aim: Educational projects in the economic field - TIle Pilot BUSiness Incubator, a project which Is addressed to teachers. students. managers and entreprCnetlrs. Integrated In EURO-IN-IN ami has been Initiated with the financial and technical slipport from ActiVities: Consulting services, assistance for entre­ CNA Veneto, Italy. "Ie project is being developed preneurs and training programs. in cooperation with The Faculty of Projects: Cooperation with TIle Romanian Agency for 1ransportatiotl of the Polytecilllic Bucllaresl. Development. The Foundation 'The Romanian Evaluations: TIle CISA programs have been attended Center for Small and Medium Enterprtses' and nle by 1630 people In the period 1!J92-1993. out of Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania. whom 25% were real entrepreneurs and 75% poten­ Financing: USAID tial ones. After having attended Ule courses of how to start up a bUSiness. 14% of the parUcipants have • The Romanian American Center for the started up their own business. Development of Small and Medium Enterprises Bucharest. Il was created in 1992. It functions in TIle second CISA/ClPE program has been attended cOlillection with TIle Academy for Economic studies. up to now by 826 managers. entrepreneurs and 11 Tache IonesclI street; Managers: loan Ursachi. employcrs. Marcel Duhancanll: Tel/Fax: 40(0) 1-312 96 98. ICES is the only organl7..... Uon which orfcrcd a pro­ Projects: Consulting services for the entrcprencurs gram eonccnlillg pnvatil..ation and the management and Illanagers of the slllall and medium privatc of re...o;tmctllrillg ill this critical period of developing entcrprises III the field of financial managemellt. the privatizatioll process. It otTers elaborated sup­ accollntillg. juridical. distribution and port Illaterial The PrivaU .....ation Manual diskette. eXl'ort/il1lporl. PII1>lical.lolls: The elSA Newsletter the Romanian

22 • NGO FORUM 1995 I isslie (3000 copies) and the English isslIe (300 Tel: 40(0)J-Q15 \9 49; 615 Hl 43 ; Fax. 40(O)J-Q15 IUS'· copies). 5646 . Management: elSA is led by• an excC'utive board • THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THE MILLERS elected for a period of 4 years and the current activi­ AND THE BAKERS IN ROMANIA. TIle headquarters ty Is managed by a director. elSA adopts a type of are In Bucharest. 27 C Arlcescll Street. BI 21. 1, llOe· management according to Its projects and obJec­ apLl8. sector represented by Dumltru Vlorel tives. Marin, Tel: 40(0)1-Q33 76 40; Fax: 40(0)[-312 66 ad0"1 Staff: 4 persons working full time. 2 persons work­ 12. ,4 Ing part time. 31 external colla~rators for various • THE ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION OF THE ENTRE­ and projects. Foreign consultants from Norway and PRENEURS IN THE BUILDING FIELD (ARACO). Germany have worked wtth ICES In the past and are The headquarters are In Bucharest. 6-10 Calea currently working with U1CIIl. Grlvllel. represcnted by Petm Cnlt, Tel: 40(0)I-Q59 7070; fax. 40(0)1-3129626. Financing: 30% of elSA' own resources and courses arc used when there are local private sponsors and • THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EVALUATORS external technical assistance programs (e.g.: CIPE [N ROMANIA. Created In 1992 wlU, the headquar­ Washington DC. ICEG San F"rancisco. CNA Veneto. ters tn Bucharest. lanell de Hunedoara Street. Italy. CIM GemJany. etc.). President: Gh. Badc.scu. Tel: 40(0) I-Q33 21 71. • THE ROMANIAN MARKETING ASSOCIATION I For the activity of sllstaining the dcvelopment of Ule the (AROMAR). Crca ted In 1!J64 and reactivated In IIv~ private sector. elSA develops cOUlmon programs and strategic alliances with other profcssional and 1990. with the headquarters in Bucharest. nl,! clnployers' associations of the private elltrqlrcileurs. Rep"bltcll Blvd.; President: AI Zamnr Ph.D .. OUler professional associations and foundations which lomy • THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE ENCOURAGING OF have been identified: THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES - TIle Romanian Foundation for Democracy. otlIn (AIIMM). It was created in 1003 with the headquar­ ters In Bucharest. 9. Vasile Alecsandrl Street; - The National Association of the Evaluators In Manager: ~tefan Man",lea: Tel: 40(0) 1-211 944 617; RomanIa. iill~d Fax: 4O(O)l-QnO 42 22. - TIle Romanian Associatioll of the Private EnterpriSes 'JlLJco Aim: To SIlPPOrt thc private enterprises. and Orllle Enlrepreneurs (ARIPI). Projects: Seminars. meetings and participation in - TIle Romanian Marketing Association. , and "' Ilatiollal and illternational cOllfcrellces. - TIle AssOCiation of the Indepcndent Handicraftsmen Initial nnanclng: Contribullolls from the Hans Seidel and Merchants. 'T'),on Foundation (Gcnnanyl. local donations and contri­ - The General Association of the Engineers In ra butions from the members. Romania. 'king • THE ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ELEC­ - The Association of the Independent Engineers I r tl TRONIC INDUSTRY AND SOFTWARE (ARIES). It Entreprenetlrs. was created in 1993 with the headquartcrs In - TIle Romanian Management AssoCiation. I I Bucharest. 1. ~erbota Street. Block V 19. 6-th floor. - TIle Association of the Independent Medical Doctors nt In Apt. 117; PreSident: AI. Boreea. . and Phannaclsts. Aim: TIle promotion of tile business environment in - TIle Management and Consulting Association. 'i:1 this neld. the promotion of the interests of Its mem­ hers in bUsiness relationships and the enforcement - The Employers' Foundation Romania-Republic of of professional authority and prestige. Moldova. la~i. Founders: 30 speCialists in the technical field who - Administrators without Frontiers. Rre working with 9 private companies (of the limited - TIle Order of tile Phannacists. type). - 11m Romanian Association of Banks. ARIES functions according to projects and pro­ - The General Association of Economists from grams. Romania (AGER). Projects: In 1993 there has been outlined the project - TIle Romanian Society of Economists (SOREC). named 'Technological Incubator' Which was oriented - TIle Romanian Banking Institute. towards business. for the dcvelopment of advanced technologies. for products. prototypes. processes TIlese as..c;octallons are members of the National Union and know-how. 11le secondary projects/subprojects of the Romanian Employers (UNPR). will be organized as individual enterprises for which there will be needed: Investors. sponsors and coop­ CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS OF ACTION eration in marketing and other activities. - TIle need to organize configuration of employers by HI01111 f The main projects where these projects will be cncouraglng their inner stnleturing Into professional )oten­ applied are: electronics. medical instrulllents. con­ associations. In this way olle can ensure a more ,f how trol and measurement equlpmcnt. geophysics and powerful network of relationships and the homoge­ radiophysics eqUipment. poll1ltlon llIeasurcment nlzaUon of the intcrests within these groups. 'hi eqUipment and software. - TIle guiding of extenlal fUllds from technical assls­ ended Also projects which deal with the medical equipment tancc programs via the professional organizations as for stomatology. dermatology. geophysics and radio­ some of thc grants have proved to be Inefficient. physics in coopcration wilh N.G.E. auel ATe from - TIle need to red11ce parallel actions and to eliminate Israe1. amateurs. TIlc capacity of thc employers' organiza­ ement • THE ROMANIAN ASSOC[ATION FOR MANAGE­ tions to merge is considered a sign of maturity. In loping MENT IN SUPPLIES AND SALES (AROMAV). '\1,e this way. the n:sources used for a common aim ~. sl- headquarters arc in Bucharest. 22. G-ral Berthelot could be separatcd. Street. apLl. rcpresented by DUlllitru FUIHlatura; - It is a known faet that parallelism encourages com· <'lilian 1 ROMANIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT NGO. • 23 petition but not in this field of employers' associa­ tions. of the private sector In the economy. both by free InltiaUve and by ~le transfer of the state property - The governmental organtzatIons should be persuad­ (case by case or mass privatization). On the other ed to consult the employers' organizations with a , hand there are few unIons of the private employers. View to elaborate existing and future economic legIs­ lation. - The need to evaluate the actiVity of the employers' - The employers' organizations need to support them­ assodatlons by means of certain perfonnance Indi­ selves and In parallel to organize specialized training cators. TIle correlation between the number of the for the technical staff wtth a View to conceive pro­ members and the way the association Is represented grams and to attract financial resources. Is not the right one. - The employers' organizations must relate to the TIle perfonnance obtained by Ule employers' organiza­ executive power according to the contribution of the tions Is related to the efficiency of the companies sector they represent concerning building up of the included In the organizations and to their development. state budget. In other words. the variety and the quality of the ser­ - TIle private employers' aSSOCiations have more Vices and facilities offered to the members and other chances to develop as compared to the state ones. entrepreneurs wtll be renected by the economic and TIlese dynamics wtll depend upon the development financial results of the private co~np8Jiles.

24 • NGO FORUM 1995 ~

rrl ,erty 'ra'Ihl yers Indl- fll 011

en~:J WHITE PAPER ser- )~. ROMANIAN HUMAN RIGHTS NGOs

Gabriel ANDREESCU. Renate WEBER I

.1 A SUMMARY OF THE 1995 ACTlVnY AND HIS· (as in the case of the investigations made by the TORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS NGO. IN ROMANIA Rapporteurs of the Council of Europe) these created .. ~. There has been no significant change either In the NGQs reappeared. claiming that they represented structure or the function of Non-Governmental the Romanian NGO sector but gave no concrete --I 011 Organizations (NGOs) concerned wiUI hUman rights In Infonllation the human rights situation. Romania during 1095, compared with 1994. 111C infor­ (d) TIlere also appeared other associations Ulat Includ­ mation suppUed up to now is sUll reliable and consists ed in their statutes among other things. the promo­ mainly of: Uon of human rights. One should mention that I ta) After the revolution there emerged a great number of some of them. although acting in good faith. proved NGOs for women, youth. tourism and legal rights. to be inadequately prepared to work effectively In Willing to pursue further the activities of pre-revolu­ this field (e.g.: The HUman Rights Institute of the tlan organlzattons in order to benefit from their Bucharest Bar). Although olher human rlghls I estates, the human rights field proved to be less groups have a professional status and give priotity attractive. Although it Is clear that those persons to effective work (e.g.: The Young Lawyers , 1 engaged In the field of human rights were and are Association of the Bucharest Bar - ATA). Interested In the promotion of the fundamental (e) In 1994 the Romanian Institute for Human Rights tights and freedoms. (lRDO) continued to Introduce Itself as a non-gov. I emmental organization. IROO was created by law of II tb} Apart from the real NGOs. mainly interested in the 11 issue of Ule human tights violaUons. there appeared the Romanian Parliament. has received and stili other groups, established by governmental insUtu­ receives funds from the state budget and from Ule tions in order to counteract pre-revolutton govern­ UN Center for Human Rights. According to the law. I mental institutions. A certain side of the press tried IROO has several attributions among which to make to discredit the human rights associations (the most studies and write reports on the issue of human notable case being thai of Ihe NGO. LADO) by pub­ rights In Romania. TIlese reports were never pub. lishing false infonnation and accusations that were Hshed or disttibuted to tile other NGOs. but only to "I the Government, who referred to them in several pursued by libel. Currently it appears tllat such dis­ crediting has failed. However a similar situation tn occasions. IRDO·s point of view Is different from Ule future can not be niled ollt because of the deli­ other NGOs; It was not possible to co-operate with cate nature of human rights and possible nationalis­ IROO In any matter. not even tn a subject that was I tic tendencies within Romanian soclety. TIle eXis­ of high Interest for the entire Romanian society. tence and action of business oriented NOOs man­ namely the law on Juridical persons. Moreover. aged to disappoint a large proportion of people and asked to express an opinion on flagrant violations of bring a feeling of mistrust to tile NGO movement. lt the Human RIghts In Romania. IRDO preferred to I has had a slight negative side effect on the human remain silent. Without contesting tile effort IROO Is rlghls NGOs. making for organiZing education programs In the tcl OUler NGOs were created Just before the local and Human Rights field. in co-operation wiUl UN Center general elecUons of 1992 because a law allowed only for HUman Rights. it Is obVious that IRDO does not I the hUman right.s non-governmental organizaUons have the same priorities as the above mentioned to monitor and observe the elections at the polling associations. stations. It is difficult to evalUate the number of the Directly after December 22nd 1989 (the revolution). fol­ ~I organlzaUons that sincerely wanted to monitor these lowing the contacts established by the International elections or how millly of tllem were associated wit.h Helsinki Federation for Human Rights in Vienna. the the government anyway. Once in a while and espe­ Romanian Hclsinki Committee was founded. In 1990. It cially Oil the occasion of important international rcceivc:d a legal status according to Romanian legisla­ meetings (such as the 1993 Vienna I-hltnan Hights tion as The Association for the Defense of Human World Conference or the October 1993 CSCE Rights in Romania - the Helsinki COlllmittee I Conference in Warsaw) or for rcquests of testimony (APADOR~I-I). By the end of 1989. TIle Leaglle lor the

I ROMANIAN HUMAN RIGHTS NGO. • 25 Defense of Human Rights (LA DO) was created and Increasing the effectiveness of local I... ADQ gained legal status under Romanian legislation by activists. IIlld~aJ1uary 1990. (c) Developing a national network In the summer of 1990, after the miners'· march in Developing the local branches Is a constant preoccu­ Bucharest (June 14th and 15th). The Independent pation of LADO and the Sllccess of the program Is H.olllanian Society for I-Iuman Rights (SIRDO) was determined by effielcney at branch level and by the founded with the manifesto of providing mass-edllca­ League's intcntion to remain a extcnsive national tlon for the understanding and preservation of human orgallization. rights. Partnership The Lawyers Association for the Defense of Human RJghts of the Brasov Bar (APADO) came into being In LADO has been an observer a t the Paris-based November 1991 and received legal status In .Janllary International I-hllllall RJgllts Federation (I II RF). It occa­ 1992. Nthough initially It consisted of a groHp made up sionally cooperates with Amnesty International, I'hunan of lawyers of the Brasov Bar, It had and still has a pro­ Hights Watch - Helsinki ami ot.her international organi­ gram typical of NGOs. zations. Although there has been no formal agreemcnt between LADO is concerned by the laek of International coopera­ these associations, eaeh group has taken up olle or tion between Romanian human rights NGOs. that more specttk sectors of the hUman rights field and has affects both their prestige and Uleir efficlcncy. developed Its proJects accordingly. Consequently a large Publications area of the human rights sphere has been covered. At In 1994/1995 LADO published: the sallie time one silould mention that the associa­ - TIle Infonnation Bulletin: a monthly bulletin which tlOIlS have often eooperated with one another ill order to cope with the legal and institutional pressure threat­ the Leaguc publlelzcs its activities with. It presents cning them. to the authorities ami the public. the most seriolls eases of lmman rights Violations. - Two brochures: The Council of Europe and lhe I. THE LEAGUE FOR THE DEFENSE OF HUMAN Defense of the Human H:lg~ts (legislation and RIGHTS (LADOI addressing procedures for the individual COI1l­ THE STRUCTURE plaints): TIle Europcan Human .RJghts Convention Mcmbership: LADO is a mass member organization. At {anllotated edition). present it has 2fl branches in the country. TIle LAnO - TIle LADO 1995 calendar. leadership indicates about 4.000 members and collabo­ DiFFICULTIES rators. Internal Distribution: 25 branches of LADO are spread over the whole country but the nucleus of activity Is in Voluntcers: TIle LADO leadership soon discovered that Bllcllarest. the 'volunteer season' Is over. 111e members are only very rarely willing to do voluntary work these days. Jo"ullctlon: Since its establishment. the League has set Itself the task of becoming a 'pressure group', con­ Managing expcrlence: There has' been no signincant tributing to the decline of the human rights abuses. It Improvelllent in this direction, LADO still has rapidly functioned as a mass-organi7..ation during the elections changing personnel and has experienced a certain when It got heavily involved in a monitoring campaign. decline Itl Its activities. Up to now the League has received thousands of com­ External plaints of human rights violations through letters, The legal framework: The Laws no. 68/1992 and mcmos and interviews. LADO offers a brief Investigation 69/1995 do not allow domestic monitoring of the local of the facts and after the Individual has exhausted all or general elections. the legal approaches It addresses, in a ranked order, the qualified authorities to take the case to (if necessary TIle relationship with the govenullental administration: to the top). If after repeated Interventions the cases TIle RomanIan authorities are 1I0t receptive to and do relllain unsettled. LADO resorts to the International not cooperate In the cases brollght forward by the bodies coneerned with the human rights situation in Leaglle. Romania asking for support and cooperation. External sponsors: In HJ!J4 cooperation with Interna­ Funds: Donations from the members, but mainly from tional orgallizatiolls declined and a IIt11l1ber of associa­ foreign foundations and organizations. During 1995 tions decided to reduce or stop their support for LADO LADO received funds from: CEBEMO, NED, VUB and (e.g.: the Gcnnan Marshall Fuud). SOllie of them even lJSIS. requested as a condition for spollsorshlp a change in the LADO personnel poliey. (BI THE FIELDS OF ACTIVITY Programs II. THE LAWYERS ASSOCIAnON FOR THE (a) Solving individual cases DEFENSE OF HUMAN RIGHTS (APADO) In some of the cases. the results obtained by the THE STRUCTURE League were satisfactory. In the other cases where the authorities have not been responsivc the League Membership: APADO is a medlum-sizcd organization protcsted through press rclcases aIHI appcals to made 11p exclusively of lawyers; t.his also detennines its publie opinion hoth at hOllle and abroad. type of activities. (b) l1w 'Caravan' program Distribution: APADO has its ccnt.ral headquarters in Brasov but in February ImX~ it cxpanded to encompass 'The Caravall' is a program that was iniUated ill a natiollal mcmbership. It now hlvolvt.~s lawyers froUl 11 Octobcr J 99:..1 and is presently nllming in 25 COIIIl­ Bars ill the country. tics, it is aimed at: VUt1CtiOIl: It is aimed sl)l~clfjcally at the professional Haisillg hUlIlan rights aWHrelless ill authorities classes: parliamcntarlalls, members of the legal system. throllgholl t. the COUll try. alld puhlie eivil scrvants. It nevertheless also works - Acccleratlll~ the scttling of local easc..'i. with individ1lals who need legal assistance.

26 • NGO FORUM 1995 , THE FIELDS OF ACTIVITY Bucharest and TargoVi~te. TIle SOCiety has obtained Programs the Mlnlst.ry of EdllcaUon's (dislntcrested) allUloriza· tion for the teaching of human rights courses in pri­ (a) Free legal assistance, This Is provided to those mary and secondary schools. whose fundamental rights and freedoms have been violated. In several civil lawsuits Ule association has (b) 1lle penal refonn program. 1lle refonn of the prison even requcsted for Interventions In favor of the vic· system has Involved a large number of visits to prls· tlms. In the penal processes the police and the pros· ons. organizing courses for the wardens. actiVities ecutor's orfices have been notified In order to stop involving the inmates and seminars with the the violations and reestabllsh the rights of the employees of the Ministry of Justice. 1lle program is defendants. carried Qut in collaboration .with Penal Reform sed IntenlaUonal and Dutch organi7..ers, (bl TIle publication of general interest reports. TIlese 1"8eel reports arc sent to the two chambers of the (c) The program for social rehabilitation of juvenile ;an Parliament as well as to Interested organizations. delinquents. It slarted In the fall of 1993 and is still unfolding during 1995 in close connection with Ule (e) Comprehensive analyses on the draft laws. TIlls Is penal rcfonn program. one of Ule association's prtorities. erl (d) Extra-j1ldicial investigations and legal assistance Ih (d)' Civic human rights education. Delivered by means programs. It was the first SIRDO project. It consists of pcrlodlcal meetings wtth the Bral10v studcnts and of investigations of the cases brought to the atten· pupils and specific debates wittl Judges. prosecutors UOIl of the associalioll. Ulat already Involved a court and law enforcement of the officers and statT of the sentence. Romanian Inte]igence Service. (e) The refugee program. Exclttsively involves legal hlel PARTNERSHIP ents assistance and is similar to the APADOR-CH initia­ Publications tive. AlttlOugh the Association Issues no proper publication, PARTNERSHIP one should mention under this entry its reports. External collaborators: DIFFICULTIES SIRDO cooperates with a Humber of International orga· Internal llizations: The UN Center for I·lttmall Rights, Penal Volunteers: TIle APADO activity is based 011 voluntary Refonn IlltematiOllal. Netilerlallcls Helslnkl Committee. action: this confirms Its capacity to resort to civic TIle Organlzatioll COlllmlttee for the Peoples Decade of resources. HUllIan H.ights Education. Amnesty International. Managing experiencc: 1llere have been no sllch prob· InlernationaJ 1-lIllIIan Rights Law Group Human Rights terns In the Internal structure of APADO. The Advocacy ProJect. Save the Children Fund. ACAT, Association's representatives have benefited from inter· ECRE. NED. Peace Corp .. Ohservatoire International only national assistance. des Prisons, UNCtiR and a. s. o. External Internal collaborators: -a.l TIle legal framework: APADO is extremely concerned NGOs: Salvati Copit (Save the Children). IFES. lid, with Its legal framework but has,shown no objections to APADOR-CH, UNICEF, UNESCO, Pro-demoera\Ia, taln the Law no. 21/1924 referring to the legal status of Pro-Europa. FUllda\ia pentru pluralism (TIle Pluralism organizations 311d fOllndaUons. Foundation). Liga de integrare socia Hi a ~olllerilor (1be Unemployed Social Integration League). Medicii fara Partnership: APADO is interested to obtain draft laws frontiere (Medecins sans Frontieres). InsUtutul de and other relevant docllIllcnts as soon as they are com· igiena 111 sana tate puulica (The Institute of Public ',ocal pleted. Unfortunately institutions do not offer such infonnatlon timely. Health alld Hygiene). Casa eorpulul didactic (The Teacher's House) and Funda\la de uinefacere Sf. Vineri IIDlI mle Sf. Vincri Aid Foundation). 1 do III. THE INDEPENDENT ROMANIAN SOCIETY FOR Governmental agenCies: 'lle Ministry of Jllstice and • the HUMAN RIGHTS (SIRDO) nle General Direction of the Penitentiarics. THE STRUCTURE Publications :1 Membership: SIIIDO Is a intemlecllate size organization. - TIle Human Rights ABC - a translation of several )cia· At the Ume being it has 112 actlvc members. other publications offered by Amllesty International: A !\DO Distrllmtloll: It has branches In Iasi. Tirgoviste, Children'S Tale About...: TIle Universal Declaration of Botosanl. Deva and Cluj. liuman RJghts, TIle IIhlstralcci Children'S Rights and ~1 FUllction: SIIIDO has initiated actions involVing pupils An Incolllplete I·lulIIan Rights Dictionary). and delinquents with teachers. guardians and employ­ -111C ABC Joumal quarterly. ees in the cducation system. the Juridical system and DIFFICULTIES the prison system. Internal I Funds: 1lle Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs UlTough the Net.herlands Helsinki Committee. the German Volunteers: No problems l1Icnl.ioned. Marshall Fund. TIle European COllllntllllty. CEBEMO. Managerial experlencc: Up to now slImo has been COll­ LUI51 lINC 1'1 H., Agir Ensetllble pOllr les Drolts de I'I-IOIllIllC and stantly updatillg its activities, this Is cOllflnned by its liStS have all contrib11ted to SIRDO. abilities ill findlllg fillanC"ial resollrces. SIRDO is a mili­ tant civic. organi7..ation rather than all expertise oriented '5 In THE FIELDS OF ACTIVITY associatioll. Programs 1)31 External 1\ (a) TIle human rights education and promotion pro­ gram. Was started ill ID91 wHh a slIIall grollp of rIlle Icgal framework: 111erc are 110 difTiculties ill this onal . teachers trained at tile UN Hlllllall Rights CClltcr. area. '11)(: tcaehers have now gOlle 011 to leach IHllllall Partnership with central acilllinislraliOIl: SIRDQ S(:l~IItS 'Ielor righis courses for primary and secolldary school to have had a strong a11(1 ullprohlelIIatic collahora1.iOlI pupils. 11H! program is clIITClllly being developed III willi t.he r'elltral adlllillistratiolL

I ROMANIAN HUMAN RIGHTS NGO•• 27 External financial resources: TIley have continued to press; participation In the COllncll for NationaL'.. .. increased. SIRDO Is experienced at identifying Intenla· Minorities: the elaboraUon of studies on the docu,-: tional funding sources. ments regardIng milloriUes rights and conf11cts reso~' lutlon. APADOR-CH representaUves were present tt: ': .. the locallUes where vtolence against the Roma was /'jfIJ IV. THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE DEFENSE OF Signaled and Uley have elaborated their own reports. ,~<~ HUMAN RIGHTS IN ROMANIA IAPADOR"(HI They have cooperated with several organizations .. 'i THE STRUCTURE representing these minorities. One APADOR~H del· Membership: APADOR-CH has only 30 members. It Is egate Is an observer at the Council for National not and does not Intend to be a mass member organtza· MinorlUes sessions. in an attempt to build a cooper· Uon. It has a permanent staff of ] 0 and a number of atlon willI this body as well as witll the representa- collaborators (lawyers and journalists from Bucharest tives of the minorities. and elsewhere In the country). It Is worth mentioning (d) 11le legal program. 11lls consists of several su!>-pro-· that the assoCiation has alUong Its members some of jects. One of them is proViding legal assistance in the most well known lawyers In the country. the law courts. A second sub-proJect is building a Distribution: 11le APADOR-CH leadership Is based In network of lawyers involved In the defense of the Bucharest but the association has several members In hUman rights cases. Both programs are aimed at other towns all over the country and often cooperates tile promotion of constitutional proVisions and gov~ with people outside the organization. emlng international documents In the court system. by means of the pleas fonl1ulated by the lawyers. It Function: It addresses persons Involved In Is worth mentioning that the lawyers Involved in tills decision-making organizations: Parliament. members of network have been asked to defend cases concern­ the Executive. Public Ministry. the Ministry of the ing police abuses and the minorities programs. Interior. the Ministry of Jilstice etc. TIle organj:zatlon is Finally. APADOR-CH proVides free legal assistance collaborating Increasingly with students from at the assoclaUon's offices. Bucharest Law Faculty. APADOR-CH is concenled with human rights Violations and offers free assistance to (e) TIle analysis of Romanian legislation. 111is program the IndiViduals asking for legal aid. Is unfolding on the basis of Romanian-Dutch coop· eraUon and It was completed In ]994 in the fonn of Funds: TIley are listed in detail at the end of the chap. a collective volume. However. the program sUU con· ter. Unues with the personal efforts of the APADOR-CH THE FIELDS OF ACTIVITY members and collaborators. Programs (f) TIle program for refllgees. with two aspects: Juridical (a) Promoting hUllIan rights through legislation asslsstance to political refugees in Romania (slmUar TIlls program Is an attempt to ensure the trans· to LADO and SIRQO actiVities). In addition. parency of the activities of the Parliament. APADOR-CH was asked by different countries to investigate on Roniallian citizens asking for political APADOR~H Is able to receive draft laws on human rights problems as soon as they are forwarded for refugee statlls in the respective countries. debate to the speCialized commissions of the APADOR-CH got involved, also. in drafting a docu· Parliament. TIle next step Is to elaborate tile analy· ment on the national framework of solVing refugee ses of Ule laws. from the perspective of tile intenla· problems and participates in drafting a proper law of tlonal legislation and the Romanian Constitution. refugees. The analyses are then sent to the Parliament. the (g) TIle investigations program. TIlis Is an opportunity commiSSions and sometimes even to the leaders of to do personal research in the particular cases the polJtlcal parties represented in tile Parliament. brought to the attention of the assoclaUon that do Whenever necessary. APADOR-CH has organized not nt In to the previous programs. round tables on particular draft laws. with represen· (h) TIle Human Hlghts Center. Created In December taUves of all the political parties invited to partici· 1992. within the framework of APADOR~H. It con· pate. l1lereby it has been possible for APADOR~H sists of the followtng sections: t.o draw the attention of several NOOs on speCific - TIle documentation center (the library) was set draft laws which. If passed. could have restricted liP at the beginning of 1993 and Is ·designed to illlPortant human rights. It Is worth noting tile 1994 provide Interested persons with a wide range of operation which caused the withdrawal of a govern· specific materials: books. Journals. papers. mental dcclslon. which reenacted the correspon· analyses. studies, cOl1unentaries. interpretations dCllcc-check. Currently the activiUcs are focused on and international standards. TIle library is orga· lhe draft law for the modification of the Penal Code. nized in nine sections: general human rights; and gellcrally on those laws and projects vlolaUng human rights records for different countries: the Romanian Constitution or the European Human political and ciVil rights; economic, SOCial and RJghts COllvention which is part of the domestic leg· cultural rights: law. jllrispnHlence and legisla· islaUon. Uon; special groups under intenlatlonai survey; (b) Monitoring of police abuses. This Is a program with doclIlllcnts 011 internatiOilal treaties; intenlation­ several alms: establishing cooperation with decl· al treaties and conventions as well as periodicals slon-makers In the polJce~ familJarizlng the police issued by the UN. the Council of Europe and the employees wHh the International documents con­ OSeE. cerning the conduct of law enforcement omcers; - TI1C Romanian HUllian Rights Quarterly is all investigating cases of police abuse and pursuing Important informativc and educational publica­ criminal liability of the perpetrators who investigate tion designed to help the Jawyers and human police lock-ups. During 1994 Investigations were rights activists. TIlc quarterly is issued in 1.000 carried Ollt ill severallocalitles In tile country. copies and is distributed free to the courts. bars. (e) TIle minorities program. TIle objectives of this pro· lawschools. libraries. Jaw students and country gram arc: the illvestigation of cases of violence COIll­ pOlice inspectors. mitted against. the HOllla population: the problems of - Houlldtable's, debates and surveys of the HRC the HUllgarian minority: monitoring tile extremist emerged frolll the necessity to anaJY7"c issues of

28 • NGO FORUM 1995 [ml f foremost Importance related to the observance (legislation. access to Infonnatlon arid dectsions of ocu- and protection of tile human rights and to make the execu live that can threaten the activities of the 'eso- the analysis available to declslon-maklng bodies NGOs). collective steps should be taken. and other specific organizations. (b) Promotion of operations Initiated by various founda· "~ PARTNERSmp tlons which could result In costly Infrastructure pro· orts. APADOR-CH cooperates with othcr Romanian NGOs: Jects Jointly exploited by the NGOs (such as an Ions Pro-Democra\la. L1ga Pro-Europa. SIRDO. APADO. NGOs printing house) should be encouraged. Fundatla pentnl Pluralism and other Romanian and (c) By organizing 'consulting' meetings between the 01Ip Hungarian organizations. associations covering the same field, one could avoid :nta- Since January 1991 the Romanian Helsink.! Committee the duplication of the activities. has been a full member of the Vienna-based Intenlatlonal Helsinki Federation for Human Rights FINANCING OF APADOR-CH AND OF THI UHF). It also collaborates with Amnesty International, HUMAN RIGHTS CENTER ~I ACAT. Institute for Democracy In Eastern Europe. rtga International Law Group for Human RJghts, IFES, A detailed presentaUon of the financial support and Its 1I tllIzaUon Human Rights Watch. Helsinki. Aglr-Ensemble. ~tl Pax-Chrlsti and a. s. o. It has pennanent contacts with TIle human rights organizations have been reluctant to go the several governmental structures: The Public give Information about the situation of the financial tern, Ministry. TIle Ministry of tile Interior. TIle Ministry of resources employed for their programs. Since the Justice. 11le General Direction of the Penitentiaries, etc. authors of this syntheSiS believe that the transparency Publications of the actiVities is a necessary and since they are cam· !~ paigning for a general change of mentality In this Lms. In 1994 APADOR-CH published: respect. they have decided to offer an example of the lnce - TIle DAHR Conception on the Rights of the National finance of at least one of the conSidered groups. The Minorities leadership of APADOR-CH has accepted the publishJng Tal - 4 Issues of TIle Legislation in Transition. of 11..-; sponsorship In detail from the_m~ment that tlle ~op- first funds became available. - TIle Romanian Human Rights Quarterly. 11\ i>f APADOR-CH was funded at the beginning of 1990, but - TIle 1994 APADOR-CH Report. it has neither asked for nor received any financial sup· ~I DIFFICULTIES port up until 1993 (sums of money were spent through IntemaJ APADOR-CH by the Parts-based League for the Defense lieal Volunteers: APADOR-CH has a few volunteers who of Human Rights in Romania. mainly In order to pro· vide material help to the victims of the June 1990 min· have promptly answered when appealed to. 100111 er's crusade). During this period the expenses for com· s Managing experience: TIle organization is united tn its munlcatlon were provided by the Group for Social tical outlook and there are no internal problems. Dialogue. Due to the increase In the efficiency and lei APADOR-CH is maJnly concenled with actiVities Involv­ IntenSity of the APADOR-CH activities, the leadership DC ing expertise. Some of Its members are the autll0rs of considers a finallcillg progralll necessary. Consequently 19 stUdies that have become reference documents in the it has been generollsly supported by a Humber of spon· wof field of human rights and minority rights. sors. One can note that the confidence of the sponsors EztemaJ has constantly Increased. Inll The legal framework: The leadership of the .s APADOR-CH finds the present framework to be a Uber· A HISTORY OF THE FINANCING OF APADOR-CH t do alone, offering opportunities for the rights to a free AND CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS FROM 1993 assembly. TIlis is the reason why It does not campaign ONWARDS. for a change In the law concerning associations and 1. TIle police abuses program: (initially planned as an ~I foundations. one year program. between April 1993 and March 1994) Partnership: Collaboration with other NGOs Is satisfac­ a) funds delivered in H)93: tory. Some of the govenllnental stnlctures are open to - $ 3,000 from Agir Ensemble (france) cooperation (e.g.: the Public Ministry). however some ~1 are not. APADOR-CH has an busy Intenlational sched­ - $ 8.485 from the Genllan Marshall Fund ers, ule. Its members hold positions tn several intemaUonal Total: $ 11.485 organLzatlons. 1011rg b) total expenses (after the program was completed): $ ht Publicity: APADOR-CI-I is satisfied with its level of pub· 6.091 'Ies; Hc awareness (present In the media, meetings With stu· c) rest: $ 5.394 dents. frequent sympOSIums etc.) and TIle GMF has agreed to our request to extend the pro· Funds: TIle resollrces received from abroad seem to be gram until the funds are drained. lS11 suffiCient. 11lere are no domestic sources, which Is a ve 2. TIle parliamentary transparency program: (Initially 101 • sign of the low general perfonllance of the Romanian society. planned for a six manU) period. between February 1993 eals - August 1993) TIle above material has been complied on the basis of a) Funds received in 1093: It] the data supplicd by the fOllr mentioned associations. - $ 7.980 from Ule German Marshall Fund Ilea· SOLunOHS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS THAT b) total expenses: S 7.424 HUMAN RIGHTS NGOS FACE c) rest: $ 55G Following the deSCriptions of the above human rights TIle sponsor agreed to our re

30 • NGO FORUM 1995 WHITE PAPER ROMANIAN MEDIA NGOs Mircea TOMA

or,,M . TIle moment of maximum enUlUsiasm for many of the Geographical Distribution Il1kl Non-Govenlmental Organizations (NGOs) tn Romania is Due to Its organizational structure. -SZR covers the .:.:.. dttrlng the general meeting when the association Is whole country Ulrough its 'branches In every county'. founded and the board directors Is elected, TIle newly AffIliations set up association thcn withdraws into a virtual space, the space of potential NGOs. At the International level. SZR Is quite well conected as It Is affiliated to: The European Association of TIlls phenomenon can be seen with the family of pr~ Journalists, The International Organlzatlon of NGOs as well. where the active associations are out­ Journalists. TIle Inlenlational Federation of Jounlallsts numbered and overshadowed by the 'potentiaI' ones. and The Balkan Confederation of Journalists. In this [n this paper we shall deal mainly with those NGOs Ittee respect. SZR members enjoy an Intenlational acknowl­ whose presence has been felt within the Journalists' edgment of their status as Jounlalists. community. According to the author. the main NGOs in Financing this field are: THE SOCIETY OF JOURNALISTS IN ROMANIA (SZRJ. THE ASSOCIATION OF ROMANIAN According to Its statements. SZR financial sources are 14 JOURNALISTS (ARZ). TIlE UNION OF PROFESSIONAL derived from 'membership fees and contrtbutions', but JOURNALISTS (UZP). THE ASSOCIATION Of MAGYAR neiUlcr the nature of these 'contributions' nor the pro­ :~ JOURNALISTS IN ROMANIA (AZMR). THE ASSOCIA­ portion between autonomous resources and the n::" TION Of SPORTS PRESS (APS), ACADEMIA CATAVEN­ resources of different origins are specified. nee- CU. ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL Staff JOURNALISTS (ARZM). VISUAL ARTS fOUNDATION SZR has only one employee. Its activities are supported :uatil (FAy). ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION FOR AUDIO-VISUAL by 'many volunteers'. rro COMMUNICATIONS (ARCA) and Ihe ASSOCIATION OF Equipment TELEVISION PROfESSIONALS IN ROMANIA (APTR) . . SZR headquarters are provided with minimal equip· ~1 ment: fax machine. telephone. copy-machine. comput­ THI SOCIITY' OF THE JOURNALISTS IN ROMANIA ers. airs, (5%R, Means of Promotion Type of Organization: trade union Although SZR coordinators have not set the task of self­ Soon after the collapse of Ceatlsescu's regime on promotion as an activity (for example: materials about I January 25 1990, SZR was granted legal status. A this society have never been prepared for the public), been characteristic feature of that particular moment was the media has referred to this society and some of tile 01 that 'free trade unions' were popular and many were organizations which have published infonnatlon about .nt1 SZR are: Antena 1, TIneretul Uber, Evenimentul ZileL being set lip. So SZR chose a tradc union type of stnlc­ Tele 7abc. Radio ROlllania Actualitati. ture. More precisely. the bylaws of this society define itself as a 'trade union federation'. Purposes IR~ Two declared categories of purposes are sel forth: 1) ud_ Membership protection of JOllnlalists tights ami 2) the development Mcmbers of SZR include profeSSionals and Ilon-profcs­ of activities for Jonrnalists' training and professiona­ slollals. belonging to both the printed and 3udio·vtsllal lism. lIIedIa, III order to portray its specter of representation, Objectives the hoard of SZR lists SOme of the editorial offices ~I llle above mentioned purposes ("an be defined also at terial whcrc Its mellibers work: Tlncrehll Uber, Evenimcntul all operational level and arc: II t.o carry all t the collee· ncnt. ZlIci, Prahova (Plniesti). Cllricrul National. Magazin tlve aile! the Individual negotiations for .Io11nlalisls and )storlc. D-ale Polltlcl (Alba-Iulia). Cuvantul NOli (Sf. also 2) to set lip a permancnt basis for jonrnalists' rBtil I Gheorghe). Bihori Naplo (Oradca) ctc. training.

I ROMANIAN MEDIA NGO. • 3 1 Strategies Means of Promotion SZR also presents two ways of action in order to fulfill AZR carries out an adequate amount of promotion their objectives: despite the fact that it has no publication of its own. U negotiations with the proprietors and the government TIlis Is the result first and foremost of its politics: to be and 2) organization of training courses. actively involved tn the life of civil society. The Association organizes press conferences for the benefit Major projects" 1994/1995 of those persons who request the possibility to express Between April 25 and June 5. 1995. SZR In cooperation themselves in public and on relevant Issues that pro­ with PMA TRAINING from Great Britain, The mote the development of democratization. Since it has International Federation of JOllnlalisls and with the come Into being. AZR has organized over 100 press con­ support of European Community organized a develop­ ferences of this type for mistreated journalists. for the ment course for Romanian Journalists. trade union leaders who lost their jobs. for public per­ sons who were harassed for political reasons and many lUore. At the same time. using press releases. AZR THE ASSOCIAnON OF ROMANIAN 10URNALISTS actively expresses its attitude towards those acts of fla­ (AU, grant violation of democratic nonns. AZR was set up as a result of some members withdraw­ Purposes al from AZR following some disagreements during Ule first Congress of the Society (May 3-5, 1990), TIle dilTer­ AZR sets forth ensuring the unity of action In order to cnres of opinion highlighted different attitudes regard­ protect general human values and the fundamental ing the future of the Independent press. In a society human rights through the specific means of their pro­ where the democratic mechanisms had a precarious fession as journalists. function. At that moment, the emotional Implication of AZR protects and stands 11p for a legal framework that the poUUcal ideals were extremely high and at the same shall ensure the free circulation of infonnatlon. time they sharply spUt into opposite sides. 11l1s phe­ AZR seeks to protect the rights of the readers 10 the nomenon was to be found Within the journalists com­ country and abroad through correct and unabridged munity. too. In the course of time. the situation gained Information on the events of public Interest and special complexities. Therefore. now one cannot attempting to protect any person against slander. libel describe AZR and SZR as 'black and white', or insult. Type of Organization Strategies and Objectives AZR Is a professional organization but which. as it wUl 11uough Its actions and activities. AZR sets forth the be shown further on. undertakes active Involvement In folloWing objectives: 1) to ensure the iflcrease of Its the process of building the clvtl society. members professional prestige. both naUona.lly and Membership internationally; 2) to ensure worthy exchanges With AZR has members from among Journalists working In similar organizations in the world~ 3) to organiZe special programs for professional excetlence and 4) to support many different types of media. Currently AZR has and to ensure dIrect contacts With national and Inter­ approximately 2.300 members who come from: national organizations or bodies whose acUvities aim at Romania LiberA. Cotidianul. Flacara. Expres Magazln. promoting the principles of freedom and human dignity. Evenlmentul Zliei. Barlcada. Zig-Zag. Tlnerama. Academia Catavencu. TIneretul Llber. 22 Tim1lloara. Major Projects" 1994/1995 Televizlunea Romana. newspapers In Magyar and AZR patronize the Superior School of Journalism (~) Gennan as well as from foreign publications. In Bucharest. nle main event during the period ]994- Geographical Distribution 1095 was endorsement of the ~S .. J by the National Committee for AcademiC Evaluation and Accreditation. AZR wants to represent not only the journaHsts tn Romania btl t the Romanian journalists In general. regardless of their country of residence. 1l1erefore. it THE UNION OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS has national branches In Brasov and TImlsoara as well (UZP, as intenlational branches In Chillinau and Parts. Type of Organization MOJlations UZP was set up tn May 1990 and It Is a professional AZR Is affiliated to the International Federation of organization, Jounlallsts. to the Balkan Confederation of Journalists Membership and to the Reporters Without Frontiers. Due to these UZP has apprOximately 200 members. TIle condition for affiliations. the AZR members enjoy an Intenlational admittance tn this organization is the status of a pro­ acknowledgment of their status as jotlnlalists. fesSional journalist for at least one year or for at least 5 Partners years in case of a part time job as a jounlalist In boUI written or audiO-visual media. The members of this FoundatJon for Independent Journallsm organization come from newspapers like: Adevanll. Financing Vocea ROlluinJel. Cronlca Romana, Vlata Libera (Galati). AZR functions now exclusively on the basis of their 24 Ore (Ialli). Gazeta de Trallsilvanla (Bra~ov). CuvQntul Internal resources which are membership fees. Llbertatll (Craiova). Cri~ana (Oradea), Radio Romania. StsIT Romanian Television. Geographical Distribution AZR has four employees; at the same tIme. it has the volunteer support of the OK CONTACT company. Its The UnIon has 34 hranches In the country and a llIembers also bring their willing contribution. branch in Bucharest. Equipment Mfiliations UZP has no link With assoclatiolis from ahroad or with AZH. headquarters are eqllipped as a result of past IlltcnlaUollalorganizaUolls. donations from the SOROS foundation. It has tile mlni­ IlIUIU of office CflulplIIGnt: a computcr. a printer. a fax Financing ami a copy machine. TIle Union has sel lip the "'ollmalist.ic FlInd' whIch Is

32 • NGO FORUM 1995 based on donations from those newspapers whose ASSOCIATION OF SPORTS PRESS IN ROMANIA I employees are members of UZP. Another resource of lAPS, financing Is represented by the Union's own pubUca­ Type of Organization tions. State subsidiaries are also mentioned In case of some activities carried. out under the circumstances of APS Is a professional organization set up in 1927. tntenlaUonal agreements. Membership nefit Means of Promotion Romanian sportswriters UZP has a weak presence with Ule public. It develops Geographical Distribution '~ no activity of self-promotion. A few conferences orga­ APS has no branches. From this point of view, its exts~ con­ nized by UZP can be mentioned as means of promotion. teuce Is based on individual affiliation of sportswriters o the Purposes all over the country. , UZP sets forth In accordance with Its bylaws, the Partners ~. acknowledgment of the profession of jounlallst, the pro­ APS's constant partner Is the International Association I, , : tection and promotion of the jounlallst's rights, Uberties of Sports Press. [-11a- and dignity as well as of citizens liberty. Financing Strategies and Objectives The main source of finanCing is based on the fees. I UZP has opted to promote a Law on Press Is opposed to er to However for an expensive activity the association SllC­ :ntal AZR options. ceeded In attracting sponsors. Staff .·U~~'.A"O!Y ..,~ !\/',JUP"All JOI.!U"'.'£"£ ,~ APS works wlih only one vo;unteer. :1 ROMANIA IAZMR, Equipment Type of Organization The only eqUipment it has at its disposal is a telephone AZMR Is a professional organization with activities In and a fax, the field of creation. which was set up In 1990. Means of Promotion Membership APS has published in sports newspapers, articles .TIle AZMR membership Includes mostly jounlaUsts of regarding relevant events and Its actlvtties, Sometimes the Hungarian language who work in written or elec­ Ulese far-reaChing actions are widely promoted. , the tronic mass media. Purposes Geographical Distribution Its purpose Is to promote and protect the Romanian AZMR has members In all the towns and cities where sportswtiters Interests and professional rights, to pro­ '~I mote a better knowledge of the sporting phenomenon. Icclat Magyar editorial offices exist (Bucharest and Transllvanla). of the problems experienced by each branch of sport and to facilitate an accurate reflection of the Romanian ~Jrt Financing sport reality In mass-media, hi AZMR funds consist of domestic and external donations Strategies :nl 0 (70%), membership fees (10%) and contributions from Besides the specific Journalist approach, APS sustains Its members 120%). the maintenance of a constant contact with the 11? Staff Ministry of youth and Sports and the Romanian 99. Olympic and Sports Federation Committee. ,anal AZMR has only one full-time employee (a secretary) and lon another five volunteers. Major Projects - 1994/1995 Equipment TIle main event carried out by APS last year was that Its members supervised sports activities, It was also l TIle headquarters has minimum office eqUipment: a Involved In the award ceremony for the best 10 sports­ computer. a printer. a fax and a copy machine, men of the year, Means of Promotion AZMR has a monthly publication 'Erteslto' which Is dis­ ACADEMIA CATAVENCU tributed to Its members. Apart from this, 3 to 8 articles per month are issued in local or national publications Type of Organization on the activities of this organization. Academia Catavencll is a cultural establishment. with­ 'ntl out profitable purpose. In comparison to the above Purposes mentioned aSSOCiations, this one is not a mass organl­ !~ According to its status, the association sets forth 'to both zaUon. The principle on which it was founded focuses protect Ule specific Interests of the Magyar Journalists, on recruiting individual values. who are appreciated . :.11 to protect their professional dignity. their human rights according to the objectives of tilis establishment. which ~~.. and liberties, as well as the freedom of press. to repre­ is an elite group. iintul sent and protect the Interests of Magyar jOllnlallsm in Membership Romania, while confonning to Ule provisions on the cit­ Academia Catavencil admits as members those persons Ani iZens rights and Uberties stipulated and granted by this whose public activities are generally within the mass­ country's laws and by international acts'. media, and who believe the promotion of some values nd a Major Projects - 1994/1995 regarded by this organization as vital. TIle total number AZMR has organized several activities for professional of members Is 27. 'nlc core of decision-making stands 01 with those members who arc also the editors of the excellence. For example: a course of initiation in audio­ pllblicatIon bearing the sallle name. wtth visual media and a dcveloping coltrse for the J011rnalists at Magyar periodicals. It has also set up 'A

I ROMANIAN MEDIA NGOs • 33 bers spread all over the country - lasl, TImisoara. Cluj. from the capital of Romania and from other cWes. I\s well as Intenlational contributors In the USA. Mfillatlons Mfillatlons ARZM is affiliated (founder member) to the Academia Catavcncu Is affiliated to no other body. Intenlallollal Federation of Environmental Journalists Partners (based In Paris): mcmbers of Ule association are also mcmbcrs of: Society of Environmental Journalists For Its programs concentlng media events. Academia (USA) ami ~Jotlmallstes-ecr1valns pour la nature et I'e~ Catavencli cooperates with the Pro-Democracy cologie {Francel. J\...,soclatlon, the I-Ugh School of ~Journalism as well as the Faculty of Journalism and Theory of Financing and equlpments Conlin t Illlca Uon. TIle assocIation did not benefit yet of any finanCing. Financing excepting a modem donated by the Independent Journalism Foundation (New York); till prescnt. the Generally Academia Catavencll benefits from a part of actiVity was possible due to the cooperation With Ute the profits It obtains from selling Its publications and Ecologist youth of Romania (TER) and the Group for also from the economic activity of Its editing dlvlsioll. Undcrwater and Speleological Exploration (GESS). TIle resulting amount is enough in order to sustain sev­ eral full-thne jobs and to develop the technical Infra­ Staff structure. TIle association develops some other pro­ ARZM has no paid stafT. grams and It has at Its disposal external donations, Means of Promotion which represents about 50% of the total profit. Promotion of Infonnation Is the purpose of the associa­ Staff tIon. Academia Catavcllcl1 has 20 employees and pennanent Purposes part-time staff. of which 5 are Involved in the activities of the NGO. A great number of volunteers - students or Rapid and correct Infoml3t1on of the public In the field llIembers of the Pro-Democracy Association are also to of envirollmental problcllls~ improving the quality of be Included. envlronmelltal jou malisllI. Equipment Main projects - 1994/1995 Academia Catavcncu has a well-developed edlUng sec­ publishing (toghcter with TIle Ecologist youth of tion and office eqUipment (5 computers. printer. copy­ Romania and The Group for Underwater and machine and E-mail access). Speleological Exploration) since January 1995 a Means of Promotion Ilion tilly magazine, TERRA XXI: the magaZine print nm Is 1000 copies distributed free to NGOs. decision TIle magaZine bearing the sallie name has made this makers In the ellvironlUental field, Parliament, association famous but ncverthcless, the NGO's activity GovenUllcnt, intenlational orgallizaUons etc. Is less known or less distinguished from the magazine. publishing, every two months. of an "ARZM Purposes Bulletin"; 250 copIes arc distributed free to jounlal­ 'Academia Catavencu is a cultural establishment which Ists, especially to the environmental jOllnl8lists. was set up to help the recovery process of the publishing a free monthly. English language elec­ Romanian society by means of the spiritual word: tronic bulletin since May 1995 In cooperation With Strategies and Objectives The Group for Underwater and Speleological 'TIIC objectives sct forth by the establishment called Exploratlons and Nemira 1·lIking Association. Academia Catavencll arc: 1) to rehabilitate man's unique value after he has been kept for two gCllcraUons THE VISUAL ARTS FOUNDATION (FAV) In the unilateral and thcrefore depersonalizing concH­ Type of Organization tlon of 'a member of society'; 2) to combat the preju­ dices and stereotypes In thinkhlg which inhibit the FAV Is a non-profit foundation. it was set up In development of the spiritual independence and 3) to September 1992 as a result of a donation from the encourage the critical attitude. the autonomy of thc Soros Foundation for 8Jl Open SocIety. vaillable judgments In order to countcract the indiVidu­ Membership and Geographical Distribution al's vulnerability With regard to manipulation,' FAV is not a mass-member organization. It Is an Insti­ Major Projects 1994/1995 tution specialized in Visual arts, whose production Is The ongoing major project Is thc organization of thc supported by a slHall group of speCialists. The head­ Media Monitor Agency. TIlls is a network of observers quarters are in Bucharest. trailled to evaluate the quality of the prcss message Mfillations from the point of View of tendencies towards manipula­ tion. The Agency issues a bulletin called 'Press­ FAV is affilIated with no other NOOs. liowever, one Monitor', through which the newsmen can estimate should remember that it was set lip as a result of 8Jl their performancc. TIl is project alms to improve the initiative finanCially supported by the Soros j01lrnallsts' level of profcssional skill and implicitly to Foundatioll. regain the credibility of the press. TIle program is fund­ Financing cd by the National Endowment for Delllocracy alld by Except for the Initial dOllation from the Soros thc Soras FOllndaUon for an Open SOCiety. FOllndation which covered cqlllpllIClit and office spacc, FAV is self-financed by providing services (e.g.: gelleral. ROMANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL JOURNALISTS renting video eqtliplllcllt and through fillll production). ASSOCIATION (ARZM) Staff Type of orgauizatlon 11le r"olilldatioll has two employees. four free-lancers Af{ZM is a professional organI7..atlon, IlIdllding JOllnIa­ hired 011 a regular basis alld a few volunteers. lists sperlalizcd ill cllvirolllllcntal protection. Equipment Membership and geographical distribution Two BETA vidco-cameras, as-VIIS MS4 Video camera, Up to elate, the association has 30 IIIclIIUcrs; thcy arc a Nagra 4 set of lij!hts. and a BETA cditing system.

34 • NGO FORUM 1995 I Means of Promotion galion with the adminlst.rative bodies. with CNA; the FAV look part in 19 film festivals where fAY prodllc­ association Will lise all the legal means possible Halls were seleclcd at 10 of the competitions at the fes­ through its COllllnlttees. ~~~iI· tivals and 9 of U lem won prizes. To work for ttlrnlng the rights which have been llsll Purpose. obtained by any of its mcmbers Into general ones. If IStS . tht:se rtghts represcnt the Interests of ARCA. To help the artists and the Independent groups l'e- express Ulcmsclvcs by means of visual arts. To grant thc filII equality of righL., and responsibili­ To analyze the technical and production aspects of ties for all Its mcmbers. I the above mentioned projects in order to ensure To provide technical and lcgal assistance to all its lng, Ulcir completion (c.g.: filming equipment, BETA edit­ members. ing system. organization and production). To organize common activities for the professional Objective. improvcment of the staff. 'th~~i . for TIle Foundation supports those artisUe values of pro­ Main Projects - 1994 /1995 jects which for one reason or another have no access to Ule state or private insUtuUons for completion. It also TIle organi7.aUoll of the SOUNDCRMi seminar with the sllpport of SOUNDCRAFT Company (during sustains sllch productions through activities of promo­ I tion. spring 1994). Main Projects - 1994/1995 The organization of thc seminar on the theme MMarkcting and AdvertiSing within the Audio-Visual In 1994. FAV exclusively supported the production of Industry" (during autumn }9D4) and a follow-up in 12 films (a pocumentary. an art film. video-art. musical May. )995. 'nle seminars wcre organized with the video-clip. the record of a theater show also films on architecture. choreography. tourism and ecology etc.). Slip port of INTERNATIONAL MEDIA FUND, UNITED STATES INFORMATION SERVICE and mE CENTER 11le Foundation also carried out 5 co-productions (the FOR INDEPENDENT JOURNALISM. partners In these activities were: PANOCEANIC, DAKI­ NO. APARTE and REPORTAGE from France). Another project was the CASTING program. Photos and THE ASSOCIATION OF THE TELEVISION PROFES­ w>=.· video-tapes of 1.300 actors from all over tile country SIONALS IN ROMANIA (APTR) were brought together tn a data base. in order to pro­ Type of Organization ~ mote them in the field of cinema and Uleater. ~ APTR is a professional association, the first organiza­ .• tion of television professionals in Romania. It is an rlnt '10:' THE ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION FOR AUDIO­ independent artistic association that is affiUated to 110 ~n_ VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS (ARCA) oUH~r organi7..atlon and which has 110 political preoccu­ Type of Organization pation. On May 9 HJ90. 21 top- creators of 1V pro­ :ZM AReA is a non-profit organization of independent radio grams set up the association. TIle founding members and television stations. achievements were recognized both nationally and 'I naJI- intcnlatlonally and wcre granted prizes. I I Membership Membership I; ie Independent radio and television stations. , with GeographicS! Distribution TIle APTR members are professional 'IV producers. 11le. association has about 100 members. Several famolls Allover the country. le1 personalities arc members of honor: Liviu Ciulel. Financing Lucian PinUlie, Andrci !$erban. Valeriu Lazarovetc. Subscription. GeographlcS! Distribution Fill81lcing from illtenlational organizations after pre­ TIle headquarters are in Bucharest where most of its senting the programs/proJects which were carried members come frollI. )II out by ARCA th Afflliotions Donations from Indlvid1l81s or legal entities. "I, . APTH Is affiliated to no other associations. Equipment 1.1 Financing ~sl A 486 personal computer. a printer and a Fax (all of 'I II Is these are donated from the Soros Foundation). Fees ,ad- Purpose Donations from people and private companies In the To grant the protection of its members rights and country. 'llle toial alllount of donations call be esti­ freedom of opinions. mated by the expcnses of the last two AJYrn festi­ I vals: 20 million hi )!)94 aud 40 mUllan In 1995. one To work for a reasonable administration. In the interest of the listeners comlllunity of the allocated Staff frequency for the radio and television stations. TIle Association has olily olle employee who is an econ­ ~rt To cstabllsh and develop intcmational relations with omist. TIle rest of the staff (thc President and the five othcr racllo and television stations In diffcrcllt COUII­ members ill the Executive Committee) arc voluntecrs. tries and with similar organizations. Equipment "e>r°l To support a necessary Improvement of the leglsla­ AfYfH has a profcsslonal Hi 8 Sony network (camcra era lIOII that should protect the Interests of the private ami editing systelll), a fax and three cars. Ill). Initiative ill the audio-v1sllal field. III this resJlect. AHCA sets forth to carry out a lobby for thc adoption Means of Promotion of a proper legislation that should llIake possihle the The AITrR fcsllviOes have already become well-known I' fUIlr:tionlng of a real audio-visual lIIarket. where a events. 'nley are anntlally broadcast hy Channel 1 on I fair ('ompetitive spirit is characteristic. lIalional television ali(I each of thcm lasts about ~)O - Objectlves 10011li1lUtC5. lerl To SIIPPOrt but 1I0t from a material point of view. all Purposes the AHCA 1I1cmbers ill their attempt to solve the Iiti- APTH sets fort.h \.0 protect tile ri/.!ht.s of the professional

I ROMANIAN MEDIA NGO. • 35 workers In television and to distinguish between profes­ sionaUsl1l alld amatelirislll. THE ASSOCIAnON OF SPORTS PRESS (APS)' .,.\ Objectives President: Elnanuel Fantalleanll TIlls association undertakes as Its major objective to Address: Vasile Conta str. 110.16. Bucharest 2. C.P. 'I~ 21 increase the professionalism of those working In televi­ sion. Tel..: 401-2111463 Strategies Fax: 401-2113459 TIle aim of stimulating gifted people by granting annu­ aUy national APTR prl7.es. ROMANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL 10URNAUSTS Main Projects - 1994/1995 ASSOCIAnON (AR%M) TIle festivities organized by this association remain the President: Dan Stolca main or at least the best known activity. TIle associa­ tion also sets forth to set up a special school which wUl Vice-president: Alexanclru R. Savulescu prepare Ule students for the specific job within televi­ Address: A.D. Xenopol str. no.3. se.B. eLl. ap.9, sion. Bucharest I Fax: 401-3124816 c/o REC Rom ADRESSES E-mail: [email protected] THE SOCIETY OF 10URNALISTS IN ROMANIA (5%R) ACADEMIA CATAVENCU President: ConleUus Popa President: Mlrcea Dinescu Vice-president: Valeria Filimon Vice-president: Min-ea Toma Address: Piala Preset Llbere no. 1. sect. 1. Bucharest Address: Vlrtu\lI str. 110.3. bl.R2A. ap. 23. Bucharest 6 Tel./Fax: 401-2224266 Tel.: 40 1-4209459 Tel./Fax: 401-2115205 THE ASSOCIAnON OF ROMANIAN 10URNALISTS (UR) PreSident: Petre MihaJ Bacallu THE FOUNDATION FOR VISUAL ARTS (FAV) Address: Calea Victoriel no. 133. Bucharest I. C.P. 22- Address: Campineanu str. no.21, Bucharest 21 217 Tel.: 401-613550: 401-6156925 Tel.: 401-6594024: 401-6596310 Fax: 401-3129627 THE ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION FOR AUDIO. VISUAL COMMUNICAnONS (ARCA) THE UNION OF PROFESSIONAL 10URNAUSTS President: Neculal Constantin Munteanu . (U%P) Address: Splalul Independelljei no.7. bl. 101: Sc.D. President: Haria Alexalldrescu ap.72. Bucharest Address: Piala Preset Libere no. I. Bucharest I Tel./Fax: 401-3123618 Tel./Fax: 401-2223236 THE ASSOCIATION OF THE TELEVISION PROFES. THE ASSOCIATION OF MAGYAR 10URNALISTS IN SIONALS IN ROMANIA CAPTR, ROMANIA CUMR) President: Dan Nec~lIlea President: Gaspar Sandor Address: Calea Doroban til or 110.191. Bucharest Address: PrtmAriei Str. 110.1. Tdrgu Mllre~ Tel.: 401-2120851 Tel./Fax: 40-65-168688 Tel./Fax: 401-2122858

36 • NGO FORUM 1995 I

I WHITE PAPER ~·1 ROMANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL NGOs

Alexandru R. S}..VULESCU I

:1 INTRODUCTION 1960's, behind the facade of sport, tourtsm, youth and I' ~I scientific unoffically registered organlza{lons. did The re~emerglng democratic and free market structures They I In Romania have encouraged citizen participation. both not call themselves 'envlronmental' because a 'multilat­ --I In the private and public sectors. 1111s goal has mainly eral developed socialist society' did not perullt Itself to been achieved through the voluntary. nOll-profit sector. have any environmental problems. These groups acted sometimes also called 'Ule third sector'. An Important as what we would describe as environmental organtza­ part of this sector Is currently represented by environ­ tlons. 'Focul vlu· rn,e Living Fire) Is a good example of mental organizations who deal with such Issues as: one of these groups dealing officially only with the cav­ I conservation of natural capital. fighting for pollution ing, but working, in fact. towards nature conservation. prevention, minimization of physical damage to nature. The environmental movement emerged In force tn the environmental education and expanding the social and 1990's, after the so-called Revolution of December cultural environment tn accordance to the concept of 1989. The first registered envlronmental organization I 'sustainable development'. was 'MI~carea ecologlsta din Romania MER' (The AltllOUgh the common opinion Is that the environmen­ Ecologist Movement of Romania). Which registered as a tal movement has no tradition in Romania, tile reality is political party. Many of Romania's environmentalists that the first Romanian Non-Governmental didn't want to become party members, because of the Organization (NGOl. Socletatea Progresul Silvie (The bad connotation of the tenn 'party' (synonomus before Silvicultural Progress Society) was founded more than '89 with The Communist Party). However most of one hundred years ago (in 1886). with the goal of forest 'MERs' supporters Initially accepte

I ROMANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL NGO. • 37 a lIauonal organization with supporters all around the cOllntry and a substantially largc membership. These country, 'TER' became a network of independent local organizations however have a morc complex character organizations, as they combine environmental protection actiVities Incompatibility problems among members led to sepa­ wtth large sectors of the populaUon (e.g: youth educaa ratiOlis in the case of certain groups, such as 'Scutlll tlon, tourism), verde' (Green Shield). from Ploi~U, Quarrels about the nallle or about the direction of funds unfortunately FINANCIAL RESOURCES consumed an enonllOIiS alliount of energy which could Western aid (both information and I1nanclal sllPI>ort) have been reserved for constructive use. has been of great assistance to the RomanIan envtrona mental movemcnt. Organizations stich as 'REC' and QUANTITATY AND ORIENTATION OF 'Asociatla cClllllenlca a blserlcllor din Romanlaa ROMANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL NGOS AIDRom' (Ecumenical ASSOCiation of Churches tn As organlsatlolls matured, the possibilities for new Romania) offereel to eillerging ROinanlan ellvironmental organisations became apparcnt and the registration NGOs both t.he know-how Rnd the financial means to process became more familiar to ministries and courts. become stronger. IntenlaUonaJ public funels (from the TIle number of enVironmental organizations grew and is United States, European Union, ~Japan, Canada etc. -in. continually increasing all over the country. According to Ule case of'REC'), or Ule motley of Christian congrega­ the 'NGO Directory' published by 'The Regional tions (In Ule case of NORom) were donated to NGOs for environmental protection activities. Tills occurred Environmental Center for Central and Eastenl Europe - mainly because intcnlatiollal f1lndlng bodlcs now ree-oga REC', there are 128 environmental organizations nlse that NGOs are In c10scr contact wHh the public (1994): out of these. 77 are legally registered. 111C and can find quicker solutions to local Interest prob­ Romanian language version (,Reglstntl organlzatiilor lems than the big aJl(I bureaucratic governmental Insti· neguvcrnamentalc de protcc\ie a IIlcdiului din tuUons. Romania', published by IER' In 1994) notes 145 envi­ rOlllllcntal NGOs In Romania, but there Is no Informa­ More and more foundations and funding Institutions tion concenllng Ulelr legal status, TakIng into consider­ have offered to continue to donate this year, to the ation the quick evolution of the non-profit sector In needs of the Romanian environmental NOOs, Romania, the figures are representative only for the 'Millellkontakt Oost Europa' started, In January 1995 time being and need to be continualy up dated. It with the financial support from the Dutch specialized should be also mentioned that only some of the enVi­ ministry, a new two and a half year prograin for ronmental NGO's legally registered have received the Romania. USAID has continued Its support for 'TIle approval of the Ministry of Waters, Forests and EnVironmental Training Project -E'Jl> (which organizes Environmental Protection (before 1992 known as nle training programmes for new NGO members, as .well as Ministry of the EnVironment). TIle others have received for bllSlllCSS represclltatlves), 'Interllational Foundation the approval from other Mlntstrtes (e.g.: youth, sport, for Electoral Systems -IFES' (which Includes environ­ health. education etc.). mental NGOs In tile larger network of civic educaUon. human rights, media, economic development and Although the law stili requires 21 founding members, yOll 01, orgaJllzed Uw NGO F'onlill III 1995 for Ute sec­ this requirement is rarely fulfilled in practise by all the ond year running). Also a new program. Including envi­ legally registered associations, In reality the number of ronmental protection called 'Democracy Network', will active members of an aSSOCiation Is often less Ulan is begin. The European Union is financing the new legally required; Inronnatlon on active membership Is 'Foundation for the Development of Ule CiVil Society', hard to obtain. Unfortunately lUost NGOs do not have which wtll also cover the many of the needs of environ­ preCise eVidence of Ulelr membership (paid up members mental NGOs. In the second quarter of 1995, the -where fees are requested, newly admitted members or United Nations Developmellt Program collaborated wiUl members who have left etc.), however it Is easy to see the 'REC' Bucharest office to launch the Danube River that participation tn environmental organIzations Is not Basin Program for Local NGOs, which is financed by a mass phenomena In RomanIa. Groups wtth a exten· 'Global Environment FacHity -GEF". slve participation (such as: Greenpeace, World Wide Fund for Nature-WWF. Frtends of the Earth-FoE) do not WiUl reference to govenunelltal financial support, the exist. According to 1994 data, taken from the same Ministry of Youth and Sports was the only ministry 'NGO Directory' published by REC, most of the which set aside fUllds for cnvirollmental protection Romanian organizations have a mcmbership of 30-40 activities. TIle limiting factor however was that only persons. There are, however, some exceptions. For youth organl7..ations c01lld IISC thcse funds. example Ule scouts organizations which together have several thousand members or the 'National Club for ENVIRONMENTAL NGOS ACTIVITIES AND Youth Tourism' (,Clubul national de turlsm pentru RESULTS tlneret -CNTI), which has aproximately 3000 members. TIle inital developmcnt of cnVironmental NGOs activi­ From the above figures, one can sce that membership ties was difficult. Not all NGOs proved t.o be as efficient depends on the type and purpose of the organization. as they could havc been or as they would have liked to Generally enVironmental organizations tend to be be. 1llcre were positive results: llIallY slimmer camps attatched to a speCific location (For example: The (in the 1II00Ultains, the Danube Delta etc.) were orga­ Ecological Association 'Blue Sky in Baia Mare', lIlzed: educational matcrlals (posters, leaflets, Asoclatia ecologicii 'Cer senin la Bala Marc', 'EcoJ"sticc brochures, cRtalogllcs, books) werc printed and semi­ for Cop11a MiC'a.', 'Ecojusti\ie pentru COP118 MIca' etc., nars and confcrcllccs (lIaUollal and illtcrnational) which deal mainly with environlllental problems of 8 regarding various cnvirolllllclltal themes were orga­ strictly limlt.ed geographic area) or can be narrowly nizcd. Also Infonnation RIHI education centcrs were set foctlscd (restricted to specific fields stich as air pollu­ liP for example 'Training, Information and Mediation tion prevention, guardians of geological rcservRtiolls, Center for Eco-OcvdoplllCllt' ill Plole~tl, by the local speleology, ceo-tourism cle.). TIlls JlIay cxplalll why group 'Oalllcllii ~i Illediul illcolljur

38 • NGO FORUM 1995 In Bt1c\lre~ti. by 'EarthkJnd Romania' and 'Center for were: nature protection, pollution prevention and alter­ Environmental Education', Targl1 MlIr~. by 'Focus Eco native education. According to the same source. opera­ .. cler Center'. Direct actions Include: the cleaning and reha­ tional support was the first.need of Romanian NGOs, u_.tt!JI bilitation of certain affected areas (In the Rctezat followed by support for organl7.ing local events and par­ Mountains. by the 'Clubul National de 1\lrism pentnl Ucipatlon tn conferences and workshops. It has to be Tincret -CNTT (National Club for Youth Travel) and undcrllned that operational support means not only 'UNESCO Pro Natura' and bl the Roduct Mountains. by paymcnt of the rent for an office, salaries and office 'Societatca Ecologlsta

40 • NGO FORUM '99S ~. :n J- ·-: eln 1311 llty, ~J ,Uer :,1 ,'., ints- . WHITE PAPER ROMANIAN YOUTH NGOs )ver· Dan Treslieni ION ,eJl:..

INTRODUCTION age continuum Is demonstrated by behavioural pat­ One of the most shocking findings for. the Romanian terns. which are ordered by the active -genes for a Umtt­ communities educated In the status-quo (communist) ed time period (the youth pertod). 111ese behavioural spirit has been the fact that youth are the same every­ patterns are represented by two needs: where In the world (for the 15-29 age group). the fidelity need Irrespective of the measures adopted by all the decI­ the locomotion need sion-makers. youth have pursued the fulfilment of Uleir real needs. which have as a rule, centred around three TIle fidelity need explains why young people manifest poles: sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll. their loyalty In models tllrough a disciplined devotion to causes, Ideas or persons. If society Is Incapable of pro­ J the TIlls does not mean that young people imitate one viding these models. then they wtll create their own another or copy others. They wear the same signs out models In their own subcultures (Including NGOs). of a splrtt of solidarity to detach themselves and to be I perceived as being different. The youth period Is not a The locomotion need explains why young people want stage but a disruption In Ule age continuum and young to spend time making their own way both socially and people want to live it to the full. nlat Is why Uley are characteristically. through a puzzle of values and expe­ now being referred to as a demographic elite, a category riences tn order to create convenient semantics for . endowed with exceptional motivation. no longer willing themselves . I to foot the bill of previous generations. Society must offer them the opportunity to achieve suc­ TIle youth individualization phenomenon Is currently cess while travelling along these sinuous paths. If It universal. however, the community that favours the falls to do so. then It will have anomic young people status-quo, considers this phenomenon unhealthy. (who cannot relate to any models and values). I Nevertheless. youth will be individualistic regardless. In Romania 88% of you th are anomic as a result of the especially when society can no longer offer convenient non-fulfilment of their fidelity and locomotion needs. In or 'legitimate' values. young people create their own val­ this context a first Important characteristic of the ues. In this way youth subcultures which oppose high Romanian non-governmental youth organizations Is culture are created. One of the most effective experi­ that they act as real social therapists. TIley offer young mental domains for these subcultures are the non-gov­ people an Identity (by offering them U,e possibility of enunental youth organizations (NGOs). relating to values and models of various group subcul­ youth individualization can be a benefical phenomenon tures) and the opportunity to experiment with success. I as youth organizations 'Invent' and pemlanently shift In oUler words. young age can be ·consumed·. the emphasis of society. A community which under­ stands this positive aspect of the youth phenomenon can be considered 'wise'. 1.2. Aspects of Attitudes I We can generally say that Romanian youth favour mak­ THE STRUCTURE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ing their own decisions and so create their own associa­ YOUTH ORGANIZAnONS tions. Have youth NGOs a different stnlclure to oUler NGOs? Here are some significant data in support of this asser­ I If we start from the premise that the structure of an tion: NGO Is derived from the Individual characteristics of its Young people are the bearers of the values of an components, then the answer must be yes. open society, not of those connected with a closed. totalltarian society In which they were educated 1. The Characteristics of Non-GovemmenW Youth (02.7% consider change In society to be a norlllal phenomenon; 90.2% believe that. competition Is '. Organizations As Compared to Other NGOs benefieal to t.he development of personality and they 1.1. Soclo-blologlcal Aspects consider stress. individual dcclslon-maklng and per­ I 111e discontinuity which young age represents tn the sonal responsibility to be normal);

I ROMANIAN YOUTH NGOs • 41 1\vo-thirds of youth consider that other people do Uces a certain type of political actioll, In the sense of 1Iot understand their problems; group pOlicy. Two-thirds of youth consider themselves to be differ­ TIle aSSOCiation Ideology: It Is Impos...,lble to under. ent from other people~ stand the associative dimension without a set of val· 06.5% long for real frtends; nes, objectives and interests which should permit the members of the association to enter Into certain Romailian teenagers (15-18 years) conSider that the relations WId have a certaJn degree of group cohe­ most Important things for Ulem are the following: 1) sion. the 'rock' subculture and 2) their own associations; Having made these clarifications. Romanian youth 1\vo-thlrds of youth state that there Is now a youth NGOs can be divided Into three classlfcations: culture different from Ulat of their parents. In another chapter we will see Ulat Just wanting to Join an association Is not always suffiCient to actually gain 2.2.1. DIvision of youth NGOs by their orientation membership. TIle literacy or illiteracy of a colIllllunity to the outside world can have a decisive Impact on Ule succcss of associa­ AsSOCiations can be either illstnlluental or expressive. tions. Instrumental associations solve the problems of their members by relating to tile outside world and attaching 1.3. The Motivation Underlying Joining Non­ a lot of importance to group policy. TIlls group of orga· Governmental Youth Organizations nizations Include: the leagues, foundations, party orga· nizations, trade unions. free youth organizations. Nong with the needs outlined In the pervious sub­ unions and conventions. TIlcse associations theoretical· chapter the two main motives for joining a youth NGO Iy place emphasis on Involvement In community pmb-­ are: lems by organizing group discussions on poliUcallssues TIle fear of not being understood by others (Stanley and participating in electoral and voting campaigns. In Schachter's fear theory). Romania 54% of the non-govenlluental youth organtza. TIle need to draw compartslons with others. due to Hans fall within this classification. Unfortunately they uncertainty and disruption of traditional values do not fullfill all of their Intentions. as stipulated In (Leon Festinger's comparison theory). their statutes or 111 the very title of the association. Expressive associations solve the problems of their members without a.IlY serious relations with the outside 1,4. Purpose of Joining Non-Govemmental Youth Organizations world, considering them as problems per se. Most asso­ ciations pursuing 'hobby' type activities, which In In western countries in which Ulere is a relative social Romania represents 46%, belong to this category. TIle balance and a hierarchy (or several hierarchies) of wen­ most Important associations for a society seeking to established values. the purpose of joining a youth asso­ develop democratic practices are Ule l11stnnnental ones. ciation is explained by social Insertion. TIlls Is when TIlelr members acquire pre-political behavioural habits young people search for a place of their own in society. by participating in actiVities stich as meetings. marches which they are negotiating through the group they join. and public gatherings thlls developing themselves into Most youth aSsociations are negotiative and are not real citizens. Most youth associations were instnnnental at social-change promoters. the beginning of 1991, however due to the lack of In Romania, a country undergOing a period of transition response to their actions from authorities their num­ at all levels (Including the most obvioUS one). the pur­ bers decreased drastically. while that of expressive pose of Joining a you th association is gIven by the need associations Increased. to find a coherent space In terms of values (finding one's owu Identity) and an opportunity to experiment 2.2.2. Categorized by Degree of Involvement of the with ·success'. given that the community cannot offer Ideological and Practical Components in Concrete these things in the meantime. Programs Two c1asslfcation mcchanismlls can be lIsed depending 2.Quantltatlve and Qualitative Aspects Regarding on the mixed lise of the two components. the Operation of Romanian Non-Governmental Youth Organizations 2.2.2.1. The Spanish Classification 2.1. Number of Youth NGOs TIlere are five distinct types of youth associations in Currently there are 571 youth NGOs which Indicates a U11s classiflcaUon. Each type will be assigned a percent­ certain stability with respect to their evolution over the age that reflects the number of Romanian associations past two years. TIle undeniable 'boom' In 1990 when which belong to It: over 1.000 non-govenlmental youth organizations were registered, was followed by a drastic reduction In their 1. Ideologlcal- modification associations: political asso­ 1l11lllber to 374 in 1902. In 1993 the number of nOI1- ciations. foundations, leagues, trade unions. con­ govenllnental youth organizations steadily grew. reach­ ventions and unions (54%) Ing approximately 600. Eight per cent of the total Hum­ 2. Non-Ideological-modification aSSOciations: social ber of non-govenunental organizations operate In rural assistance and community services (7.4%) areas and are not specialized. running programs aimed 3. Ideological-format associations: religious associa­ at the entire nlral youth. tions (3%) 4. Non·ideologicaJ-fonnat aSSOCiations: cultural associ­ 2.2. Classifications of Romanian Non-Governmental ations (5.6%) Youth Organizations 5. Specialized aSSOCiations: sports, tourist. ecological Oefore cl1vtdlng the 571 non-governmental youth orga­ and hobby aSSOCiations (30%) . nizations into c1assincations, two essential concepts As we will sec, this claSSification is purely theoretical as should Orst be clarified: It does not reflect U1e real behaViour of associations but 'nlc premise of mobilization: any association prac- ralher a desired model.

42 • NGO FORUM 1995 2.2.2.2. Alain Touraine's Classifcatlon active members cnrolled in HomanlaJl youth associa- tions, . der· Studying the relations between ideological activity (function) and practical activity (function). this French TItis percentage is undoubtedly very small compared to sociologist proposed the following types of associations: the European average of 10-12%. 3 Practical function >he· + 2.5. Target Population IdcologlcaJ function + Contention Rejection TIle target population of youth NGOs Is often defined In the statutes of the associations. 'lle statutes always - Utilitarianism Decomposition stipulate that these assoclaUons fulfil a public utility Using this new classtflcation Romanian Instrumental fUllction (In order 1.0 get the approval of various min· associations can be said to display rejection behaviour Istrles) and that they are not some autarchic organiza· (c.g., the Student League, the 21 December A...,soc!ation lion. centred on their own existence, In reality. due to and party associations) or decomposition (particularly real cOlllllHlnication difficulties, several non·govern­ 'e. youth foundations), There were also organizations mental youth organizatlolls act as autarchic bodies, which acted through contention. for example the excepl for humanitarian associations (providing assls· Student League at the Marine Institute In Constanta tance to children. handicapped, charities and defending ~) brought about a change in t.he profile of the Institute by YOUtil rights) which are largely assisted by foreign part. rga- delll1l1tarizlllg It. ners and cnviromUclltal aSSOCiations. Expressive associations. In their turn, manifested '::'. themselves Ulrough a utilit.arian behaviour. especially 2.6. Funding Sources rotJI with regard to strictly specialized programs (these pro­ .ues grams represcnt less than a third oftllc totalllumber of TIle Ministry ofYoulh and Sport has been an Important ,. In progranls furtilered by nOll·govenUllcntal YOUUI organl· funding source for Romanian non-govenllnenlal youth zalions). organizations. .~ Since 1995 approximately 70% of the sUlns allocated to ;'~' the activities of associations (through a Ministry·spon· I .:=.. 2.3. Geographical Distribution of Romanian Non­ sored program called 'Together') have been distributed Governmental Youth Organizations to county youth allli sport offices. which manage them sid In general, youth NGOs are evenly dlstribut.ed t.hrough· with the hclp of expert assessors. For several reasons r"'l not all youth associations have resorted t.o such funds: iSO· out Romania. TIle highest densities of organi7.allons are , In recorded In the follOwing areas: A 'client' system has been installed fo·r funding from Bucharest: 78 associations the Ministry of Youth and Sport. Associations that have tradiUonally benefitted from 'assistance' in the TIl Galati: 36 associations ~et past have a better chance of oblalning new funds Giurgiu: 30 aSSOCiations bits t.han oUler associations. Cluj: 29 associations TIlere Is a limited procedure within the Ministry of 'hlint Mehcdin\t: 25 associations youth and Sport which gives priority to tllose pro­ I Suceava: 25 aSSOCiations grams that fall under twelve speCified programs run < of by this govenllnental InsUtution. TIle lowest recorded numbers of organizations are in "~ the westenl and south-east em regions of tile country: TIlere Is still a highly complicated. bureaucratic sys· §lV tem of 'justifying' how the moncy received from tile 1 5atu Mare Ministry has to be spent. Arad TIlcre has been an upward trend in obtaining sponsor­ Blhor ship from external sources including the PHARE and lEMPUS programs. as well as those financed by west­ 1l1ll1~ enl specialized fOllnclaUons ..However. restrictions of Cara~ -Severin this fonn of sponsorship have also kept a number of Tulcea non-governmental youth organizations away from such Ciilara~1 sources. TIle emphasis of these sources Is placed on training. further training and education. which Constanta excludes research problems or those aimed at setting Ialomlta up non·governmenlal insUtuUons. lller"efore. external en In all these counties, youth (15-29 years) represents sponsorship has Icad to a boom of seminars. colloquia. 'I,on approximately a quarter of the total population: in Satu workshops and conferences. Mare. TIml!? Constanta and Calara~1 youth Is higher In our opinion. It Is Important to Involve local and pri­ than the country's average (22.9%). vate partners In Ihe finanCing of programs nm by non­ ~:I governmenlal youth organizations. ·TIle organlzatlons of " 2.4. Number of Members young ecologists has shown that this Is possible; for example: in Oradea. the Employers' AsSOCiation of ctal It Is difficult to calclliate t.he number of active members Bihor Cotlnty will partially finance the enVironmental "I enrolled In youth associations. Based on their state­ centre for the monitoring of the AplIseni Mountains; ill " Illents. the number of active mellllx~rs amounts at pre­ Braila private companies provide finanCial support for sent to 154.190 (about 3% of the Y01lth population). waste recycling and in Bu~teni and Targll.MlIre~ the ocl- From our point of vicw the rcal ngure Is mllch smaller. mayor's office finallces various activities for environ~ For example. in the case of the associations boasting mental Informatloll and doC'umcnt.ation centrcs and themselves to have the greatest IlItmbcr of mcmbers pledges thc involvelilent of private entrepreneurs. Twice (l11c Frcc Youth ASSOCiation of Bucharest. - 15,000 a year AIESEC and associated sponsors organize members and the Michael .. Jackson Fan Club - 30.000 'Career Days' (a .Ioh f

ROMANIAN YOUTH NGO. • 43 I ,I provision of services sHullar to Ulose offered by the civil Analysis of Romanian yout.h NGOs shows that. a . society' has not yet been used by Romanian non-gov­ quarter of them rio not convey their interests and ernmental youth organizations. Identities through their titles. For example: .'( TIle Romania 'Rock Aid' Association states· that B. FIELDS OF AcnVITY its members have good moral conduct and repu­ tation. 3. Programs Run by Non·Governmental Youth Organizations The 'We for You' ASSOCiation states that it Is Interested in developing SF and GO programs. Most youth programs are generally orientated towards the enforcmcnt of a group polley as regards their rela­ The 'Venl. Vldl. Vic!' Organization promotes body­ tions wtth the outside society (theoretically 56% of building. associations are like this). TIlere are also: specialized The 'Youth Will' Organization also promotes programs (30%), cultural programs (5.6%), religious body-building. programs (3%) and humanitarian programs (7.4%). An 2. Associations should have a relationship between association has set as its target the preservation of the participation In the movement and the candidate's cultural heritage (Jeunesse et Patrimoine), assisted by Identity. intenlational organizations. From among the special­ 3. TIlis relationship should be supported by people ized associations, the most numerous are enVironmen­ wtlO will Further help Ule Identity of the Individual. tal associations (56), sports associations (39) and scien­ tific associations (25). 4. No strong opposition should arise from people Involved who have prominent identities. 4. National and International AffiIIations Research shows that both pOints 3 and 4 are very important to the recruitment process. WiUlill Ule total 571 non-governmental youth organiza­ tlon~ 183 are associated with other organizations: 139 of these are nationally affiUated, 37 are internationally 6.2.The problems of Management within affiliated and 7 are both nationally and internationally Associations affiliated. Most national affiliated associations concern Very few non-governmental youth organizations know ecology, tourism or are youth leagues. Student and reli­ how to practice management within Ulelr associations. glolls organ1zatlons are dominant In the category of Ukewlse, very few Ilon-goverllmental youth organiza­ illtenlationally affiliated associations. Ethnic, economic tions rum at answering the urgent needs of the develop­ and sports aSSOCiations often have both a national and ment of civil society in their projects. llleir inefficiency an inten18tional affiUaUon. Is charactertzed by: 5. Publications Few solid goals; . Given the limited financial resources, few non-govern­ a small number of active members; mental youth organizations can afford their own publi­ cations. Environmental. associations are tile exception a weak connection to the needs of the popUlation: to this rule because lllany of Ulem have received funds a lack of serious economically viable projects; (especially from the Regional Envtronmental Centre) for a relatively low level of education and culture publishing Information. Several youth associations amongst members; have published their own newsletters from PH ARE difficult relationships with local and central admin­ funding but the distribution is limited. lllese newslet­ Istration; ters often reflect the activities carried out In the frame­ work of the PHARE Program and do not describe their a lack of profesSionalism In carrying out Ulelr pro­ general actiVities. grams; a lack of adequate Infonnatlon about their activities; C. DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNnRED BY NON. a lack of stable relations with other non-governmen­ GOVERNMENTAL YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS tal YOUUl organizations: 6. Difficulties due to Internal Factors of the a weak evaluation of results obtfltned in carrytng out Association their programs. 6.1, Recruitment of New Members TIicse problems are hard to solve as the management of a NGO can be more difficult than that of a business One of the most difficult problems encountered by 110n­ enterprise. TIlls Is because: govenUllelltal youth organizations Is the recruitment of new members. TIICY IUlist benifit finanCially as well as contribute to society. It is not enough for a young person to actually become a member, by expressing a posiUve attitude. 11lere Is TIle association IHlISt abide by cert.aln ethical rules often a hard to bridge gap between wanting and Joining which affect management policy. a youth NGO. It is often the personal relations between Managemnet of human resources within the associ­ the young person and the active member as well as an ation is difficult as members Can be both empolyed Ilicrarchy of interests Wllich create proillinent Identities and unempolyed. which are the key to the Joining of Stich associations. TIle most difficult management problems encountered TIle prominent Identltie:s of a respective young person by Romanian youth associations have been so far: should coincide with the movement he/she seeks to the definition of projects join. the lIlobill7..ation of the assoclatlon's members in car­ With respect to this last aspect. there are some very rying alit these projects restrictive conditions which make the difficulty of JOin­ IlIg all as.";oclation understandable: the difficulties conceming fund-raising in order for the projects to be implelllented l. The association should display an enticement to lIew recruits. TIlls should be clear from the symbolic the identification of efficiellt leaders for their organi­ name of the associalion. which should express zations. clearly the interests and Identity of the group. 44 • NGO FORUM 1995 -- 7. Difficulties Due To External Factors With Respect vided to the community as a whole or to certain citl­ I and To The Association zens {proximity services}, after the real needs of the 7.1. The Philosophy of Associations Promoted by community have been identified. the MInistry of Youth and Sport Community development process: the youth NOOs r~t TIle Ministry can not be considered a 'clean' funding can develop projects desIgned to Involve all the citi­ source. Through its youth policy 'Romanian Youth­ zens of that local communIty. If these projects will Confidence Rendering' as well as through Its naUonal be found useful. it will expand or generate new pro­ actions, the Ministry of Youth and Sport alms to rigor­ jects thus leading to a community development ollsly control the youth associations In the long term. process. TIle creation of Ule YOUUl infonnation and documenta­ Co-operation for development: a youth NGO In an tion network 'INFOTIN'; the support of tile parllamen­ affulent community (e.g.: a town) can associate with tary Bill for the organization of educational programs In a youth NGO from a disadvantaged area (e.g.: an youth houses approved by the Ministry of youth and isolated village) wit11 a view to benefiting the com­ ween Sport; the Introduction In aU Romanian high schools of munity In the latter area. lale's ·Clubs 2020·. In which young people build up Ihelr Unfortunately, the partnership of youth NGOs with future programs wtthout being concerned with the pre­ local communities and public participation does not ,oJ sent: a greater emphasis on the need to develop a youth operate effectively at any level. l1le main reason Iles in al. eUte and not to solve the current problems of young the weak associative nature of Romanians. people are all actions denying the benefical character of the spontaneous association of young people in their :oPI own organizations. Using a preferential financing 7.4. The Legislative Framework ve scheme that favours certain associations. the Ministry 1111s framework includes: of Youth and Sport has succeeded in drawing into its a) general regulations concerning associations: projects five youth foundations. which support the local development of INFOllN branches. 1111s Indicates that b) specific regulations resulting from standard acts youth Infonnation and documentation centres should regarding the function of Ule Ministry of You th and I Sport; be managed by non-governmental aSSOCiations. thus Wlaw avoiding the screenIng of Infonnation. c) other provisions in the field. mi.• TIle 'educator' vocation of the Mhll~try of youth and TIle existing legal framework regarding the setttng up '111 Sport. in a period when either the ciassical values no and functioning of NOOs (Law no. 21/1924 and Oecree­ elop. longer correspond to historical needs or the new ones Law 150/1990) favours the development of associa­ eney are not yet properly forged, makes It obsolete for the tions. The statutes which are subjected to the approval moment. In the case of YOUUl associations, the obsolete of law courts can also include certain provisions stipu· character of the Ministry is even more obvious since lated in the Law on Accreditation. but most non-govern· I these associations in particular promote the values of mental youth organizations are not aware of this possi­ common culture of everyday life and the values which bility. A bill has been forwarded to Parliament concern­ III help them to solve the difficult daily prOblems. ing the state of youth houses which are now being 1 managed by various youth foundations. This bill will II affect the course of the lIfe of young people in associa­ I: 7.2. Partnership with the Local Administration of tions by the followtng: the State Authority Youth foundations will cease to exist after losing the Most non-govenunental youth organizations have had premises on which their activttles took place and the difficulties in trying to establish a dialogue with local principal funding sources of their programs. admlnistraUon in Ule absence of a law regarding local adminIstration autonomy. nlOse which "receive support TIle bill stipulates that youth houses shall carry out activities pending the approval of the Ministry of lie" often accept while having to make an demanding com­ promise. Youth and Sport. with a total disregard for local youth NOOs (The Ministry will rUIl Its own pro­ lie" For example. in the case of the negotiations of statutes grams).. for the regional centre for the monitoring of the Apuseni Mountains. the environmental association in ClUJ. gen­ With respect to the standard regulations concenling the erally Interested in the financing of this centre. blocked relationship between public administrations and youUt ,I t.he discussions on t.he statutes and eventually post­ NGOs. there has been no objective selection criteria less poned their adoption by the partner NGOs. Behind the established yet. lluough a kind of 'proJect auction' of 'scenes' the representative of this youth environmental eligible NGOs. the cllent8J.e practice is still being perpet· NGO declared that he was empowered by Ule prefect of uated. Cluj County to take an obstructive stand because the TIle same can be said about other standard acts cur­ prefect wanted to get certain advantages for his county. rently in force. such as the Budget Law. which doe.

I ROMANIAN YOUTH NGO•• 45 1. Setting up an office for youth NGOs in local town announcements and Information of comlllon inter_ halls to serve both as a meeting place for NGOs and est. to provide some basic services for tllem (e.g.: tele­ phone, fax, communications, copying machine, typ­ 7. The realization of monographs elevoted t.o youth ing and a conference room). NGOs In order for better understanding of the need for Homanlan associations. ' 2. Setting lip Within county YOUUI and sport offices, an advisory board of experts which Will assess the pro­ 8. TIle publication, with the support of the Foundation jects submitted by local NGOs. TIlls board which for the Development for Civil Society. of a collection wtll have representatives from the mayor's office, of works focussed on management Issues of aSSOcia_ prefects, employers' associations, trade unions and tions. Priority should ue given to the elaboraUon of the church should Identify concrete co-operation textbooks dealing with negotiation and protest tech~ possibilities with NGOs and supervise the obser­ IIlqlles. vance of the contracts signed between county youth 9. TIle elaboration of several proposals aimed at re­ and sport offices wtth NGOs. defining the co-operateraUve relationships between 3. In case projects are approved by the Ministry of youth NGOs and the Ministry conccnled; the clarifi­ Youth and Sport through the county youth and cation of the levels at which this co-operation takes sport offices, the money should be transferred into place. going as far as tile recognition by the MiniStry the account of the associations at least three of the status of public utility association. months prior to the start of the respective activities. IO.TIle elimination from the bill on the retrocession to 4. TIle 1lI0st active members of NGOs recolllmended by local authorities of the youth houses rUIi by YOUUI their organizations should be granted a number of foundations of the article stipulating that such facilities (moral and material) by the Ministry of hOllses shall carry 0111 youth programs ollly with the Youth and Sport. the Ministry of Education and the approval of the Millistry of Youth alld Sport. MInistry of Labour and Social Protection. 11.TIle change of the educational system or, of Its ope­ 5. TIle elaboration of a law which could pennlt NGOs rational framework. the need to consider pupils, stu­ to provide services to population on a nOn-llrOOt dents and their parents as, equaf partners to teach­ basis (an extension of Article 40, Law 21/ 1924). ers with respect to the planning and carrying out of 6. TIle pubUcatioll, with the support of the Foundation concrete educational pr~jects. Also there Is a need to for the Development for Civil Society. of a Newsletter adapt these projects to Ule real needs of the subjects for youth NGOs In which Ule latter can disseminate of tile educational process.

46 • NGO FORUM 1995 ~~I cia " of

RESOLUTION PRINCIPLES REGARDING THE LEGAL FRAME· WORK OF THE REGISTRATION AND ACTIVITY ~u.t. OF NON·GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

Iuc" the

TIle signatory organizations. preSent at the NGO FOnllll of the rule of law. of the sovereignty. Integrity and In Bra~ov. on April 30·May 3, consider that any law independence of the country; regarding the registration and activtty of NGOs (either a The only authority entitled to notice the unconsUtu· new law or just an amendment to the old law No. Uonallty of the goals or means of action of an NGO is 21/1924) must take into consideration the following principles. that have as foundation the provision of the the court. upon notice from the Public Mlnlstery. Constitution (Art. 37) on freedom to associate: and only the collrt can suspend the activity of an NGO, or forbid It; Registration should be done through a simple proce­ I dure, excluding administrative control. preferably at The non·govenullental organizations that are set up the court: by the state or are financed mainly by the state will TIle only control that the executive is entitled to not benefit from the special c~ndit1ons created for enforce on NGOs Is the one concerning financial leg­ NGOs; I islation: In order to elaborate a draft law. a workgroup will be Restrictions that can be brought to the objectives created under the auspices of the NGO Forum. The and means of action of an NGO are only tllOse pro­ group will comprise representatives of the NGOs. Vided for in art. 37 of Ule Constitution. respectively: Members of the Parliament and specialists in the fields I actions against the poliUcal pluralism. the principles of law. sociology. economy and finance. I

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I RESOLunON REGARDING THI! Ll!GAL FRAMEWORK OF NGO. • 47

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I RESOLUTION NON.GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS' I POSITION REGARDING THE NECESSITY OF A I LAW FOR ACCESS TO INFORMATION

TIle signatory organizations. present at the NOD Forum Also. the nongovernmental organizations are preoccu­ In 8ra!jOv. on Apri1 3D-May 3, consider the passing of a pied with the proliferation - assisted oy the absence of .~. law for the free access of citizens to the lnfonnatlon to such a law - of the attempts to uudeml1ne t.he citizen's be of great significance. Our organizations' experience shows that the constitutional provision of access to right of access to the p11bllc lnfonnatlon. as read from lnfannatton of public Interest (Art. 31) remains a decla­ Incorrectly formulated legislative initiatives referrtng to ration of Intent with little practical value. In the national securIty. the protection of state secrets. absence of an institutional framework created by the Criminal Law. etc. GIven thIs situation. the signatory law. Only this framework wtll define obligatory proce­ I dures for the citizen and public Institutions and also organizations will cooperate in draftlng a law on access Ute responsibillty of the latter. to the Infonnatlon. I I

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'I I II I I ". I I RESOLUTION REGARDING THE ACCESS TO INFORMATION • 49 J J I I I

I RESOLUTION THE POSITION OF THE NON·GOVERNMEN· I TAL ORGANIZATIONS REGARDING THE PRO· VISION OF THE FORESTRY CODE (ART. 37, I PAR. 4) ON GRAZING IN THE FORESTS

nle signatory organizations, present at the NGO Fonnu upon request from fhe Ministry oj Agriculture and Food. I in Bra~ov. on April 30-May 3. consider U1at strikIng out based on common proposrds Jrom the general depart­ from the draft Forestry Code the provision referring to ments Jor agriculture and Jood industry -and the county grazing in state-owned forests Is a fundamental condi­ forest inspectorcdes, .. --I tion for the preservation and sustainable development of the Romanian forests. to read: 111crcfore. it Is proposed that paragraph 4 of Article 37 "By exception. the access oj domestic animals in fhe of the Forestry Code, recently passed by Ule House of JoresL~ to the grnzing. watering. resting and sheltering Senate. reading: ((reas will be approved by the Ministry oj Waters. I Forests Wld Protection oj tlte Efwiromnent. upon request -By exception. the access of dome-stic animals in the forests to the grazing. weltering. resting and shellering Jrom the Ministry oj Agriculture and Food. based on COITl­ nreas. wid Ule seasonablu qmzinq in some areas or the mon proJX>sals from the general departments Jor agricul­ (orests (our underlining} will be approved by the Ministry ture and jooel (ndllstn) and the county Jorest inspec­ I oJ Waters, Forests and Protection of the Enviro~ment. tomtes," I I

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I THE POSITION OF THE NGO. REGARDING GRAZING IN THE FORESTS • 51

1 1 , I 1 I, 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS i NGO FORUM I , 1 , , 1

ROMANIAN PARLIAMENT Bd. N. Biilcescu 26. sector 1. Bucur~U: Chamber ef DepuHes tel.: 40 (0)1-312 0507: fax: 40 (0)1-312 0508; Palatul Parlamentulul. Calea 13 Septembrte. Bucur~tl Simona HEN'flA Emil STOICA Milieu Kontakt Oost-Europa Btrout Pennanent Bd. ~Urbel Voda 4. bl. 2. sc. 2. ap. 53. Bucur~U -I tel.: 40 (0)1-6138853; 312 2329: V1ntUi N1CU fax: 40 (0)1-312 6605: Comlsla Jurldlca. de OlscipUna ~I ImunlUi\l Glanlna MONCEA VasUeBRAN AgenUa Statelor Unite pentnl Dezvoitare lnternatlonalA. Comlsla pentru Polltica Economlca. Reforma ~t 1 Bd. N. B8.lcescu 26. sector 1. Bucur~ti: Prtvatlzare tel.: 40 (0)1-312 0507: fax: 40 (0)1-3120508: Senale Hou•• Mark PARKISON World Learning 1 Plata Revolu\lel nr. 1. Bucure~U 1015 15th St. NW. A750. 20005. Washington DC; tel.: Mihal MATETOVICI 202 408 5420; fax: 202 408 5397; , . Biroul Pennanent Frederlke SCHULLER AdrIan POPESCU Cooperating Dutch Foundation 1 NEC~E~TI Str. Eforie 8. ap. 42. Btlcure~tI; Comlsla pentru Buget ~I Flnan\e tel.: 40 (0)1-613 7221: Istvan SIDO ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT AJutor lnterblserlcesc Oepartamentul Romllnla 1 Teodor OGNEAN PO BOX 48-41. Bucur~U: tel.: 40 (0)1-210 5677: . Minlsterul Apelor. Padut110r fit Mediulul 210 5384: 210 4389: fax: 40 (0)1-210 7255; Str. Llberta\U 12. sector 5: tel.: 40 (0)1-312 0403: Ancuta VAME~U ~1 fax 40 (0)1-631 6214: Delegatla Unlunli Europene Mlrcca VOICANA lntrarea Arma~tllul 14. 70182 Bucur~tI: Mln1sterul JustltIel, Departamentul lnfonnatica; tel.: 40 (0)1-211 1647: fax: 40 (O)l-211 1804: B-dul M. KoglHnlceanu 33. Bucur~U; ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 1 Dan MIHALACHE Minlsteml TIneretulul ~I Sportulul Octavian ARSENE Pla\a Vlctorlel I: tel.: 40 (0)1-615 6649: Clubul National de ll,rlsm pentru llneret: Str. Oem I. fax: 40 (0)1-312 5556 Dobrescu 4-6. sector l. Bucur~tl: tel.: 40 (0)1-312 5374: 1 FUNDING ORGANIZAnONS MlhalyBAKO WIlliam CARTER Nelllere Hiking Association AgentIa Statelor Unite pentrn Dezvoltare Intematlonala Str. Kos Karoly 10. ap. 24. 4000 Srantu Gheorghe 1 Bd. N. Balcescu 26. sector 1. Bucur~tt; tel.: 40 (0)67-326 297; E-mail: [email protected]; tel.: 40 (0)1-312 0507: fax: 40 (0)1-312 0508: Marina BOGDAN Lorita CONSTANTINESCU Ecottlr Sibiu Fundatia Soras pentru 0 Societate Deschtsa Str. Ceta\ll I. 2400. Slbl,,: tel.: 40 (0)69-436868: Calea Vlctoriei 155. etaJ 3, Bucure~U; Ciilln GEORGESCU tel.: 40 (0)1-659 7427: fax: 40 (0)1-312 2745: ". TIneretul Ecologist din Romania ElenaDiNU Su-. Academiei 27. ap. 5. sect. l. Bucur~ti; 1 Agent1a Statelor UnJte pentru Dezvoltare IntemaUonala tel.: 40 (0)1-312 6639: fax: 40 (0)1-3124263: 1 UST OF PARTICIPANTS • 53 Zoltan HAJDU ECONOMIC/BUSINESS ORGANIZAnONS Focus Eco Center PO BOX 6-620. 4300. Tlirgu Mure~ GabrIel CEACALOPOL tel.: 40 (0)65-181 030: fax: 40 (0)65-163 692: Consilhtl National al Patronllor din ROllu'inia Calea Vlctorlcl 155. bl. 01. sc. 7. et. 10. Bucure§oU Dan MANOLELI tel.: 40 (0) 1-6500746: fax: 40 (0) 1-3124995:. Gnlpttl Ecologic de Colaborare Calea Vlctortel 120. sect. 1. Bucllr~U; Daniela-Maria CRETEANU tel.: 40 (0) 1-6832188: fax: 40 (0)1-312 4528: Camera de Comerf, ~I Iliclustrie a intrcprlnzatOrilor PartlclIlart din Romania Iurle MAXIM Sir. Eplscoplel6. sect. I. 70144. Bucl\re~U Clubul Ecologic UNESCO - Pro Natura: tel.: 40 (0)1-6143275: fax: 40 (0)1-3123135: Calea Plevnel61: Bucllr~U: tel.: 40 (0)1-6388831: Mihal DUMITRESCU Flllp MOISEI Consillul National al Patronllor din Romania Socletatea Ecologista din Maraml1re~ Calea Vlctorlcl ]55. hI. 01. sr:. 7. et. 10. Bl1cllre~U Str. Luptel 15.4800. Bala Mare: tel.: 40 10)1-650 0746: fax: 40 (0)1-312 4!l95: . tel.: 40 (0)62-411544: fax: 40 (0)62-427198: Ovldlu OANCEA Madeleine IORGA Centnli Regional de Prolectle a Medlulul pentnl Europa Gestionart rara Fronticre Str. ,Judetuhti 9. 7222G. I3ucnre§oti; Centrala ~i de Est tel/fax: 40 (0) 1-687 5264: Bd. SchUll MAgureanu 1. et. 3, 70626. Bucur~tl; tel.: 40 (0)1-613 3008: fax: 40 (0)1-312 4816: Eugen MARCOV Bogdan PARANICI Camera de Comcrt §ol Indllstrlc a intreprtnzAtorllor TIncretul Ecologist din Romania Partlculari din Romania . PO BOX 22-291; BuclIre§otl; Str. Academlcl 27. ap. 5, sect. 1. Bucure~U; tel.: 40 (0) 1-3126639: fax: 40 (0) 1-3124263: tel.: 40 (0)1-6143275: fax: 40 (0)1-312 3135: AbranPETER Desplna PASCAL RllododendrOiI Centnllintemational pClltnt StudiJ AntreprenOTiale Bd. MihaU 64. sect. 5. PO BOX 1-56. Tiirgll Mur~: Kogalnlceanu Bucure.!lU; tel.: 40 (0)65-162 954: fax: 40 (0)65-165 361: tel/fax: 40 (0) 1-613 3340: Rizvan PETRESCU Adrian RELlCOVSCHI feder-ltla Romana de Speologle Gestlonari rara FronUcre Str. Izvonli Trotll~lIll1i 2. bl. 08. sc. C, ap. 28. 75395. Str. Jllcietului 9. 72226. Bucurc§oU; Buclircliiti; tel.: 40 {OJ 1-6595446; 650 5739; tel/fax: 40 (0)1-687 52G4: fax: 40 (0)1-3123767: CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS Crlstlan POP Cluotli Eruloglc 'Jransllvanja- Peter ANDRAS Str. Slndlcateior 3, ap. 6, Cluj Napoca CIVITAS tel.: 40 (0)64-157 018: PO BOX 1-232. 3400. Cluj Napoca: Mirloara PU~C~ tel.: 40 (0)64-153 039: 146211: fax: 40 (0)64-153 039: CI1Ihui de Ecologic ~i 1\uism Montan Albamont Petre ANGHEL Str. VAnatorilor 26. bl. V12. ap. 10. 2500. Alba lulia: Soclctatca de Maine tel.: 40 (0)58-822 775: fax: 40 (0)58-830 631: B(\. Republlcil 16. etaJ 2. Bucure~tI: tel.: 40 (0)1-620 AncaRO~U 7440: FlIllclatla Natllrallsta "Alexandru Borza" Sorln ANTOHI Str. CaJilra~tlor 206. BrlItla: tel.: 40 (0)39-635 668: Universltatca Bl1Cttre~U. Facllitatea de Istone. A1exandru R. SAVULESCU Bd. Hepubllcil 7-13. BlIctlrc§oti; Asociatia Ziari.!ltilor Romani de Medlu tel.: 40 (0)1-650 8235: fax: 40 (0) 1-311 2208: c/o Str. FranklIn 9. ap. 8. sect. 1. Bucure§oU Marla Antoaneta CIOCHIRCA t tel.: 40 (0) 1-3125514: 312 5004: fax: 40 (0)1-3123414: Asoclatta Natlonala a Femeilor ell DIploma Untversttanl I Georgeta ~ERBAN Str. Daniceni B. 71267. Bucure.!ltl: ! Ecoscns tel.: 40 (0)1-617 7717: F Str. Paul Grcceanll 9. bl. 20A ap. 38, sect. 2. Dorana COSOVEANU C t, Bucnre~U. tel.: 40 (0)1-614 2108: AI ian ta Civica Victor STANESCU Calea Vict.orici ]33-135. sect. 1. Bucure~U; V Socletatea "Progreslll SIiVic" tel.: 40 (O)l-{;59 5909: f Str. Maior Cranta lB. 2200. Bra~ov Ferencs CSORTAN P tel.: 40 (0)68-119 034: t, Asoela\ia pelltru protec\la Mo~tcllirii Arhitecturale Gabriel STOIAN c/o Millistenil Cultllrli. DcpartaJncllitll MillOrttatl. S: Oalllcllii ~i MecUul inconJurator Pia\a Presei [.tbere 1. 74341. BllclIre~tI; A' Str. Soarclui 10. Ploie~ti; tel.: 40 (0)44-1 Hi 537; tel.: 40 (0)1-222 8270: fax: 40 (0)1-222 3333: 13, Crlstlan STOICULESCU Cristina DINU Ie Societatea -Progresul Silvic" Uga FClIleilor Brallov EI ~os. hmctlilli 10. bl. 114B. sc. B. ap. 90. 73374. SIr. pa.ni,l1hli 7A. hI. F14. ap. 1. IJra.!lov; C, BlI('lIn~~ti; tel.: 40 (0)I-Gh3 7772; 650 2020; lei.: 40 (O)G8-184 90G: fax: 40 (0)G8-W2 GOI: PC Ion Constantin ZAMFIR Petre GEORGESCU leI I'rktelili Pfuwintuilli lhlillnea Vrallccllilor de Prctutilldclli D. Sir. Sid(~nlrgi~llI()r, bl. SD4A all. 12. G200. Galati Str. Mare a (Jllini 2. Fo{'~ani; Av Id.: 40 (0)36-457 381 tel.: 40 (0):l7 -{;22 22G' Sh

54 • NGO FORUM 1995 1 Mihal L1SE'fCHI Jennifer TANAKA ProDelllocra\la ~ TIml~oara Ccntntl Romilor pentru Interven\le SociaHi Slr. Andrei !?aguna. bl. AIO. apt. 1. 1900. ThnlljOara; PO BOX 22-68. 70 \00. Bucure~U; Virginia NAE tel/fax: 40 (0)1-2117868; 1 Uga FemeUor Bra~v Marla PAVALACHE Slr. Paraulul 7A, bl. F14. ap. 1. Bra~ov; Avoca\ll pentnl Apararea Dreplurtlor Omulul tel.: 40 (0)68-184906; Slr. RepublicU 57. ap. 7. Bra~ov; tel.: 40 (0)68-144 182; 1 Dore! ~ANDOR MEDIA ORGANIZAnONS Centnll penml StudU Polltlce ~l AnalizA ComparaUva; AJeea Modrogan 22B. sect. 1, Bucure!1t1: tel/fax: 40 ~teran D1MITRIU (0)1-212 2549; Socletatea Zlart~Ulor din Romania Alexa SZOKOLY c/o Plata Preset Ubere 1. Bucurel1U. cod 71341: 1 tel.: 40 (0) 1-2228351; fax: 40 (0)1-222 4266; Uga PROEUROPA PO BOX 1-154. 4300. Thrgu Mur~; loan T. MORAR tel.: 40 (0)65-168 549; fax: 40 (0)65-117 584; Agen\la de Monltortzare a Presel PO BOX 35-6. B\lcur~t1; tel.: 637 3871; AdrIan SORESCU 1 fax; 40 (0)1 -211 5205; ProDemocra\ta Bucurc!1ti Slr. Costache Negrt 7. sect. 5. 76204. Bllcur~tI DanPREISZ tel.: 40 (0)1-637 6774; fax: 40 (0)1-312 0023; Asocla\la Zlart~tIIor din Romania Calea Vlctortel 143-145. sect. 1. B\lcure~tI: MarianTATA tel.: 40 (0)1-6174407; fax: 40 (0)1-3128271; ProDemocra\la Br8110v Slr. M. Sadoveanu 3. 2200. BraljOv; Gaspar ~ANDOR tel/fax; 40 (0)68-153 929; Asocla\la Zlart~tIIor Maghlart din Romania Slr. Prtmartel 1. 4300. Tiirgu Mure~; Zoltan ZAKOTA tel.: 40 (0)65-168 688; .~. Uga PRO EUROPA Satll Mare Palatul AdmlnlstraUv. ct. 13. 3900. 5atu Mare YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS --I tel.: 40 (0)61-742 452; loan BADITOIU HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS Cerceta~1I RomAnlel Slr. Ecatertna Varga 23. BraljOv; tel.: 40 (0)68-166015; Gabriel ANDREESCU Asocla\ia pentn1 Apararea Drepturtlor Omuiul in Mlrcea ilARSAN 1 Cerceta~ii Romanlet Romania. Comitetul Helsinki Slr. Ecatertua Varga 23. Bra~ov; tel.: 40 (0)68-166015; Calea Vlctortel 120. sect. 1. Bucllre~U tel/fax; 40 (0)1-312 4528; lullan COSTACHE Antrae! Nlculae cARcu Unlversltatea Bucur~tI. Bd. Republlcll 13. sect. 1. Socletatea lndcpendenta RomanS. a Drepturllor Omulut Bucllre~t1; tel.: 40 (0) 1-6143508/184; Str. Anghel Saligny 8. Bucur~tI; tel/fax: 40 (0) 1-312 2484; loana CRETOIU Asoctatta Feteior Ghtzt Andreea DAVlDOIU P-\a. Alcxandru Lahovary'3. sect. I, Bucure~U 620 Uga Aparartl Drepturllor Omulul tel/fax: 40 (0)1-211 4799; Str. Dem I. Dobrescu 11.70119. BllClIre!1tt; tel.; 40 (0)1-613 7190; fax: 40 (0)1-3121728; OvIdIuC~ Fundatia -Terra Nova- 1 Nlcolae ~TEFANEscu DRAGANE~T1 Str. Inglnerllor-Tel. bl. T30C. apt. 50. sect. 2. Uga Apararll Drepturilor Omulul Bucllre~U; . Str. Dem I. Dobrescll II. 70 119. Bucllre~t1; tel.: 40 (0)1-6143235; 688 8650; ;'1 tel.: 40 (0)1-613 7190; fax: 40 (0)1-3121728; Rizvan RADULESCU ersltarii Renate WEBER GAVRI~ Asocia\ia Inlema\ionala a Studen\ilor Economi~tt A'ioctat1a pentn1 Apararea Drepturtlor Omulut in Academia de Sludii Economice. Pia\a Romami 6. cam. ROIm'inia - Comitetul ~Iclsink.t 0121; tel.: 40 (0)1-211 2G50/ 156: Calea Vlctortel 120. sect. 1. BucurcllU Andrei NADOLO 1 tel/fax: 40 (0)1-312 4528; M1!lCarea Tradl\tonaJa a Cerceta$ilor Str. Stlfideior 4. ap. 7. sect. 5. Bucur~tl; VasUe IONESCU tel.: 40 (0)1-7603439; 638 7792; Flmdatla Avcn-Amcnt7..a PO BOX 22-165. 70 \00. Bucllre~U; Mlhae1a NANU 1 Asocla\ia MAdolescentul" tel.: 40 (0) 1-2223314: fax: 40 (0)1-2228330; ale Str. t.iiptart-Tel 16. bl. 3A. sc. B. ap. 47. 72251 SUviuJECU Bncllre~t1; tel/fax: 40 (0)1-688 4834; ~\I'I Avoca\ll pentnl Apararea Drcplurilor Omlilui Dan TRESTIEN1 I3d. VtC'toriel 7, sc. A. ap. 34. Bra~ov; tel.: 40 (0)68-142 252; fax: 40 (0)68-152 882; HomTin Consult Str. Acadcmtcl27. sect. 1. Bucllrc~U; EmUlan NICULAE tel/fax; 40 (0) 1-311 1080; Ccntrlli Romilor pcn1ru Interven\ie Sociaia 1 PO BOX 22-68, 70 I 00, Bticure~lI; OBSERVERS tel/fax: 40 (0) 1-211 78G8: Herbert P. G. FRASER DanOPREA Amuasada Callatiei Avoca\iI pclttnl Apararca Drcpturilor Omului Str. N. lorga 36, Bucure~li: tel.: 40 (0) 1-3120365: I Str. N. Baiccsclt 20, Bra!1ov; leI.: 40 (0)68-151233; fax: 40 (0)1-312 03GG:

1 LIST OF PARnCIPANTS • 55 Irlna FRIMU Bucure~tI; tel.: 40 (0)1-312 0303; fax: 40 (01I-3i2 Federatla Munlclpalitatllor. din Romania 0229; Calea Dorobantllor 14. sect. 1. Bucure~U; tel.: 40 (0)1-211 6119; fax; 40 (0)1-210 0310; Daniela PlRVULESCU Mary Jo FURGAL Guvemul Romanlel " Servtelul de Infonna\1I aI Slalelor Unite PlaIa Vlctorlel I. Bucur~U; tel.; 40 (0)1-659 1911; Ambasada SUA. Sir. Thdor Arghezl 7 -9. Bueur~t1 RodlcaRADU tel.: 40 (0)1-210 4042; fax; 40 (0) 1-2100396; Servtclul de InfonnatH al Statelor Unite IonGONTA Ambasada SUA. Sir. 1\.dor Arghezt 7-9. Bucure~tt Asocla\la Pr~edln\lIor de Consilii Jude\ene tel.: 40 (0)1-210 40'42/333; fax; 40 (0)1-210 0396; ConsiHul Judeteall Bra/?Ov. B-dul EroUor 5, Br~ov WlmSMET tel.; 40 (0)68-115 024; fax: 40 (0)68-151 012; Unlversltatea Bucur~tl MarDena ILIESCU Str. Spiru Haret 8. sect. 1. Bucur~tl; Support Centers International tel.: 40 (0)1-6141268; Calea M01iitlor 278. bl. 20bls. ap. 16. Blicure~U tel.; 40 (0)1-619 0670; fax: 40 (0)1-312 5350; John SWANSON National Democratic Institute Gabriela MATEI Bd. Untrll 17. bl. 4A. sc. 2. ap. 42. Bucure~U International County/City Management Association: tel.: 40 (0)1-312 7382; Pla\a Amzel 10-22. sc. C. ap. 2. sect. I. Bueur~t1; tel/fax: 40 (0)1-659 7436; 311 2138; E-mail: RomeoTRIFU [email protected] Asocla\la Pre~edln\llor de ConsilII Jude\ene Thomas McCLURE Sir. G-ral Magheru 14. Siblu; tel.; 40 (0)69-216 368; Support Centers International Calea Mo~lIor 278. bl. 20bls. ap. 16. Bueure~U MEDIA REPREZENTATIVES tel.: 40 (0)1-619 0670; fax: 40 (0)1-312 5350; Comellu cAL TEA Mlhaela MOISESCU 1V Targu-Mure~ Ce.ttrul Cultural American Bd. 1 Decembrie 1918. nr. 109, Targu Mure~ Str. J. L. Calderon 7-9. sect. 1. Bucur~tl; tel.; 40 (0)65-120 813; tel.: 40 (0)1-210 1602; 210 1603; 210 1604; fax: 40 (0)1-211 5659 Marla CRISTEA Dana NICULESCU Radio Romania ActualitatJ Opportunity Associates Sir. G-raI Berthelor 62-64. Bucure~t1; PO BOX 41-98. Bueure~t1; tel.: 40 (0)1-6180614; tel.: 40 (0)1-222 4249; fax: 40 (0)1-615 6992; Gheorghe OCNEANU Costin Alezandru MOTRO~A Fecieratla MunlcipalltatUor din Romania ROMPRES Str. ~tefan eel Mare 8. Plalra Neaml; Piata Presel Ubere 1. Bucure~U; tel.; 40 (0)33-218 991; fax: 40 (0)33-215374; tel.: 40 (0) 1-2223240; fax: 40 (0) 1-2230089; Elena CHITIC PATAPIEVICI Bogdan TEODORESCU Know How Fund Freelancer Ambasada Marti Brttanll. ste. Jules Michelet 24. tel./fax; 40 (0)1-211 7347

56 • NGO FORUM '995 '31 ,I I'

I I PRESS COVERAGE ·1 I I II 1 ! 1 g; .1 .,'-=- I -I i I I I I 1 I ~ 1 1 1 . "1 I 1 • I' 1 I 'I I I • 57 -. - ,~ AGENTII DE PRESA . Forumul organilatiilor negu v·ernamentale

Forumuf OrHOpil.Q!iilor NC~Ju'!'crr!omcnt(lfc din : . iomoni" :ti-a jnc:cpu! lucrorilt;! in plr.!1 <:u prc~c..nlo­ ": rco cuvg''-'\Jlui C(lln: pnrli~ipon!i, odrCS~1 de Dorin ., Tudoron. director 01 FUfldnrici Intcrno~iQ.\(Jln pan­ '. tru Sislcry.,c E1cctofa!c {lFES) ncntrv Ro,-"onio ); ',. Moldova. . Sasiunc-a plcl)oro de riimincoJo 0 c.vprins 0 prC!' • .: _xcmtarc a rclotici dinlrc parlomcnt ~i orgunizatiilc :: ncguycrnoltlcnlolc: in dcmocra!iilc stobile (in socia. : tatco americana), reolizota de Iuliano Ceran Pilon, : director de programc penfru Europa ~i Asia aIIFES, ~i un raport 01 directorului Ccnlrului pcnlru Studii : Politicc }i Analiza Comporative, Dor~1 Sandor, caro . cuprindc 0 analiza a sladiului de dCT.voflorc 0 Or­ : qoni.t:o!iilor ncguycrnamcl1lofc rom&nc~tL

CRONICA ROMANA Nr. 694, Marti, 2 mai 1995 I CronlcA. Roman8 Tllesday. May 2. Hl95 I Th~ NOIIp;ovcnullclllal OrgalllzaUolls' Panllil 111e ROlllanlan NOO F'orulIl op(,:llcd Its proceedings In a plenary session. wttll the IFES ProJcr.t Director for Romania and Moldova. Mr. Dorin Tudoran. addressing Ule participants. The morning session COllsistcd of a pres('.ntatloll of the rclaUonshfp between members of the I Parliament and NGOs In sound democracies (In the American society) by Ms. Juliana Geran Pilon. IFES Program Director for Europe and Asia and an analysis of Ule development stage of Romanian I NGGs hy Mr. Darel ~andor. Director of Ule Centre for Political Studies anel Comparative Analysis. I I

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I I "1 I I I 1 I I '", ..... -; . ·Fundalialnternationala pentruSisteme Electoralecere" ...... ;·~;~~~I.,acces,aio.fo,r'ilatii~lpe.r,sPM~t-\ \v~~a;:"a;UnellegF care:si uigle- . neguvern~ m~nialeo .~~a(~les,;d ....• meritezs··lIbenJI a",e;'la Inform'allf al 'prevederile. constitulion·aJf·r~lJ:lan.:.' pei,~o.a·nelo es,te'una dln'cele' doiJ~ doar dedarapi de Int.nll.• ', . ::'<.:';. : rezolulll,.:picipuse ··de·· Fundalli' In-, A doua rezolullo se refera la' , tei~~llona'I~··pe.ntru;Slsteme' flec- ,·mo.d Ifl~area.; 'ca d ru'I,ur:legislat,lv:': · t()r~IMI·~u.nd~lia:p'ei1truPJtiralism'la; .: rll,ferJtor;'la Infllntare.a' ~I Ju,,'::,; . For,u!J1ul. or.g~nlzallllor,.neguverna- .' 110 narea' organ Iza IllIor ·neguv.ev·.' , menta I.e de la:Br~10v,. "., :.' rl<'mentaleo·.care peritrudcib3ndirea .. : · .../p..~.n;cl p~nl,lI: co~slderA cA· 0 as.... pe'sonalitAlll j~ridJ(e',:.,r.,i.:~o.~li~~! i:;~ ··m. ~ ~~,~;J~g ~;:~ s to:1 ~ dl sp,e n sa b II ~.~ '.: sa~' insgle la lud.~~I!>!I~;:':"'~~·'~;!::::·"" . pem.ru:a'tlvl\:"'. _.,.<", :, ._.:/: :..... ',: .. ;" .. ':_ ':'. ',',

• I Zlua Thursday. May 4. 1995

I nleII1(onn8Uoll hltenlaUonal FOlllldHUOIl for Electoral Systems Asks for Ule Free Access of Citizens to the

PasSIng a law U,at will reglliate U,e free acct'ss to U,e InfannaUan of U,e cItizens Is one of U.. two I resolutIons Introduced by the IlitemaUonal FoundaUon for Electoral Systems and the Foundation for Pluralism at U.. NGO F'amm 1995. In Bra~av.

ParUclpants consIder that such a law Is vItal for the acUVlIy of nangavenunental arganlzaUans. I "especially becallse ConsUtuUon's provisions remain Just simple declarations of Intent".

The second rcsohltIOIl refers to the ruuen

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I I I "1 I I I I 1 I I j,=§§§§§§§§§§§~§§§§§§~§§~§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§~ ! .~.. I 6 .: \(: __ O~gan~z~~~iiIEr ,:-~ .negamvernamentale/ vor 'eialJ;ilora ui.Bn. ,.- .... proiect "~e 'lege

.privind acftesu~.· ." \;';]ill". i nfQtm~~ihe,' '. , ;t~:::F~~nd~ii'-l~te(riaJio~al~ .p~n tru ,,v;·:sap~mfina',trecuU. Fori.zmul Or~.' i~formalie. Garanpa .. cpnstilUlionaW":,;: .' 9anizaliilar ,NegiNemamentale 199~ --' accesului la inform alia de.interes,':: :::~D~i:vol\ar.a,SocieUlii Civlle-. In-'publiC r!.mane 0 ~i>d~ralie de. iotenli,e i.: ;;urma:dezbaterilor referitoare la ca- ,,: (U slab!, valoaro practic!; in absen)a ':: ::'drul.legisl,ativ al activ,itAlii ·organiza-., -cadrului institu)ional .. creaf'prin .Iego.:" ",pilor'neguVernamentale ~i,la impor-'- _Cele'49 de organizalii'neguvernamen",:': ;.-tanla ,accosului'liber la informalie. tale ",mnatare ale rezolu)ii1or,declar(" ;·~partiapan)ii.au :Od.o'pt;.t dou(r~zolu-' cavor coopOra In-realjzaro~:unul prc:6., .~'ilii.'.Pr!m~)~bil.~t •• principi!!~: ref~ri: iect.de lege.p,nVind .~cc'-s!,1 .Ia: ,infor.':'.;~ ·_'toare.la' cadruUegal'al infllnl!rll ~I ma)le., Mamfestarea de la Bra~ov -a·';, ":funciion!~.i organilapilor n!'9uverna-' fC)St organizata pri" programul finan-.:, '.":mentale: P,

:.~,. 1 Zilla Monclay. May 8. 1995 1 The NongoVCrIUllclltal ()rgalllzatfons Will Write a Drall Law 011 the Access to the: IllfonllaUoll The IntcnlaUOlial Foundation [or Elcctoml Systems organized last Wl':ck. In Bra~ov. the NGO F'OrIUIi 1905 - De:veloplllg Civil Society. FolloWing the debates on the eXisting legal framework that governs the activity of NGOs alld u)(~ Importance of access to Ule InfonnaUoll, u)(~ partiCipants passed two 1 resolutions. The I1rst olle establishes principles of the registration and activity of NGOs: the Juridical person should be obtalncd through a simple procedure, Ule only control from the state should he financial. anel the scope and means of actioll CAn be contested only by the courts. The second resolution n:fers to Ule necessity of a law 011 the access to the Infonuation. The 1 consUtutional provision 011 the access to the public Interest infumlatlon remains a declaraUon of Intent With IJttle:- practical value. III the ahscncc of a institutional framework created by the law. The 40 orgallizatJolis that slgncd the resolutlolls declared Ulat they Will ('oopemtc for drafilng a law 011 the access to the infonllatioll. The event in Bra!lov was organized through the program fillanct'd hy 1 the Unfted States Agency for International Development and the Regional Environmental Centre. 1 Anca Hrlhall 1 --I I. 1 1 1 . I 1 I; I

1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 ':r-'-l---" (;-B~:c~o~' '~e'-dc-5f(i~oorG ;: ::_ lucrarilc ,.Forurnului Or- ~ :: ganiw\iilor Neguverna-:: :: mentcle 1995 - Dezvoltorea 50- :: :: cictQ\ii civile", manifestare fi-:: ;: nantatci de Agentici Statelor U-:= .: nite pentru Dezvoltare Interna- .:, . ~ :~ \iooalo (USAID) ~i de Centrul ::: :: regional de Protc.-'"Ctie a mediu!ui :.. •: pentru Europa CentralCi ~i de Est. ;. :; Dorin Tudoran, directorul Fun-:!' ;: datiei Inlerna!ionale pentru Sis- ~. := leme Elcctorale in Romania ~i:: . •: Republica Moldova a declo rat :. ;: cci scopul prirlcipal' 01 Forumu-~: :: lui este crearea unui cadru pro- =:: :: pice de dialog intre orgonize;i- :: -.....: ile negu'lcrnamcntale, .... legisloliv:: :. ~I execull'l, pentru co "socleto-.: :: tea civile este invcntatCi ~i pro-:' .: pulsate tocmoi de aceste orgo- ~ II. • • '~t ._ "". nllOtl!. . .I'

A VOCEA ROMANIEI Nr. 430, Miercuri, 3 mai 1995 1 Vocea Romaniet Wednesday, May 3, 1995

The NGO Fonllll 1995 _ Developing Civil Society Is taking place In Bra~ov, TIle event Is nnanced by 1 the United States Agency for Inlenlational Development (USAlD) and Ule Regional Environmental Centre (REC). Dorin Tudoran. IFES Project Director for Romania and Moldova declared that the main purpose of the Fanull Is to create an opportunity for Ule nongovernmental orgRnizatIons, the 1 govenunclil and the Parliament to lIIeet ami discliss. because "the civil society was invented and is carried on by these organizatiODS", ~ 1 1 1 .1 -:.:..-I 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 >. 1 1 . " :- ., : '" :.' :; -. __ mt'fse· ...... ··:'reala a iil~>statul ui iieferitoare la catJrullegalal inf!intariifji funcfionarii orgal7izafiilor neguvernamentale r, i/~~i~~~;~;;i~j;~~~~~.~~neguvernamenfale; legal . ali~;~~:;;:.:t~,;~~t'/~';I/Onij. Organju~ijle S<'mnalare, pMtici­ sca (und.1llll'nt'i1J:i, rl'~pl'(li\:: .lctj~ 2. _ orga,!izaliilor ~eguvernamenfale referitor /a necesi- panic la FORUMUL .ONG; c.ue·.1 tatea unellegl a accesu(ulla informaJie. uni indrcpt.1tc impalr!".l pJur.1Jis­ avut loc 1<1 Bra~ov, inlrc·30 aprilie Un numsr de 49, respectlv 46 de orgl!nizalii au semnat aceste mului politic, a iprincipiilor 51,){u­ - 3 mai 1995~ consider;, C.l orlee lui de drcpt, a su\'cranit,itii, in le­ documente, /lsta rsmanand in eontirluare deschisa, Doeumen­ lege rcfcriloMc la il'!fiint"arca lele eli semnaiurUe in original pot fi eonsultate la sedlul Funda­ ~i. g~ita\ii sau indc[le,ndcntci Vir;;; Jlellnternallonale penlrll. Sisteme "Eleetorafe. func\ionarea organila~iifor nc!;u· - ulliel 3utoritatc care olrc drcptul , verna menta Ie, fie ca cslc 0 legc $3. con,state nccon~tilu\jon:llit;jl(,,' ,;:.;;"",:-:;--;';"~'.;~ ,.~':. !"!.:~.:P...-:.'";/I: n003, fie c.'i csle yorba de modifi­ seapurui sau a nlijlo.:;cdor (olosilc in CJrca Legii nr. 21/1924 - Ircbuie atjnger~a accstOra de c~lrc 0 s5. rcspccte urmatoardc principi!, orSJ!li~aVe ncgu\'('fnJmCnl.1J,i cslc c.1re .1U la bazl garan~ia ofcri!:i de instanta'de judcc.lt.1, Ia scsiZJre.l I prevcdcrilc Art. 37 din Conslituti.l · ,O\ijni~tcn.J!ui Public, ~i numai C:l ilrc I Romanici privind li.b~r(atca· de · dreptul de, a suspendJ

~."'·\'ooe",a C/abo~arji- unui'pro-

a·,,;:~:ua~:I~n~::~~:\~,~~.~~r;;:rt~:i·~~lrlnri{;j;~;i~S;i~U~:b~·~

IF'ES - NCiO F'onull Tile Nongov('rlllJl("IIIHI Orp;all17.atlolls Sh'lIIc1 lip for a Heal J)('vcloIlIllC'lIt of tilt" Civil So<'idy, 1I1l~str.tin("{1 hy tll(' ShilA' IlIstltlitlolls i{f!(,t'ntly. II 1(" NC!O ForulII J DD5 - ~Ikvd()pfllg Civil Soclcty~ took plaC'c 111 Bra~()v, Th(' ('vertl was orgsllizt'd by Ihc Illtrrllalfonal F'olllulalioll I()r Elc'eloral Systt'lIIs (WE'L~ Project DlrcC'tor Ihr i{OIllHlliH and tll(" H,epllhllC' of Moldova - Dorin Tlldoran) through tile pruJ('d nllaliCeei hy llit' Ulllted Siaies Agcmcy for IlIfcrllatlowtl Dev('loplIlellt ami hy thc~ Foundatloll for I'llIntlislII. thro1lgIJ tilt' pn!l<'('1 financcd hy tlw i{eglollal EllvlrolUIH'lIlRI Centre, Followtllg lhe clC'halcs filClIsed 011 III(' I('~al framework of tll(' reglstratioll and acllvlty of NOOs and 011 tJl(" IrnportallC'(" of free a('('(~ss to tilt' fllfonnatioll, IIH~ partkipallls passed lite lol1owill,g rC'sollitioIlS: J, NOllgovenlllJ(~lIlal ()rp;all17YtUoIlS Posilion He'gardlllg the Nc('('sslty of a Law of A('c('ss to tilt' IllfonliatiOlI 2, Principle's H.c.e;ardlnp; thc L('gal Framework of the Registration and Activity of NOlIgOVITllllu'IIhtl OrgalllzatiOlls A 111111ll>er of 4!l, n'spcl'livl'ly 4n <,)rgallizatiolls have siglled tllcst' resoilltiolls, tll(, list rC'llIallllll.e; ope II for other orAall17.aliolls to si.e;lI. 1'11(' (1I)(,11I1I('l1t5 ami tilt' originals of lilt' lists ('all he ('ollsnlh'd HI III<' nUkes of til(' IlItenlHtiolltll FotllldRtlolll(.r Elt"etornl Systellls il) Bllellaresl.

NONGOVERNMENTAL "ORGANIZATIONS" POSITION REGARDING THE NECESSITY OF A LAW FOR ACCESS TO INFORMATION Tile slgJl:.tlory or~alli7.alloIlS, prt'senl al the NGO Forum III BrH~ov, Oil April :lO-May J, cOllslder tilt' passing of a law for tlu' fn~f" Hr('('SS of dlizC'lls to 111(' illfimllalioH to he of grt'al slgnillcH1U'('. ()ur nrgan17..alioJls· ('xperi('llC'(' shows thHl the cOlIstJIutfowll provision of a('('{'ss 10 Illronnatioll of pllhlie Illte-rest (Art. :11) n'lIIahls a declaration of intent willi little practical vaillc. III lile ahS('II(,I~ of all IlIsUtlitfollal fraJIIC'work cn'Hh'd by the law, Ollly this framework will dcnllt' ohli~a'()ry pro('('dlln's for UI(, citi7..e1l alld p"hli(' illSlillltiOIlS anti also lhe respollsihillty ()ftll(~ latter.

Also, tile lIollgovcnullt'lIlal orgaJl17..atlolls art' pn~()(,(,lIpfcd With tilt' pmliferalloll - asslsh'cI hy til(' ahsf'lu'(' of SIIC'it a law - of tlw attempts 10 tlllcif'nuIJlf' tile ('1I17"<'II's rigllt of access 10 til(' puhlic IlIlflnllalioll, as n'ad froill Illcorrectly 1()nlllJlatt'd legislative IlIlIiRllv('s rdi.. rrillg 10 natiollal s('(,llrily, the prot{'('tiOll or Shih' Sf'rre1s. Crimillal Law, eft', (jlv('1J this slt1latioll, tliI' slgllatory ()r~"HI17>1lious will ('oOp('rHtt' III draftill.l!; H law 011 are('ss to tilt' 11lfonllRlioll.

PRINCIPLES REGARDING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE REGISTRATION AND ACTIVITY OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS The Signatory orgalll7..;.ltious, pn's('ut Ht tht" NGO ForulII III Br..t~ov, 011 April :W-May :l, cOllslder lila! any law r~gardlng tlw rq!islratioll awl H('!ivlty of Nnos (eillwr Ii H('W IHW or .I"s1 all HIIU'lJdlllt'lIt 10 tile old law No. 21/1~J24) 1IIIIst IHk(' hlto cOilshkrHtltJlI till' followhl~ prlll<'lpks. tlIH! IlliV(' HS foundation, tilt' pmvisioll or till' C.Ollstllll1ioll (Ar1. :i7) 011 thTdolll to Hssoeiak: - He,l!;istmlloll should 1)(' dOI\t' throngll a silllple proccdure. ('Xdlldillg acllllilliSlralivt' cOlltrol, prcff'rahly at lilt" ('onrt: - The only rOIlt.rol tlIH! tlw CX('C'utiV(' Is ('IIIIII<-d to ('II(iJre(~ 011 NCiOs is lilt" Ollt' ('oll('crIlIJl,l!; nllalll'IHI It'glslaliOTI: - Ht'slrlc.tlolls IIlat ('all h(, hroll~lIl to til(' ol~l('cliv('s aUfl IlI('HllS of a<'ljoll of all NGO Hre ollly thos(' provided for ill art. :~7 (If tilt' Constitlltioll, n'slu'rllv<'ly: actiolls HltHIIlS! Iht' political pllln-lllslIl, thl' prhlt'lpl('s of II If' naif' oflliw, (lflile SOVtTt'!,l!;llly, hlte~rfly Hilt! hldt'pt'llt!t'IU't' oftlw ('01l1ltry: - Tht' ollly authority ('111111('(1 to lIotiCt' tile IIIIC'OllSlllllliollHlity of tile ~oals or lIIeallS of aclloll of all NGO is till' eOllrt. "1'011 1I01l('c from IIw Puillic MllIlsh'ry, alld ollly III(' ('ollrt CHII slIspcnd 1111' Hl'lfvity of an NGO. or Ii:,rhid it: ~ TlI(' nOIl-ItovcnUllt'lI!al organl7..;.ltiolls IIlat Hrf' srI lip hy tile stale or arC' nllallced ilia lilly hy III(' Sbtle wtllllot IWlleI'll frolll t11t~ special cOllditiollS c.n~ated for NCiOs:

In order to clahoratC' a dn.. n l;.tw, a workgroup will h(, rrf'atrd under til(' allspil:es of tlu' NCJO fonllii. The grollp will COlli prise r('present;.ttives of the NGOs. MClllh(TS of til(' PrtrliHlllcJlt Hud spccialists ill the Odds of law. sociology. (,C'OllOIlIY and IlIlHI H't', 40TIDIANUL

PAGINA 3 ·1I1IIII..... I11111'"'&!11'1 ...... O_==II_III L LJNI • 2g MAil 005

Organizatiile ecologiste neguvernamentale solicita modifiearea Proieetului Codului Silvie in vrilla FVfl.lrrlului ONC, I~'~.'i ".'l'1r':'l~"':1 ·..... '.q~.i rr('~'('d-eri .:.rSjl\;UI b nn;~'J" in pHio:td:t 30 ".:.n-.l':«,"111;<';e-·' dr. c6tre Scnnlul ;op.-;rie • :,1 01:l( I \>'~$. un ,\u,IlJr J!; "f Ir",bu; m~'<.lIfi';;\l.l dup," ~um p anllll.1MIr. ~~iJI('.nll1 in nOnlunill Ilrm"":LiI: "Prjn ·: ... ·:('f.'lio!. ;l":C<;'!riu! i:1 ;Ijunltl mif,.nudu; III, rrJ,'fund aninu:-!!ut' dun,,,qjc.: ..' in p1Jurc, j"e,ri,i,.'tall. 1;'Jn::id~rlm nce~lIr~ ",pre P''\'illtll', :l1i"pM. ".()ncl~ rl,~ I'Ju.rr:n dr: mb:.uri 1~Il!ru rerln:Mrr.~ ...... ii",,!! ~i :"':"I"'''';''';'~'' ~rrot.:\ de UfSC",IIJ a .~itl,l"lici, prin adopl:lrea ,'vfil';~tt"ru! Ap~IQf, f':idllrill)( ~i unui end ~ilvir. di~J:n:vtll de .1c.:rvi~ Pr"''':~·li.~j :--"kdj~.. dui. !il ;\,,'li\."iL~rcil IUICA (f\'\'.\~I:lIl;:Ut' ;J p.l::unaluiui in Minisl.:rului -"8,ri .... ullllrii .~i Ali_ p.',illrlJ .. '~"P~"'" r,:,,~il!1'.IIui sih·k, IlItrll:..{ici,.pc h:I;'., Pl'''pllll".n;f,r r,."j~·lIr In fd t;:l. 1n .. nul I eH I, ..!qi ·:·.'nlun·? :II>! dif~q;iI .. ,,. !(lrn<.:rlotl; lit3r~.J. 3CIU31l de: tie,!;r.'ldCHt a p ... 1HrB :.It;ri'·O!I\'r;\ ii il\du~lrj~ I,;lour;; r\lm~nl;~ti .. 51 .. d"-l drl1ptlJl ii "linH'nl:l[,~ ;rl~!,"'~·I"r:.tl:'l!Jr ;\IUlll1ntJ. ... D\h~umcnlul C~le silvie\! iud<:\~!lt:·· . .-\(;11/;(1111 Cncl ".'~"H1;)1 ,I .. .-\I",an'Jfu R. Sdvu!-::rI_ Sih'i~ pI ~\' ... .} ... .::. "1'.1 ..;unu!u! \~U, t!ir\~r:lor aJjunc:t lr-r;.C; - run­ ~~:tt.lrlir:f in ~lOdt p,,:{;m~t(t ;LIe d:Jti., Tntr.m,'li"n:l1.i '''''''''tnl Si:fkme fondului fore,;I;c:r rrtlprir.,:'1'" ~.I"'·J~'r"l,., unul ,Jimt.: crrp.aniO:I­ p\ll->r;\;.'" t .... p'l,'I~ f;i<,;ot ~'U "PHI t,1rii FOfU11lulu; th: 1.1 nr:l-)4"IY. 1,;:,,,,,1.1 ("furi/t.'f IIm;nt; • .:. ()!';c. UTilI: r<:,m:;'ll<,;~t; Vr-n'i;'.e-a;.:l c~ I CoUdlanul I Monday. May 29. 1995 Environmental Organizations Ask for U,e Modification of Ule Draft Forestry Code

Following the NGO Fomm. organized In Bra~ov on Aprll30-May 3. 1995. a number of more than 80 I organlzaUons asked for U,e striking out of the Art 37. Par. 4 of the Draft Forestry Code. referring to grazing In the forests. The text. recenUy passe by, the House of Senate. should read as follows: "By excepUon. the access of domesUc animals In the forests to the grazing. watering. resUng and sheltering areas will be approved by the Ministry of WaleJ'S. Forests and ProtecUon of the I EnVironment. upon request from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food. based on common proposals from the general departments for agriculture and food Industry and the county forest Illspectorates." The actual Forestry Code provides that "the seasonably grazing In some areas of the forests" can be I done being approved by U,e decision makers menUoned above. The Romanian NGOs consider that passing Ulls provision by the HOllse of Senate contravenes In a fiagrant way :0 the Rio de Janeiro Convention signed In July 1992 by president lIIescu, The tex'! we received for printing reads: "Facing this paradox In Romania. at U,e beginning of the Ullrd millennium, deeply worried. we consider U,at I Is necessary to take measures for changing this situation. by adopting a new Forestry Code Ulat Is free of the devastating action of grazing In forests, This should be done at least at the level It was In 1881. although the actllal state of degradation of Romanian forests Is extremely alannlng", The document was signed by Nexandru R Slivulescu. Deputy Director of IFES - the IntemaUonal I FoundaUon for Electoral Systems. one of the organizers of the NGO Fonllu in Bra.!1ov. I Mihal Stegerean I I I I I I I I I I I