Introduction: the Communist Party Economist

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Notes

Introduction: The Communist Party Economist

1. Neither Dobb’s letter nor Robertson’s response has survived, but see Amartya Sen, “Autobiography,” http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/ laureates/1998/sen-autobio.html. 2. Michael Ellman, “Review of The Development of Socialist Economic Thought: Selected Essays by Maurice Dobb,” De Economist 157.1 (2009), 123. 3. For a critique of biography as it is conventionally practiced, see Stefan Collini, Common Reading: Critics, Historians, Publics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 283–98. For defenses of the genre (though not of examples of the kind Collini draws attention to), see David Nasaw, “Historians and Biography: Introduction,” American Historical Review 114.3 (June 2009), 573–8; Jochen Hellbeck, “Galaxy of Black Stars: The Power of Soviet Biography,” American Historical Review 114.3 (June 2009), 615–24; and Alice Kessler-Harris, “Why Biography?,” American Historical Review 114.3 (June 2009), 625–30. On biography and the history of economic thought, see E. Roy Weintraub and Evelyn Forget, eds, Economists’ Lives: Biography and Autobiography in the History of Economics (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007). 4. This is, of course, easier said than done. For contrasting views on the per- ils and promises of synoptic and contextualist analyses, see Dominick LaCapra, Rethinking Intellectual History: Texts, Contexts, Language (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983), esp. 23–71; and Martin Jay, “Two Cheers for Paraphrase: The Confessions of a Synoptic Intellectual Historian,” Stanford Literature Review 3.1 (Spring 1986), 47–60 and “Historical Explanation and the Event: Reflections on the Limits of Contextualization,” New Literary History 42.4 (Autumn 2011), 557–71. On intellectual history more generally, see Anthony Grafton, “The History of Ideas: Precept and Practice, 1950–2000 and Beyond,” Journal of the History of Ideas 67.1 (January 2006), 1–32. 5. Maurice Dobb, Political Economy and Capitalism: Some Essays in Economic Tradition (London: Routledge, 1937), 338. As will be discussed below, this was not the first time Dobb reached for a Christian vocabulary when dis- cussing his political goals. 6. Michael Ellman, “Review,” 123. 7. The classic example of this narrative is Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789–1848 (New York: Vintage Books, 1996); The Age of Capital, 1848–1875 (New York: Vintage Books, 1996); and The Age of Empire, 1875–1914 (New York: Vintage Books, 1989). 8. Timothy Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: The Five Revolutions that Made Modern Europe, 1648–1815 (New York: Penguin Books, 2008), 125–41; Jan Luiten van Zanden, The Long Road to the Industrial Revolution: The European Economy in a Global Perspective, 1000–1800 (Brill: Leiden, 2008); and Jan de Vries, “Economic Growth Before and After the Industrial Revolution: A Modest

225 226 Notes to pp. 3–4

Proposal,” in Early Modern Capitalism: Economic and Social Change in Europe, 1400–1800, ed. Maarten Prak (London: Routledge, 2011), 175–92. 9. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000) is one of the canoni- cal indictments of Eurocentrism. Christopher Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914: Global Connections and Comparison (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2004) attempts to write a truly global account of modernity’s origins; for an even more sweeping effort, see André Gunder Frank, ReORIENT: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). Jennifer Pitts examines the joined histories of liberalism and empire in A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), while David Harvey considers Paris as modernity’s avatar in Paris: Capital of Modernity (London: Routledge, 2006). 10. Which does not imply that these three candidates exhaust the available options. For only one of the many prominent interpretations excluded from this discussion, see Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007). 11. Stephen Kotkin has called this a history of “the welfare state”: Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 19. Readers of Michel Foucault will recognize Kotkin’s rebranding of governmentality, on which see Michel Foucault Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–1978 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) and Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–1979 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). 12. David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Brooklyn: Melville House, 2011), 90. 13. For examples of the social sciences in action, see James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: ‘Development,’ Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power, in Lesotho (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); S.M. Amadae, Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Joseph Morgan Hodge, Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007); Omnia El Shakry, The Great Social Laboratory: Subjects of Knowledge in Colonial and Postcolonial Egypt (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007); Nick Cullather, The Hungry World: America’s Cold War Battle against Poverty in Asia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010); Daniel Immerwahr, “Quest for Community: The United States, Community Development, and the World, 1935–1965,” University of California, Berkeley (PhD Dissertation, 2011). For broader reflections on this history, see Theodore Porter, “Speaking Precision to Power: The Modern Political Role of Social Science,” Social Research 73.4 (Winter 2006), 1273–94; James Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998); and Timothy Mitchell, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-politics, Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002). 14. On the prehistory of the nineteenth-century statistical explosion, see Mary Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1998), but also William Deringer, “Calculated Values: A Political History of Economic Numbers in Britain, 1688–1738,” Princeton University (PhD Dissertation, Notes to p. 4 227

2012). On the nineteenth century and after, see Donald Mackenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865–1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1981); Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Theodore Porter, The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820–1900 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988) and Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Stephen Stigler, The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); and Adam Tooze, Statistics and the German State: The Making of Modern Economic Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). 15. For economists’ influence over governance, see A.W. Coats, ed., Economists in Government: An International Comparative Study (Durham: Duke University Press, 1981); Mary Furner and Barry Supple, eds, The State and Economic Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Michael Lacey and Mary Furner, eds, The State and Social Investigation in Britain and the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); Michael Bernstein, A Perilous Progress: Economists and Public Purpose in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004); Bradley Bateman, “Keynes and Keynesianism,” in The Cambridge Companion to Keynes, eds Roger Backhouse and Bradley Bateman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 271–90; Marion Fourcade, Economists and Societies: Discipline and Profession in the United States, Britain, and France, 1890s to 1990s (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009); and Keith Tribe, “Liberalism and Neoliberalism in Britain, 1930–1980,” in The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective, eds Philip Mirowski and Dieter Plehwe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009), 68–97. 16. Patricia Clavin and Jens-Wilhelm Wessels, “Transnationalism and the League of Nations: Understanding the Work of its Economic and Financial Organisation,” Contemporary European History 14.4 (November 2005), 465– 92; and, more generally, Patricia Clavin, Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). 17. Jeffry Frieden, Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2007), 173–228. 18. On economists in wartime, see Craufurd Goodwin, ed., Economics and National Security: A History of their Interaction (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991); Roger Middleton, Charlatans or Saviours? Economists and the British Economy from Marshall to Meade (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1998), 85–92; Philip Mirowski, Machine Dreams: Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (New York: Penguin Books, 2006); and Jim Lacey, Keep from All Thoughtful Men: How U.S. Economists Won World War II (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2011). It is important to note that, as Edgerton emphasizes, the claims of expertise were not restricted to academics, on which also see David Edgerton, Britain’s War Machine: Weapons, Resources, and Experts in the Second World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011). 228 Notes to p. 5

19. John Markoff and Verónica Montecinos, “The Ubiquitous Rise of Economists,” Journal of Public Policy 13.1 (January 1993), 37–68; Philip Mirowski and Dieter Plehwe, eds, The Road from Mont Pèlerin; and Daniel Rodgers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011), 41–76. 20. For outstanding recent examples, see Jan-Werner Müller, Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth-Century Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011) and his defense of the project in Jan-Werner Müller, “European Intellectual History as Contemporary History,” Journal of Contemporary History 46 (July 2011), 574–90. On ideology and political theory, see the aptly titled article from Michael Freeden, “Ideology and Political Theory,” Journal of Political Ideologies 11.1 (February 2006), 3–22. 21. On methodology and the history of economic thought, see Mark Blaug, “No History of Ideas, Please, We’re Economists,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 15.1 (Winter 2001), 145–64; E. Roy Weintraub, “Methodology Doesn’t Matter, but the History of Thought Might,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 91.2 (1989), 477–93; Donald Winch, “Intellectual History and the History of Economic Thought: A Personal View,” History of Economic Review 50 (Summer 2009), 1–16. For an endorsement of a rapprochement with the history of science, see Margaret Schabas, “Coming Together: History of Economics as History of Science,” History of Political Economy 34 (Suppl.) (2002), 208–25; for an objection, Ivan Moscati, “More Economics, Please: We’re Historians of Economics,” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 30.1 (March 2008), 85–92. Paul Samuelson defends a teleological approach in “Out of the Closet: A Program for the Whig History of Economic Science,” History of Economics Society Bulletin 9 (1987), 51–60. 22. And when they do acknowledge economists, they are typically named either Friedrich Hayek or John Maynard Keynes, who are then cast as mighty oppo- sites defending their respective ideologies. See, for example, Tony Judt’s contention that “the three quarters of [a] century that followed Austria’s collapse in the 1930s can be seen as a duel between Keynes and Hayek,” though also note his conversation partner Timothy Snyder’s remark that “One of the things which has happened in the meantime, which is less showy than the duel down the decades between Keynes and Hayek, is the displacement of full employment ... by the now-dominant category of economic growth.” Tony Judt, with Timothy Snyder, Thinking the Twentieth Century (New York: The Penguin Press, 2012), 29, 345. For some of the limitations of the Keynes-vs.- Hayek framework, see Tyler Goodspeed, Rethinking the Keynesian Revolution: Keynes, Hayek, and the Wicksell Connection (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). 23. Valuable investigations of the relationship between ideas and politics in twentieth-century Britain that run counter to this tendency include Michael Freeden, “The Stranger at the Feast: Ideology and Public Policy in Twentieth- Century Britain,” Twentieth Century British History 1.1 (1990), 9–34; José Harris, “Political Thought and the Welfare State, 1870–1940: An Intellectual Framework for British Social Policy,” Past and Present 135.1 (1992), 116–41; E.H.H. Green, Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Ben Jackson, Equality and the British Left: A Study in Progressive Political Thought, 1900– 1964 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007); and Ben Jackson Notes to pp. 5–6 229

and Robert Saunders, eds, Making Thatcher’s Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). 24. There are, of course, numerous exceptions to this pattern, especially for the eighteenth century. See, for example, Keith Tribe, Governing Economy: The Reformation of German Economic Discourse, 1750–1840 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Emma Rothschild, Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); and Paul Cheney, Revolutionary Commerce: Globalization and the French Monarchy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010). Also see scholarship associated with the so-called Sussex School, for instance Donald Winch, Economics and Policy: A Historical Study (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1969); Stefan Collini, Donald Winch, and John Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Stefan Collini, Richard Whatmore, and Brian Young, eds, Economy, Polity, and Society: British Intellectual History, 1750–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Note, however, that these histories tend to close before the twentieth century. For an evaluation of the Sussex School from the perspective of a historian of economic thought, see A.M.C. Waterman, “The ‘Sussex School’ and the History of Economic Thought: British Intellectual History, 1750–1950,” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 9.3 (Autumn 2002), 452–63. 25. Maurice Dobb, “A Sceptical View of the Theory of Wages,” The Economic Journal 39.156 (December 1929), 242. 26. On varying conceptions of the social, see Claude Lefort, The Political Forms of Modern Society: Bureaucracy, Democracy, Totalitarianism, trans. John Thompson (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986), 139–236; Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Revised Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 291–5; Keith Baker, “Enlightenment and the Institution of Society: Notes for a Conceptual History,” in Main Trends in Cultural History, eds Willem Melching and Wyger Velema (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994), 95–125; and Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor- Network Theory (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). 27. As is discussed below, Dobb’s treatment of capitalism, a word that still had novelty in his youth, is a fine example of the instability of seemingly solid concepts. For why it always seemed to slip out of his grasp, see J.K. Gibson- Graham, The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy (Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1996). Also see Keith Tribe’s earlier contention that “the use of ‘capitalism’ as the most general charac- terisation of the contemporary complex of social economic and political relations leads to a series of problems that must be abandoned.” Keith Tribe, Genealogies of Capitalism (London: Macmillan Press, 1981), xv. 28. See Jacques Derrida, Margins of Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982) and Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1985), 93–148. 29. Duncan Bell outlines the advantages of eschewing both internalist and exter- nalist accounts of disciplinary formation in “Writing the World: Disciplinary History and Beyond,” International Affairs 85.1 (January 2009), 3–22. 230 Notes to pp. 6–7

30. Dobb experimented with a variety of methodologies in his long career, but all would be regarded as antique by the overwhelming majority of economists today. 31. Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2005), 878. 32. Scott Hamilton, The Crisis of Theory: E.P. Thompson, the New Left and Postwar British Politics (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011), 41. 33. Eric Hobsbawm, “Maurice Dobb (1900–1976),” in Oxfo rd D i c t i o n a r y of Nat ion al Biography, 2004, http://www.oxforddnb.com; Amartya Sen, “Maurice Dobb,” in Political Economy in the Twentieth Century, ed. Maxine Berg (Savage, MD: Barnes and Noble Books, 1990), 26–34. 34. Dobb has, however, recently been made the subject of an excellent dissertation from which I learned much: Hans Despain, “The Political Economy of Maurice Dobb: History, Theory, and the Economics of Reproduction, Crisis, and Transformation,” University of Utah (PhD Dissertation, 2011). 35. A.J.P. Taylor, “Athanasius in King Street,” Observer, March 27, 1966. 36. The standard account of this process is David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005). Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy (New York: Touchstone, 1998) shares the general structure of Harvey’s account but turns Harvey’s villains into heroes. Peter Evans and William Sewell, Jr., “The Neoliberal Era: Ideology, Policy, and Social Effects,” in Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era, eds Peter Hall and Michele Lamont (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming) offers a subtler reading that nevertheless accords with much of Harvey’s analysis. For the beginnings of an interpretation that moves beyond this framework, see Foucault, Birth of Biopolitics; Mirowski and Plehwe, eds, The Road From Mont Pèlerin; Johanna Bockman, Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011); and Angus Burgin, The Great Persuasion: Reinventing Free Markets since the Depression (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012). 37. Classic instances of histories of the twentieth century centered around communism include Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991(New York: Vintage Books, 1996) and François Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century, trans. Deborah Furet (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000). On post-ideological politics, see Samuel Moyn, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010). 38. The language of socialism as gamble is borrowed from Maurice Merleau- Ponty, Humanism and Terror: An Essay on The Communist Problem, trans. John O’Neill (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969). 39. Which is not to say that a variety of projects focused on the specifics of Dobb’s life might not be rewarding, for instance an account that used him to illustrate the workings of various technologies of the scholarly or radical self in the twentieth century. For possible models, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Vol. 3: The Care of the Self, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1988); Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life: Spiritual Exercises from Socrates to Foucault, trans. Michael Chase (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995); and Matthew Jones, The Good Life in the Scientific Revolution: Descartes, Notes to pp. 7–12 231

Pascal, Leibniz and the Cultivation of Virtue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006). Much more could also be said about the reception of Dobb’s work, both in Britain and around the world, than I do here. 40. Jill Lepore mounts a defense of this kind of extrapolation in “Historians Who Love Too Much: Reflections on Microhistory and Biography,” Journal of American History 88.1 (June 2001), 129–44. 41. As the book moves toward the middle of the century, tracing ideas and practices as they cross the divide separating an avowed Communist like Dobb from his opponents also provides one way to meet Ronald Aronson’s call for histories of communism that go beyond the binaries of the Cold War. See Ronald Aronson, Camus and Sartre: The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel that Ended It (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).

1 The Making of a Marxist

1. For a discussion of the genre and a provocative evaluation of its epistemo- logical and political ramifications, see Priya Satia, Spies in Arabia: The Great War and the Cultural Foundation of Britain’s Covert Empire in the Middle East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 99–135. 2. On Christian Science, see Stuart Knee, Christian Science in the Age of Mary Baker Eddy (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994) and Rennie Schoepflin, Christian Science on Trial: Religious Healing in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003). 3. Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), esp. 52–65. 4. Today, audiences outside Britain are probably most familiar with Willesden from Zadie Smith, who has written prolifically on it, most recently in NW: A Novel (London: Penguin Press, 2012). 5. Maurice Dobb, “Random Biographical Notes,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 2.2 (June 1978), 115. Decades later, Martin Amis would echo Dobb’s evaluation, referring to “Charterhouse, a public school of louche reputation.” Martin Amis, Experience: A Memoir (New York: Hyperion, 2000), 293. 6. Maurice Dobb, “A Visit to Charterhouse,” Winter/Spring 1919, Papers of Maurice Herbert Dobb, Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge University (hereafter referred to as MHD), DB2. 7. Dobb, “A Visit to Charterhouse.” 8. John Lewis-Stempel, Six Weeks: The Short and Gallant Life of the British Officer in the First World War (London: George Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2010). 9. “Report of the Second Public Conference,” September 26–27, 1919, Commission of Public Schools, MHD, CC1. 10. “Report.” 11. Maurice Dobb, “By Wireless,” 1918, MHD, A1. 12. Quoted in Gregory Elliott, Labourism and the English Genius: The Strange Death of Labour England? (London: Verso, 1993), 34. On socialism’s early years, see Stanley Pierson, Marxism and Early British Socialism: The Struggle for a New Consciousness (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973); Kirk Willis, “The Introduction and Critical Reception of Marxist Thought in Britain, 1850–1900,” Historical Journal 20.2 (June 1977), 417–59; Stephen Yeo, 232 Notes to pp. 12–13

“A New Life: The Religion of Socialism in Britain, 1883–1896,” History Workshop Journal 4 (Autumn 1977), 5–56; Logie Barrow, “Determinism and Environmentalism in Socialist Thought,” in Culture, Ideology, and Politics: Essays for Eric Hobsbawm, eds Raphael Samuelson and Gareth Stedman Jones (London: Routledge, 1982), 194–214 and “Socialism and Eternity: Plebian Spiritualists 1853–1913,” History Workshop Journal 9 (Spring 1980), 37–69; Gareth Stedman Jones, “Some Notes on Karl Marx and the English Labour Movement,” History Workshop Journal 18 (Autumn 1984), 124–37; Jon Lawrence, “Popular Radicalism and the Socialist Revival in Britain,” Journal of British Studies 31 (April 1992), 163–86; Graham Johnson, “‘Making Reform the Instrument of Revolution’: British Social Democracy, 1881– 1911,” Historical Journal 43.4 (December 2000), 977–1002; and Mark Bevir, The Making of British Socialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011). I thank Asheesh Siddique for allowing me to read a draft of his forthcoming article “The Reception of Marx and the Enlightenment Concept in Late Victorian Britain.” Stuart Macintyre, A Proletarian Science: Marxism in Britain 1917–1933 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980); Jonathan Rée, Proletarian Philosophers: Problems in Socialist Culture in Britain 1900–1940 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984); Duncan Tanner, “The Development of British Socialism, 1900–1918,” Parliamentary History 16.1 (February 1997), 48–66; and Jonathan Rose, The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) take this history into the twentieth century. For the deep affinities between socialism and Christianity, see Gareth Stedman Jones, “Religion and the Origins of Socialism,” in Religion and the Political Imagination, eds Gareth Stedman Jones and Ira Katznelson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 171–89 and Gareth Stedman Jones, introduction to The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ed. Gareth Stedman Jones, trans. Samuel Moore (New York: Penguin Books, 2002), 3–184. For a critique of Stedman Jones, see Jacob Stevens, “Exorcizing the Manifesto,” New Left Review, 28 (July–August 2004), 151–60. Dobb would become familiar with an earlier version of this political theol- ogy of communism via Keynes, who believed that Lenin had fused “two things which Europeans have kept for some centuries in different compart- ments of the soul – religion and business.” John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1963), 297. 13. Dobb later cited “as an early formative influence on his own ideas” a polemic from Shaw that condemned an opponent for having “confused the proprietary classes with the productive classes, the holders of ability with the holders of land and capital, the man about town with the man of affairs.” This, Dobb remarked, “is the invigorating language of confidence in ultimate success and of dauntless iconoclasm: language which always breathes the spirit of attack” that he sought to replicate in his own work. Maurice Dobb, On Economic Theory and Socialism: Collected Papers (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1955), 214. Macintyre supplies a comprehensive list of Marxist texts available in Britain at the time in Proletarian Science, 66–9 and 91–2. 14. Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 121. On Conservatives’ success at maintaining electoral hegemony despite expanded suffrage, see Notes to pp. 13–23 233

Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures: England, 1918–1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) and Parties and People: England, 1914–1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). Helen McCarthy challenges McKibbin’s conflation of democratic achievement with the building of a specific kind of social democracy in “Whose Democracy? Histories of British Political Culture Between the Wars,” Historical Journal 55.1 (March 2012), 221–38. 15. Quoted in Rée, Proletarian Philosophers, 47. For the birthdays, see Perry Anderson, Considerations on Western Marxism (London: Verso, 1979), 25–6. Dobb’s background, of course, also mirrored that of many non-Marxist intellectuals. 16. Dobb, “Notes,” 116; Maurice Dobb to Joan Robinson, May 24, 1973, MHD, CB22. 17. “Report.” 18. Maurice Dobb, “Pillars of Society (A Sketch),” MHD, DB1. 19. Maurice Dobb, “Teenage Stories: CHAPTER ONE: IN WHICH CAPTAIN PETER BRERETON’S COMPLACENT OPTIMISM RECEIVES A SHOCK,” MHD, DB1. 20. Dobb, “Teenage Stories.” 21. Maurice Dobb, The Shadow of the Vatican: A Story of Diplomacy and Politics. Manuscript in author’s possession. 22. Dobb, Shadow, 5. 23. Part of Graham’s expedition requires penetrating a clandestine meeting at the Vatican disguised as a nun. 24. Dobb, Shadow, 65, 67. 25. Dobb, Shadow, 100, 109, 110. 26. Dobb, Shadow, 147–8. 27. Dobb, Shadow, 156. 28. Dobb, Shadow, 157. 29. Dobb, Shadow, 115. 30. Dobb, Shadow, 5, 71–2 31. Dobb, Shadow, 61, 67, 148, 5. 32. Dobb, Shadow, 63, 153. 33. Dobb, Shadow, 153, 120. 34. Dobb, Shadow, 166. 35. Dobb, “Notes,” 115. 36. Maurice Dobb, “A Course of Lectures In Proletarian Culture: Marxian Economics,” August and September 1921, MHD, DD8. 37. Dobb, “Course of Lectures.” 38. Dobb, “Course of Lectures.” 39. See Bevir, Making, esp. 1–21. For complementary approaches that move beyond the history of British socialism, see Lefort, The Political Forms of Modern Society; Cornelius Castoriadis, The Imaginary Institution of Society, trans. Kathleen Blamey (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987); Laclau and Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy; Joan Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); and Roberto Unger, Politics: The Central Texts, Theory Against Fate (London: Verso, 1997). 40. Dobb, Shadow, 63. There is, incidentally, little evidence that Dobb was close with his family after his departure for Cambridge. Walter later remarried, and the union produced a son, Peter, in 1928. Maurice saw his half-brother 234 Notes to pp. 23–7

from time to time, but the relationship was more that of an uncle than a brother. After Walter’s death in 1964, the modest estate was split between Peter and Maurice.

2 An Unfinished Page

1. Andrew Brown, J.D. Bernal: The Sage of Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 22; Andrew Boyle, “Britain’s Establishment Spies,” New York Times, December 9, 1979, SM15; and Dobb, “Random,” 116. 2. Ivor Montagu, The Youngest Son: Autobiographical Sketches (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1970), 196–7; Brown, J.D. Bernal, 26. On the early confusion about Dobb’s political commitments, see Eric Hobsbawm, “Maurice Dobb,” in Socialism, Capitalism, and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb, ed. C.H. Feinstein (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 2–3. 3. Montagu, Youngest Son, 197. 4. Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain in the Twentieth Century (New York: Penguin Books, 1997), 348. 5. Maurice Dobb, “The Influence of Marxism on English Thought,” September 29, 1947, MHD, DD111; Maurice Dobb, “An Address: Delivered to the Degree Ceremony, Karolinum, Prague on the award of a Doctorate of Economic Science at the Charles University of Prague,” March 20, 1964, MHD, DD186. 6. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 276; Dobb, “Notes,” 117; Keynes, Essays in Persuasion, 300. On Keynes’s life and work, Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes and D.E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography (London: Routledge, 1992). Hugh Dalton was one of the examiners who gave Dobb (and his classmate Austin Robinson) a first in Part II of the Tripos. Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton: A Life (Salem: Jonathan Cape Ltd, 1985), 129. 7. Alon Kadish and Keith Tribe, “Introduction: The Supply of and Demand for Economics in late Victorian Britain,” in The Market for Political Economy, eds Alon Kadish and Keith Tribe (London: Routledge, 1993), 18. See also Peter Groenewegen, “Alfred Marshall and the Establishment of the Cambridge Economic Tripos,” History of Political Economy 20.4 (Winter 1988), 627–67; Keith Tribe, “The Cambridge Economics Tripos 1903–55 and the Training of Economists,” The Manchester School 68.2 (March 2000), 222–48; and, more broadly, John Maloney, The Professionalization of Economics: Alfred Marshall and the Dominance of Orthodoxy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) along with Donald Winch, Wealth and Life: Essays on the Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1848–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge Universit y Press, 20 09), esp. 149 –294. Roger Backhouse, “Sidg wick, Marshall, and the Cambridge School of Economics,” History of Political Economy 38.1 (Spring 2006), 15–44 also stresses the importance of Henry Sidgwick to the early (and, via John Maynard Keynes and Arthur Pigou, not-so-early) years of Cambridge economics. On economics outside the United Kingdom, see Malcolm Rutherford, The Institutionalist Movement in American Economics, 1918–1947: Science and Social Control (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Erik Grimmer-Solem, The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany, 1864–1894 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); Notes to pp. 27–8 235

Keith Tribe, “Historical Schools of Economics: German and English,” Keele Economics Research Papers (February 2002), available at http://papers.ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=316689 and “Max Weber: The Works,” Economy and Society 41.2 (2012), 282–98; and Marion Fourcade, Economists and Societies. For one important transatlantic link, see Malcolm Rutherford, “American Institutionalism and its British Connections,” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 14.2 (June 2007), 291–323. On transatlantic social science more generally, see Daniel Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998). 8. Austin Robinson, “Prologue: Cambridge Economics in the Post- Marshallian Period,” in Alfred Marshall in Retrospect, ed. Rita Tullberg (Brookfield: Edward Elgar, 1990), 6, 2. The literature on Marshall is vast. For a survey of the terrain, see Peter Groenewegen, “Recent Marshallian Scholarship: An Overview,” in The Impact of Alfred Marshall’s Ideas, eds Tiziano Raffaelli, Giacomo Becatini, Katia Caldari, and Marco Dardi (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010), 9–13. The same volume also features two useful essays situating Marshall within Cambridge, and British economics more broadly: Carlo Cristiano, “Marshall at Cambridge,” 17–39 and Keith Tribe, “Marshall and Marshallian Economics in Britain,” 40–9. For a magisterial overview of his life, see Peter Groenewegen, A Soaring Eagle: Alfred Marshall, 1842–1924 (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1995), condensed in his Alfred Marshall: Economist, 1842–1924 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). John Whitaker, ed., Centenary Essays on Alfred Marshall (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) contains many valuable essays. And Simon Cook’s The Intellectual Foundations of Alfred Marshall’s Economic Science: A Rounded Globe of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) offers a path-breaking reinterpretation of Marshall’s early thought that contains important implications for his later work. On Pigou, see David Collard, “A.C. Pigou, 1877–1959,” in Pioneers of Modern Economics in Britain, ed. D.P. O’Brien and John Presley (London: Macmillan Press, 1981), 105–39. 9. Agnar Sandmo, Economics Evolving: A History of Economic Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 166–212, is one of many examples. For more background, also see R. D. Collison, A. W. Coats and Craufurd Goodwin, eds, The Marginal Revolution in Economics (History of Political Economy, Supplement) (Durham: Duke University Press, 1973). 10. Dobb himself objected to the marginalist label. See Maurice Dobb, Theories of Value and Distribution since Adam Smith: Ideology and Economic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), 33. 11. William Cunningham, “On the Comtist Criticism of Economic Science,” Report of the 59th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Newcastle, 1889 (London: Spottiswoode and Co., 1890), 469–70. In addition to Maloney’s Professionalization of Economics and Tribe’s “Historical Schools of Economics,” see Gerard Koot, English Historical Economics, 1870–1926: The Rise of Economic History and Neomercantilism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Alon Kadish, Historians, Economists and Economic History (London: Routledge, 1989); A.W. Coats, On the History of Economic Thought: British and American Economic Essays, Vol. I (London: Routledge, 1992), 199–250 and The Sociology and Professionalization of Economics: British 236 Notes to pp. 28–32

And American Economic Essays, Vol. 2 (London: Routledge, 1993), 6–70; and Keith Tribe, “Political Economy and the Science of Economics in Victorian Britain,” in The Organisation of Knowledge in Victorian Britain, ed. Martin Daunton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 115–37. 12. Maurice Dobb, “The Entrepreneur Myth,” Economica, 10 (February 1924), 68. 13. Dobb, “Notes,” 117; Alfred Marshall, The Correspondence of Alfred Marshall, Economist: Volume Two: At The Summit, 1891–1902, ed. John Whitaker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 256. 14. Cook, Intellectual Foundation, 187–261; Alfred Marshall, “[The Perversion of Economic History]: A Reply,” Economic Journal 2.7 (September 1892), 508; Tribe, “Max Weber,” 282–98. The connection between Marshall and Weber was sensed by the enormously influential American sociologist Talcott Parsons, who claimed inspiration from both. On Parsons and Marshall, see Bruce Wearne, “Talcott Parsons’s Appraisal and Critique of Alfred Marshall,” Social Research 48.4 (Winter 1981), 816–51. On Marshall and sociology more generally, see Patrick Aspers, “The Economic Sociology of Alfred Marshall: An Overview,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58.4 (October 1999), 651–67. 15. See, for example, Mary Morgan and Malcolm Rutherford, eds, From Interwar Pluralism to Postwar Neoclassicism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998); Yuval Yonay, The Struggle Over the Soul of Economics: Institutional and Neoclassical Economists in American Between the Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Geoffrey Hodgson, How Economics Forgot History: The Problem of Historical Specificity in Social Science (Abingdon: Routledge, 2001); Mirowski, Machine Dreams; and E. Roy Weintraub, How Economics Became a Mathematical Science (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002). 16. A.C. Pigou, “In Memoriam: Alfred Marshall,” in Memorials of Alfred Marshall, ed. A.C. Pigou (New York: Kelley and Millman, 1956), 83–4; Dobb, “Entrepreneur Myth,” 69; Maurice Dobb to R. Palme Dutt, May 20, 1925, MHD, CB17. Pigou’s work on welfare called for reductions in inequality that Dobb later cred- ited with having “opened the door to more fundamental criticisms” of the social order. Maurice Dobb, “Recent Trends in Economic Theory in Britain and America,” 1955, MHD, DA22. On attitudes toward economic reform at Cambridge, see Martin Daunton, “Welfare, Taxation, and Social Justice: Reflections on Cambridge Economists from Marshall to Keynes,” in No Wealth but Life: Welfare Economics and the Welfare State in Britain, 1880–1945, eds Roger Backhouse and Tamotsu Nishizawa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 62–88. 17. Edwin Cannan, A History of the Theories of Production and Distribution In English Political Economy From 1776 to 1848 (London: P.S. King and Son, 1903), 405. 18. Maurice Dobb, “The Social Distress Attending the Industrial Revolution and its Connection with Power Machinery,” c.1919–1921, MHD, DB3. On Fay’s grasp of Marshall, see Austin Robinson, “My Apprenticeship as an Economist,” in Eminent Economists: Their Life Philosophies, ed. Michael Szenberg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 205–6. 19. Maurice Dobb, “The Russian Revolution,” 1920, MHD, DD4. 20. Maurice Dobb, “Socialism and Decentralisation – Its Principles and Its Forms,” February 12, 1920, MHD, DD5. 21. R. Page Arnot, “Dobb in the Twenties,” Labour Monthly, October 1976, 467. Notes to pp. 32–5 237

22. Quoted in Ralf Dahrendorf, LSE: A History of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1895–1995 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 188. On the LSE’s rivalry with Cambridge, see Gerard Koot, “An Alternative to Marshall: Economic History and Applied Economics at the Early LSE,” Atlantic Economic Journal 10.1 (1982), 3–17 and A.W. Coats, “The Distinctive LSE Ethos in the Inter-War Year,” Atlantic Economic Journal 10.1 (1982), 18–30. For a demonstration of Cambridge’s far from hegemonic position in British economics during this period, see Keith Tribe, “The Economic Journal and British Economics, 1891–1940,” History of the Human Sciences 5 (1992), 33–58. 23. Keith Tribe, “Cannan, Edwin (1861–1935),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004, http://www.oxforddnb.com. Susan Howson, Lionel Robbins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 82–3 provides a sense of Cannan’s pedagogy. Though Cannan was a famous opponent of Marshall, see also Edwin Cannan, “Alfred Marshall, 1842–1924,” Economica 12 (November 1924), 257–61. Ronald Meek, one of Dobb’s students, later co- edited a second version of the same lecture course from Smith: R.L. Meek, D.D. Raphael and P.G. Stein, eds, Adam Smith: Lectures on Jurisprudence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978). On Cannan’s politics and their context, see Burgin, The Great Persuasion, 12–54. 24. Edwin Cannan, “The Need for Simpler Economics,” Economic Journal 15 (September 1933), 378. Cannan’s skepticism of mathematics accorded with Marshall’s own position, which the latter expressed in 1901 when he counseled a former student to “(1) Use mathematics as a shorthand language rather than as an engine of inquiry. (2) Keep to them till you have done. (3) Translate into English. (4) Then illustrate by examples that are important in real life. (5). Burn the mathematics. (6) If you can’t succeed in (4) burn (3). This last I did often.” Quoted in Groenewegen, A Soaring Eagle, 413. 25. Petition for Divorce of PC Dobb, November 7, 1930, MHD, AA2. 26. Maurice Dobb, “What the Communist Party Has Meant to Me,” Labour Monthly, August 1940, 445. On the CPGB’s foundation, see James Klugmann, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain, Volume 1: Formation and Early Years, 1919–1924 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1968); Walter Kendall, The Revolutionary Movement in Britain 1900–1921: The Origins of British Communism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969); Keith Laybourn and Dylan Murphy, Under the Red Flag: A History of Communism in Britain, c.1849–1991 (Thrupp: Sutton Publishing, 1999), 37–47; and James Eaden and David Renton, The Communist Party of Great Britain since 1920 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 1–35. 27. Eaden and Renton, Communist Party, 8; George Orwell, A Collection of Essays (Orlando: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 1981), 235. 28. Scotland Yard, Home Office Warrant (September 1, 1923 to March 4, 1925), National Archives, London, Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), KV 2/1758, Maurice Dobb File. Dobb was far from the only subject of MI5’s attention. For this larger context, see James Smith, British Writers and MI5 Surveillance, 1930–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). 29. “Report on Organization: Presented By the Party Commission to the Annual Conference of the Communist Party of Great Britain,” October 7, 1922, MHD, F1. 30. Dobb, Shadow, 5. His autobiographical recollections in 1965 limited the discussion of religion to a passing reference to an “[o]rdinary religious 238 Notes to pp. 35–7

( non-conformist-Presbyterian)” childhood. Dobb, “Notes,” 115. On Christianity’s resilience in Britain, see Callum Brown, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation (London: Routledge, 2001); S.J.D. Green, The Passing of Protestant England: Secularisation and Social Change, c. 1920–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); and Jeremy Morris, “Secularization and Religious Experience: Arguments in the Historiography of Modern British Religion,” Historical Journal 55.1 (March 2012), 195–219. 31. Maurice Dobb, “Being Lesson No. 8. of a School of Workers,” 1919–1920?, DD1; Maurice Dobb, “Marxism: Mumbo-Jumbo or Science?,” Plebs, March 1927, 91. 32. Quoted in Macintyre, Proletarian Science, 138. Dobb recalled that in the 1920s while staying at “a South Wales miner’s household, there were his [Dietzgen’s] works ... in a prominent place and treated with reverence as a sacred text.” Quoted in Rée, 37. Given Dobb’s preference for the language of modernist social science over dialectics, it seems that, at least for part of their careers, Marshall was a better Hegelian than the Marxist Dobb. In the 1930s, though, Dobb complained that “What so many apparently ignore to-day is the lesson which Marshall was primarily concerned to teach in the Hegelian Principle of Continuity which he reiterated in the classic Preface to the first edition of his Principles (by comparison with which so much modern economic writing appears shallow and unsophisticated): that in the real world there are no hard and fast boundary lines, as there are in thought, and that discontinuity and continuity are inevitably entwined.” Dobb, Political Economy, 174. On workers’ affection for Dobb, see Macintyre, Proletarian Science, 102. Gareth Stedman Jones, “Thou Shalt Wage Class War,” London Review of Books 6.20 (November 1984), 14–16 supplies personal – and touching – reflections on Dietzgen-era socialism from the perspective of a participant in a later gen- eration’s activism. Dobb also continued his work with the Labour Research Department, even mounting a failed campaign to become its secretary. On the LRD’s relationship with the CPGB, see Kevin Morgan, Labour Legends and Russian Gold (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2006), 60–87. 33. Maurice Dobb, “The Webbs, The State, and the Workers,” Plebs, April 1923, 171. 34. Marx’s failure to complete Capital is famous, while the fifth edition of Marshall’s Principles suggested that it would be joined by three future works: National Industry and Trade; Money, Credit, and Employment; and “perhaps ... a third, which will treat of the ideal and the practicable in social and economic structure.” The last volume never appeared. Quoted in C.W. Guillebaud, “The Evolution of Marshall’s Principles of Economics,” Economic Journal 52.208 (December 1942), 339. 35. Maurice Dobb, “Marx and Marshall: A Study of the Relation of Bourgeois and Working-Class Economics,” Plebs, April 1922, 107. Dobb’s article anticipated a dream he would have many years later. In the dream, he told his student Ronald Meek, “[o]ne of the economics tutors at St. John’s, it appeared, was giving a sherry party (in an attic room somewhere above the chapel) for the Economics Faculty in order to introduce Karl Marx to Alfred Marshall. The party was apparently a great success: the two old men were talking together with tremendous animation and in perfect amity. The tutor who had organized the party, however, was not satisfied. ‘What a pity Sraffa isn’t here,’ he said to Dobb, ‘Marx would have been so interested in his Notes to pp. 37–43 239

new edition of Ricardo.’” R.L. Meek, “Maurice Herbert Dobb, 1900–1976,” Proceedings of the British Academy, 63 (1977), 343. On Dobb and Marshall, see Brian Pollitt, “The Collaboration of Maurice Dobb in Sraffa’s Edition of Ricardo,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 12.1 (March 1988), 57–8. 36. Harry Johnson, quoted in Dahrendorf, LSE, 213; John Maynard Keynes, introduction to Supply and Demand, by Hubert Henderson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), v. Johnson, incidentally, studied under Dobb while pursuing a PhD at Cambridge. On Cambridge economics in the 1920s, also see David Collard, “Cambridge after Marshall,” in Centenary Essays on Alfred Marshall, ed. John Whitaker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 164–90. 37. John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Biography (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1963), 141. 38. Maurice Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise and Social Progress (London: Routledge, 1925), v. 39. The shifting labels Dobb adopted when he discussed his subject in the aggregate indicate the difficulty even he confronted when he tried to hold the economic and the social in the same optic. “Society,” “economic society,” “economic system,” and “economy” all appear interchangeably. 40. Dobb, “Notes,” 117. 41. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 3. 42. Dobb’s first academic article bears the revealing title “The Entrepreneur Myth.” 43. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 25, 39. In fact, Dobb argued that the entrepreneur function would be more effectively realized outside of capitalism. Substantial inequality encouraged the production of goods to satisfy the demands of the wealthy, while neglecting the demands of the poor, generat- ing a surplus of luxury goods – in short, too many yachts, not enough food. 44. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 105, 112. For Keynes on Marshall, see Essays in Biography, 186–7. Technically, Lenin called imperialism “the highest stage of capitalism,” but he defined imperialism as “the monopoly stage of capitalism.” V.I. Lenin, “Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism,” in Selected Works, Vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1963), available at Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/. 45. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 85. 46. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 130. 47. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 114, 150. 48. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 289. 49. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 177. Dobb’s emphasis on medieval towns was a, perhaps unconscious, echo of Marshall, who, as Simon Cook has observed, found the origins of a dialectic “between freedom and physical organization” in precisely the same place and time. See Cook, Intellectual Foundations, 296–7. Capitalist Enterprise’s history expanded a shorter timeline (one that kicked off in the middle of the eighteenth century) he had used in a pamphlet written for the Labour Research Department in 1922. See Maurice Dobb, The Development of Capitalism: An Outline Study for Classes and Study Circles (London: Labour Research Department, 1922). 50. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 208, 221. 51. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 349. 240 Notes to pp. 43–9

52. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 389. 53. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 377. 54. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 334–5, 270, 100. 55. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 259, vii. 56. Abbott Payson Usher, “Review of Capitalist Enterprise and Social Progress,” American Economic Review 16.2 (June 1926), 276; J. Lemberger, “Review of Capitalist Enterprise and Social Progress,” Economic Journal 36.142 (June 1926), 234; Arthur Shadwell, “Economic Enterprise,” The Times Literary Supplement, September 17, 1925, 591. 57. Quoted in Howson, Robbins, 136; Lionel Robbins, “Dynamics of Capitalism,” Economica 16 (March 1926), 37, 39. 58. Robbins, “Dynamics,” 33; Maurice Dobb, “The Dynamics of Capitalism: A Reply,” Economica 17 (June 1926), 217. For more comprehensive critiques of dialectical reasoning, see Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: The Viking Press, 1965), 51–5; Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 57–9; and Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003), 58–9 and 236–7. 59. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 357. 60. Lionel Robbins, A History of Economic Thought: The LSE Lectures, eds Steven Medema and Warren Samuels (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 317. 61. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 257.

3 The Captain of His Earth

1. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 393; Maurice Dobb, “A Sceptical View of the Theory of Wages,” The Economic Journal 39.156 (December 1929), 506. 2. Hobsbawm, “Maurice Dobb,” 1; Wilfred Beckerman, Economic Careers: Economics and Economists in Britain, 1930–1970, ed. Keith Tribe (London: Routledge, 1997), 158. 3. “Marshallian Guild” is borrowed from Nahid Aslanbeigui and Guy Oakes, “The Twilight of the Marshallian Guild: The Culture of Cambridge Economics Circa 1930,” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 29.2 (June 2007), 255– 61. On the culture of Cambridge economics in this period, also see Maria Cristina Marcuzzo, Nerio Naldi and Eleonora Sanfilippo, “Cambridge as a Place in Economics,” History of Political Economy 40.4 (2008), 569–93. 4. Maurice Dobb to R. Palme Dutt, February 23, 1925, MHD, CB17. 5. Maurice Dobb to Austin Robinson, August 8, 1947, MHD, CB23. He recounted the same anecdote in Maurice Dobb, “Collected Keynes,” New Statesman (June 18, 1971), 850. 6. Maurice Dobb, “Report on Russian Visit: Forgotten Reply to Keynes,” 1925, MHD, DD16. 7. Dobb, “Report on Russian Visit.” 8. For the current academic consensus on early Soviet history, see S.A. Smith, “The Revolutions of 1917–1918,” Donald Raleigh, “The Russian Civil War, 1917–1922,” and Alan Ball, “Building a New State and Society: NEP, 1921– 1928,” all in The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol. 3: The Twentieth Century, ed. Ronald Suny (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) and Ronald Suny, The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States Notes to pp. 49–56 241

(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 47–231. There is still dispute over the legitimacy of the Soviet war scare, on which see John Sontag, “The Soviet War Scare of 1926–27,” Russian Review 34.1 (January 1975), 66–77. The response of Britain’s diplomats, as Jonathan Haslam has noted, included “ostracizing their Soviet counterparts – at Buckingham Palace garden parties they were left alone with their tea and sandwiches: a particularly devastat- ing device by which, it was hoped, their spirit would be broken.” Jonathan Haslam, The Vices of Integrity: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982 (London: Verso, 2000), 38. 9. Antonio Gramsci, “The Revolution Against Capital,” in Gramsci: Pre-Prison Writings, ed. Richard Bellamy, trans. Virginia Cox (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 39–42. 10. Dobb, Economic Theory and Socialism, 157. 11. Maurice Dobb to W. Paul, January 28, 1927, PRO, KV 2/1758, Maurice Dobb File; Maurice Dobb to Hugo Rathbone, February 15, 1927, KV 2/1758, Maurice Dobb File. 12. Maurice Dobb, Russian Economic Development since the Revolution (London: Routledge, 1928), x. 13. Dobb, Russian, 160. 14. Dobb, Russian, 7. 15. Dobb, Russian, 1; Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, ed. Gareth Stedman Jones, trans. Samuel Moore (New York: Penguin Books), 224. 16. Dobb, Russian, 142, 128. 17. Dobb, Russian, 4, 196. 18. Dobb, Russian, 290, 347, 400. 19. Dobb, Russian, 373, 374. 20. Raphael Samuel, Ewan MacColl, and Stuart Cosgrove, Theatres of the Left, 1880–1935: Workers’ Theatre Movements in Britain and America (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), 26. Dobb had quoted Toller before in a pamphlet released by the Plebs League on European history. See Maurice Dobb, An Outline Of European History: From the Decay of Feudalism to the Present Day (London: Plebs League, 1925), 45. 21. Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 259; Dobb, Russian, 56, 340. 22. Dobb later remarked that “What I evidently had in mind was some kind of mechanism of the Lange-Lerner type (as it later came to be called by economists), and treated NEP as an expression of this.” Maurice Dobb, “Commodity-Production Under Socialism,” in The Development of Socialist Economic Thought: Selected Essays by Maurice Dobb, ed. Brian Pollitt (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2008), 154. 23. Dobb, Russian, 339, 161, 382. 24. Dobb, Russian, 399. 25. William Langer, “Some Recent Books on International Relations,” Foreign Affairs 6.4 (July 1928), 689; “Russian Policies,” Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, March 10, 1928, 291; Nikolai Gubsky, “Russian Economic Development since the Revolution. by M. Dobb; Où va la Russie? by Simon Zagorsky,” Economic Journal 38.152 (December 1928), 616; S. P. Turin, “Review of Russian Economic Development since the Revolution,” Economica 23 (June 1928), 226, 224; Michael Florinsky, “Review of Russian Economic Development since the Revolution,” Political Science Quarterly 44.4 (December 1929), 599, 597–8. 242 Notes to pp. 56–60

26. Charles Trevelyan to Maurice Dobb, May 23, 1928, MHD, CA221. 27. Maurice Dobb to R. Palme Dutt, May 20, 1925, MHD, CB17; John Maynard Keynes to Maurice Dobb, August 22, 1927, MHD, CA105. Keynes had already published his own evaluation of the subject: A Short View of Russia (London: Hogarth Press, 1925). 28. John Maynard Keynes to Maurice Dobb, May 17, 1928, MHD, CA105; Keynes to Dobb, August 27, MHD, CA105. 29. Maurice Dobb, Russian Economic Development since the Revolution (London: Routledge, 1929), 422, 426. On the difficulties of identifying kulaks – difficulties analogous to the problems Dobb had specifying the middle class in Capitalist Enterprise – see Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 122–3. 30. Quoted in Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 12; quoted in Suny, Soviet Experiment, 72; Dobb, Russian, 388, 375. The Shakhty trials are often cited as the first show trials, but for earlier precedents, see Robert Argenbright, “Marking NEP’s Slippery Path: The Krasnoshchekov Show Trial,” Russian Review 61.2 (April 2002), 249–75. 31. Maurice Dobb, Wages (London: Nisbet and Co., 1928). 32. Quoted in Pollitt, “Collaboration of Maurice Dobb,” 62. Dobb had referred to the then-unpublished manuscript of Sraffa’s “Sulle Relazioni Tra Costo e Quantità Prodotta” in a footnote to Capitalist Enterprise. Capitalist Enterprise, fn. 1, 88. But, as he later remarked, at the time “he was far from appreciating, still less emphasizing, its fuller significance.” Maurice Dobb, Political Economy and Capitalism, 193. On Sraffa, see Terenzio Cozzi and Roberto Marchionatti, eds, Piero Sraffa’s Political Economy: A Centenary Estimate (London: Routledge, 2001); Heinz Kurz, Luigi Pasinetti and Neri Salvadori, eds, Piero Sraffa: The Man and the Scholar (London: Routledge, 2008); and Alessandro Roncaglia, Piero Sraffa (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). As this abundant literature suggests, though Sraffa is little known today among mainstream economists, this is chiefly a consequence of the widespread ignorance among practicing economists of their discipline’s past. Sraffa has many followers among the heterodox, where statements like the opening of Roncaglia’s biography – ”Piero Sraffa is, together with Keynes, probably the greatest economist of the twentieth century” – are not uncommon. Roncaglia, Sraffa, viii. 33. Quoted in Giorgio Napolitano, “Sraffa and Gramsci: A Recollection,” in Piero Sraffa: The Man and the Scholar, eds Heinz Kurz, Luigi Pasinetti, and Neri Salvadori (London: Routledge, 2008), 243; Nerio Naldi, “Two Notes on Piero Sraffa and Antonia Gramsci,” Cambridge Journal of Economics, first published online July 28, 2011, http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/ content/early/2011/07/28/ cje.ber014.full. On Sraffa’s relationship with Gramsci, also see Amartya Sen, “Sraffa, Wittgenstein, and Gramsci,” Journal of Economic Literature 41.4 (December 2003), 1240–55. For the potential timing and location of Dobb’s first encounter with Sraffa, see Nerio Naldi, “Piero Sraffa’s Early Approach to Political Economy: From the Gymnasium to the Beginning of his Academic Career,” in Piero Sraffa’s Political Economy: A Centenary Estimate, eds. Terenzio Cozzi and Roberto Marchionatti (London: Routledge, 2001), 28. It is possible that Sraffa and Dobb met earlier in a course on value theory Edwin Cannan was teaching at the LSE in the summer of 1921. Notes to pp. 60–5 243

34. Piero Sraffa, “The Laws of Returns Under Competitive Conditions,” Economic Journal 36.144 (December 1926), 535–50 and “Sulle Relazioni Tra Costo e Quantità Prodotta,” Annali di Economia 2 (1925), 277–328; English translation by John Eatwell and Alessandro Roncaglia, “On the Relations Between Cost and Quantity Produced,” in Italian Economic Papers, Vol. 3, ed. Luigi Pasinetti (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 323–63. 35. Quoted in Kadish, Historians, 175. 36. Sraffa, “Returns,” 541. 37. Piero Sraffa, “Increasing Returns and the Representative Firm,” The Economic Journal 40.157 (March 1930), 93. For a sample of the debate over Sraffa, see Heinz Kurz, ed., Critical Essays on Piero Sraffa’s Legacy in Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). 38. Dobb, “Sceptical,” 514, 515. 39. Dobb, “Sceptical,” 519. 40. Maurice Dobb, “Thoughts on May and October,” Plebs, May 1926, 171. 41. V.I. Lenin, “Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder,” in Collected Works, Vol. 31 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964), available at Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/. It is worth noting that Dobb’s position stood nineteenth-century Marxist orthodoxy on its head. The general strike had originally been an anarchist tactic – Mikhail Bakunin had endorsed it, while Marx and Engels, believing that any working-class movement capable of organizing such a protest could just take state power directly, opposed it. See Frederick Engels, “The Bakunists at Work: An Account of the Spanish Revolt in the Summer of 1873,” Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Vol. 23 (London: Progress Publishers, 1988), 581–98. The 1926 General Strike has received surprisingly little attention from historians of twentieth-century Britain. Alastair Reid and Steven Tolliday, “The General Strike, 1926,” Historical Journal 20.4 (December 1977), 1001–12 summarizes the early literature, while Keith Laybourn, The General Strike of 1926 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993) offers the fullest available treatment. For a journalist’s narrative, see Anne Perkins, A Very British Strike: 3 May–12 May 1926 (London: Pan Macmillan, 2007). 42. Hobsbawm, “Maurice Dobb,” 4. 43. Maurice Dobb, “The First General Strike,” Plebs, June 1926, 206; Maurice Dobb, “How Are We to Prepare for ‘Next Time’?,” Plebs, September 1926, 310. 44. Eley, Forging Democracy, 48. For an alternative to Eley’s focus on labor as the prime mover in the making of social democracy, see Timothy Mitchell, Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil (New York: Verso, 2011), esp. 12–42. 45. Maurice Dobb, “Political Power,” 1924–1926?, MHD, DD15. 46. Maurice Dobb, “Working Class Politics,” 1926–1928?, DD25; Dobb, “Com- munism,” DD14; Maurice Dobb, “The Revolution in Art and Literature,” Plebs, November 1927, 366. Dobb listed among the defects of “bourgeois art” an “introvert preciosity and tendency to mysticism.” He might have cringed to remember of his own youthful experiments with fiction. 47. Quoted in Macintyre, Proletarian Science, 234. 48. Maurice Dobb, “Labour Research,” Labour Monthly, December 1925, 749–54. 49. Dobb, “Economics?,” MHD, DD18; Dobb, “Mumbo-Jumbo,” 90. 50. He had, for example, lamented that “classical political economy failed to take into account” the influence of class and called for a “new Cameralism – 244 Notes to pp. 65–70

a science of community-housekeeping which shall be more comprehensive than the political economy of the past.” Dobb, Capitalist Enterprise, 13, 399. 51. Wittgenstein did not leave quickly enough to avoid irritating Phyllis. When asked by a friend “what did Wittgenstein do?” Phyllis is said to have responded “he bangs the lavatory door at three in the morning, that’s what he does.” Brian Pollitt, interview by author, telephone, January 26, 2009. There is some evidence of Wittgenstein’s influence over the man who pro- vided him temporary housing in Dobb’s article on wages, where he cau- tions that “traditional empiricism in Anglo-Saxon countries ... can lull us into thinking that we understand the words that we are using when we actually do not – into resting our thought on a number of assumptions which we have not explored and of which we may not even be aware.” Dobb, “Sceptical,” 506. As for Wittgenstein, his stay at Dobb’s house led MI5 to suspect that he was a Communist fellow traveller. “Secrets in Brief,” Guardian, March 3, 2000, 11. 52. Maurice Dobb to Barbara Nixon, 1930?, MHD, CA40, 1; Barbara Nixon to Maurice Dobb, Undated, MHD, CA40, 190; Barbara Nixon to Maurice Dobb, May 7, 1929, MHD, CA40. 53. Barbara Nixon to Maurice Dobb, August 14, 1928, MHD, CA40; Barbara Nixon to Maurice Dobb, Undated, MHD, CA40, 216, 454. 54. Barbara Nixon to Maurice Dobb, Undated, MHD, CA40, 408–9, 465. 55. Barbara Nixon to Maurice Dobb, September 6, 1929, MHD, CA40, 465. 56. Barbara Nixon to Maurice Dobb, 1928?, MHD, CA40, 224.

4 Marxism Today

1. “Lords’ Complaints of Propaganda,” The Times, March 20, 1931, 7; Maurice Dobb, “A Debate In The Lords,” The Times, March 30, 1931, 8. Rough tran- scripts of the debates are available at http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/. 2. John McIlroy, “The Establishment of Intellectual Orthodoxy and the Stalinization of British Communism, 1928–1933,” Past and Present 192.1 (August 2006), 187–230. For a lengthier survey, see also Matthew Worley, Class Against Class: The Communist Party in Britain Between the Wars (London: I.B. Tauris and Co., 2002). Matthew Worley, Norman LaPorte, and Kevin Morgan, eds, Bolshevism, Stalinism and the Comintern: Perspective on Stalinization, 1917– 53 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) supplies a comparative perspective. 3. Quoted in McIlroy, “Stalinization,” 198. For the title of “Chairman,” see Dobb, “What the Communist Party,” 446. 4. Quoted in John Callaghan, Rajani Palme Dutt: A Study in British Stalinism (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1993), 133. 5. “Hencherson” to Modern Books, November 21, 1930, PRO, KV 2/1758, Maurice Dobb File. 6. Maurice Dobb, “The Influence of Marxism on English Thought,” September 29, 1947, MHD, DD111; John Maynard Keynes, The End of Laissez-Faire (London: Hogarth Press, 1927), 5. Richard Overy, The Twilight Years: The Paradox of Britain Between the Wars (New York: Viking, 2009), 50–92 and Paul Flewers, The New Civilisation?: Understanding Stalin’s Soviet Union, 1929–1941 (London: Francis Boutle, 2008) detail planning’s rising popularity in the 1930s. For a historical reconstruction of anti-fascism from the perspective of a participant-observer, Notes to pp. 70–7 245

see Eric Hobsbawm, How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism, 1840–2011 (London: Little, Brown, 2011), 261–313. But for a more critical evaluation, see Samuel Moyn, “Intellectuals and Nazism,” The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 671–91. 7. Quoted in Angus Burgin, “The Radical Conservatism of Frank H. Knight,” Modern Intellectual History 6.3 (November 2009), 514. 8. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Adventures of the Dialectic, trans. Joseph Biren (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973), 30–58; Maurice Dobb, On Marxism Today (London: Hogarth Press, 1932), 7. Merleau-Ponty did not coin the term “Western Marxism,” but he did popularize it. Dobb’s explicit references to totality – a frequent theme in his work – cast doubt on Martin Jay’s claim that “Aside from several suggestive references to culture as a ‘whole way of life’ in the early works of Williams, totality did not really enter the English debate until the Althusserian wave of the 1970s.” Martin Jay, Marxism and Totality: The Adventures of a Concept from Lukács to Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 4 fn.7. 9. Dobb, Marxism, 14, 21–2, 45. 10. Hobsbawm, “Maurice Dobb,” 1. 11. “Nothing about Marxism in ‘Marxism To-Day,” Daily Worker, June 10, 1932, MHD, CC2. 12. Quoted in McIlroy, “Stalinization,” 220. 13. Maurice Dobb, “A Reply Which Confirms Our Criticism,” Daily Worker, July 26, 1932, MHD, CC2. 14. “Dobb’s False Basis,” Daily Worker, July 26, 1932, MHD, CC2. 15. Hugo Rathbone, “Marxism Vulgarised,” Communist Review, July 1932, MHD, CC2. 16. “Sub-Committee Report,” Undated, Communist Party Great Britain, Cambridge, MHD, CC2. 17. Maurice Dobb, Untitled, MHD, CC2. 18. Robert McIlhone, “The Paradox of Maurice Dobb,” Communist Review, September 1932, MHD, CC2. 19. Quoted in McIlroy, “Stalinization,” 223. Dutt’s article was an elaboration of the message he had delivered earlier in his letter on the “role of intellectuals.” 20. Quoted in McIlroy, “Stalinization,” 219. 21. Dobb, “What the Communist Party,” 446. 22. Dobb, “Notes,” 118. 23. Maurice Dobb, “Britain Without Capitalists,” January 12, 1937, MHD, DD65; Anonymous, Britain Without Capitalists (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1936), 1, 41, 15; Maurice Dobb, “Communism: For and Against,” Listener, March 29 1933, 486. 24. Dobb to Harry Pollitt, Undated, PRO, KV 2/1758, Maurice Dobb File. Dobb was more right than he knew. Pollitt supported him, but Dutt continued to marginalize his contributions. In March 1935, Dutt had pleaded with a Soviet economist to review John Strachey’s recently released The Nature of Capitalist Crisis, remarking that the CPGB had “no one in our ranks fully competent enough in economic theory.” Quoted in Callaghan, Dutt, 149. 25. Cambridge Exhibition on Fascism and War, 1935, MHD, E4. For background, see Martin Ceadel, “The First Communist ‘Peace Society’: The British Anti-War Movement, 1932–1935,” Twentieth Century British History 1.1 (January 1990), 58–86. 246 Notes to pp. 77–80

26. Dobb, like many others, paid close attention to Hitler’s rise. On September 14 1930, he was even able to notify John Strachey and Celia Simpson (later Strachey’s wife) that the Nazis had become the second-largest party in the Reichstag when he encountered the couple on a train in Kharkov while all three were visiting the Soviet Union. Hugh Thomas, John Strachey (New York: Harper and Row, 1973), 88. 27. Kevin Morgan has been especially valuable, and prolific, on the British Popular Front. See Morgan, Labour Legends; Kevin Morgan, Against Fascism and War: Ruptures and Continuities in British Communist Politics, 1935–41 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989); and Kevin Morgan, The Webbs and Soviet Communism (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2006). For a thoughtful reflection on the career of the Popular Front in the United States that has some relevance for Britain, see Michael Denning, The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York: Verso, 1997). 28. Maurice Dobb, “Notes on National Liberation and Marxism,” 1935, MHD, DD56. There are surprising parallels here with James Kloppenberg’s examination of pragmatism and democracy in Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870–1920 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). 29. Maurice Dobb, “Some Aspects of Recent Communist Policy and Theory,” October 27, 1938, MHD, DD75. 30. Dobb, “Aspects.” On Stalinism, see, in addition to Sheila Fitzpatrick’s Everyday Stalinism, Kotkin’s Magnetic Mountain on industrialization and Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010) on agricultural collectivization. 31. Harry Pollitt, Serving My Time: An Apprenticeship to Politics (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1940), 149; Maurice Dobb, “The Significance of the Five Year Plan,” The Slavonic and East European Review, 10.28 (June 1931), 81. 32. Maurice Dobb, Soviet Russia and the World (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1932), 106–7. 33. Dobb, Soviet Russia, 140. On positive and negative liberty, see Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), 118–172 and, for a reconsideration of Berlin’s problematic, Eric Nelson, “Liberty: One Concept Too Many?,” Political Theory 33.1 (February 2005), 58–78. 34. Dobb, Soviet Russia, 173. 35. Snyder, Bloodlands, 56. For Britain’s encounter with Stalinism, see Francis Beckett, Stalin’s British Victims: The Story of Rosa Rust (London: The History Press, 2004). Rosa Rust was the daughter of William Rust, one of the lead persecutors against Dobb in the campaign inspired by On Marxism Today. Hugo Rathbone’s sister-in-law, Rose Cohen, died in the purges. 36. Quoted in Overy, Twilight, 294; Raphael Samuel, The Lost World of British Communism (Verso: London, 2006), 134; Jackson, Equality and the British Left, 94; Quoted in David Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 5. 37. “Programme of the Study Group of The League Against Imperialism,” 1930– 1931, MHD, H5. For a brief discussion of Philby, see Christopher Andrew, Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (New York: Vintage Books, 2010), 167–8. There is a substantial popular literature on Philby and his fellow Notes to pp. 80–2 247

members of the Cambridge Five, including John le Carré’s excellent Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1974). For a recent scholarly consideration see S.J. Hamrick, Deceiving the Deceivers: Kim Philby, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004). Philby pro- vided his side of the story in My Silent War: The Autobiography of a Spy (London: Macgibbon and Kee, 1968). Dobb insisted that he never saw Philby again, a claim supported by his later behavior, including publicly grumbling in 1934 that it was a “Pity Kim never joined the Party.” Quoted in Phillip Knightley, The Master Spy: The Story of Kim Philby (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), 45. 38. Dobb, “Notes,” 119. 39. Maurice Dobb, “Keynes on Money,” in The Cambridge Mind: Ninety Years of the Cambridge Review, 1879–1969, eds Eric Homberger, William Janeway, and Simon Schama (London: Jonathan Cape Ltd, 1970), 44. For recent evalua- tions of Keynes and his circus, see Luigi Pasinetti, Keynes and the Cambridge Keynesians: A ‘Revolution in Economics’ to be Accomplished (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) and the essays collected in Roger Backhouse and Bradley Bateman, eds, The Cambridge Companion to Keynes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) and Robert Diamond, Robert Mundell and Alessandro Vercelli, eds, Keynes’s General Theory After Seventy Years (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). Among older works, Elizabeth Johnson and Harry Johnson, The Shadow of Keynes: Understanding Keynes, Cambridge, and Keynesian Economics (Oxford: Basic Blackwell, 1978) is especially perceptive, while Peter Clarke, The Keynesian Revolution in the Making, 1924–1936 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988) draws important attention to the relationship between Keynes’s theory and his political practices. The rigorous excavation of the debates surrounding The General Theory and the contemporary Cambridge fixation on imperfect competition has made G.L.S. Shackle, The Years of High Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967) a touchstone, but also see David Laidler, Fabricating the Keynesian Revolution: Studies of the Inter-war Literature on Money, the Cycle, and Unemployment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Peter Hall, ed., The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism Across Nations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989) surveys Keynesianism’s political consequences. Maria Marcuzzo and Annalisa Rosselli, eds, Economists in Cambridge: A Study through their Correspondence, 1907–1946 (New York: Routledge, 2005) does not live up to its ambitious title, but the letters open a window on the discussion at Cambridge spurred by The General Theory. 40. Quoted in David Felix, Biography of an Idea: John Maynard Keynes and the General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1995), 106. 41. E.A.G. Robinson, “Keynes and His Cambridge Colleagues,” in Keynes, Cambridge, and The General Theory: The Process of Criticism and Discussion Connected with the Development of The General Theory, eds Don Patinkin and J. Clark Leith (London: Macmillan Press, 1977), 27. On The Economics of Imperfect Competition, see Nahid Aslanbeigui and Guy Oakes, The Provocative Joan Robinson: The Making of a Cambridge Economist (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 86–155. 42. Maurice Dobb, “A Few Notes for Discussion Concerning the Keynes Theory,” February 1938, MHD, DE8. In Dobb’s words, The General Theory “was seldom 248 Notes to pp. 82–7

comprehensible except to specialists who had followed a particular discussion about price-levels and the causes of unemployment over the previous six to ten years. I couldn’t understand what it was driving at for some time; and it’s supposed to be my job to teach it!” Maurice Dobb to Andrew Rothstein, January 23, 1946, MHD, CB24. 43. Here, Dobb was expressing a view with a lineage in Marxism that reached back to Engels, who observed that an active state “can do great damage to the economic development and result in the squandering of great masses of energy and material.” Quoted in György Lukács, History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1972), 281. I thank Daniel Luban for bringing this to my attention. 44. Maurice Dobb, “An Economist From Poland,” Daily Worker, March 22 1939, 8. Or, as Dobb put it in a letter, he preferred Kalecki to Keynes because the former presented “many of the same ideas from a different approach, and in more rigorous & precise and (to my mind) clearer form.” Maurice Dobb to Andrew Rothstein, January 23, 1946, MHD, CB24. For an introduction to Kalecki, see Julio López and Michaël Assous, Michał Kalecki (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). 45. Ronald Meek, “PORTRAIT: Maurice Dobb,” Challenge 22.5 (November/December 1979), 61–2. 46. Dobb, “Notes,” 119. An Introduction to Economics had a healthy afterlife and, in Spanish translation, is still used occasionally in Latin America today. 47. Dobb, Political Economy, vii. Throughout, I rely on the revised edition of Political Economy. The changes to the previous edition were minor, and what emendations Dobb made better reflect his settled conclusions. 48. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1997), xii; Maurice Dobb, An Introduction to Economics (London: Gollancz, 1932), 132. 49. Seemingly countless scholars have followed Marx into this rabbit hole. For a summary, see Meghnad Desai, “The Transformation Problem,” Journal of Economic Surveys 2.4 (December 1988), 295–333. 50. Dobb, Political Economy, 15, 8. Amartya Sen, “On the Labour Theory of Value: Some Methodological Issues,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 2.2 (June 1978), 175–190 briefly explains Dobb’s view and then supplies a longer justification of the labor theory of value’s descriptive utility. Dobb revisited the transformation problem in Economic Theory and Socialism, 273–281. 51. Dobb, Political Economy, 34. 52. Dobb, Political Economy, 52. 53. Dobb, Political Economy, 62, 78. 54. See M.C. Howard and J.E. King, A History of Marxian Economics: Volume 2, 1929–1990 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 18; Dobb, Political Economy, 121. 55. Dobb, Political Economy, 130–1, 183, 184. Dobb had gentler words for Marshall who, he wrote, “had sufficient philosophic background to appreciate some- thing of the complex character of the relation between abstract ideas and reality and to be anxious to keep his feet planted on the ground.” Dobb, Political Economy, 174. 56. Dobb, Political Economy, 133. 57. Dobb, Political Economy, 185. Notes to pp. 87–91 249

58. Dobb, Political Economy, 237, 251. 59. Maurice Dobb, In Soviet Russia, Autumn 1930 (London: Modern Books, 1931), 5. 60. Dobb, Political Economy, 314, 336, 299. 61. Dobb’s major discussions of the question outside Political Economy include Maurice Dobb, “Economic Theory and the Problems of a Socialist Economy,” Economic Journal 43 (December 1933), 588–98; “Economic Theory and Socialist Economy, A Reply,” Review of Economic Studies 2 (February 1935), 144–51; and “A Note on Saving and Investment in a Socialist Economy,” Economic Journal 49 (December 1939), 713–28. For context, see Bruce Caldwell, “Hayek and Socialism,” Journal of Economic Literature 35 (December 1997), 1856–90; Don Lavoie, Rivalry and Central Planning: The Socialist Calculation Debate Reconsidered (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); and, though it intentionally sidesteps the socialist calculation debate, Bockman, Markets in the Name of Socialism, 17–75. 62. Dobb, Political Economy, 292. He later admitted that his change of position was connected to a desire to follow the party line. Dobb, “Commodity- Production Under Socialism,” 154. It is worth noting that Soviet economists were among the victims of what one scholar has termed “the heady and repressive atmosphere of the thirties,” when many of them were impris- oned, exiled, or executed. Pekka Sutela, Economic Thought and Reform in the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 29. Also see Naum Jasny, Soviet Economists of the Twenties: Names to be Remembered (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972). 63. Dobb, Political Economy, 316, 318, 19. Dobb echoed Engels’s announcement in Anti-Dühring that socialism promised “the conversion of political rule over men into an administration of things.” Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring: Herr Dühring’s Revolution in Science, Second Edition (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959), 283. This was not the first time Dobb’s language closely tracked Engels’s. Note, for example, the parallels between the latter’s insistence that under socialism “the whole sphere of the conditions of life which environ man, and which have hitherto ruled man, now comes under the dominion and control of man, who for the first time becomes the real, conscious lord of nature” with the rhetoric of Russian Economic Development since 1917. Engels, Anti-Dühring, 390. Engels’s influence highlights the extent to which Dobb’s Marx was really Marx as mediated by Engels. 64. Oskar Lange, “Review of Political Economy and Capitalism: Some Essays in Economic Tradition,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue canadienne d’Economique et de Science Politique 4.2 (May 1938), 267, 263; Abba Lerner, “From Vulgar Political Economy to Vulgar Marxism,” Journal of Political Economy 47.4 (August 1939), 557–67. 65. Maurice Dobb to C. Franklin, June 9, 1950, MHD, CA189. Perhaps revealingly, Dobb did not let Sraffa read Political Economy until he was ready to send it off for publication. 66. Dobb, Political Economy, 337–8; Maurice Dobb, “Economic Planning in the Soviet Union,” Science and Society 6.4 (Fall 1942), 305. 67. Dobb, “Aspects,” DD75. 68. Quoted in Laybourn and Murphy, Red Flag, 107. 69. Maurice Dobb, “Socialist Movement and War,” Winter 1939–1940, MHD, DD80; Dobb, “What the Communist Party,” 446. 250 Notes to pp. 92–100

70. Published as Maurice Dobb, “Lenin,” Slavonic and East European Review, 19.53/54 (1939–1940), 34–54. 71. Dobb, “Lenin,” 46. 72. Quoted in Dobb, “Lenin,” 54; quoted in Jackson, Equality and the British Left, 93.

5 Developments

1. Borough of Cambridge Civil Defence Handbook, September 1942, MHD, AC2, 3, 4, 8–10, 20, 40. 2. Maurice Dobb to Barbara Dobb, 1943, MHD, CB8. 3. Maurice Dobb to Barbara Dobb, “Thursday,” MHD, CB8; Maurice Dobb to Barbara Dobb, “Tuesday,” MHD, CB8. 4. Barbara Nixon, Raiders Overhead: A Diary of the London Blitz (London: Scholar Press, 1980), 22, 42–3, 175. 5. Maurice Dobb to Barbara Dobb, “Thursday,” MHD, CB8. 6. A.A. Wokey[?], PRO, KV 2/1758, Maurice Dobb File. 7. Maurice Dobb, “Soviet Foreign Policy,” 1943–1944?, MHD, DD98. 8. Maurice Dobb, Soviet Economy and the War (London: Routledge, 1941), 4; Maur ice Dobb, Soviet Planning and Labor in Peace and War (New York: International Publishers, 1943), 124. 9. Maurice Dobb, U.S.S.R.: Her Life and Her People (London: University of London Press, 1943), 134–5, 127, 136. 10. Maurice Dobb, “War Economy,” 1940–1942?, MHD, DD86. See also Maurice Dobb, “Aspects of British ‘War Economy,’” Labour Monthly, February 1940, 89–98. 11. Maurice Dobb, “Teaching Methods,” Early 1940s?, MHD, DD84. 12. Prue Kerr, “Joan Robinson and Maurice Dobb on Marx,” Contributions to Political Economy 26.1 (2007), 71–92 elucidates this debate. For its exten- sion, see G.C. Harcourt and J.A.T.R. Araujo, “Accumulation and the Rate of Profit: Reflections on the Correspondence Between Maurice Dobb, Joan Robinson, and Gerald Shove,” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 15.1 (March 1993), 1–30. For Kalecki’s influence on Robinson and background on her life more generally, see Geoffrey Harcourt and Prue Kerr, Joan Robinson (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Aslanbeigui and Oakes’s The Provocative Joan Robinson provides a savvy analysis of Robinson’s ascent. 13. Quoted in Kerr, “Joan Robinson and Maurice Dobb on Marx,” 72. 14. Christopher Hill, The English Revolution, 1640 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1940). Alastair MacLachlan, The Rise and Fall of Revolutionary England: An Essay in the Fabrication of Seventeenth-Century History (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996) is a thoughtful – and, considering its title, sympathetic – consideration of Hill’s career and its context. On the debate sparked by Hill’s essay, its effect on Studies and the Development of Capitalism, and its relevance for the Brenner debate of the 1970s, along with compelling reflections on the limitations of capitalism as a category of analysis, see Tribe, Genealogies of Capitalism, 1–34. 15. The essay appeared under the pseudonym “P.F.” England in 1940 was not an ideal context for an author with a name like “Jürgen Kuczynski,” even when the author in question was a Jewish refugee. 16. For his entry, see Maurice Dobb, “The English Revolution,” Labour Monthly, February 1941, 91–2. Christopher Hill, “Soviet Interpretations of the English Notes to pp. 100–1 251

Interregnum,” Economic History Review 8.2 (May 1938), 159–67 gives a sense of some of the other major Soviet influences. 17. On the Historians’ Group, see Eric Hobsbawm, “The Historians’ Group of the Communist Party,” in Rebels and their Causes: Essays in Honour of A.L. Morton, ed. Maurice Cornforth (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1979), 21–48; Bill Schwarz, “‘The People’ in History: The Communist Party Historians’ Group, 1946–56,” in Making Histories: Studies in History-Writing and Politics, eds Richard Johnson, Gregor McLennan, Bill Schwarz and David Sutton (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), 44–95; Gertrude Himmelfarb, “The Group,” New Republic, February 10, 1986, 28–36; Dennis Dworkin, Cultural Marxism in Postwar Britain: History, the New Left, and the Origins of Cultural Studies (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), 10–44; and David Renton, “Studying Their Own Nation Without Insularity? The British Marxist Historians Reconsidered,” Science and Society 69.4 (October 2005), 559–79. David Parker, ed., Ideology, Absolutism, and the English Revolution: Debates of the British Communist Historians, 1940–1956 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2008) includes a valuable selection of minutes from the Group’s meetings. The launching of the Historians’ Group can be seen as an early stage in the establishment of what Joel Isaac has termed a “theoretical subculture.” See Joel Isaac, “Tangled Loops: Theory, History, and the Human Sciences in Modern America,” Modern Intellectual History 6.2 (August 2009), 397–424. It was also a late realization of Dobb’s proposal that intellectuals in the CPGB form caucuses based on their specializations, a suggestion that had outraged Dutt in the 1930s. 18. These figures are often celebrated as “the British Marxist Historians.” Harvey Kaye, The British Marxist Historians: An Introductory Analysis (St. Martin’s Press: New York, 1995) provides the most compelling argument for thinking of the five as a coherent group. But Bryan Palmer’s “Reasoning Rebellion: E.P. Thompson, British Marxist Historians, and the Making of Dissident Political Mobilization,” Labour/Le Travail 50 (Fall 2002), 187–216 offers the salutary warning that the label – itself probably an American invention not coined until after the release of Thompson’s The Making of The English Working Class in 1963 – can obscure the real differences that separated this supposedly united enterprise. 19. Which is not to say that members of the Historians’ Group did not impose their own boundaries on acceptable thought. See, for example, the experience of Victor Kiernan detailed in MacLachlan, Revolutionary England, 117–121. 20. Maurice Dobb to Andrew Rothstein, January 24, 1946, MHD, CB24. 21. He also cites the book: Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963), 253, fn. 2. This edition of Studies is still the most widely accessible, and it is the version that I refer to throughout this chapter, unless a passage appears only in the first edition. The title of Studies also reached back to a pamphlet he had written in 1922 for the Labour Research Department, The Development of Capitalism: An Outline Course for Classes and Study Circles. 22. Dobb, Studies, 65. Dobb sent a copy of Studies to E.A. Kosminsky, the Russian historian who most shaped his approach. According to Dobb, Kosminsky praised it highly. Maurice Dobb to Andrew Rothstein, December 18, 1947, MHD, CB24. 252 Notes to pp. 102–13

23. Dobb, Studies, viii. 24. On the emergence of the concept of capitalism, see Howard Brick, Transcending Capitalism: Visions of a New Society in Modern American Thought (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006), 23–53. For a survey of the term’s more recent uses, see Jürgen Kocka, “Writing the History of Capitalism,” (paper presented at the German Historical Institute, Washington D.C., April 29, 2010), www.ghi-dc.org/files/publications/bulletin/bu047/bu47_007.pdf. 25. Dobb, Studies, 13; Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, 219. 26. Dobb, Studies, 14, 36. 27. Dobb, Studies, 2, 10. On the extent of post-capitalist politics at mid-century – though with a focus on the United States – see Brick, Transcending Capitalism. 28. Dobb, Studies, 15. 29. Emile Burns, “The Story of Capitalism,” Communist Review, November 1946, 29–31. 30. Dobb, Studies, 65. 31. Dobb, Studies, 46. 32. Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 3, trans. David Fernbach (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 452. 33. Dobb, Studies, 89. 34. Dobb, Studies, 123, 134, 143. 35. Dobb, Studies, 172. 36. The term “primitive accumulation” is an English translation of Marx, itself a translation not of Capital in the original German but of Joseph Roy’s French version. To further complicate matters, Marx’s “ursprüngliche Akkumulation” was a translation of Adam Smith’s “previous accumulation.” In Smith’s words, “the accumulation of stock must, in the nature of things, be previous to the division of labour.” Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: The Modern Library, 1994), 300. Smith’s account of “previous accumulation,” though, eschews Marx’s emphasis on violence and theft – of capital “dripping from head to toe, from every pore, with blood and dirt.” Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 1, trans. Ben Fowkes (New York: Penguin Books, 1990), 926. I thank Brian Pollitt for alerting me to this circuitous history. 37. Dobb, Studies, 180–1. 38. See Dobb, Studies, 210, 208, 42. Technically, Dobb restricts his examination of slavery to part of one paragraph. Dobb cites a quotation from Williams’s Capitalism and Slavery in this passage, but he does not discuss the book itself. 39. Dobb, Studies, 214. 40. Dobb, Studies, 256. 41. Dobb, Studies, 260, 298, 308. 42. Dobb, Studies, 300, 309, 299. 43. Dobb, Studies, 310, 319. 44. Dobb, Studies, 323–4. 45. Dobb, Studies, 353, 357. 46. Dobb, Studies, 376. 47. Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1946), 386. 48. Rodney Hilton to Maurice Dobb, October 4, 1946?, MHD, CA80, and Christopher Hill to Maurice Dobb, October 8, 1946, MHD, CA 79; Rodney Hilton, “Dobb as Historian,” Labour Monthly, January 1947, 29; Christopher Notes to pp. 113–19 253

Hill, “Historians on the Rise of Capitalism,” Science and Society 14.4 (Fall 1950), 315; Hobsbawm, “The Historians’ Group,” 23, 38. Both Hilton and Hill also reviewed Studies for the party journal Modern Quarterly. 49. Quoted in Parker, Ideology, 11. 50. Hobsbawm’s “Age” series comes closest, but even that confines itself to the comparatively brief period from the French Revolution to the collapse of the Soviet Union. 51. Edward Kahn, “Capitalism in History,” The Times Literary Supplement, December 21, 1946, 630. 52. Karl Polanyi, “Review of Studies in the Development of Capitalism,” Journal of Economic History 8.2 (November 1948), 206–7. 53. R. H. Tawney, “Review of Studies in the Development of Capitalism,” Economic History Review 2.3 (1950), 309. 54. Tawney, “Review,” 307, 311, 315, 316. 55. Maurice Dobb, “What the Communist Party,” 446. 56. Maurice Dobb, Soviet Economic Development since 1917 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966), 33, 1. Like Studies, Soviet Economic Development went through many editions. And, as with Studies, I cite the more readily available later edition, except for those passages only available in the first. 57. Dobb, Soviet, 2. 58. Dobb, Soviet, 2–3. 59. For Keynes’s influence on development economics, including the Harrod- Domar equation, whose importance to the study of growth Dobb empha- sized, see Johnson, Shadow, 227–33. The influence of Roy Harrod’s Towards a Dynamic Economics (London: Macmillan and Co., 1948) on Dobb’s typology is especially significant. On the new politics of the economy, see Timothy Mitchell, “Fixing the Economy,” Cultural Studies 12.1 (1998), 82–101; Adam Tooze, “Imagining National Economies,” in Imagining Nations, ed. Geoffrey Cubitt (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 212–28; Alain Desrosières, “Managing the Economy: The State, The Market, and Statistics,” in The Cambridge History of Science, Vol. 7: Modern Social Sciences, ed. Theodore Porter and Dorothy Ross (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 553– 64; Daniel Breslau, “Economics Invents the Economy: Mathematics, Statistics, and Models in the Work of Irving Fisher and Wesley Mitchell,” Theory and Society 32.3 (June 2003), 379–411; and Margaret Schabas, “Constructing ‘The Economy,’” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 39.3 (January 2009) 3–19; and, for a participant-observer’s perspective, Moses Abramovitz, Thinking about Growth and Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 80–124. For introductions to the burgeoning historiography on development, see Nick Cullather, “Development? It’s History,” Diplomatic History 24.4 (Fall 2000), 641–53 and Frederick Cooper, “Writing the History of Development,” Journal of Modern European History 8.1 (2010), 5–23. 60. Dobb, Soviet, 6. 61. Dobb, Soviet, 11. 62. Dobb, Soviet, 75. Of course, Lenin’s example had inspired this reading of the English Civil War. 63. Dobb, Russian, 318; Dobb, Soviet (1948), 129, 216. The 1966 edition revised “unerring” to “strong.” 64. Dobb, Soviet, 216. 254 Notes to pp. 119–25

65. Dobb, Soviet, 222. 66. Dobb, Soviet, 223, 224. 67. Dobb, Soviet, 223, 227. 68. Dobb, Soviet, 229, 228. Although the text mounts a vigorous defense of Stalin, careful readers would have noticed that by repeating, in abbreviated form, Russian Economic Development’s account of the debates that preceded collectivization, Soviet Economic Development drew attention to the thought of some who had been purged since the former’s publication – a small but noteworthy deviation from party orthodoxy. 69. Dobb, Soviet, 244. 70. Dobb, Soviet, 269. 71. Dobb, Soviet, 291, 310. 72. Dobb, Soviet, 438–9; 440–1; 436. 73. Dobb, Russian, 400. 74. Dobb, Soviet, 312. 75. John Eaton, “The Fortress of Socialism,” Labour Monthly, November 1948, 352; Joan Robinson, “The Theory of Planning,” Soviet Studies 1.1 (June 1949), 60, 64; Paul Baran, “Review of Soviet Economic Development since 1917,” Review of Economics and Statistics 32.2 (May 1950), 186, 187. 76. Isaac Deutscher, “Review of Soviet Economic Development since 1917,” International Affairs 24.4 (October 1948), 603; Abram Bergson, “Review of Soviet Economic Development since 1917,” Economic Journal 60.237 (March 1950), 122–6; Bergson, “Life, Liberty, and the Five Year Plans,” New Republic, March 7, 1949, 22–3; and Evsey Domar, “Review of Soviet Economic Development since 1917,” Journal of Economic History 10.1 (May 1950), 73–5. For an admiring overview of Deutscher’s career, see Perry Anderson, A Zone of Engagement (London: Verso, 1992), 56–75. On Bergson, see David Engerman, Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of America’s Soviet Experts (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 97–113. 77. Evsey Domar, “Review of Soviet Economic Development since 1917,” Journal of Economic History 10.1 (May 1950), 73–5. 78. Stuart Tompkins, “Review of Soviet Economic Development since 1917,” American Historical Review 55.2 (January 1950), 368–9; Laetitia Gifford, “Review of Soviet Economic Development since 1917,” Economic History Review 1.2/3 (1949), 164. 79. Dobb, Soviet, 33. 80. Maurice Dobb to Andrew Rothstein, February 17, 1949, MHD, CB24. 81. Suny, Soviet Experiment, 287; Mazower, Dark Continent, 175. For a guide to recent scholarship on Stalinism, see David Shearer, “Stalinism,” in The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol. 3: The Twentieth Century, ed. Ronald Suny (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 192–216. 82. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, March 3, 1947, MHD, CB19. The two had met after a lecture Dobb had given at the LSE in the late 1930s and become closer after Prager moved to Cambridge in 1939. Prager eventually left Cambridge, but the two struck up a correspondence that would last for the rest of their lives. On the origins of the Cold War, see Odd Arne Westad, ed., Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory (New York: Frank Cass Publishes, 2000). For the term’s eruption, see Anders Stephanson, “Fourteen Notes on the Very Concept of the Cold War” in Rethinking Geopolitics, eds Geróid O’Tuathail and Simon Dalby (New York: Routledge, 1998), 62–85. 83. Maurice Dobb, “Notes on the fact that war is not inevitable,” MHD, DE9. Notes to pp. 126–31 255

84. Maurice Dobb, “USSR and the World,” May 13, 1947, MHD, DD107. 85. Maurice Dobb, “Crisis View,” September 14, 1947, MHD, DC2. 86. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, January 4, 1947, MHD, CB19. Dobb thought Johnson’s paper quite astute and was especially impressed by its analysis of Capitalist Enterprise and Social Progress, remarking that “I always tell people now- adays (if they ever hear of it) not to read it. But perhaps it is true that one’s most naïve early work contains more fresh ideas than one’s more polished later work with which one is more self-satisfied.” See D.E. Moggridge, Harry Johnson: A Life in Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 76–7. 87. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, March 3, 1947, MHD, CB19. That the position even existed was itself significant. On Sovietology – a field that came into its own in the Cold War, after Dobb had written his major contributions to the subject – see Engerman, Know Your Enemy and Ronald Suny, “Reading Russia and the Soviet Union in the Twentieth Century: How the ‘West” Wrote its History of the USSR,” in The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol. 3: The Twentieth Century, ed. Ronald Suny (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 5–64. 88. Anonymous to Maurice Dobb, March 19, 1947, MHD, CC7; Anonymous to Maurice Dobb June 2, 1947, MHD, CC7. On British anti-communism, see Robert Hewison, In Anger: British Culture in the Cold War, 1945–1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981) and, for a comparative analysis, Marc Selverstone, Constructing the Monolith: The United States, Great Britain, and International Communism, 1945–1950 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009). 89. Maurice Dobb to Andrew Rothstein, January 15, 1948, MHD, CB24; Maurice Dobb to Andrew Rothstein, October 7, 1948, MHD, CB24. 90. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, May 5, 1947, MHD, CB19.

6 Debates

1. Quoted in Curt Caldwell, NSC-68 and the Political Economy of the Early Cold War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 12. 2. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, December 4, 1957, MHD, CB19; Dobb to Prager, December 23, 1950, MHD, CB19. 3. The phrase comes from Johnson, Shadow of Keynes. 4. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, September 6, 1949, MHD, CB19. Dobb had played a small, inadvertent role in bringing Kaldor to Cambridge. As Kaldor later wrote to Barbara, Dobb “was the External Examiner for the B. Sc. (Econ) degree in 1930, and as [Lionel] Robbins wrote to me afterwards, I owed my ‘first’ mainly to the External Examiner who marked me up.” Nicholas Kaldor to Barbara Dobb, September 11, 1976, MHD, AG1. Their relationship would not always be as peaceful as its promising start suggested. After losing to Dobb in a campaign for membership on the Faculty Board, Kaldor complained – to Sraffa of all people – that “marginal utility theory has won.” Amartya Sen, “Autobiography,” //http://www.nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1998/sen.html?print=1. 5. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, December 12, 1950, MHD, CB19; Dobb to Prager, September 6, 1949, MHD, CB19. 256 Notes to pp. 131–2

6. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, September 6, 1949; Dobb to Prager, October 3, 1948, MHD, CB19. 7. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, October 3, 1948, MHD, CB19. 8. On economics since 1945, see Robert Solow, “How Did Economics Get That Way and What Way Did It Get?,” Daedalus 126.1 (Winter 1997), 39–58; Roger Backhouse, “Economics,” The History of the Social Sciences since 1945, ed. Roger Backhouse and Philippe Fontaine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 38–70. For Britain’s specific experience, see Roger Backhouse, “Economics in mid-Atlantic: British Economics, 1945–95,” in The Development of Economics in Western Europe since 1945, ed. A.W. Coats (London: Routledge, 2000), 19–39. This history can also be seen as part of a larger attempt by specialists in a variety of disciplines in the twentieth century to make their fields, in Theodore Porter’s description, “technical.” See Theodore Porter, “How Science Became Technical,” Isis 100.2 (June 2009), 292–309. 9. Paul Samuelson, Foundations of Economic Analysis (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1947), iii. On the relationships between mathematics and economics see E. Roy Weintraub, How Economics Became a Mathematical Science and, on the postwar moment specifically, Joel Isaac, “Tool Shock: Technique and Epistemology in the Postwar Social Sciences,” History of Political Economy 42 (Supplement) (2010), 133–64. Mark Blaug, “The Formalist Revolution of the 1950s,” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25.2 (June 2003), 145–56 is also helpful, although only a minority of economists actually practiced formalist mathematics. Paul Samuelson, “How Foundations Came to Be,” Journal of Economic Literature 36.3 (September 1998), 1375–86 illuminates the period from the perspective of a participant-observer. Mary Morgan, The World in the Model: How Economists Work and Think (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012) is the richest account yet of modeling in economics. 10. This is the arc Mary Morgan traces in “Economics,” The Cambridge History of Science: Modern Social Sciences, ed. Theodore Porter and Dorothy Ross (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 275–305. Morgan does not remark on the echoes in the rhetoric of engineering with Engels’s prediction of the birth of “the conversion of political rule over men into an administration of things.” Engels, Anti-Dühring, 283. As noted above, Dobb was even more explicit on this point in Russian Economic Development’s celebration of “engineers in leather-jackets.” Dobb, Russian, 400. 11. Paul Samuelson, Economics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955), 212. On the IS-LM model, see Warren Young, Interpreting Mr. Keynes: The IS-LM Enigma (Oxford: Polity Press, 1987) and Robert Diamond, “Keynes, IS-LM, and the Marshallian Tradition,” History of Political Economy 39.1 (Spring 2007), 81–95. For the neoclassical synthesis, see Olivier Jean, “Neoclassical Synthesis,” in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, eds Steven Durlauf and Lawrence Blume (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 896–9. Philip Mirowski and D. Wade Hands, “A Paradox of Budgets: The Postwar Stabilization of American Neoclassical Demand Theory,” in From Interwar Pluralism to Postwar Neoclassicism, eds Mary Morgan and Malcolm Rutherford (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), esp. 288–9 documents the surprising flexibility of neoclassical demand theory and its importance to the project’s success at winning converts in the postwar. 12. Lawrence Klein, The Keynesian Revolution (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1947). Notes to pp. 133–5 257

13. For “Americanized,” see Roger Backhouse, The Penguin History of Economics (London: Penguin Books, 2002), 307. “Internationalization” comes from A.W. Coats, ed., The Post-1945 Internationalization of Economics (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997). See also Marion Fourcade, “The Construction of a Global Profession: The Transnationalization of Economics,” American Journal of Sociology 112.1 (July 2006), 145–94. 14. Guy Ortolano, The Two Cultures Controversy: Science, Literature and Cultural Politics in Postwar Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 103– 9; Backhouse, “Economics in mid-Atlantic,” 20; Backhouse, “Economics,” Social Sciences, 51; Fourcade, Economists and Societies, 150; Tribe, “Cambridge Economics Tripos.” 15. Quoted in Mark Mazower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea (New York: Penguin, 2012), 274. Dobb could have found evidence for economists’ influence over policy within his own department: Keynes had led the British at Bretton Woods with assistance from Dennis Robertson; James Meade, Robertson’s successor as professor of political economy, helped devise Britain’s national income accounts and became director of the economic section of the war cabinet; Austin Robinson worked for the Cabinet Office, Ministry of Production, and Board of Trade in World War II and spent half a year helping implement the Marshall Plan with the Organization for European Economic Co-Operation; and Kaldor would be called to advise governments in India, Ceylon, Mexico, Ghana, British Guiana, Turkey, Iran, and Venezuela. 16. Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 676. The “golden age” formulation is now especially popular on the left. See Stephen Marglin and Juliet Schor, eds, The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes, 225–400; Wolfgang Streeck, “The Crises of Democratic Capitalism,” New Left Review 71 (September–October 2011), 5–29. 17. “Keynesian theory needed the national income and product accounts to make contact with reality,” as Robert Solow has noted, “and the availability of national income and product accounts made Keynesian macroeconomics fruitful (and helped to shape it).” Solow, “How Did Economics,” 47–8. Charles Maier, “The Politics of Productivity: Foundations of American International Economic Policy After World War II,” International Organization 31.4 (Autumn 1977), 607–33; Robert Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); and Scott O’Bryan, The Growth Idea: Purpose and Prosperity in Postwar Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009) explore the postwar fixation on growth. On national income accounts, see Paul Studenski, The Income of Nations: Theory, Measurement, and Analysis, Past and Present: A Study in Applied Economics and Statistics (New York: New York University Press, 1958); Zoltan Kenessey, ed., The Accounts of Nations (Oxford: IOS Press, 1994); Mark Perlman, “Political Purpose and the National Accounts,” in The Politics of Numbers, ed. William Alonso and Paul Starr (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1987), 133–51; André Vanoli, A History of National Accounting (Lancaster: IOS Press, 2005); Daniel Speich, “The Use of Global Abstractions: National Income Accounting in the Period of Imperial Decline,” Journal of Global History 6.1 (March 2011), 7–28. 18. Dobb, “Sceptical,” 519. 258 Notes to pp. 135–9

19. Maurice Dobb, “Recent Trends in Economic Theory in Britain and America,” 1955, MHD, DA22. See also Dobb, Economic Theory and Socialism, 104–17. 20. Dobb, Economic Theory and Socialism, 218, 225, 222. Also see Maurice Dobb, “Foreword” in Keynesian Economics: A Symposium (Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1956), 1–3. 21. Dobb, Economic Theory and Socialism, 221, 218. A more sophisticated version of Dobb’s thesis shorn of its reductionism but retaining its emphasis on the importance of military spending to the welfare state has gained currency among historians in recent years. See, for example, David Edgerton, Warfare State: Britain, 1920–1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) and James Sparrow, Warfare State: World War II Americans and the Age of Big Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011). 22. Dobb, “Recent Trends”; Maurice Dobb to Rudolph Schlesinger, January 3, 1955, MHD, CB25; Dobb to Schlesinger, February 7, 1956, MHD, CB25; Dobb to Schlesinger, September 23, 1952, MHD, CB25; Dobb to Schlesinger, October 7, 1955, MHD, CB25; Maurice Dobb to Andrew Rothstein, October 7, 1948, MHD, CB24. Weirdly, “Recent Trends” attributed the “worship of the Entrepreneur” in large measure to Schumpeter, whose writings he claimed had become “the sheet-anchor of capitalist apologetics,” a drastic overestimation of Schumpeter’s influence that no amount of references to “creative destruction” could justify. 23. Maurice Dobb, “Pound Sterling,” Labour Monthly, November 1949, 341. Anders Stephanson has defended with particular force a modified version of Dobb’s thesis, arguing that “the cold war was from the outset not only a US term but a US project.” Anders Stephanson, “Cold War Degree Zero” in Uncertain Empire: American History and the Idea of the Cold War, eds Joel Isaac and Duncan Bell (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 26. For Soviet reluctance to match American bellicosity, see Vladimir Pechatnov, “The Soviet Union and the World, 1944–1953” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Vol. 1: Origins, eds Melvyn Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 90–111. 24. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, September 6, 1949, MHD, CB19. 25. Pollitt, “The Collaboration of Maurice Dobb,” 55–65. 26. E. A. G. Robinson to Maurice Dobb, January 18, 1956, MHD, CA186. 27. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, December 23, 1950, MHD, CB19. 28. Paul Krugman, Development, Geography, and Economic Theory (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995), 24. Krugman overstates his case slightly. Although the classic development works bear little resemblance to what Samuelson and Solow (his examples) were writing, a considerable number of economists at the time would have had an easier time interpreting, say, Albert Hirschman than Samuelson and Solow. Only the later triumph of Krugman’s preferred style makes these rivals seem antique. On development economics, in addition to Cullather and Cooper’s articles cited above, see Albert Hirschman, “The Rise and Decline of Development Economics” in Essays in Trespassing: Economics to Politics and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 1–24 and Sharad Chari and Stuart Corbridge, eds, The Development Reader (London: Routledge, 2008). Mazower, Governing the World, esp. 214– 304 situates the movement in the larger history of global governance, while Jeremy Adelman, Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013) provides a masterful account of the life of one of its most prominent practitioners. Notes to pp. 139–47 259

29. Mark Bradley, “Decolonization, the Global South and the Cold War, 1919–1962” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Vol. 1: Origins, eds Melvyn Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 464. On Britain’s decolonization, see Ronald Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). 30. David Ekbladh, The Great American Mission: Modernization and the Construction of an American World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010) details the roots of development in the United States. 31. Raúl Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems (New York: United Nations, 1950). 32. Dobb, Economic Theory and Socialism, 224, 221. For his evaluation of the USSR, see 118–37 in the same volume. 33. Maurice Dobb, Some Aspects of Economic Development (Delhi: Ranjit Printers and Publishers, 1951), 2, 17, 33. 34. Dobb, Aspects, 37. 35. Dobb, Aspects, 59, 60. 36. Dobb, Aspects, 64. 37. Dobb, Economic Theory and Socialism, 86, 89. 38. Dobb, Economic Theory and Socialism, 70, 86. 39. Dobb, Economic Theory and Socialism, 142. 40. Paul Sweezy to Maurice Dobb, September 18, 1954, MHD, CA212; Kenneth May, “Review of On Economic Theory and Socialism, Collected Papers,” Econometrica 26.1 (January 1958), 184; Walter Adams, “Review of On Economic Theory and Socialism, Collected Papers,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 309 (January 1957), 211; Paul Baran, “Review of On Economic Theory and Socialism, Collected Papers,” Economic Journal 67.267 (September 1957), 504; Maurice Dobb to Cecil Franklin, November 11, 1953, MHD, CA189. 41. Maurice Dobb to Rudolph Schlesinger, January 3, 1955, MHD, CB25. The phrase appears to have stuck in his head that day, since he also used it in a letter to Prager. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, January 3, 1955, MHD, CB19. 42. Maurice Dobb to Andrew Rothstein, May 9, 1949, MHD, CB24; Paul Sweezy to Maurice Dobb, May 5, 1952, MHD, CA212; Maurice Dobb to Rudolph Schlesinger, January 1, 1952, MHD, CB25. 43. Maurice Dobb, “The Economics of a Divided Europe,” July 1949, MHD, DA15. 44. Maurice Dobb, “The International Economic Conference,” June 1952, MHD, DA 18. 45. Dobb, “International Economic Conference.” 46. Laybourn and Murphy, Red Flag, 131, 141. 47. Michael Christofferson, French Intellectuals Against the Left: The Antitotalitarian Moment of the 1970s (New York: Berghahn Books, 2004), 32. On Past and Present’s founding, see Christopher Hill, R.H. Hilton, and E.J. Hobsbawm, “Past and Present: Origins and Early Years,” Past and Present 100 (August 1983), 3–14. Dobb was a board member, but according to Hill, Hilton and Hobsbawm not an especially vigorous one – ”loyal but silent,” in their phrase. Hill, Hilton and Hobsbawm, “Past and Present,” 10. 48. Dobb, Economic Theory and Socialism, 232, 233. 49. For Sweezy’s biography, see Michael Lebowitz, “Paul M. Sweezy,” Political Economy in the Twentieth Century, ed. Maxine Berg (New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1990), 131–61 and Christopher Phelps and Andros Skotnes, “An Interview with Paul M. Sweezy – founding editor of 260 Notes to pp. 147–56

the ‘Monthly Review,’” Monthly Review, May 1999, http://findarticles.com/p/ articles/mi_ m1132/is_1_51/ai_54682833/pg_12/?tag=content;c. 50. Maurice Dobb, “Review of The Theory of Capitalist Development,” Science and Society 7.3 (Summer 1943), 270; Maurice Dobb, foreword to The Theory of Capitalist Development, by Paul Sweezy (London: Dennis Dobson, 1946), vii– ix; Paul Sweezy to Maurice Dobb, September 3, 1955, MHD, CA212; and Sweezy to Dobb, February 12, 1947, MHD, CA212. 51. Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963), 323, 337, 351. 52. Paul Sweezy to Maurice Dobb, February 12, 1947, MHD, CA212. 53. Paul Sweezy to Maurice Dobb, October 2, 1947, MHD, CA212. 54. Paul Sweezy to Maurice Dobb, January 28, 1949, MHD, CA212. 55. Sweezy, “Critique,” Transition, 33; Phelps and Skotnes, “Interview.” 56. Paul Sweezy, “A Rejoinder,” in The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism, ed. Rodney Hilton (Delhi: Aakar Books, 2006), 103. 57. Sweezy, “Critique,” Transition, 35. 58. Sweezy, “Critique,” Transition, 47, 49, 51. 59. Sweezy, “Critique,” Transition, 52. 60. Dobb, “Reply,” Transition, 58–9. 61. Dobb, “Reply,” Transition, 59, 61. 62. Dobb, “Reply,” Transition, 62; The 16th–17th Century Section of the Historians’ Group of the Communist Party, “State and Revolution in Tudor England,” in Ideology, Absolutism, and the English Revolution: Debates of the British Communist Historians, 1940–1956, ed. David Parker (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2008) 145; Maurice Dobb to Rudolph Schlesinger, January 3, 1955, MHD, CB25. 63. Paul Sweezy to Maurice Dobb, June 19, 1951, MHD, CA212. 64. Takahashi, “Contribution,” Transition, 71, 77, 79, 88. 65. Paul Sweezy, “A Rejoinder,” in The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism, ed. Rodney Hilton (Delhi: Aakar Books, 2006), 102. 66. Sweezy, “Rejoinder,” Transition, 105, 108. 67. Paul Sweezy to Maurice Dobb, August 21, 1953, MHD, CA212 68. Christopher Hill, “A Comment,” in The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism, ed. Rodney Hilton (Delhi: Aakar Books, 2006), 118; Rodney Hilton, “A Comment,” in The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism, ed. Rodney Hilton (Delhi: Aakar Books, 2006), 109. 69. Giuliano Procacci, “A Survey of the Debate,” in The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism, ed. Rodney Hilton (Delhi: Aakar Books, 2006), 142. 70. Paul Sweezy to Maurice Dobb, January 1, 1954, MHD, CA212; Sweezy to Dobb, February 7, 1954, MHD, CA212. 71. See E.A. Kosminsky, “The Evolution of Feudal Rent in England from the XIth to the XVth Centuries,” Past and Present 7 (April 1955), 12–36; Brian Manning, “The Nobles, the People, and the Constitution,” Past and Present 9 (April 1956), 42–64; and P. Vilar, “Problems of the Formation of Capitalism,” Past and Present 10 (November 1956), 15–38. 72. Sweezy, “Critique,” 33.

7 Poznan´ Mementos

1. For a detailed account of the uprising, see Paweł Machcewicz, Rebellious Satellite: Poland 1956, trans. Maya Latynski (Stanford: Stanford University Notes to pp. 156–62 261

Press, 2009), 87–124. On Poznań’s geopolitical context, see Csaba Békés, “East Central Europe, 1953–1956” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Vol. 1: Origins, eds Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 334–52. 2. Curiously, Dobb showed little interest in China – a country, he confessed, “about which I know little or nothing” – even after the Sino–Soviet split. Having spent decades trying to attain sufficient authority to speak knowl- edgably on the USSR, he preferred self-conscious ignorance to mastering China’s history (and language). Maurice Dobb to Shiguru Ishikawa, March 17, 1962, MHD, CB12. By contrast, from 1963 to 1976 Joan Robinson was an enthusiastic Maoist. Harcourt and Kerr, Joan Robinson, 145. 3. Dobb, “Random,” 120; quoted in Brian Pollitt, “Introduction,” The Development of Socialist Economic Thought: Selected Essays by Maurice Dobb, ed. Brian Pollitt (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2008), 28. 4. Dobb, “Notes,” 120; and Maurice Dobb to Stephen Bodington, November 15, 1959, MHD, CB3; quoted in William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2003), 271–3. Harry Pollitt, still General Secretary of the CPGB, was sent on a tour of a condom factory. 5. Quoted in Taubman, Khrushchev, 287. 6. Eric Hobsbawm, Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life (New York: New Press, 2005), 206, 204. Others, like Dutt, waved Stalin’s crimes away as “spots on the sun,” explaining that “To imagine that a great revolution can develop without a million cross-currents, hardships, injustices and excesses would be a delusion fit for only ivory-tower dwellers in fairyland.” Quoted in Callaghan, Dutt, 269. Also see Doris Lessing, The Golden Notebook (New York: Ballantine Books, 1962), an extraordinary recreation of this moment and its aftermath. 7. Laybourn and Murphy, Red Flag, 151. 8. Maurice Dobb, “Notes on Internal Dangers to Socialism,” Undated, MHD, CC4. 9. Dobb might have been referring to Khrushchev, who had warned in his secret speech that “we must not provide ammunition for our enemies, we must not bare our injuries to them.” Quoted in Taubman, Khrushchev, 273. 10. Dobb saw the hand of Dutt behind the quashing of reform. He had long had a difficult relationship with Dutt, and burgeoning hostility now replaced his earlier ambivalence. Dobb’s animosity grew so powerful that it led him to overestimate Dutt’s influence, which declined considerably in the 1960s. 11. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, December 2, 1957, MHD, CB19. 12. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, December 2, 1956, MHD, CB19; Dobb to Prager, April 12, 1957, MHD, CB19; “Maurice Dobb: A Tribute from Cambridge,” Marxism Today, August 1967, 230. Dobb’s claim that students had “lost the capacity for being indignant” would have surprised the many who protested Britain’s actions in the Suez crisis. 13. “Posttotalitarian” comes from Machcewicz, Rebellious Satellite, 250. For a grimmer evaluation, see Tony Kemp Welch, “Dethroning Stalin: Poland 1956 and its Legacy,” Europe-Asia Studies 58.8 (December 2006), 1261–84. 14. Quoted in Dworkin, Cultural Marxism, 51. On the New Left, see, in addition to Dworkin’s Cultural Marxism, Lin Chun, The British New Left (Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, 1993); Michael Kenny, The First New Left: British Intellectuals After Stalin (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1995); Stuart Hall, 262 Notes to pp. 162–6

“The ‘First’ New Left: Life and Times,” New Left Review 61 (January–February 2010), 177–96; and, for a consideration of the challenges of defending socialism in prosperous times, Madeline Davis, “Arguing Affluence: New Left Contributions to the Socialist Debate 1957–63,” Twentieth Century British History 23.4 (2012), 496–528. 15. Hobsbawm, Interesting Times, 210. 16. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, January 14, 1958, MHD, CB19; Dobb to Prager, April 10, 1962, MHD, CB19. 17. Theodor Prager to Maurice Dobb, April 6, 1962, MHD, CA181. 18. Maurice Dobb, “The Cold War,” 1965–1969?, MHD, DA92; Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, December 4, 1957, MHD, CB19; Maurice Dobb, “World Without War,” December 1958, 368; Maurice Dobb to Amartya Sen, July 21, 1961, MHD, CB26; Maurice Dobb to Stephen Bodington, November 23, 1963, MHD, CB3. 19. Maurice Dobb, “The Cold War,” 1965?, MHD, DA92. 20. On CND, see Jodi Burkett, “Re-defining British Morality: ‘Britishness’ and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 1958–68,” Twentieth Century British History 21.2 (June 2012), 184–205. 21. On “visible decline,” see Dworkin, Cultural Marxism, 75. For a valuable survey of Thompson that unfortunately (at least for this book’s purposes) neglects his relationship with Dobb, see Hamilton, Crisis of Theory, but also see Harvey Kaye and Keith McClelland, eds, E.P. Thompson: Critical Perspectives (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990) and, for an intel- ligent but sympathetic appraisal, Bryan Palmer, E.P. Thompson: Objections and Oppositions (London: Verso, 1994). 22. This narrative of the birth of social history is a familiar one, but see Geoff Eley, A Crooked Line: From Cultural History to the History of Society (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005), 13–60 for a combination of personal reflection and scholarly analysis. Eric Hobsbawm, “From Social History to the History of Society,” Daedalus 100.1 (Winter 1971), 20–45 expresses the ambitions of the project. Miles Taylor, “The Beginnings of Modern British Social History?,” History Workshop Journal 43 (Spring 1997), 155–76 challenges the radical genealogy often ascribed to social historians, but Taylor’s neglect of scholarship preceding the 1950s weakens his case. 23. E.P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory: Or an Orrery of Errors (London: Merlin Press, 1995), 298, 276; Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989), 19, 253, 253, 254, 261, 277; Eugene Genovese, The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South (New York: Pantheon, 1965), 19, 158, 174, 317, 324. Genovese also cited Soviet Economic Development (on p. 64). 24. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, January 1, 1958, MHD, CB19; quoted in Dobb, Yesterday, 4; Dobb, “Has Capitalism Changed?,” in Has Capitalism Changed?: A Symposium on the Nature of Contemporary Capitalism, ed. Shigeto Tsuru (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten Publishers, 1961), 140. 25. Dobb, Yesterday, 77; Maurice Dobb, “Economic Trends in European Capitalism,” 1965, MHD, DA82; Dobb, Studies, 386. 26. Maurice Dobb, Papers on Capitalism, Development, and Planning (London: Routledge, Kegan and Paul, 1967), 38. 27. Maurice Dobb, “The 1957–58 Economic Crisis,” Marxism Today, October 1959, 290. Notes to pp. 166–72 263

28. Maurice Dobb, “Britain’s Economy and its Predicament,” March 28, 1962, MHD, DA62. 29. Dobb, “Economic Trends,” MHD, DA82. 30. Dobb, “Economic Trends,” MHD, DA82. 31. Later published in Dobb, Papers, 1–47. 32. Eric Hobsbawm “The General Crisis of the European Economy in the 17th Century,” Past and Present 5 (May 1954), 33–53 and “The Crisis of the 17th Century – 2,” Past and Present 6 (November 1954), 44–65. On the enormous and impressive literature Hobsbawm’s essay incited, see J.H. Elliott, “The General Crisis in Retrospect: A Debate without End,” in Early Modern Europe: From Crisis to Stability, eds Philip Benedict and Myron Gutman (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2005), 31–51; Jonathan Dewald, “Crisis, Chronology, and the Shape of European Social History,” American Historical Review 113.4 (October 2008), 1031–52; Geoffrey Parker, “Crisis and Catastrophe: The Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century Reconsidered,” American Historical Review 113.4 (October 2008), 1053–79; J.B. Shank, “Crisis: A Useful Category of Post-Social Scientific Historical Analysis?,” American Historical Review 113.4 (October 2008), 1090–9; and Jan de Vries, “The Economic Crisis of the Seventeenth Century after Fifty Years,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 40.2 (Autumn, 2009), 151–94. 33. Walt Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960). 34. Dobb, Papers, 26. 35. Although Dobb and Rostow almost certainly met at this time, there are no records of an encounter. 36. David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972). On Rostow’s early life, see David Milne, America’s Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2008), 15–72. 37. Maurice Dobb, “A Footnote on Rostow,” July 1960, MHD, DA52. On modernization theory, see Michael Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and “Nation Building” in the Kennedy Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); David Engerman, Nils Gilman, Mark Haefele and Michael Latham, eds, Staging Growth: Modernization, Development, and the Global Cold War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003); Nils Gilman, Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003). 38. Dobb, Papers, 17. In Rostow’s words, “The take-off is defined as an industrial revolution, tied directly to radical changes in methods of production.” Rostow, Stages, 57. Incidentally, the trading of metaphors ran in both directions. Just a few years after Rostow’s book appeared, Hobsbawm defined the industrial revolution as the moment when “all the relevant statistical indices took that sudden, sharp, almost vertical turn upwards which marks the ‘take-off’. The economy became, as it were, airborne.” Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Revolution, 28. 39. Dobb, Papers, 18, 47. 40. Dobb, Papers, 47; Maurice Dobb, Economic Growth and Underdeveloped Countries (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1963), 58. 41. Dobb, Essay, 1. He did, however, refer approvingly to Ragnar Nurske’s writings on balanced growth: Dobb, Essay, 6–7. Whatever their motivations, the exclusions were probably not the result of ignorance. In 1949, Dobb had contributed to an edited volume that had Lewis as its main author. See 264 Notes to pp. 172–6

W. Arthur Lewis et al., Economics, Man, and his Material Resources (London: Oldhams Press, 1949). 42. For an alternative evaluation of planning’s relationship to socialism and markets from one of Dobb’s Cambridge colleagues, see James Meade, Planning and the Price Mechanism (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1948). 43. Dobb, Essay, 28. For Sen’s biography, see Amartya Sen, “Autobiography,” http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes /economics/laureates/1998/sen-autobio. html; Jonathan Steele, “Food for Thought,” The Guardian, March 31, 2001, http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/mar/31/society.politics. 44. Maurice Dobb to Amartya Sen, January 15, 1961, MHD, CB26. 45. Dobb, Essay, 42, 73. Joan Robinson had detected a rift between Dobb and Sen. As Dobb paraphrased it, she portrayed him as clinging “dogmatically to an untenable ‘extreme’ position which won’t see there’s a conflict between maximising output and maximising growth,” whereas Sen held a “sensible, moderate opinion” that happened to be the same as hers. Maurice Dobb to Amartya Sen, January 15, 1961, MHD, CB26. Tensions between Dobb and Robinson were heightened in this period by their positions on opposite sides of the Sino–Soviet split. 46. Dobb, Essay, 81, 103. 47. Stanislaw Wellisz, “Review of An Essay on Economic Growth and Planning,” Journal of Political Economy 69.2 (April 1961), 207; Robert Solow, “Review: Some Problems of the Theory and Practice of Economic Planning,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 10.2, (January 1962), 216, 222; Jan Tinbergen, “Review of An Essay on Economic Growth and Planning,” Econometrica 30.2 (April 1962), 399–400; Amartya Sen, “Review of An Essay on Economic Growth and Planning,” Science and Society 26.2 (Spring, 1962), 233 48. Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (Glencoe: Free Press, 1960). For background on Bell, see Howard Brick, Daniel Bell and the Decline of Intellectual Radicalism: Social Theory and Political Reconciliation in the 1940s (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986). 49. Maurice Dobb, “The Course of Soviet Economic Development,” 1962–1963?, MHD, DD176; Dobb, Soviet, 335; Maurice Dobb, “Recent Economic Changes in Socialist Countries,” Marxism Today, September 1965, 269; and Maurice Dobb, “An Address: Delivered to the Degree Ceremony, Karolinum, Prague on the award of a Doctorate of Economic Science at the Charles University of Prague,” March 20 1964, MHD, DD186. 50. Dobb, “An Address,” MHD, DD186; Dobb, “Revival,” DA6. 51. Maurice Dobb, “The Transition to Socialism, Theory and Practice: The Soviet Discussion After 1917,” 1964, MHD, DB5. 52. Maurice Dobb, Soviet Economic Development since 1917 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966), 327, 329, 512, 321, 360. Especially damaging, Dobb argued, was a reversal in analyzing “the question of the structural inter- dependence of the economy” and the related subject of “dynamic growth models.” Pioneering Soviet investigations of these topics in the 1920s were forgotten, robbing planners of invaluable tools. Dobb, Soviet, 358, 360. For Dobb, the retreat on growth was ironic, since he had framed the first edition of Soviet Economic Development around Roy Harrod’s studies of this issue – studies he depicted as a breakthrough in 1948 that he now insisted Soviets had anticipated in the 1920s. Notes to pp. 176–9 265

53. Dobb, Soviet, 335. 54. Dobb gave special prominence to G.A. Feldman, whose writings on industrial investment and growth shaped Dobb’s later work. See Soviet, 360–1. 55. Dobb, Soviet (1948), 334. 56. Dobb was explicit about Stalin’s culpability, but his new reading of Soviet history affected his argument in subtler ways too. In 1948, for example, he wrote that “In the course of the ‘30’s indeed some discussion did take place (largely at the instigation of Stalin) concerning the principles underlying a so-called synthetic ‘balance of the national economy’” but added that when the products of this research seemed feeble “Stalin was soon to dismiss the discussion as abortive and to advise that it should be reconsidered and continued in a more effectual manner.” In 1966, by contrast, Dobb wrote that “a half-hearted attempt was, indeed, made (prompted, it has been said, by Stalin)” but “was soon to be dismissed by authority as unsatisfactory and was rather abruptly adjourned. After that for two decades silence reigned.” With a few sentences, he had taken away Stalin’s credit for initiating the work, portrayed its termination as mistaken, and added a bleak summary of subsequent debate. Dobb, Soviet (1948), 334–5; Dobb, Soviet, 361. 57. Dobb, Papers, 44. 58. Maurice Dobb, “Transition from Socialism to Communism: Economic Aspects,” Marxism Today, November 1961, 340–5. On the Soviet Union’s economic record in the 1950s, see G.I. Khanin, “The 1950s – the Triumph of the Soviet Economy,” Europe-Asia Studies 55.8 (December 2003), 1187– 211 and Elizabeth Brainerd, “Reassessing the Standard of Living in the Soviet Union: An Analysis Using Archival and Anthropometric Data,” Journal of Economic History 70.1 (March 2010), 83–117. Dobb’s confidence in Soviet growth was far from unusual. Even Harold Macmillan warned John Kennedy in private correspondence that “unless we can show that our modern free society ... can run in a way that makes the fullest use of our resources” then “Communism will triumph, not by war, or even subversion, but by seeming to be a better way of bringing people material comforts.” Quoted in Glen O’Hara, Governing Post-War Britain: The Paradoxes of Progress (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 56. In US intelligence circles, however, concerns about the USSR’s growth had faded, and Macmillan’s anxiety seemed antique: Engerman, Know Your Enemy, 97–128. On the USSR under Brezhnev, see Stephen Hanson, “The Brezhnev Era,” in The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol. 3: The Twentieth Century, ed. Ronald Suny (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 292–300. 59. Maurice Dobb, “The Revival of Theoretical Discussion Among Soviet Economists,” Fall 1960, MHD, DA6. 60. Maurice Dobb, “Optimal Planning and Prices,” in Papers on Capitalism, Development, and Planning (London: Routledge, Kegan and Paul, 1967), 232– 3. Note the scare-quotes around “macro-economic” – perhaps a recogni- tion from Dobb that when he was defending this position in the 1920s and 1930s he had used the word “social” instead. 61. Simon Kuznets and Wassily Leontief were born in Ukraine and Saint Petersburg, respectively, but both emigrated in the 1920s. Soviet economics in this period is understudied, but see Michael Ellman, Planning Problems in the USSR: The Contribution of Mathematical Economics to Their Solution, 1960–1971 (New 266 Notes to pp. 179–84

York: Cambridge University Press, 1971); Jacob Dreyer, “The Evolution of Marxist Attitudes Toward Marginalist Techniques,” History of Political Economy 6.1 (Spring 1974), 48–75; Aron Katsenelinboigen, Soviet Economic Thought and Political Power in the USSR: The Development of Soviet Mathematical Economics (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1979). On Kantorovich, see Leonid Kantorovich, The Best Use of Economic Resources (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965) and “Autobiography,” http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/ laureates/1975/kantorovich.html along with Johanna Bockman and Michael Bernstein, “Scientific Community in a Divided World: Economists, Planning, and Research Priority During the Cold War,” 50.3 (July 2008), 581–613 and Francis Spufford’s outstanding novel Red Plenty (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2012). Kantorovich’s work fascinated Dobb. See, for example, Maurice Dobb, “Kantorovich on Optimal Planning and Prices,” Science and Society 31.2 (Spring 1967), 186–202. 62. This was also the moment when some began to speculate that the USSR and US were, in Jan Tinbergen’s formulation, “converging.” See Jan Tinbergen, “Do Communist and Free Economies Show a Converging Pattern?,” Soviet Studies 4 (April 1961), 333–41. 63. Maurice Dobb, “Review of Planning Problems in the USSR,” Marxism Today, May 1974, 41. 64. Maurice Dobb, Argument on Socialism (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1966), 58, 15, 18, 16. 65. Dobb, Argument, 54, 56. 66. Dobb, Argument, 64, 56. 67. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, December 18, 1958, MHD, CB19; Maurice Dobb to Amartya Sen, May 26, 1961, MHD, CB26. 68. Piero Sraffa, Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Maurice Dobb to Piero Sraffa, August 22, 1961, MHD, CB27; Maurice Dobb, “An Epoch-Making Book,” Labour Monthly, October 1961, 487–91. 69. Maurice Dobb to Stephen Bodington, October 13, 1965, MHD, CB3. 70. Ronald Meek, “Review of Papers on Capitalism, Development and Planning,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 131.3 (1968), 448; Alastair McAuley, “Review of Economics and Ideology and Other Essays by Ronald L. Meek; Capitalism, Development and Planning by Maurice Dobb; Planning and the Market in the USSR by Alexander Balinky; Economic Systems by Gregory Grossman,” Soviet Studies 20.2 (October 1968), 253; George Feiwel, “Review of Papers on Capitalism, Development and Planning,” American Economic Review 58.3 (June 1968), 592; and Barry Supple, “Review of Papers on Capitalism, Development and Planning by Maurice Dobb,” Economic History Review 21.1 (April 1968), 186. 71. Anonymous, “In Honour of Maurice Dobb,” Marxism Today, August 1967, 22. 72. Maurice Dobb to Cambridge University Press (Peter Burbidge?), November 1, 1966, MHD, CA 21. 73. Brian Pollitt, e-mail message to author, February 27, 2009.

8 In Transition

1. Maurice Dobb, Welfare Economics and the Economics of Socialism: Towards a Commonsense Critique (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 23. Notes to pp. 185–9 267

2. Dobb, Economic Theory and Socialism, 8; Maurice Dobb to R. Palme Dutt, May 20, 1925, MHD, CB17; Maurice Dobb, “A Note on the Ricardo-Marx- Sraffa Discussion,” Science and Society 39.4 (Winter 1975/1976), 468. 3. Maurice Dobb, “Lectures on Welfare Economics,” 1940s–1960s, MHD, DD83. For an objection to this reading of Sraffa as denying demand a role in determining value, see Amartya Sen, “On the Labour Theory of Value,” 180–1. 4. Dobb, Welfare vii. The rhetoric of “commonsense,” which had appeared in his earlier writings on planning too, contrasts with his forays against naïve English empiricism in the 1920s and 1930s when outlining Marxism. Dobb was not opposed to theory qua theory, just the particular variety that had become prevalent among economists. 5. Dobb, Welfare, vii, 258. 6. Quoted in Dobb, Welfare, 28, 79. On Pigou, see Daunton, “Welfare, Taxation, and Social Justice,” 71–3. 7. Arrow branded this consensus – that equilibriums produced by perfect competition are Pareto optimal and that any Pareto-optimal result can be achieved with perfect competition if lump-sum income redistributions are permitted – the first and second “optimality theorems” of welfare economics. By the 1970s, the label had changed to “fundamental theorems,” but the content remained the same. Both are consequences of the existence of a general equilibrium. For more, see Mark Blaug, “The Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics, Historically Contemplated,” History of Political Economy 39.2 (Summer 2007), 185–207. Dobb, of course, was skepti- cal of general equilibrium theory, but, in addition to seeing the gestures at prospective redistribution as half-hearted at best, he also dismissed lump- sum transfers as an impractical scheme. See Dobb, Welfare, 25–6. 8. Dobb, Welfare, 110. As Philip Mirowski and D. Wade Hands have observed, Lange’s presence at the University of Chicago led many of that institution’s economists to conflate “Walrasian mathematical theory ... with socialism, crude numerical empiricism, and politically naïve welfare economics”: Mirowski and Hands, “Paradox of Budgets,” 263. Dobb referred to Lange often in Welfare Economics, but more for his practical advice on planning than for his contributions to theory. It should be noted that not all proponents of New Welfare Economics were enthusiasts for general equilibrium theory. See, for example, Nicholas Kaldor, “The Irrelevance of Equilibrium Economics,” Economic Journal 82.328 (December 1972), 1237–55 and, for more, Thomas Boylan and Paschal O’Gorman, “Kaldor on Debreu: The Critique of General Equilibrium Reconsidered,” Working Paper No. 0138 (Department of Economics, National University of Ireland, December 2008), http://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/xmlui/ bitstream/handle/10379 /326/paper_0138.pdf?sequence=1. 9. Dobb, Welfare, 67. 10. Dobb, Welfare, 123–4, 125. 11. Dobb, Welfare, 147. Dobb cites “experiences” in Welfare, 134, 135, 136, 141 and 144. 12. Dobb, Welfare, 132. 13. Dobb, Welfare, 149, 152. 14. Dobb, Welfare, 164. 15. Dobb, Welfare, 188, 207. How capital should be measured would be a central question in the Cambridge capital controversy discussed later in this chapter. 268 Notes to pp. 189–92

16. Dobb recognized the tension between this view and his enthusiasm for Sraffa, but he thought any theoretical difficulties could be resolved in practiced. He canvassed potential solutions in both Welfare Economics and in an unpublished paper, “Discount-Rate for Dated Labour and Choice of Methods of Production in a Socialist Economy,” Institute of Soviet and East European Studies, University of Glasgow, November 29. 1968, MHD, DD204. 17. Dobb, Welfare, 215. 18. Dobb, Welfare, 250, 251, 258. 19. Dobb, Welfare, 250. 20. Arjo Klamer, “A Conversation with Amartya Sen,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3.1 (Winter 1989), 139; Kenneth Arrow, “A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare,” Journal of Political Economy 58.4 (August 1950), 328–46. My reading of Arrow follows Brick, Transcending Capitalism, 168–70, but also see Amadae, Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy, esp. 83–132. 21. Brick, Transcending Capitalism, 170. For an autobiographical account, see Kenneth Arrow, “A Cautious Case for Socialism,” Dissent, September 1978, 472–80. On the connections between socialist economics and its ostensible rival, see Bockman, Markets in the Name of Socialism, esp. 17–49 and Joseph Stiglitz, Whither Socialism? (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994), esp. 1–26. On what the framing of “the market” excludes, see Mitchell, Rule of Experts, 244–71. 22. Otto Davis, “Review of Welfare Economics and the Economics of Socialism: Towards a Commonsense Critique,” Journal of Economic Literature 8.4 (December 1970), 1214; Donald Winch, “Review of Welfare Economics and the Economics of Socialism: Towards a Commonsense Critique,” Economic Journal 79.316 (December 1969), 903–4. 23. Michael Ellman, “Review of Welfare Economics and the Economics of Socialism: Towards a Commonsense Critique,” Soviet Studies 21.3 (January 1970), 386; Robert Campbell, “Review of Welfare Economics and the Economics of Socialism: Towards a Commonsense Critique,” Slavic Review 29.3 (September 1970), 545; Frank Hahn to Maurice Dobb, February 2, 1973, MHD, CB11. For Dobb’s take on Ellman, see Maurice Dobb, “Review of Planning Problems in the USSR,” Anglo-Soviet Journal (May 1974), 41–2. Hahn expressed his high opinion of Samuelson in “Samuelson: A Personal Recollection,” in Paul Samuelson and the Foundations of Modern Economics, ed. K. Puttaswamaiah (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002), 225–8, and he marked his distance from Robinson’s approach in “Review of Economic Heresies: Some Old-Fashioned Questions in Economic Theory,” Economica 39.154 (May 1972), 205–6. Before then, Hahn co-authored a survey of general equilibrium theory with Kenneth Arrow: Kenneth Arrow and F.H. Hahn, General Competitive Analysis (San Francisco: Holden-Day, 1971). 24. On Brezhnev, see Stephen Hanson, “The Brezhnev Era,” in The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol. 3: The Twentieth Century, ed. Ronald Suny (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 292–315 and Svetlana Savranskaya and William Taubman, “Soviet Foreign Policy, 1962–1975,” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Vol. 2: Crises and Détente, eds Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 140–57. 25. And not just in Czechoslovakia. Dubček’s innovations prompted Władysław Gomułka to launch another wave of repression that resulted in the emi- Notes to pp. 192–200 269

gration of 13,000 Polish citizens. Anthony Kemp Welch, “Eastern Europe: Stalinism to Solidarity,” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Vol. 2: Crises and Détente, eds. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 223. 26. Maurice Dobb, “The October Revolution and Half a Century,” in Fifty Years of Soviet Power, ed. Leo Huberman and Paul Sweezy (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967), 39, 40, 43, 39, 40, 41. 27. Maurice Dobb, “Soviet Agricultural Collectivisation,” Labour Monthly, November 1968, 510; Ronald Grigor Suny, “Moshe Lewin, 1921–2010,” Slavic Review 70.1 (Spring 2011), 240–2. 28. Marian Slingova, “Why Did it Happen?: Some Reflections on the Czechoslovak Trials of the Fifties,” Marxism Today, May 1969, 142. 29. Maurice Dobb, “Reflections on the Article of Marian Slingova,” Marxism Today, December 1969, 381–383. 30. Dobb, “Reflections,” 384. 31. Maurice Dobb, “Why Did it Happen?: A Note,” Marxism Today, May 1970, 170; Maurice Dobb, “Why Did it Happen?: A Rejoinder,” Marxism Today, December 1971, 380. 32. Maurice Dobb, “Lenin,” The Anglo-Soviet Journal (April 1970), 6, 18, 8. 33. Maurice Dobb, “Stalinism as a System,” c1970, MHD, DD218. 34. Dobb, “Stalinism as a System”; Dobb, “Commodity-Production Under Socialism,” 154–5. 35. Dobb, “Stalinism as a System.” 36. Dobb, Planning, 62, 19; Dobb, “Commodity-Production Under Socialism,” 159. 37. Dobb, Planning, 41, 27, 39. 38. Dobb, Planning, 68, 65. 39. Dobb, Planning, 69, 54, 64, 68–9. 40. On CPGB membership, see Laybourn and Murphy, Red Flag, 164–6. For transnational surveys of activism in the 1960s, see Martin Klimke and Joachim Scharloth, eds, 1968 in Europe: A History of Protest and Activism, 1956–1977 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) and Jeremi Suri, “The Rise and Fall of an International Counterculture, 1960–1975,” American Historical Review, 114.1 (February 2009), 45–68. On the 1960s more generally, see Arthur Marwick, The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c. 1958–1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). Note the important distinction between the British New Left launched by the exodus from the CPGB in the 1950s and the wider movement of the same name that spanned nations in the 1960s. Scholarship on Britain in the 1970s is still in its infancy, but for an excellent survey of the decade see Andy Beckett, When The Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies (London: Faber and Faber, 2009) and, for a novelist’s rendering, Ian McEwan, Sweet Tooth: A Novel (New York: Nan. A Talese, 2012). 41. On Perry Anderson, see Gregory Elliott, Perry Anderson: The Merciless Laboratory of History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998) and Paul Blackledge, Perry Anderson, Marxism and the New Left (London: Merlin Press, 2004). It should be noted that Anderson developed his thoughts on English backwardness in collaboration with Tom Nairn. Anderson’s major writings on English history are collected in Perry Anderson, English Questions (London: Verso, 1992). 270 Notes to pp. 201–4

42. Maurice Dobb, “Notes on Althusserian Doctrine,” September 22, 1975, DB6; Perry Anderson, “Origins of the Present Crisis,” New Left Review 1.23 (January–February 1964), 18. 43. Perry Anderson, “Components of the National Culture,” New Left Review 1.50 (July–August 1968), 13; Maurice Dobb, “The Development and Policy of the British Labour Party,” March 23, 1935, MHD, DD61. 44. Louis Althusser, For Marx, trans. Ben Brewster (New York: Verso, 2005), 113. On Althusser, see Jay, Marxism and Totality, 385–422 and, for his own reflections, Louis Althusser, The Future Lasts Forever: A Memoir, ed. Olivier Corpet and Yann Moulier Boutang, trans. Richard Veasey (New York: New Press, 1993). Dworkin, Cultural Marxism, 219–45 captures the British left’s Althusserian moment. 45. Thompson, Poverty of Theory. 46. Maurice Dobb, “Notes on Althusserian Doctrine,” September 22, 1975, DB6. 47. Though Dobb was retired he still supervised graduate students and lectured occasionally. 48. Richard Johnson, Gregor McLennan, and Bill Schwarz, “Economy, Culture, and Concept: Three Approaches to Marxist History,” in CCSC Selected Working Papers, Vol. 2, eds. Ann Gray, Jan Campbell, Mark Erickson, Stuart Hanson, and Helen Wood (Routledge: New York, 2007), 774; Richard Johnson, “Introduction: Entangled Histories,” in CCSC Selected Working Papers, Vol. 2, eds. Ann Gray, Jan Campbell, Mark Erickson, Stuart Hanson, and Helen Wood (Routledge: New York, 2007), 762. See also, Richard Johnson, “Edward Thompson, Eugene Genovese, and Socialist-Humanist History,” History Workshop 6 (Autumn 1978), 79–100. Thompson, as discussed in Chapter 7, claimed Dobb for himself. Valentino Gerratana evaluates Althusser’s politics in “Althusser and Stalinism,” New Left Review 101/102 (January–April 1977), 110–21. 49. Maurice Dobb, “A Comment on ‘Ultra-Leftism,’” Marxism Today (November 1973), 348; Russell Jacoby, “The Politics of Subjectivity,” New Left Review (May–June, 1973), 37–49. 50. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, March 3, 1970, MHD, CB19. 51. Dobb to Prager, March 3, 1970. 52. Dobb, “Notes,” 120. 53. Maurice Dobb, “The Sraffa System and Critique of the Neo-Classical Theory of Distribution,” De Economist 118.4 (July–August 1970), 347. 54. So, too, had his former students Ronald Meek and Pierangelo Garegnani, both of whom Dobb cited generously in Theories of Value. The titles of their respective dissertations suggest why Dobb found them relevant: Meek wrote on “The Development of the Concept of Surplus in Economic Thought from Mun to Mill” and Garegnani examined “A Problem in the Theory of Distribution from Ricardo to Wicksell.” 55. Maurice Dobb to Amartya Sen, July 21, 1961, MHD, CB26. The literature on the Cambridge capital controversy is vast. For an introduction, see Avi Cohen and G.C. Harcourt, “Whatever Happened to the Cambridge Capital Theory Controversies?,” Journal Of Economic Perspectives 17.1 (Winter 2003), 199–214 and Andrés Lazzarini, Revisiting the Cambridge Capital Theory Controversies: A Historical and Analytical Study (Pavia: Pavia University Press, 2011). Lazzarini’s book is based on a dissertation supervised by Pierangelo Garegnani. A side effect of Dobb’s enthusiasm for the home team in the Cambridge capital Notes to pp. 205–8 271

debates discussed below was a growing closeness with some of his colleagues, most notably Robinson. 56. Cohen and Harcourt, “Whatever Happened,” 200. 57. Dobb, “Sraffa System,” 350; Dobb, Theories of Value, 261. From Dobb’s perspective, Sraffa had discovered that the mainstream had its own version of the transformation problem The parallel was especially striking because, according to Dobb, “reswitching” would not surprise “anyone at all familiar with Marx, since it amounts simply to the changing relative deviations of prices (Marx’s ‘prices of production’, i.e.) from values – in particular, prices of inputs and of inputs into those inputs – as the rate of surplus-value (or the profit-wage ratio) changes.” Dobb, “Sraffa System,” 350. In other words, marginalist theory and a crude version of Marx’s theory both held under the same (limited) conditions. 58. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, June 12, 1973, MHD, CB19. Although Hahn was, again, outraged at what he perceived as Dobb’s slighting of Samuelson 59. Dobb, Theories of Value, 1, 7. 60. Dobb, Theories of Value, 31; Maurice Dobb, “Ideology and Economic Theory in the Nineteenth Century,” January 26 and February 2 1973, MHD, DD231. 61. Dobb, Theories of Value, 144, 32, 18. Though Dobb seems to have imagined his interlocutors on ideology to be fellow economists like Schumpeter and Robinson, both of whom had written on the subject, his portrait of a history that was neither a “largely discontinuous series of answers” to questions raised in specific contexts nor “a straight-line elaboration of a basic set of concepts” (Dobb, Theories of Value, 37) across the ages could be interpreted as an attempt to steer a middle course between what intellectual historians would recognize as Lovejovian or Straussian programs (in the latter case) and the methodology associated with John Dunn, Quentin Skinner, J.G.A. Pocock, and other practitioners of what was later christened the Cambridge school, on which see Émile Perreau-Saussine, “Quentin Skinner in Context,” Review of Politics 69.1 (February 2007), 106–22. Dobb does not, however, supply any hint in Theories of Value or elsewhere that he had encountered these works. Nor does he acknowledge Michel Foucault’s The Order of Things. That omission is not surprising, but it is worth noting that both Dobb and Foucault depicted Marx as a descendant of Ricardo and that they shared a similar justification for distinguishing Ricardo from Smith. In Foucault’s words, for Smith labor “establish[ed] a constant measure between the value of thing” whereas for Ricardo it became “the origin of the value of things.” Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Routledge, 2002), 253. It was left to Keith Tribe to connect these two in Land, Labour and Economic Discourse (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978). Tribe dedicated this book to Dobb. 62. Dobb, Theories of Value, 115, 66, 45. 63. Dobb, Theories of Value, vii, 115. 64. Dobb, Theories of Value, 110. 65. Dobb, Theories of Value, 116, 150. 66. Dobb, Theories of Value, 33, 176–7. 67. Dobb, Theories of Value, 211, 213. 68. Dobb, Theories of Value, 247, 257. One distinctive feature of the standard commodity was that it avoided the transformation problem that had ensnared so many 272 Notes to pp. 209–11

Marxists. As Dobb saw it, Sraffa had cleared a path for the heterodox at the same time that “reswitching” had thrown a major obstacle in the way of the neoclassicals. 69. Dobb, Theories of Value, 266, 272. 70. P. D. Groenewegen, “Review of Theories of Value and Distribution since Adam Smith: Ideology and Economic Theory,” Economic Journal 84.333 (March 1974), 192–3; Ronald Meek, “Review of Theories of Value and Distribution since Adam Smith: Ideology and Economic Theory,” Economica 41.162 (May 1974), 213–14; Paul Sweezy, “Review of Theories of Value and Distribution since Adam Smith: Ideology and Economic Theory,” Journal of Economic Literature 12.2 (June 1974), 481–3. 71. Humphrey McQueen, “Review of Theories of Value and Distribution since Adam Smith: Ideology and Economic Theory,” Science and Society 28 (May 1975), 58; Bob Rowthorn, “Neo-Classicism, Neo-Ricardianism, and Marxism,” New Left Review 1.86 (July–August 1974), 87; Paul Mattick, “Review of Theories of Value and Distribution since Adam Smith: Ideology and Economic Theory,” Science and Society 38.2 (Summer 1974), 221. Ben Fine, ed., The Value Dimension: Marx Versus Ricardo and Sraffa (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986) collects some of the most serious early criticisms. 72. Dobb, Theories of Value, 55, 93. On some of the trouble with paradigms, see Thomas Kuhn, “Second Thoughts on Paradigms,” in The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 293–319; Peter Gallison, Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 787–97; John Forrester, “On Kuhn’s Case: Psychoanalysis and the Paradigm,” Critical Inquiry 33.4 (Summer 2007), 782–819; and Peter Gordon, “Agonies of the Real: Anti-Realism from Kuhn to Foucault,” Modern Intellectual History 9.1 (April 2012), 127–47. The literature on the figures covered by Theories of Value is enormous, but for some objections to Dobb’s narrative of rival traditions, see Rory O’Donnell, Adam Smith’s Theory of Value and Distribution: A Reappraisal (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990); Terry Peach, Interpreting Ricardo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) and “Surplus to Requirements: Kurz and Salvadori’s The Elgar Companion to Classical Economics,” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 21.4 (December 1999), 449–62; and Tony Aspromourgos, The Science of Wealth: Adam Smith and the Framing of Political Economy (Routledge: New York, 2009); Mark Blaug, “Misunderstanding Classical Economics: The Sraffian Interpretation of the Surplus Approach,” History of Political Economy 31.2 (Summer 1999), 213–36 and “The Trade-Off Between Rigor and Relevance: Sraffian Economics as a Case in Point,” History of Political Economy 41.2 (Summer 2009), 219–47. For rebuttals, see Heinz Kurz and Keri Salvadori, “Understanding ‘Classical’ Economics: A Reply to Mark Blaug,” in Classical Economics and Modern Theory: Studies in Long-Period Analysis, eds Heinz Kurz and Neri Salvadori (New York: Routledge, 2003), 9–37; and Pierangelo Garegnani, “Misunderstanding Classical Economics? A Reply to Blaug,” History of Political Economy 34.1 (Spring 2002), 241–54 and “Professor Samuelson on Sraffa and the Classical Economists,” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 14.2 (June 2007), 181–242. 73. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, June 12, 1973, MHD, CB19; Maurice Dobb, “The Crisis in Economic Theory: Some Random Comments on the Debate,” 1975–1976, MHD, DA111; Dobb, “Note,” 469. 74. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, August 21, 1972, MHD, CB19; Maurice Dobb to Tadeusz Kowalik, July 25, 1973, MHD, CA117. Notes to pp. 211–13 273

75. Maurice Dobb to R. Palme Dutt, March 27, 1968, MHD, CB17. That Dobb could maintain such a cordial tone with Dutt is perhaps yet another testa- ment to his renowned politeness. 76. Gareth Stedman Jones explores Marx’s struggle to finish Capital in “Radicalism and the Extra-European World: The Case of Marx” in Victorian Visions of Global Order: Empire and International Relations in Nineteenth Century Political Thought, ed. Duncan Bell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 201–6 and “Marx’s Critique of Political Economy: A Theory of History or a Theory of Communism?,” in Marxist History-writing for the Twenty-first Century, ed. Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 140–57. For an introduction to the growing literature on the economic history of the 1970s, see Charles Maier, “‘Malaise’: The Crisis of Capitalism in the 1970s,” in The Shock of the Global, eds Niall Ferguson, Charles Maier, Erez Manela and Daniel Sargent (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010), 25–48 77. Maurice Dobb, “MARXISM IN TRANSITION. Philosophical Essays,” Undated, MHD, DF2. 78. A thesis that offers more evidence of the distance between Dobb and Althusser. 79. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, August 21, 1972, MHD, CB19. 80. Maurice Dobb to Theodor Prager, July 3, 1975, MHD, CB19; Maurice Dobb to Brian Pearce, April 15, 1976, MHD, CB15. 81. Eric Hobsbawm to Maurice Dobb, April 26, 1976, MHD, CA81.

Conclusion: At Trinity Chapel, and After

1. “Memorial Service Pamphlet,” MHD, AG1; Richard Goodwin, Untitled, MHD, AG1. 2. John Eatwell, “Maurice Dobb,” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1.1 (March 1977), 1–3. Dobb had to be buried on a weekday because during her ten- ure as Labour councillor Barbara, who thought gravediggers should have weekends off too, had successfully pushed for legislation banning weekend burials. 3. Anonymous, “Mr. Maurice Dobb: Notable Marxist economist,” The Times, August 19, 1976, 14. Kalecki observed that while in Cambridge he had met only two people who fit his image of an English gentleman, and that one (Sraffa) was Italian and the other (Dobb) a Communist. 4. Anonymous, “Maurice Dobb – a life of Marxism and modesty,” Morning Star, August, 19 1976, 3, MHD, AG1; Pat Sloan, Labour Monthly, October 1976, 471, MHD, AG1; Anonymous, New Age, August 29, 1976, MHD, AG1; Maurice Dobb, “What Is Socialism?,” Comment, September 4, 1976, 283. 5. Gordon McLennan to Barbara Dobb, Undated, MHD, AG1; Partito Comunista Italiano to Communist Party Great Britain, Undated, MHD, AG1. 6. Eric Hobsbawm to Barbara Dobb, August 24, 1976, MHD, AG1; Theodor Prager to Barbara Dobb, August 31, MHD, AG1; Amartya Sen to Barbara Dobb, August 19, 1976, MHD, AG1. 7. “Huius collegii per XXVIII annos socius et lector. Inter viros artis oeco- nomicae peritos quasi signifer novarum partium videbatur. Doctrinas enim Caroli Marx adhuc apud Britannos non satis intellectas rebus cum praet- eritis tum praesentibus feliciter attulit. Ut in scriptis ita in vita cotidiana neminem comiorem tibi fingere possis, neminem humaniorem.” 274 Notes to pp. 213–20

8. The only cruel remark from Dobb that I found in my research came from an interview in the 1970s where he said, when asked about Joan Robinson, that he “didn’t like her legs.” Quoted in Marjorie Turner, Joan Robinson and the Americans (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1989), 14. 9. Hobsbawm, How to Change the World, 384. Göran Therborn, From Marxism to Postmarxism (London: Verso, 2008) evaluates Marxism’s recent career from a perspective sympathetic to Hobsbawm’s. 10. See Stephen Kotkin, Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001) and Archie Brown, “The Gorbachev Era,” in The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol. 3: The Twentieth Century, ed. Ronald Suny (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 316–51. 11. It was converted into a new organization and rechristened as “The Democratic Left.” Today, a “Communist Party of Britain” founded in 1988 by a breakaway faction from the CPGB claims the old label for itself. 12. Eric Hobsbawm, “The Forward March of Labour Halted,” Marxism Today, September 1978, 279–86. For an alternative line of criticism, see Stuart Hall, Chas Critcher, Tony Jefferson, John Clarke and Brian Roberts, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: Macmillan, 1978). 13. To many, Sraffa’s work seemed as unmoored from actual economic life as anything in general equilibrium theory, turning Dobb’s critique against him. See, for example, Blaug, “Trade-Off.” 14. For an overview, see Backhouse, “Economics,” 38–70. On economics before the crisis, see Michael Woodford, “Convergence in Macroeconomics: Elements of the New Synthesis,” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 1.1 (January 2009), 267–79 and Olivier Blanchard, “The State of Macro,” Annual Review of Economics 1 (2009), 209–28. For later critiques, see Ricardo Caballero, “Macroeconomics after the Crisis: Time to Deal with the Pretense-of-Knowledge Syndrome,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24.4 (Fall 2010), 985–1102 and Joseph Stiglitz, “Rethinking Macroeconomics: What Failed, and How to Repair It,” Journal of the European Economic Association 9.4 (August 2011), 591–645. Paul Krugman leveled a related criticism with characteristic pungency when he contended in 2009 that for the preceding three decades macroeconomics had been “spectac- ularly useless at best, and positively harmful at worst.” Quoted in Anonymous, “The Other-Worldly Philosophers,” The Economist (July 16, 2009), http://www. economist.com/node/14030288. 15. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press), 1991; David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry Into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1991); Perry Anderson, The Origins of Postmodernity (London: Verso, 1998); and Terry Eagleton, After Theory (New York: Basic Books, 2003) offer critical views from the Marxist left and are delivered with much greater refinement than in the abbreviated summary given above. 16. For instance, Perry Anderson, “Renewals,” New Left Review 1 (January– February 2000), 5–24. 17. Not to mention that Jacques Derrida, perhaps the most renowned exem- plar of the postmodern, located himself in a tradition inspired by “a certain spirit of Marxism.” Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International, trans. Peggy Kamuf (New York: Routledge, 1994), 110. Notes to pp. 220–1 275

18. The process is perhaps best understood by examining the trajectory of a specific discipline, for which history offers as good an example as any. On his- toriographical trends from the heyday of British Marxism onwards, see Eley, Crooked Line and William Sewell, Logics of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005). Joan Scott is fre- quently cited as a vivid illustration of the moment, on which see Joan Scott, “History Constructs a Historian,” in Becoming Historians, eds James Banner, Jr. and John Gillis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 76–100 and her enormously influential “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review 91. 5 (December 1986), 1053–75. 19. Quoted in Brick, Transcending Capitalism, 207–8. Although, of course, Marxism is a diverse intellectual tradition capable of accommodating a variety of conflicting perspectives. Indeed, according to perhaps the most impressive work of Marxist theory published in recent years – Moishe Postone’s Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx’s Critical Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) – not even Dobb understood Marx. Postone’s work has inspired a burgeoning scholarship, primarily centered at the University of Chicago, on “critical historical studies.” See Andrew Sartori, Bengal in Global Concept History: Culturalism in the Age of Capital (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008) and William Sewell, Jr., “The Temporalities of Capitalism,” Socio-Economic Review 6.3 (July 2008), 517–37 for outstanding instances of this project in action. 20. Ellen Meiksins Wood is an equally representative example. See, for instance, Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Origins of Capitalism: The Longer View (London: Verso, 2002). The point is not that Wood or Brenner adhere uncritically to Dobb’s opinions – they both register emphatic objections – but that they give Dobb prominent status in a tradition that they situate themselves in. For contrasting interpretations, see Richard Grassby, The Idea of Capitalism Before the Industrial Revolution (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1999); Peter Musgrave, The Early Modern European Economy (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999); Jan de Vries, The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); and Joel Mokyr, The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain, 1700–1850 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). 21. Brenner’s analysis gave Dobb the odd distinction of appearing as the defender of true Marxism in the same journal that three years earlier had deemed him a neo-Ricardian turncoat. See Robert Brenner, “The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism,” New Left Review 1.104 (July/August1977), 25–92. For Brenner on Dobb, see Robert Brenner, “Dobb on the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 2.2 (June 1978), 121–40. According to a syllabus available online, Brenner still begins a course on Marxist history and theory with Studies: https://classes.sscnet.ucla.edu/course/view.php?name=12W-HIST131A-1. Perry Anderson, Spectrum: From Left to Right in the World of Ideas (London: Verso, 2005), 232–76 provides a sympathetic but critical survey of Brenner’s career. For models of what Brenner saw as “neo-Smithian Marxism,” see André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalism and the Origins of the European World-Economy in 276 Notes to pp. 221–3

the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974); and, for a sense of his later antagonist, Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (London: Verso, 1994). For both Frank and Wallerstein colonialism and empire loomed much larger than for Dobb, which helps explain their harmonies with Sweezy. It is the difference between the problematic of the Historians’ Group and of a 1960s international left oriented toward the global south. 22. See T.H. Aston and C.H.E. Philbin, eds, The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) and Peter Hoppenbrouwers and Jan Luiten van Zanden, eds, Peasants into Farmers? The Transformation of Rural Economy and Society in the Low Countries (Middle Ages–19th Century) in Light of the Brenner Debate (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2001). 23. Robert Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble: The US and the World Economy (London: Verso, 2002) and The Economics of Global Turbulence (London: Verso, 2002). I thank Kenta Tsuda for drawing my attention to Brenner’s influence. 24. “Centered on” but not exclusively focused upon. Exchange rates, for example, figure promimently in Brenner’s account of recent economic history. 25. For an application of Brenner, see Gopal Balakrishnan, “Speculations on the Stationary State,” New Left Review 59 (September–October 2009), 5–26. On contemporary China as recapitulation of nineteenth-century Britain, see Mike Davis, “Spring Confronts Winter,” New Left Review 72 (November– December 2011), 15. 26. In Perry Anderson’s words, “If the end of history has arrived, it is essentially because the socialist experience is over.” Anderson, Zone of Engagement, 351–2. 27. Michael Shuman, “Marx’s Revenge: How Class Struggle is Shaping the World,” Time (March 25, 2013), http://business.time.com/2013/03/25/marxs-revenge- how-class-struggle-is-shaping-the-world/. Scholarship on the “varieties of capitalism,” on which see Bob Hancké, Debating Varieties of Capitalism: A Reader (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), antedates the current crisis, but its popularity is a symptom of the times. 28. For background on this usage of “the political,” see Dick Howard, The Marxian Legacy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Bernard Flynn, The Philosophy of Claude Lefort: Interpreting the Political (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2006). Charles Taylor pursues a related project in Modern Social Imaginaries (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004). Warren Breckman, The Adventures of the Symbolic: Postmarxism and Democratic Theory (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013) supplies a masterful account of the repudia- tion of Marx’s materialist ontology by large swaths of Western Europe’s intellectual left 29. On China, see Yasheng Huang, Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepre- neurship and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008) and Richard McGregor, The Party: The Secret World of China’s Communist Rulers (London: Allen Lane, 2010). 30. Hobsbawm, “The Historians’ Group,” 26; Hobsbawm, How to Change the World, 417; Slavoj Žižek, “Zizek’s speech at #OWS,” Pastebin (October 10, 2011), http:// pastebin.com/2VGhtyuJ. Žižek elaborates this point in Living in the End Times (London: Verso, 2011). Žižek, as he acknowledges, borrowed the line from Fredric Jameson. Notes to p. 223 277

31. Dobb, Studies, 2, 1. The insight that “the capitalist order not only rests on props made of extra-capitalist material but also derives its energy from extra-capitalist patterns of behavior” is older than Schumpeter, though he phrased it nicely. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper Colophon, 1975), 162. For a powerful development of this argument, see Gibson-Graham, The End of Capitalism. Possible examples of precapitalist or noncapitalist phenomena that have been essential to systems described as capitalist include slavery, non-waged household labor, production for individual consumption, religious fundamentalism, and, as noted elsewhere in this chapter with reference to China’s current influence, socialism itself. To take only the example of slavery – a notable lacuna in Studies – see among many possible sources, Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800 (London: Verso Press, 1997); Sven Beckert, “Emancipation and Empire: Reconstructing the Worldwide Web of Cotton Production in the Age of the American Civil War,” American Historical Review 109.5 (December 2004), 1405–38; Seth Rockman, Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009); and Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013), esp. 252–79. On the difficulties Marx encountered merging slavery with his analysis of capitalism, see Cedric Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000) and Walter Johnson, “The Pedestal and the Veil: Rethinking the Capitalism/Slavery Question,” Journal of the Early Republic 24.2 (Summer 2004), 299–308. By limiting his scope to Capital, however, Johnson gives a misleading impression of slavery’s place within Marx’s thought more broadly considered. On representatives of capitalism, see Marx’s description of his methodology in Capital: “here individuals are dealt with only in so far as they are the personifications of economic catego- ries, embodiments of particular class-relations and class-interests.” Marx, Capital, Vol. 1, 92. For one example of actual capitalists’ failure to live up to Capital’s analysis, see Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009). References

Archives

Maurice Dobb Papers, Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge University. Maurice Dobb File, National Archives, London, Public Record Office.

The following is a selected list of Maurice Dobb’s publications.

Books The Shadow of the Vatican: A Story of Diplomacy and Politics. Unpublished, 1919. Capitalist Enterprise and Social Progress. London: Routledge, 1925. Russian translation of historical chapters (1929), Japanese translation (1931). Wages. London: Nisbet and Co., 1928 revised edns 1933, 1938, 1946, 1956. Japanese translation (1931), Spanish translation (1941, 1949, 1957), Arabic translation (1957), Italian translation (1965). Russian Economic Development since the Revolution. London: Routledge, 1928. 2nd edn with a new appendix, Labour Research Department, 1928. Political Economy and Capitalism: Some Essays in Economic Tradition. London: Routledge, 1937; revised edn 1940. American edns (1939, 1945), Spanish translation (1945, 1961), Italian translation (1950), Japanese translation (1952), Korean translation (1955), Hungarian translation (1958), Serbo-Croat translation (1959). Studies in the Development of Capitalism. London: Routledge, 1946; revised edn 1963. Japanese translation (1946), American edn (1947), revised American edn (1963), Italian translation (1958), Serbo-Croat translation (1961), Polish translation (1964). Soviet Economic Development since 1917. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1948; revised edn, 1966. American edn (1948), revised American edn (1967). Japanese translation (1955), Italian translation (1957). Some Aspects of Economic Development: Three Lectures. Delhi: Ranjit Printers and Publishers, 1951. Japanese translation (1955). On Economic Theory and Socialism: Collected Papers. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1955. American edn (1955), Japanese translation (1955), Polish translation (1959), Italian translation (1960). An Essay on Economic Growth and Planning. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960. American edn (1960), Japanese translation (1960), Italian translation (1963), Polish translation (1963). Papers on Capitalism, Development and Planning. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967. Welfare Economics and the Economics of Socialism: Towards a Commonsense Critique. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969. Theories of Value and Distribution since Adam Smith: Ideology and Economic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. The Development of Socialist Economic Thought: Selected Essays by Maurice Dobb. Edited by Brian Pollitt. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2008.

278 References 279

The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo. 10 Volumes. Edited by Piero Sraffa with the collaboration of Maurice Dobb. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950–1955.

Popular Books and Pamphlets The Development of Capitalism: An Outline Study for Classes and Study Circles. London: Labour Research Department, 1922. Ramsay Macdonald, seine Mitarbeiter die Labour Party und was Europa erwartet. Leipzig: Hans Seligo Verlag, 1924. Money and Prices: An Outline Course for Students, Classes and Study Circles. London: Labour Research Department, 1928. An Outline of European History. London: Plebs League, 1925. Russian translation (1929), Danish translation (1932). Modern Capitalism: Its Origin and Growth: An Outline Course for Students, Classes and Study Circles. London: Labour Research Department, 1928. In Soviet Russia, Autumn 1930. London: Modern Books, 1930. Russia Today and Tomorrow. London: Hogarth Press, 1930. An Introduction to Economics. London: Gollancz, 1932. Soviet Russia and the World. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1932. On Marxism Today. London: Hogarth Press, 1932. The Press and the Moscow Trial. London: Friends of the Soviet Union, 1933. Social Credit Discredited. London: Martin Lawrence, 1936. Planning and Capitalism. London: Workers’ Educational Trade Union Committee, 1937. Trade Union Experience and Policy, 1914–1918: An Outline. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1940. Soviet Economy and the War. London: Routledge, 1941. Soviet Planning and Labour in Peace and War: Four Studies. London: Routledge, 1942. Danish translation (1946). U.S.S.R., Her Life and Her People. London: University of London Press, 1943. Economics of Capitalism: An Introductory Outline. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1943. Marx as an Economist, an Essay. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1943. Social Insurance in the Soviet Union. London: National Council for British Soviet Unity, 1943. Capitalism Yesterday and Today. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1958. Japanese translation (1958), Indian edn (1959), Polish translation (1960), Czech translation (1961), Italian translation (1962), American edn (1962), Spanish translation (1964), Japanese translation (1964), Brazilian translation (1964), Polish translation (1964), Turkish translation (1965), French translation (1965). Economic Growth and Underdeveloped Countries. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1963. Argument on Socialism. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1966 Socialist Planning: Some Problems. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1970.

Contributions to Books Contributor to the Encyclopaedia Britannica (12th Edition); the Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences; Chambers’s Encyclopaedia; International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences. 280 References

Edited (with a contribution to) Britain Without Capitalists. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1936. “The Economic Basis of Class Conflict.” In Class Conflict and Social Stratification, edited by T.H. Marshall. London: Le Play House Press, 1938. “Bernard Shaw and Economics.” In G.B.S. 90: Aspects of Bernard Shaw’s life and Work, edited by Stephen Winsten. London: Hutchinson, 1946. “Foreword” to The Theory of Capitalist Development,” by Paul Sweezy. London: Dennis Dobson, 1946. “On Some Tendencies in Modern Economic Theory.” In Philosophy for the Future, edited by R.W. Sellars, V.J. McGill, and Martin Farber. New York: Macmillan, 1949. “Economic Planning and Planned Economies,” in Economics, Man and his Material Resources, by W.A. Lewis et al. London: Oldhams Press, 1949. Foreword, with contributions to, The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism: A Symposium. New York: Arena Publications, 1954. Foreword, and contribution to, Keynesian Economics: A Symposium. New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1956. “Pianificazione.” In Dizionario di Economia Politica, edited by Claudio Napoleoni. Milan: Edizioni di Comunita, 1956. “Has Capitalism Changed?” In Has Capitalism Changed?: A Symposium on the Nature of Contemporary Capitalism, edited by Shigeto Tsuru. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten Publishers, 1961. “Theories of Wages, and Methods of Wage-Payment.” In Industrial Labour in India, edited by V.B. Singh and A.K. Saran. Bombay: Asia Published House, 1960; revised edition, 1963. “Some Further Comments on the Discussion about Socialist Price-Policy.” In On Political Economy and Econometrics, Essays in Honour of Oskar Lange. Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers, 1964. “Some Reflections on the Theory of Investment, Planning and Economic Growth.” In Problems of Economic Dynamics and Planning: Essays in Honour of Michał Kalecki. Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers, 1964. “Introduction to Italian Edition of Karl Marx, Il Capitale.” Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1964. “Tendenze economiche del capitalism europeo.” In Tendenze del capitalism europeo. Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1966. “The October Revolution and Half a Century.” In Fifty Years of Soviet Power, edited by Leo Huberman and Paul Sweezy. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967. “Keynes on Money.” In The Cambridge Mind: Ninety Years of the Cambridge Review, 1879–1969, edited by Eric Homberger, William Janeway and Simon Schama. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd, 1970. “Marx’s Critique of Political Economy.” In The History of Marxism, Vol. 1: Marxism in Marx’s Day, edited by Eric Hobsbawm. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982.

Articles “Marx and Marshall: A Study of the Relation of Bourgeois and Working-Class Economics.” Plebs, April 1922. “The Webbs, The State, and the Workers.” Plebs, April 1923. “The Entrepreneur Myth.” Economica 4 (February 1924). “Labour Research.” Labour Monthly, December 1925. “Thoughts on May and October.” Plebs, May 1926. References 281

“The Dynamics of Capitalism: A Reply.” Economica 6 (June 1926). “The First General Strike.” Plebs, June 1926. “Marxism: Mumbo-Jumbo or Science?” Plebs, March 1927. “The Economic Progress of the U.S.S.R.” Labour Monthly, September 1927. “The Revolution in Art and Literature.” Plebs, November 1927. “Finansovoye polozheniye Velikobritanii.” Planovoye khozyaistivo (November 1929). “A Sceptical View of the Theory of Wages.” Economic Journal 39.156 (December 1929). “A Note Concerning Mr. J.R. Hicks on ‘The Indeterminateness of Wages.’” Economic Journal 41 (March 1931). “Concerning a Criticism of ‘Recent Criticisms of the Theory of Wages.’” Economic Journal 41 (March 1931). “A Debate In The Lords.” Times, March 30, 1931. “The Significance of the Five Year Plan.” Slavonic and East European Review 10.28 (June 1931). “Communism: For and Against.” Listener, March 29 1933. “Problems of Soviet Finance.” Slavonic and East European Review 11.33 (April 1933). “‘Social Credit’ and the Petit-Bourgeoisie.” Labour Monthly, September 1933. “Economic Theory and the Problems of a Socialist Economy.” Economic Journal 43 (December 1933). “Economic Theory and Socialist Economy: A Reply.” Review of Economic Studies 2.2 (February 1935). “A Note in Reply to ‘Mr. Dobb and Marx’s Theory of Value.” Modern Quarterly 1 (July 1938). “A Note on Some Aspects of the Economic Theory of Marx.” Science and Society 2.3 (1938). “An Economist from Poland.” Daily Worker, March 22, 1939. “Economists and the Economics of Socialism.” Modern Quarterly 2.2 (April 1939). “A Note on Saving and Investment in a Socialist Economy.” Economic Journal 49 (December 1939). “Scientific Method and the Criticism of Economics.” Science and Society 3.3 (1939). “Reply to L.M. Fraser’s ‘Dissent from the Marxian Theory of Value.’” Science and Society 3.4 (1939). “A Note on the Causes of Crises.” Labour Monthly, September 1939. “A Lecture on Lenin.” Slavonic Review 19 (1939–1940). “Aspects of British ‘War Economy.’” Labour Monthly, February 1940. “‘Vulgar Economics’ and ‘Vulgar Marxism’: A Reply.” Journal of Political Economy 48 (April 1940). “What the Communist Party Has Meant to Me.” Labour Monthly, August 1940. “A Review of the Discussion Concerning Economic Theory in its Application to a Socialist Economy.” Iktisat Fakültesi Mecmuasi 2.2 (January 1941). “The English Revolution.” Labour Monthly, February 1941. “Economic Planning in the Soviet Union.” Science and Society 6.4 (1942). “How Soviet Trade Unions Work.” New Masses (May 5, 1942). “Review of The Theory of Capitalist Development.” Science and Society 7.3 (Summer 1943). “Industry and Employment After the War.” Labour Monthly, November 1943. “Conservatives and Industry.” Labour Monthly, March 1944. “The International Labour Conference.” Economic Journal 54 (June–September 1944). “Aspects of Nazi Economic Policy.” Science and Society 8.2 (1944). 282 References

“Post-War Economic Prospects in the U.S.S.R.” Oxford University Institute of Statistics Bulletin 8 (June 1944). “Reparations.” Labour Monthly, March 1945. “Economic Situation and Labour Policy.” Labour Monthly, October 1945. “Marxism and the Social Sciences.” Modern Quarterly 3.1 (1947). “Some Recent Tendencies in British Economic Thought.” Ekonomista (1947). “A Comment on Soviet Statistics.” Review of Economic Statistics 30 (February 1948). “Marxism and Economic Theory.” Modern Quarterly 3.2 (1948). “Deflation and the Economic Crisis.” Labour Monthly, January 1948. “Comment on Soviet Economic Statistics.” Soviet Studies 1 (June 1949). “Pound Sterling.” Labour Monthly, November 1949. “Full Employment and Capitalism.” Modern Quarterly 5.2 (1950). “Practice and Theory of Railway Rates.” Soviet Studies 1 (April 1950). “Reply to P.M. Sweezy’s ‘The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism.’” Science and Society 14.2 (1950). “A Note on the Dicussion of the Problem of Choice Between Alternative Investment Projects.” Soviet Studies 2 (January 1951). “Historical Materialism and the Role of the Economic Factor.” History (February and June 1951). “Soviet Post-War Reconstruction.” Science and Society 15.2 (Spring 1951). “The Accumulation of Capital.” Modern Quarterly 7.2 (1952). “The Problem of Marginal-Cost Pricing Reconsidered.” Indian Economic Review 1.1 (February 1952). “The International Economic Conference.” Labour Monthly, June 1952. “The Fifth Five-Year Plan.” Anglo-Soviet Journal (Winter 1952). “A Note on Turn-Over Tax and Prices.” Soviet Studies 4 (January 1953). “Rates of Growth Under the Five-Year Plans.” Soviet Studies 4 (April 1953) “Comments on Professor H.K. Takahashi’s ‘Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism.’” Science and Society 17.2 (1953). “Soviet Economy: Fact and Fiction.” Science and Society 18.2 (1954). “Note sur le ‘degré d’intensité capitaliste’ des inventissements dans les pays sous-developpés.” Économie Appliquée (July–September 1954). “Capital Accumulation: A Note in Reply to Professor Hideichi Horie.” Kyoto University Economic Review. 25.1 (April 1955). “Four-and-a-Half Per Cent.” Labour Monthly, April 1955. “Comparative Rates of Growth in Industry: A Comment on Strumlin’s Article on Expanded Reproduction.” Soviet Studies 7 (July 1955). “Some Questions on Economic Growth.” Indian Journal of Economics 36 (July 1955). “Comparative Growth Rates: A Reply.” Soviet Studies 7 (January 1956). “A Note on Index-Numbers and Compensation Criteria.” Oxford Economic Papers 8 (February 1956). “Sobre Algunas Tendencias de la Teoría Económica Moderna.” Economía (April 1956) “A Note on Income Distribution and the Measurement of National Income at Market Prices.” Economic Journal 66 (June 1956). “Second Thoughts on Capital-Intensity of Investment.” Review of Economic Studies 24.1 (1956). “Uwagi o Rolie Prawa Wartości i w Gospodarce Socjalistycznej I Systemie Cen.” Gospodarka Planowa (October 1956). References 283

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Published Books and Articles

Adams, Walter. “Review of On Economic Theory and Socialism, Collected Papers.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 309 (January 1957). Abramovitz, Moses. Thinking About Growth and Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Adelman, Jeremy. Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013. Althusser, Louis. For Marx. Translated by Ben Brewster. New York: Verso, 2005. ——. The Future Lasts Forever: A Memoir. Edited by Olivier Corpet and Yann Moulier Boutang, translated by Richard Veasey. New York: New Press, 1993. Amadae, S.M. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Amis, Martin. Experience: A Memoir. New York: Hyperion, 2000. Anderson, Perry. A Zone of Engagement. London: Verso, 1992. ——. “Components of the National Culture.” New Left Review 1.50 (July–August 1968). ——. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: Verso, 1979. ——. English Questions. London: Verso, 1992. ——. “Origins of the Present Crisis.” New Left Review 1.23 (January–February 1964). ——. “Renewals.” New Left Review 1 (January–February 2000). ——. Spectrum: From Left to Right in the World of Ideas. London: Verso, 2005. References 285

——. The Origins of Postmodernity. London: Verso, 1998. Andrew, Christopher. Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. New York: Vintage Books, 2010. Arendt, Hannah. On Revolution. New York: The Viking Press, 1965. Argenbright, Robert. “Marking NEP’s Slippery Path: The Krasnoshchekov Show Trial.” Russian Review 61.2 (April 2002). Arnot, R. Page. “Dobb in the Twenties.” Labour Monthly, October 1976. Aronson, Ronald. Camus and Sartre: The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel that Ended It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Arrighi, Giovanni. The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times. London: Verso, 1994. Arrow, Kenneth. “A Cautious Case for Socialism.” Dissent (September 1978). ——. “A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare.” Journal of Political Economy 58.4 (August 1950). —— and F.H. Hahn. General Competitive Analysis. San Francisco: Holden-Day, 1971. Aslanbeigui, Nahid and Guy Oakes. The Provocative Joan Robinson: The Making of a Cambridge Economist. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. ——. “The Twilight of the Marshallian Guild: The Culture of Cambridge Economics Circa 1930.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 29.2 (June 2007). Aspers, Patrick. “The Economic Sociology of Alfred Marshall: An Overview.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58.4 (October 1999). Aspromourgos, Tony. The Science of Wealth: Adam Smith and the Framing of Political Economy. Routledge: New York, 2009. Aston, T.H. and C.H.E. Philbin, eds. The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Backhouse, Roger. “Economics.” In The History of the Social Sciences since 1945, edited by Roger Backhouse and Philippe Fontaine, 38–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 38–70. ——. “Economics in mid-Atlantic: British Economics, 1945–95.” In The Development of Economics in Western Europe since 1945, edited by A.W. Coats, 19–39. London: Routledge, 2000. ——. “Sidgwick, Marshall, and the Cambridge School of Economics.” History of Political Economy 38.1 (Spring 2006). ——. The Penguin History of Economics. London: Penguin Books, 2002. Backhouse, Roger and Bradley Bateman, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Keynes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Baker, Keith. “Enlightenment and the Institution of Society: Notes for a Conceptual History.” In Main Trends in Cultural History, edited by Willem Melching and Wyger Velema, 95–125. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994. Balakrishnan, Gopal. “Speculations on the Stationary State.” New Left Review 59 (September–October 2009). Baran, Paul. “Review of On Economic Theory and Socialism, Collected Papers.” Economic Journal 67.267 (September 1957). ——. “Review of Soviet Economic Development since 1917.” Review of Economics and Statistics 32.2 (May 1950). Barrow, Logie. “Determinism and Environmentalism in Socialist Thought.” In Culture, Ideology, and Politics: Essays for Eric Hobsbawm, edited by Raphael Samuelson and Gareth Stedman Jones, 194–214. London: Routledge, 1982. 286 References

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Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Chari, Sharad and Stuart Corbridge, eds. The Development Reader. London: Routledge, 2008. Cheney, Paul. Revolutionary Commerce: Globalization and the French Monarchy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010. Christofferson, Michael. French Intellectuals Against the Left: The Antitotalitarian Moment of the 1970s. New York: Berghahn Books, 2004. Chun, Lin. The British New Left. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Clarke, Peter. Hope and Glory: Britain in the Twentieth Century. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. ——. The Keynesian Revolution in the Making, 1924–1936. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. Clavin, Patricia. Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920–1946. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Clavin, Patricia and Jens-Wilhelm Wessels. “Transnationalism and the League of Nations: Understanding the Work of its Economic and Financial Organisation.” Contemporary European History 14.4 (November 2005). Coats, A.W. On the History of Economic Thought: British and American Economic Essays, Vol. I. London: Routledge, 1992. ——. “The Distinctive LSE Ethos in the Inter-War Year.” Atlantic Economic Journal, 10.1 (1982). ——. The Sociology and Professionalization of Economics: British And American Economic Essays, Vol. 2. London: Routledge, 1993. Coats, A.W., ed. Economists in Government: An International Comparative Study. Durham: Duke University Press, 1981. ——. The Post-1945 Internationalization of Economics. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997. Cohen, Avi and G.C. Harcourt. “Whatever Happened to the Cambridge Capital Theory Controversies?” Journal Of Economic Perspectives 17.1 (Winter 2003). Collard, David. “A.C. Pigou, 1877–1959.” In Pioneers of Modern Economics in Britain, edited by D.P. O’Brien and John Presley, 105–39. London: Macmillan Press, 1981. Collini, Stefan. Common Reading: Critics, Historians, Publics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. ——, Donald Winch, and John Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. ——, Richard Whatmore and Brian Young, eds. Economy, Polity, and Society: British Intellectual History, 1750–1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Collins, Robert. More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Collison, R.D., A. W. Coats and Craufurd Goodwin. The Marginal Revolution in Economics. Durham.: Duke University Press, 1973. Cook, Simon. The Intellectual Foundations of Alfred Marshall’s Economic Science: A Rounded Globe of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Cooper, Frederick. “Writing the History of Development.” Journal of Modern European History 8.1 (2010). Cozzi, Terenzio and Roberto Marchionatti, eds. Piero Sraffa’s Political Economy: A Centenary Estimate. London: Routledge, 2001. References 289

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accumulation of capital 106, 110 Cambridge, University of Acheson, Dean 144 Dobb at 1, 3, 20, 24–32, 46, 47–8, Adorno, Theodor 13 126–8, 130–2, 135, 180, 213 agriculture 58 Economics Tripos 26–7, 28 allocation of capital 173 memorial service at Trinity Althusser, Louis 201–2, 217 Chapel 215 American Economic Review Socialist Society 24–5 (journal) 133 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament American Historical Review (CND) 163–4 (journal) 123 Campbell, Robert 191 Anderson, Perry 200 Cannan, Edwin 2, 30, 33, 83, 203 Anti-War Council 76–7 Capitalism Yesterday and Today Argument on Socialism (Dobb) (Dobb) 165, 211 179 Capitalist Enterprise and Social Progress Arnot, R. Page 26, 72 (Dobb) 37–48, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, Arrow, Kenneth 131, 172, 190–1, 65, 83, 87, 90, 102, 114, 208, 210, 217 178, 184 Ashley, William 42 Carpenter, Edward 12 atheism 35 Cassel, Gustav 39 Attlee, Clement 125 Chamberlin, Edward 87, 208 Austrian School 114, 219 Charterhouse 10–12 autarky 4 China 129, 159 Christian Science 9–10, 35 Churchill, Winston 125 Baldwin, Stanley 36 Civil War (1642–51) 99–100, 105, Baran, Paul 123, 143 148, 153, 168 Bell, Daniel 174 Clapham, John 60 Benjamin, Walter 13 class 41–2, 55, 63, 102–3, 153, 184 Bergson, Abram 123, 190 Cold War 129, 155, 163, 165 Beria, Lavrentii 145 Cole, G. D. H. 26 Berlin, Isaiah 77 collectivization 119–20, 176, 195 Berlin Wall 163 Comment (magazine) 216 Bernal, J. D. 25 Commission of Public Schools 13 Birmingham, University of 200 Commons, John R. 39 Blewitt, Trevor 65 Communist Manifesto 102 Boer War 11 Communist Party of Great Britain Bologna, University of 168, 177 (CPGB) 1, 3, 5, 7, 33–6, 62–5, Braithwaite, R. B. 24 68–77, 91, 92, 99, 100, 125, Brenner, Robert 221 145–6, 158–62, 165, 193, Brezhnev, Leonid 192 199 Britain Without Capitalists (edited Communist Review (journal) 72, 74, by Dobb) 76 151 Brus, Włodzimierz 157 competition 41 Bukharin, Nikolai 69 Condorcet, Marquis de 4 Burns, Emile 13 consumer preferences 189

308 Index 309 crises 86, 168 views on Keynes 81–2 Great Depression 4, 70, 86, 109, visit to Poland 157 111, 117, 165 visits to Soviet Union 47, 48–9, Croce, Benedetto 26 144–5, 178 Cuba 163 writings 14, 26, 137–8; Cunningham, William 28, 29, 30, dissertation 37; fiction and 42 plays 9, 11–12, 14–20, 22–3; see Cyrankiewicz, Józef 156, 157 also individual titles Czechoslovakia 187, 192, 194, 199, Dobb, Phyllis Carleton (née 211 Grant) 33, 65, 66 Dobb, Walter Herbert 9, 10 Daily Worker (newspaper) 71, 72, 73, Domar, Evsey 123 75, 76, 82, 159, 160 Dubcˇek, Alexander 192 Dalton, Hugh 25, 32–3 Dutt, R. Palme 69, 74, 75, 80, 99, Darwin, Charles 14 161, 162, 193 Debreu, Gerard 131, 142, 208, 210 Eatwell, John 180, 215 Della Volpe, Galvano 13 Econometrica (journal) 143 Denmark 75–6 economic growth and Deutscher, Isaac 123, 194 development 116–17, 139–40, Dickinson, H. D. 24 166, 167, 170, 171–2, 177 Dietzgen, Joseph 12, 35 New Economic Policy (NEP; Soviet Dobb, Barbara (née Nixon) 65–7, 95, Union) 52–3, 54, 57–8 130, 181, 213, 214 Russian Economic Development since Dobb, Maurice the Revolution (Dobb) 49–59, 62, atheism 35 64, 65, 69, 77, 83, 88, 89, 114, at Cambridge University 1, 3, 116, 118, 119, 122, 124, 177, 20, 24–32, 46, 47–8, 126–8, 184, 192 130–2, 135, 180, 213 Some Aspects of Economic death 213–14; memorial Development (Dobb) 140–1 services 215–16; obituaries Soviet Economic Development since 216; tributes 216–18 1917 (Dobb) 114–25, 127, during Second World War 90–3, 134, 137, 139, 175–7, 179, 94–100 184, 198 early life 9, 13 Economic History Review as economist 6, 20–2, (journal) 113, 123 26–32 Economic Journal 44, 59, 60, 61, 89, Festschrift 182–3 113, 133, 191 lectures 91–2, 97, 98, 126, economic planning 55, 70, 117–18, 139, 168, 175, 177, 196, 121, 134, 141, 175, 186, 188, 201 197 at LSE 32, 33, 37 Economica (journal) 113 marriages: Barbara Nixon 65–7, economics profession 132–4, 130; Phyllis Carleton Grant 33, 135 65, 66 Economist, The 144 political interests 5–8, 12–13, elasticity 30 17–18; communism 1–2, 5, 7, Eley, Geoff 12 33–6, 46, 62–5, 68–80, 145–6, Ellman, Michael 191 160–4, 202–3 Engels, Friedrich 12, 71, 101, 149, religion 9–10, 35 153 retirement 182–3 entrepreneurs 39, 40, 102, 136 school education 10–12 equilibrium 55 under surveillance by Essay on Economic Growth and Planning government 96 (Dobb) 171–4, 178 310 Index

European Coal and Steel Community Hitler, Adolf 77, 91, 96, 111 (ECSC) 129 Ho Chi Minh 199 European Community 167 Hobsbawm, Eric 2, 6, 71, 100, expectations 82 112–13, 130, 158–9, 162, externalities 30 168, 169, 211, 213, 217, 218, 222 factory system 108–9 Hobson, John A. 12 fascism 5, 77, 87–8, 91, 112 Horkheimer, Max 13 Nazi regime 70, 75, 78, 91, 111, Hungary 158, 160, 161, 187 121 Hutt, Allen 25 Fay, C. R. 27, 30 Hyndman, Henry 12 feudalism 104–5, 146, 148–9, 150, 152 imperialism 87, 110 First World War 11, 12, 24, 61, 63 impossibility theorem 190 Fisher, Irving 54 Independent Labour Party (ILP) Florinsky, Michael 56 12, 13 Foreign Affairs (journal) 56 India 97, 129, 139 France 91 Industrial Revolution 3–4, 108–9 French Revolution 3, 4 inflation 166 Friedman, Milton 208 international trade 144 Frisch, Ragnar 208 Introduction to Economics (Dobb) 83 general equilibrium theory 186–7 Jacoby, Russell 202 General Strike (1926) 63, 75 Jevons, William 27, 28, 204–7 Genovese, Eugene 164 Johnson, Harry 127 Germany 77 Journal of Economic History 114 Berlin Wall 163 Nazi regime 70, 75, 78, 91, 111, Kahn, Richard 61, 81, 130 121 Kaldor, Nicholas 130, 131, 172, 180, Goldwater, Barry 163 208 Goodwin, Richard 183, 215 Kalecki, Michał 82, 87, 98, 157, 208 Gorbachev, Mikhail 218 Kantorovich, Leonid 178, 190 Gordon, Charles 11 Kennan, George 80, 125 Gramsci, Antonio 50, 60 Kennedy, John F. 163 Great Depression 4, 70, 86, 109, Kerensky, Alexander 31 111, 117, 165 Keynes, John Maynard 2, 26, 27, 35, Gubsky, Nikolai 56 37, 40, 47, 48, 56, 57, 59, Guevara, Che 199 67, 70, 80–3, 90, 92, 98, 116, 126, 130–2, 135, Habermas, Jürgen 164 136, 146, 209 Hahn, Frank 191, 192 Keynesian economics 4 Halberstam, David 169 Khrushchev, Nikita 146, 157–8, Harrod, Roy 172 159, 161, 162, 176, Hayek, Friedrich 39, 88, 90, 101, 198 208, 219 Kiernan, Victor 100, 159, 211 Hegel, Georg 42 Klein, Lawrence 132 Henderson, H. D. 27 Knight, Frank 39, 70 Hicks, John 208 Kolakowski, Leszek 6 Hill, Christopher 99, 100, 105, 112, Korean War 129 148, 149, 159, 200, 211 Kowalik, Tadeusz 211 Hilton, Rodney 100, 112, 153, 159, Kuczynski, Jürgen 99, 100 168 Kuhn, Thomas 206 Hirschman, Albert 172 Kuznets, Simon 208 Index 311

Labour Monthly (journal) 64, 99, 100, Menger, Carl 27, 28, 207 105, 106, 112, 122, 144, 148, 210 mercantilism 107–8 obituary in 216 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 71 Labour Party 7, 25, 34, 63, 75, 112, military expenditure 136 129 Mill, John Stuart 27, 205, 207 labour theory of value 84–5, 138–9, Mises, Ludwig von 88, 219 204 Mitchell, Wesley 39 Labriola, Antonio 26 Modern Quarterly (journal) 145 laissez-faire 30, 70 modernization theory 170, 171 Lange, Oskar 88, 90, 157, 181 Moir, Elsie Annie 9, 10 Lavington, Frederick 27 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 91 League of Nations 4 monopoly 40–3, 45, 110 Lefebvre, Georges 154 Montagu, Ivor 25 Lefebvre, Henri 13 Morning Star (newspaper) 216 Leicester, University of 213 Morris, William 12 Lenin, Vladimir 13, 26, 31, 34, 35, Morton, A. L. 113 36, 50–4, 58, 64, 70, 71, 77, Murray, Gilbert 11 83, 87, 88, 92, 93, 101, 118, Myrdal, Gunnar 172 119, 124, 159, 160, 165, 169, 176, 193, 196 nationalization 165–6 Lerner, Abba 88 Nazi regime 70, 75, 78, 91, 111, Lewin, Moshe 193, 195 121 Lewis, W. Arthur 172 neoclassical economics 28–9, 132 liberalism 5 neoliberalism 7 List, Friedrich 39 Neumann, John von 190 London, University of 127 New Deal 170 London School of Economics New Economic Policy (NEP; (LSE) 30, 32, 127, 131 Soviet Union) 52–3, 54, 57–8, 193 Manchester Guardian (newspaper) 60, New Keynesians 219 69 New Left 161–2, 164, 174, 200–1 Mao Zedong 129 New Left Review (journal) 200, 202, Marcuse, Herbert 13 209, 221 marginalist revolution 27–8, 30 New York Times 144 markets 55, 188 Marshall, Alfred 27–30, 33, 36–7, 39, 40, 41, 46, 54, 60, 61, 83, 132, Occupy Wall Street 222–3 206, 216 On Economic Theory and Socialism Martin, Kingsley 25, 32 (Dobb) 142–3 Marx, Karl 5, 12, 20, 21, 26, 29, 30, On Marxism Today (Dobb) 68, 70–5, 35–7, 41, 42, 45, 46, 50, 51, 65, 70, 77, 80, 159 71, 82, 84–7, 92, 98–101, 103–6, Orwell, George 34 113, 146, 149, 150, 170, 173, 206, Oxford, University of 200 207, 208, 211, 216, 222 Marxism in Transition (Dobb) 212–13 pacifism 11, 24 Marxism Today (journal) 162, 169, Pankhurst, Sylvia 12 182, 194 Papers on Capitalism, Development mathematics 87, 133 and Planning (Dobb) 181–2 Mattick, Paul 210 Past and Present (journal) 146, 221 May, Kenneth 143 Patriot (journal) 76 McCarthyism 154 Philby, Kim 2, 80 McLennan, Gordon 216 Pigou, Arthur 2, 27, 30, 33, 60, 81, McQueen, Humphrey 209 141, 185, 186 Meek, Ronald 82, 126, 181, 209 Pirenne, Henri 42, 154 312 Index

Plato 4 Samuel, Raphael 159 Plebs (journal) 36, 63, 64, 74 Samuelson, Paul 131, 132, 190, 191, Plebs League 35, 36 192, 204, 208, 219 Pokrovsky, Mikhail 100 Sartre, Jean–Paul 13, 200 Poland 156–8, 161 Saturday Review (journal) 56 Polanyi, Karl 101, 114 Sauvy, Alfred 139 Political Economy and Capitalism Saville, John 100, 159 (Dobb) 82–92, 109, 116, Schmoller, Gustav von 42 127, 138 Schuman, Robert 129 Pollitt, Brian 180 Schumpeter, Joseph 101 Pollitt, Harry 76, 78, 180 Science and Society (journal) 147, Popular Front 77, 81 152–5, 174, 211 Post-Keynesians 219 Second World War 90–3, 94–100, postmodernism 219–20 111, 121 Poznan events 156–8, 161 Sen, Amartya 2, 6, 172–3, 174, 180, Prager, Theodor 125, 126, 127, 190, 217 130, 160, 161, 162, 202, sexual morality 13–14 217 Shadow of the Vatican, The Prebisch, Raúl 139 (Dobb) 15–19 prices 55, 173, 189 Shaw, George Bernard 12, 25 Procacci, Giuliano 154 Shove, Gerald 27 profit 40, 41, 84 Šik, Ota 192 proletariat 107–8 Slingova, Marian 194, 195 Sloan, Pat 216 Rathbone, Hugo 71–2, 73 Smith, Adam 5, 27, 28, 84, 85, 87, recessions 166 150, 205, 206, 210 Great Depression 4, 70, 86, 109, social choice theory 190 111, 117, 165 Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Reddaway, Brian 180 Growth: Essays Presented to religion 9–10, 17–18, 35, 156 Maurice Dobb 182–3 Ricardo, David 27, 28, 84, 85, 138, Socialist Planning (Dobb) 197–9 142, 205–8 Solow, Robert 173–4, 190 Robbins, Lionel 44–5, 46, 186 Sombart, Werner 39, 102 Robertson, Dennis 1, 7, 27, 47, 48, Some Aspects of Economic Development 67, 81, 126, 130, 131, 172, 180 (Dobb) 140–1 Robinson, Austin 27, 138 Sorel, Georges 26 Robinson, Joan 61, 81, 87, 98–9, Soviet Economic Development since 1917 123, 130, 131, 133, 144, 157, (Dobb) 114–25, 127, 134, 137, 172, 180, 183, 190, 204, 208, 139, 175–7, 179, 184, 198 211, 219 Soviet Economy and the War Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul 172 (Dobb) 97 Rostow, Walt 169–71 Soviet Labour and Planning (Dobb) Rothstein, Andrew 100, 124, 127, 97 128, 143, 155 Soviet Russia and the World (Dobb) Rowthorn, Bob 209, 210 74 Rudé, George 100 Soviet Studies (journal) 123 Russell, Bertrand 26 Soviet Union 78–9, 88, 96, 139–40, Russian Economic Development since the 144, 145–6, 161, 174–5, 192–3, Revolution (Dobb) 49–59, 195, 199 62, 64, 65, 69, 77, 83, 88, 89, collapse of Soviet regime 218 114, 116, 118, 119, 122, 124, Dobb’s visits 47, 48–9, 144–5, 177, 184, 192 178 Russian Revolution 13, 31–2 New Economic Policy (NEP) 52–3, Rust, William 72 54, 57–8, 193 Index 313

Russian Economic Development since Trevelyan, George 56 the Revolution (Dobb) 49–59, 62, Tribe, Keith 201 64, 65, 69, 77, 83, 88, 89, 114, 116, Trotsky, Leon 31, 54, 58, 196 118, 119, 122, 124, 177, 184, 192 Truman, Harry 133, 139 Russian Revolution 13, 31–2 Turin, Sergey 56 Soviet Economic Development since Twentieth Century (journal) 69, 74 1917 (Dobb) 114–25, 127, 134, 137, 139, 175–7, 179, 184, 198 underconsumption 110 terror 58, 145, 157–8, 196 Union of Democratic Control Sraffa, Piero 59–62, 80, 81, 87, 128, (UDC) 24 138, 139, 144, 180–1, 184, 185, United States of America 136–7, 154, 203–9, 219 162–3, 166, 195 Stalin, Joseph 57, 58, 59, 69, 77, 78, University Socialist (student 79, 91, 118–20, 124, 135, 139, 145, magazine) 25 157–8, 160, 175, 176, 186, 192, Usher, Abbott Payson 42, 44 193, 195, 196, 198, 200 USSR: Her Life and Her People strikes 25, 63, 199 (Dobb) 97 Studies in the Development of Capitalism (Dobb) 5, 100–15, value theory 84–5, 138–9, 204 118, 127, 128, 148, 164, 165, 168, Veblen, Thorstein 28, 39, 61, 87 170, 184, 187, 200, 216 Sweezy, Paul 143, 146–51, 152–5, 168, 209 wages 59, 61, 166–7, 184 Swingler, Randall 92 Walras, Léon 27, 28, 88, 187, 207 Webb, Beatrice 12, 26, 36, 42, 79 Webb, Sidney 12, 26, 32, 36, 42, 79 Takahashi, Kohachiro 151–2, 168 Weber, Max 29, 102 Tawney, R. H. 13, 114–15 welfare economics 141–2, 186 Taylor, A. J. P. 7 Welfare Economics and the Economics terror 58, 145, 157–8, 196 of Socialism (Dobb) 185–92, 197, Theories of Value and Distribution since 203 Adam Smith (Dobb) 203–11, 219 Wellisz, Stanislaw 173 Thompson, E. P. 100, 159, 164, 200, Wesker, Arnold 159 211 Westminster School 13 Time (magazine) 221 Wilkinson, Ellen 26 Times, The 144 Williams, Eric 101 obituary in 216 Williams, Raymond 211 Times Literary Supplement, The Wirtschaftswissenschaft (journal) 135 (journal) 44, 113 Wooton, Barbara 27 Tinbergen, Jan 174, 208 Works and Correspondence of David Toller, Ernst 54 Ricardo (edited by Dobb and Torr, Dona 100 Sraffa) 138 trade unions 7, 111 Trades Union Congress (TUC) 63 transformation problem 84–5 Youth (student magazine) 25 transition debate 147 Trevelyan, Charles 56 Žižek, Slavoj 223