1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 9207 for printing and reference to the proper turn of a surviving spouse shall be treated dresses of the Presidents as a House document calendar, as follows: as a joint return without regard to the time and providing for additional copies; to the of the death of the other spouse; to the Committee on House Administration. Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Joint Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. PETERSON: Committee on the Disposition of Executive By Mr. MATHIAS: H. Con. Res. 321. Concurrent resolution re­ Papers. ' House Report No. 441. Report on H.R. 7376. A bill to make available to chil­ questing the President to proclaim June 4, the disposition of certain papers of sundry dren who are handicapped by deafness the 1961, as a National Day of Prayer; to the executive departments. Ordered to be specially trained teachers of the deaf needed Committee on the Judiciary. printed. to develop their abilities and to make avail­ By Mr. COLLIER: Mr. ROONEY: Committee on Appropria­ able to individuals suffering speech and hear­ tions. H.R. 7371. A bill making appropria­ H. Res. 3~1. Resolution amending clause ing impairments the specially trained speech 2(a) of rule XI and clause 4 of rule XXI of tions for the Departments of State and Jus­ pathologists and audiologists needed to help tice, the Judiciary, and related agencies for the Rules of the House of Representatives; to them overcome their handicaps; to the Com­ the Committee on Rules. the fiscal year ending June 30, 1962, .and mittee on Education and Labor. for other purposes; without amendment By Mr. MURRAY: (Rept. No. 442). Referred to the Committee H.R . 7377. A bill to increase the limita­ of the Whole House on the State of the tion on the number of positions which may MEMORIALS Union. be placed in the top grades of the Classifica­ Mr. COOLEY: Committee on Agriculture. tion Act of 1949, as amended, and on the Under clause 4 of rule XXII, memo­ H.R. 2249. A bill to authorize the Secretary number of research and development posi­ rials were presented and referred as of Agriculture to convey certain property tions of scientists and engineers for which follows: in the State of California to the county of special rates of pay are authorized; to fix By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the Legis­ Trinity; without amendment (Rept. No. the compensation of hearing examiners; and 443). Referred to the Committee of the lature of the State of California, memorializ­ for other purposes; to the Committee on ing the President and the Congress of the Whole House on the State of the Union. Post Office and Civil Service. Mr. COOLEY: Committee on Agriculture. United States relative to the Auburn Dam By Mr. PUCINSKI: H.R. 2250. A bill to authorize and direct the and Folsom South Canal; to the Committee H.R. 7378. A bill to extend and improve on Interior and Insular Affairs. Secretary of Agriculture to convey certain the National Defense Education Act, and for lands in Lassen County, Calif., to the city Also, memorial of the Legislature of the other purposes; to the Committee on Educa­ State of Louisiana, memorializing the Presi­ of Susanville, Calif.; with amendment (Rept. tion and Labor. No. 444). Referred to the Committee of dent and the Congress of the United States the Whole House on the State of the Union. By Mr. SCHWENGEL: to take action to provide for and require the H.R. 7379. A bill to amend the Internal investment of tidelands mineral revenues Revenue Code of 1954 to provide a credit derived from operations off Louisiana shores; PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS against the individual income tax for certain to the Commi1;tee on the Judiciary. amounts paid as educational expenses to in­ Also, memorial of the Legislature of the Under clause 4 of rule XXII, public stitutions of higher education; to the Com­ State of Louisiana, memorializing the Presi­ bills and resolutions were introduced and mittee on Ways and Means. dent and the Congress of the United States severally referred as follows: H.R. 7380. A bill to amend the Internal relative to authorizing and requesting the By Mr. ROONEY: Revenue Code of 1954 to provide a credit Governor to use his good offices to secure H.R. 7371. A bill making appropriations for against the individual income tax for certain through the department of hospitals a trans­ the Departments of State and Justice, the amounts paid as educational expenses to fer of 500 acres of land in Belle Chasse, La., Judiciary, and related agencies for the fiscal institutions of higher education; to the Com­ from the U.S. Government to the State of year ending June 30, 1962, and for other mittee on Ways and Means. Louisiana; to the Committee on Armed purposes. By Mr. SHELLEY: Services. By Mr. MORGAN: H.R. 7381. A bill to amend section 216 of Also, memorial of the Legislature of the H.R. 7372. A bill to promote the foreign the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, to provide S'tate of Nebraska, memorializing the Presi­ policy, security, and general welfare of the for the establishment of a maritime training dent and the Congress of the United States United States by assisting peoples of the program, and for other purposes; to the Com­ relative to urging that the original multiple world in their efforts toward economic and mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. benefit concept' for the construction and social development and internal and exter­ By Mr. SMITH of Iowa: operation of the great reservoir system on nal security, and for other purposes; to the H.R. 7382. A bill to authorize the Secretary the Missouri River be adhered to; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. of the Army to pay fair value for improve­ Committ ee on Interior and Insular Affairs. By Mr. HOLLAND: ments located on railroad rights-of-way H.R. 7373. A bill relating to the occupa­ owned by bona fide lessees or permittees; to tional training, development, and use of the the Committee on Public Works. manpower resources of the Nation, and for By Mr. WEAVER: PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS other purposes; to the Committee on Educa­ H.R. 7383. A bill to provide for a memorial Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private tion and Labor. to the memory of the late Senator George W. bills and resolutions were introduced and By Mr. COLLIER: Norris, at McCook, Nebr.; to the Committee H.R. 7374. A bill to amend title II of the on Interior and Insular Affairs. severally referred as follows: Career Compensation Act of 1949 so as to By Mr. ZELENKO: By Mr. DOWNING: provide that certain members of the uni­ H.R. 7384. A bill to amend title 18 of the H.R. 7385. A bill for the relief of Charles formed services shall not be entitled to re­ United States Code to make it a crime to use Waverly Watson, Jr.; to the Committee on ceive any pay or allowances from the United any instrumentality of commerce or the the Judiciary. States after engaging in any activity or con­ mails, or to travel in commerce, in order to By Mr. FARBSTEIN: duct, while a prisoner of war, which results rig or fix any amateur or professional athletic H.R. 7386. A b111 for the relief of Nguey Don in the giving of aid or comfort to an enemy contest or even~; to the Committee on the Seung; to the Committee on the Judiciary. of the United States; to the Committee on Judiciary. By Mr. LANE: Armed Services. By Mr. HAYS: H.R. 7387. A bill for the relief of Pana­ H.R. 7375. A bill to amend the Internal H. Con. Res. 320. Concurrent resolution au­ giotis Gardikas; to the Committee on the Revenue Code of 1954 to provide that are- thorizing the printing of the inaugural ad- Judiciary. . EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Dynamic June Dairy-Month Program strong enough to meet the needs of the horizon. However, real progress will people and the requirements of national still require a concentrated effort by the EXTENSION OF REMARKS defense-must attempt to assure that Government and the people. all segments share proportionately in our OF national wealth. In a weekend broadcast over Wiscon­ HON. ALEXANDER WILEY This is true in agriculture, industry, sin radio stations, I was privileged to business, the professions, and all other discuss problems--and ways to improve OF WISCONSIN the outlook in one important segment of IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES fields. Over the years we have had particu­ farming-that is, dairying. Monday, May 29, 1961 larly difficult problems in agriculture. I ask unanimous consent to have ex­ Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, the Na­ Fortunately, there have been some prom­ cerpts from the address printed in the tion-if it is to sustain an economy ising signs of a moderate upturn on the RECORD. 9208 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 29 There being no objection, the excerpts 5. Lower costs of production on dairy The concern of our Nation's citizens is were ordered to be printed in the REc­ farms. fully shared by us, as the representatives 6. Adapt more dairy products to better of the people of the United States; but ORD, as follows: meet human nutritional needs. Today, our State ranks as the No. 1 7. Improve markets at home and abroad. we also have the responsibility for doing milk producer in the country-with an out­ 8. Protect the dairy industry from some something ~bout it. This is the solemn put of nearly 18 billion pounds annually. of the allegations now threatening it as to duty imposed upon the Congress by the This great river of milk flowing to consumers alleged ill effects of milk and other dairy Constitution of the United States. I in Wisconsin and elsewhere in the country. products on human health. am confident that we will discharge this represents a great resource of physical 9. Safeguarding the public through care­ obligation, and make the streets of health for the American people. ful handling of antibiotics used in care of Washington safe once again. In addition, dairying also is an important dairy herds. industry economically. Our thousands of 10. Develop new and better ways of proc­ Before a subcommittee of the House dairy farmers in Wisconsin and elsewhere essing milk and other dairy products for Committee for the District of Columbia are an important market for equipment and shipping over long distances. For example, which is studying the problem, I re­ services; they create jobs; and ot herwise with the opening of the St. Lawrence Sea­ cently made the suggestion that con­ stimulate new economic health. The proc­ way, the development of more new dairy sideration should be given by that essing and delivery of about 25 billion quarts products would help to meet the particular committee to establish a mandatory life of fresh milk annually requires an army of needs of people in other areas of the world, sentence for fourth convictions for major 200,000 milk-plant workers. In addition, who badly need the nutritional benefits of crimes. This suggestion received con­ 100,000 people are engaged in the manufac­ milk and other dairy products for their daily ture of butter, cheese, dry milk, and other diets. siderable notice in the press, and as a dairy products. The total annual payroll for Now, what are some of the additional steps result I have received a number of com­ dairy processing plants comes to about $1.4 which may be taken to improve the dairy ments and suggestions by mail and tele­ billion. About 380,000 motor vehicles are outlook? phone. In addition, as I also mentioned 'USed in milk transport from farms to plants 1. Maintain a strong dairy cooperative pro­ before the subcommittee, I have been and from plants to milk consumers. gram. conducting research into the problem In summary, the dairy industry is ex­ 2. Eliminate barriers to the flow of milk in tremely important not only to Wisconsin but in an attempt to better understand it interstate commerce. and to arrive at a mature solution. to the Nation. Consequently, an improved 3. Prevent oleo and other substitutes from outlook is important for all of us. usurping dairy markets. From research in recent writings on Now what can be done? 4. Expand the use of milk-vending ma­ the subject, and conservations with The best way, in my judgment, to serve chines and other devices and special tech­ people directly involved in our penal the public and the dairy industry is to in­ niques for distributing milk products to the system, it is apparent that the trend has crease the consumption of milk and other American people. been away from high mandatory sen­ dairy foods. 5. Establish realistic policies by the Food tences in favor of indeterminate sen­ Across the Nation promotional activities and Drug Administration to avoid public will put the dairy industry in the spotlight tences with a relatively low minimum scares; but at the same time, assuring a and a relatively high maximum sen­ during June, Dairy Month. Some of the ob­ healthful flow of dairy foods to the Ameri­ jectives of the program will be: can public. tence. The theory appears to be that a 1. Sell the dairy food message to consum­ 6. Improve educational opportunities in­ low minimum sentence encourages an ers, stressing that: Dairy products are a best cluding better libraries, extension services inmate to comply with regulations and buy for the family budget, providing about from local universities, and availability of to cooperate in rehabilitation programs one-third of our total food needs for less publications from State and Federal depart­ in the hope that early release may be than one-fourth of the total food budget; ments of agriculture. obtained, and this is reinforced by the The wide variety of dairy products, milk, 7. And, finally, I believe we must create knowledge that failure to comply will butter, cheese, ice cream, and other items, greater opportunity in dairying to encour­ add zest, color, and myriad flavors to making age young, dynamic, imaginative youth to mean long incarceration. Too high a more exciting menus for daily meals. enter the field vocationally, to further minimum, it is argued, discourages the 2. Scuttle the outmoded idea that there is strengthen our dairy economy and provide a prisoner from trying, and prison author­ an age limit on milk consumption. The fact reservoir of rich, healthful, tasty dairy foods ities are handicapped in their rehabili­ is that milk is a good, healthful food for all for the future. tation efforts. As a corollary, a high age brackets; babies, teenagers, adults, and folks in their "golden years." maximum sentence gives the authorities 3. Refute unfounded attacks on milk or the power to hold the obviously unre­ the component parts of milk that may give formed criminal rather than to turn him a false impression of possible detrimental Crime in the Nation's Capital loose prematurely upon society. effects on human health. Judges, too, seem to prefer a wide lati­ 4. Encourage the dairy industry in its EXTENSION OF REMARKS tude in the range within which they may .splendid efforts at stepping up sales and OF operate, and where heavy mandatory promotion, as well as its outstanding at­ sentences are directed, as they were by tempts to bring to the public greater variety and better quality in dairy foods. HON. JOEL T. BROYHILL the so-called Baume law in New York 5. Encourage expansion of a program to OF VIRGINIA before it was amended, tendencies have have milk accessible in more places, includ­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES developed to permit filing of lesser pleas ing opportunity for refreshing milk breaks as a means of avoiding the mandatory during working hours, so that the public Monday, May 29, 1961 sentence. It also has been claimed that has ample opportunity to drink more milk. Mr. BROYHILL. Mr. Speaker, at juries sometimes have failed to convict 6. Pay tribute to the American dairy this very moment, citizens throughout when they viewed the mandatory sen­ farmer for his outstanding contribution to the economy and the health of our people. this great Nation are watching with tence as unjustifiably high for the spe­ 7. Better educate homemakers to the vast grave concern the terrible wave of crime cific case under consideration. variety of ways in which milk and dairy that has been sweeping over the Na­ Obviously, granting this wide latitude products can further enrich the daily meals. tion's Capital. Tourists who ordinarily to jurists and penologists imposes a NEEDED DAIRY RESEARCH CENTER would be trouping gaily through our heaVY responsibility upon them to act I shall soon reintroduce my bill for estab­ wide•avenues and public parks, and rev­ justly to the individuals concerned and lishing a dairy research center at Madison, erently visiting our historic shrines, at the same time to protect society from Wis., the heart of the dairy land. What now look fearfully over their shoulders premature release of those who are un­ would be the goals of such a research proj­ lest they be robbed, or slugged, or worse. ready or unwilling to live useful crime­ ect? To mention a few, these would include Parents in the cities and towns in every free lives. etrorts to- one of our congressional districts may The comments I have received and the 1. Establish an improved, better corre­ be wondering whether their children research I have done to date has led me lated program of dairy research. 2. Improve processing, packaging, refrig­ should be permitted to make a pilgrim­ to the conclusion that I, and I believe eration, powdering, condensing, and mer­ age to Washington. Our friends abroad this Congress, need to know more about chandising, to better serve and meet the deplore, and our enemies take great de­ how the statutes now on the books are modern needs of the consuming public. light in, the daily reports of vicious being enforced before we attempt to add 3. Find new ways to utilize the compo­ crimes committed on the very doorstep to them. It may well be that the pres­ nents of milk for industrial purposes. of this beautiful building in which this ent laws have enough teeth in them al­ 4. Combat livestock diseases. House meets. ready, and that the real problem lies in 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 9209 the way they are administered. After if the present laws are not being carried shared by many ·others, that the basic making an analysis of the District crim­ out. weakness in our great system of gov­ inal code, I am inclined to think that With these thoughts in mind, I have ernment by self-determination is the fact this may indeed be true. Here is a brief today sent a letter to the chairman of the that we utterly fail to provide an ~quality summary of some of the important fea­ Subcommittee of the House District of voting opportunity and authority in tures of the District Code. Committee which is studying the prob­ this country. This is solely due to the The following are sentences · which lem of the crime wave. This letter perversions of original purpose which shall be imposed for specific crimes: makes three requests: have occurred under our electoral college Arson: Not less than 1 or more than First. That a staff study be made of system through use of the so-called gen­ 10 years. Assault with intent to kill, rob, the application of the current criminal eral-ticket, winner-take-all, block voting rape, and so forth: Not more than 15 statutes for the District . of Columbia formula of counting votes for President years. Assault with intent to commit which will show (a) the actual sentences and Vice President. By giving individual mayhem, or with deadly weapon: Not imposed during the past year compared voters in New York State, for example, more than 10 years. Housebreaking: to what the statutes allow; and (b) the 45 votes for President while voters with Not more than 15 years. Grand larceny: sentences imposed on offenders during the identical qualifications and abilities Not less than 1 nor more than 10 years. the past year who previously have been voting in Delaware or any of our other Auto theft: Not more than $1,000 fine convicted of one or more crimes, the States having only one Member of Con­ and/or 5 years. Rape: Not more than sentences previously imposed and the ac­ gress cast only three votes for President. 30 years, unless the jury directs a death tual time served on these previous Does any fairminded American any­ penalty. Robbery: Not less than 6 sentences. where contend that it is either fair, months nor more than 15 years. Second. That consideration be given right, proper, or wise to continue such a Over and above these penalties, section to establishing a system whereby the thoroughly un-American disparity in the 22-104 of the code provides that an addi­ above reports are made on a regular vote power which individual Americans tional 50 percent may be added to any basis, perhaps quarterly, for at least the have in electing the President of the fine or prison sentence for a second con­ next 2 years, or until the Congress de­ United States? viction. I am informed that this provi­ termines that less frequent reports are In 1960, in the Kennedy-Nixon con­ sion is seldom used in the types of cases necessary. test, New York State voters cast over listed above. Also, section 22-3202 pro­ Third. That public hearings be sched­ 325 million votes in that presidential vides that for any offense committed uled at which members of the legal pro­ election. The fact that they were cast when armed with a firearm, additional fession, those engaged in various phases by only about 7 million voters serves sentences may be imposed as follows: For of penal and parole work, and others, be simply to dramatize and illustrate the first offense, 5 years; for second offense, heard and recommendations received for unjust electoral system now prevailing 10 years; for third offense, 15 years; for resolving the problem. in the United States. It is not only un­ fourth offense, up to 30 years. It is not my intention to lay charges just but it places a vast premium on cor­ Section 24-203 of the code provides against any individuals nor against any ruption at the polls in our larger States that for any felony the judge shall im­ group among those responsible for the and cities and it provides a perfect for­ pose maximum sentence not to exceed administration of our criminal justice mula for pressure groups desiring to con­ that authorized for the specific offense, system. But it is certainly obvious that trol or infiuence public policy by mar­ that the minimum shall not exceed one­ something is radically wrong somewhere, shaling their forces to create topheavy third the maximum, and in the case of and from the above analysis of the laws, majorities in the urban communities a life sentence the minimum shall not it does not seem at all certain that the existing in the States which actually exceed 15 years. This section further fault lies entirely in them. elect our presidents. It is an effective provides that for assault with intent to If the trouble lies with the administra­ device, moreover, for preventing the rape or for armed robbery, the minimum tion of the present statutes, the problem Southern States and the rural States sentence shall be not less than 2 years, will not be cleared up until the full west of Chicago from having any sig­ and if convicted of rape, not less than 7 glare of publicity permits the trouble nificant influence in presidential elec­ years if the person has previously been spots to be pinpointed. While I take tions-and likewise in presidential nom­ convicted of a crime of violence. In each such reports of laxity and corruption as inating conventions--and from ever case, the maximum under this section were made in "Washington Confidential" electing one of their own favorite sons would not be less than three times the with a healthy grain of salt, where there to the White House, except through ele­ minimum imposed. Note, however, that is smoke there probably also is fire. If, vation by accident of death through the a judge is not restricted to the 2- or 7- interspersed throughout the law enforce­ Vice Presidency. It is unusual when year minimum, but simply cannot im­ ment system, there are those who out of these areas provide our country with a pose a lesser sentence. misguided humanitarianism, or for more Vice President. All in all, there is considerable lati­ culpable reasons, are contributing to the For the foregoing and other reasons, tude in the law ·for a judge to impose premature release of dangerous criminals I hope this Congress approves our pro­ heavy sentences for repeat offenders, to prey upon society, we must find them posed constitutional amendment, as particularly for those crimes with which and stop them. provided in Senate Joint Resolution 12. we are so very much concerned at this This so-called Mundt amendment will time. But over and above the question correct all of the existing evils in our of the sentences imposed is the question electoral college system without creat­ as to how the Department of Corrections New Electoral College System ing any new evils to replace them. It and the Parole Board are administering maintains the existing voting strength the parole laws. The Parole Board, at EXTENSION OF REMARKS of every State, but it equalizes the vot­ its discretion, can release a prisoner once OF ing strength of every citizen. While it he has served the minimum to which he does not deal directly with the one criti­ is sentenced, but also under section 24- HON. KARL E. MUNDT cism made by the Post editorial-the 201c the Board can apply to the court OF SOUTH DAKOTA possibility that an occasional elector which passed a sentence to have the min­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES might not follow the mandate of those imum reduced at any time. It would be who elected him, a very minor addition most interesting to know how much this Monday, May 29, 1961 to our amendment which I certainly clause is used. Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, this would not oppose if it is felt necessary, I find that the chief barrier to my morning's edition of the Washington could cover that point by binding every forming a judgment as to whether addi­ Post has an interesting and informative elector to vote in conformity with the tional legislation is needed, and if so, editorial on the legislation proposing mandate prescribed by the electoral col­ what legislation is needed, is lack of electoral college reform which is being lege district which elected him. Senate knowledge as to how the present statutes considered presently by the Senate Com­ Joint Resolution 12 already protects are being carried out. I believe most, if mittee on the Judiciary. against gerrymandering by setting up not all of you, will agree with me that It continues to be my conviction, and new electoral college voting districts there is no point in piling law upon law, this is a conviction which I know is rather than using existing congressional CVII--584 9210 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 29 districts which in some instances are has failed to function with fairness. With it is entitled by virtue of its Representatives gerrymandered. only minor changes (important though they shall be elected by the people within single are in effect) it has stood the practical test elector districts established by the legisla­ I ask that the Post editorial and that of time since our country was established. ture thereof; such districts to be composed my statement in support of Senate Joint It has carried us through 44 presidential of compact and contiguous territory contain­ Resolution 12, as made before the Senate elections, through peace and war, from ing as nearly as practicable the number of Judiciary Committee on May 23 also be George Washington to John F. Kennedy. It persons which entitled the State to one Rep­ printed in the RECORD. was after the fourth presidential election resentative in the Congress; and such dis­ There being no objection, the edi­ that the 12th amendment was added to the tricts when formed shall not be altered until torial and statement were ordered to be Constitution to require presidential electors another census has been taken." printed in the RECORD, as follows: to vote specifically for President and Vice It is the clause "In such manner as the President, rather than, as the original pro­ legislature thereof may direct" that is the NEW ELECTORAL SYSTEM vision provided, for two persons for Presi­ root of the present problem. Only 10 States Interest in the presidential electoral sys­ dent. Since then 40 presidential elections participated in the election of our first Presi­ tem is at a low ebb because the next elec­ have been held. It is obvious, therefore, that dent, George Washington. North Carolina tion is 3¥2 years away, but this does not any system that has functioned so well for and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the minimize the importance of the hearings so long should not be changed lightly. Constitution; and New York's two houses of launched by the Senate Constitutional Changes proposed or made should be the the Legislature could not agree on who the Amendments Subcommittee. The 1960 elec­ absolute minimum required to bring about electors should be. tion gave the country a pointed demonstra­ the desired and necessary results. No uniform method of choosing electors tion of some of the weaknesses of the pres­ Such minimum and wholly practical was followed. Electors were chosen in a va­ ent system for choosing the President and changes are proposed in Senate Joint Reso­ riety of ways, election by legislatures, elec­ Vice President. Of the Democratic electors lution 12 which I am sponsoring together tion by the people in districts and election chosen at the polls, 14 in Mississippi and With Senators THURMOND, McCLELLAN, by the people on a general ticket, which Alabama refused to cast their votes for the HRUSKA, MoRTON, and BLAKLEY. This is the means that each voter in the State could Democratic candidate, President Kennedy, old Mundt-Coudert amendment, with which vote for every one of the State's electors. In and cast them instead for Senator BYRD. most of us are familiar, with an important Massachusetts each of the eight districts Many voters went to the polls not knowing change, an antigerrymandering provision chose two electors from which the legisla­ whether their votes would be counted for which corrects a wholly valid criticism of ture elected one per district and added two the candidates of their party. the amendment as written in 1955. electors at large. President Kennedy has indicated that he Our Founding Fathers, in the Constitu­ would like to see electors bound to vote for tional Convention of 1787, gave long and In the succeeding presidential elections, the candidates of the party which they rep­ careful consideration to the method of elect­ through 1832, the various methods were used resent. But the basic difficulty is the reten­ ing the President. At first it decided he with States changing from one to the other. tion of electors at all in a system which is should be elected by the Congress. Then it In 1836, the general ticket system was used now designed to make the President, as changed its collective mind and transferred in every State but South Carolina, which nearly as possible, the popular choice of the the power of choice to an electoral college continued to elect by the legislature through people. Senator KEFAUVER is sponsoring an that was to be an exact counterpart of Con­ 1860. amendment that would abolish electors and gress with the representation of the States After Washington's two elections, the Pres­ divide the electoral vote of each State be­ as units (corresponding to the Senators) as idency was contested every 4 years on a party tween the candidates in the same propor­ well as population of the States (correspond­ basis as it is today. The majority party in tion as the popular vote is divided. One ver­ ing to Representatives) and which should each State was quick to see the advantage sion of this plan was approved by the Senate meet at the seat of Government. of consolidating its electoral strength either in 1950. It has many virtues but has also Upon further consideration this plan was through legislature selection or through use encountered opposition on the ground that dropped because of the fear that the elec­ of the general ticket system so as to exert it would encourage splinter parties. tors wouldn't travel so far for a single pur­ maximum influence in electing a President. Senator MUNDT and five of his colleagues pose. It took days in those times to cover Federalists did this where they were in con­ have offered a plan under which electors distances that we span in a few hours. The trol, in the New England States, for example, would continue to be chosen but largely on convention went back to its original idea and the anti-Federalists, later Jefferson's Re­ the basis of congressional districts. At pres­ that a President should be elected by a joint publicans, did the same thing in their States. ent the winning candidate in each State session of Congress. They did this with re­ Since 1836, with the exception of South claims all of that State's electoral votes. luctance because it ran counter to their Carolina, there have been only three in­ Under the Mundt plan only two electors strong beliefs in the principle of separa­ stances of departures from the general ticket from each State would be chosen in this tion of powers of the executive and legisla­ system. They were Florida in 1868 and Col­ way--one for each Senator. All the other tive branches of the new government. orado in 1876 in which the elections were by electors would be winners of the popular At this point the idea developed that the the legislature, and Michigan in 1892, when contest in congressional districts--one for electors could meet and cast their votes in the district system with two electors at large each Congressman. In other words, the so­ their own States, and transmit the certifi­ was used. called electoral college would reflect about cates of their ballots to the seat of Govern­ It is extremely doubtful if any voter liv­ the same trend as the composite vote for ment. ing today has used anything but a general Members of Congress. Accordingly, the work of electing the Presi­ ticket system in presidential elections. This The weakness of this proposal is that it dent was divided. The convention trans­ use of the general ticket system in every keeps in the system dummy electors who ferred the act of voting from a joint session State is largely responsible for many of the might be able to thwart the will of the peo­ of Congress to electoral colleges in the several misunderstandings of the electoral college ple. It would be possible, of course, for the States, to results to be transmitted to the system which exist today and for much of subcommittee to combine the best features President of the Senate. It left with Con­ the notion that the electors are archaic and of the Mundt resolution with the best of the gress in joint session the function of count­ unnecessary. Kefauver plan. Votes could be cast dire~tly ing the certified results from the States, as When we regard the electoral college as for presidential candidates. The winner in would have been the case had Congress done the exact numerical counterpart of Congress each State could take two electoral votes and the voting. we can see readily that it combines the two in addition one electoral vote for each con­ This plan appears in article II, section 1, principles of respresentation in our Federal gressional district that he carried. But this of the Constitution-a part of which has Union of States. We have the Federal prin­ would necessitate a better system of redis­ been superseded by the 12th amendment: ciple of equal representation of the States tricting than most of the States now have. "Each State shall appoint, in such manner in the Senate regardless of population and, There is obviously no easy answer, but as the legislature thereof may direct, a num­ then we have the national principle of un­ there is hope that the subcommittee can ber of electors equal to the whole number of equal representation of the States in the work out a satisfactory electoral revision that Senators and Representatives to which the House of Representatives based on their un­ will eliminate the existing grave defects and State may be entitled in the Congress; but equal populations. State representation in at the same time remain consistent with the no Senator or Representative or person hold­ the House in the present Congress ranges Federal system. ing an office of trust or profit under the from 1 to 43. United States shall be appointed an elector." Each citizen of each State is represented in STATEMENT BY SENATOR KARL E. MUNDT, OF · The exclusion of Members of Congress and the Senate by two Senators and in the House SOUTH DAKOTA, :IN SUPPORT OF SENATE Federal officeholders is required by the cardi­ by one Represenative, with a few excep­ JOXNT RESOLUTION 12 nal principle of separation of powers. tions. His representation in Congress, Every voter in this country, whether he In Senate Joint Resolution 12, the clause therefore, is two parts Federal and one part lives in California, Delaware, New York, or "in such manner as the legislature thereof national. In the electoral college, with the South Dakota, ought to have equal voting may direct" is eliminated. In its stead, general ticket system in force in every State, power when it comes to electing the Presi­ Senate Joint Resolution 12 requires: there is no equality of citizen representation. dent of the United States. "The electors to which a State is entitled It ranges from a high of 45 members of the This is the only important respect in by virtue of its Senators shall be elected by electoral college for a citizen of New York to which our electoral college system, so called, the people thereof, and the electors to which 3 for a citizen of each of the 6 States that 1961 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD- HOUSE 9211 sent only 1 Representative to the present voters of a State, voting straight party the seat of government in one body, and Congress. tickets, to produce one result in the electoral there in their own way and time proceed to Conversely, each citizen has as many votes college and an altogether different result in choose a President, there would be good rea­ in presidential elections as his State has the House of Representatives at the same son for saying that actual deliberation was members in the electoral college, because election. The effect of all this is that we intended; but they did not give to the they are electe;d on a general ticket. In have what I have called a presidential United electors one single power of attribute by other words, when a New York voter pulls a States of America, and a congressional virtue of which they could deliberate. voting machine lever for a presidential ticket United States of America that are, politically "The idea that it was ever intended that lie is actually casting 45 votes, one for each speaking, two different countries within one the electors should nominate the candidate of 45 electors on a party slate. It may be national boundary. for whom they themselves should vote is a hard to believe but there were actually more 5. Many critics of the present system con­ myth which has been unthinkingly reiter­ than 325 million votes cast in New York in tend that the electoral college is an archaic ated by most eminent writers, but which the last presidential election by something institution, outmoded by our tremendous does not rest upon a single fact. • • • He over 7 million voters. improvements in transportation and com­ who supposes that the framers (of the Con­ On the other hand the citizens of the munications, and that it is incompatible stitution) intended that 13 different bodies six States which have only one Member of with modern democratic principles. In the should convene in 13 different places at one the House of Representatives had only three main, these charges are based on either a time for one object and for 1 day, and votes each in the presidential election. In misunderstanding of the .nature of the elec­ that object the selection of the executive my own State of South Dakota each citizen toral college, or on deliberate intentions to of a nation, confesses a most superficial had four votes. change the structure of our constitutional knowledge of the greatest constructive This tremendous disparity in voting system and change our Republic into some­ statesmen of their century and of the great weight between the citizens of the large thing radically different. work which they deliberately planned and States and the small States is the true 6. Another criticism of the electoral col­ bUilt." source of all the valid complaints which lege is in the contention that presidential As originally introduced several years ago, have been made against the electoral col­ electors are in no way bound to vote for the the Mundt-Coudert amendment provided lege system. The real culprit is the use of presidential candidate of the party on whose that a State's electors corresponding to its the general ticket by every State. Of slate they were elected. This is coupled Representatives in Congress should be course, each State legislature could aban­ with the contention that the Founding elected from congressional districts and the don the general ticket but none will with­ Fathers intended the electors to be free two corresponding to its Senators should out certain knowledge that all other states agents. Both these contentions are without be elected statewide, as Senators are elected. will abandon it at the same time. This is basis in fact. On the contrary, there is Critics, most of them supporters of the status why a constitutional amendment is neces­ overwhelming evidence that from the very quo, objected strongly and with justice that sary to bring about a change. first it was clearly understood that the elec­ the use of congressional districts was open There is no more justification for choosing tor's function was to express the view of to criticism since in some States district electors on a general ticket than there is for those who ~ad chosen him. lines had been unfairly drawn by whatever electing a State's delegation to the House Since 1820, a total of 14,018 presidential political party controlled the State leg­ of Representatives, counterparts of electors, electors have been chosen. Of these only islature, a practice long known as gerry­ on a statewide, bloc basis, which is what eight are alleged to have voted contrary to mandering. the general ticket does. Imagine the howls the views of those who named them. In no To meet this criticism the amendment, as of rage that would arise all over the country case did any of these votes affect the out­ now proposed, provides for the setting up, as if a district's Representative was to be taken come of a presidential election. In 1820, I have previously stated, of electoral dis­ from it, and given to the entire State. And one elector did not vote for James Monroe. tricts to be composed of compact and con­ yet it would be just as fair to use the general In 1948, a Tennessee elector voted for THUR· tiguous territory, containing as nearly as ticket for Representatives as it is for their MOND, the States rights candidate, instead practicable the number of persons which en­ counterparts in the electoral college. of for President Truman, but he had an­ titled the State to one Representative in the I submit that the number of persons nounced before the election that he would Congress. which entitles a State to one Representative do this. The last case was in the 1960 elec­ Our amendment, if adopted, would require in the Congress should entitle the same tion when a Republican elector in Oklahoma State legislatures to follow this constitu­ group of people to one member of the elec­ voted for Senator HARRY F. BYRD instead of tional directive. If they failed to do so toral college. Richard M. Nixon. Congress would have the power to step in ·what have been the effects of the general It is said, too, that the Founding Fathers and see to it that fair and equitable districts ticket system of choosing electors? I sug­ had no notion of political parties. But, in, for electors are established. gest these: the very first election, Alexander Hamilton, It is altogether likely that these non­ 1. It excludes from the office of President leader of the Federalists, saw to it that John gerrymandered electoral districts would at of the United States all men, no matter how Adams would not run equally with Wash­ least sharply curtail the practice of setting able and outstanding they may be, unless ington, as both men were being voted for up unfair congressional districts since it they come ;from a State with a large bloc as President. In fact, Washington received would be extremely difficult for a State leg­ of electoral votes. 69 votes and Adams only 34. islature to justify one set of districts for 2. By the same token the dominant forces An outstanding authority on the Consti­ electors and another for Representatives. in the large, pivotal States which are re­ tution, the late Chief Justice Charles C. There is another often raised objection to sponsible for the nomination and election of Nott, of the Court of Claims, has stated the present system of electing a President. our Presidents have inordinate influences at flatly that the notion that the framers of It is the provision that if no candidate re­ the White House and in the executive the Constitution had no plan in mind for ceives a majority of the electoral votes when branch of our Government. A cursory read­ electing a President different from that they are counted in Congress that the House ing of the major party platforms and the which is in force is completely in error. In of Representatives shall choose immediately speeches of their presidential candidates the Encyclopeqia Americana Judge Nott a President from among the candidates with gives proof that they are directed almost wrote: the three highest numbers of electoral votes. entirely at the dominant elements in these "It is said by some of the commentators, The vote in such a case-the last time it l,arge States. and indeed it is now generally believed, that occurred was in 1824-is by State; each State 3. It invites ;fraud in the large States that the electoral colleges were intended to be delegation having one vote. In the event are crucial and where the vote is expected 'deliberative bodies.' In one sense this is a State's House delegation is evenly divided to be close. The results in Illinois, Texas, true-in the legal sense. The electors are its vote is not recorded. A majority of the and Missouri in the last election brought not ministerial or administrative officers; States is required for election. forth charges of vote frauds. The effect of they do not perform a specific work in a The objection to this system 1s that it is such vote fraud is statewide under the gen­ way determined by higher official authority; . grossly unfair to the larger States, giving eral ticket. A fraudulent vote, undetected, ~n legal contemplation the responsibility of New York, California, and Pennsylvania no counts just as much as a valid vote in the their action rests upon themselves. But the greater voice than Alaska, Delaware, and statewide total. framers of the Constitution never supposed Nevada despite the great population dis­ 4. Although the Constitution gives each :that the electors would disregard the po­ parities. State the same numerical representation in litical pledges upon which they were chosen, Senate Joint Resolution 12 cures this the electoral college that it has in the whole or that the American people, either directly situation. It provides that in the event no Congress, by using the general ticket for or through their State legislatures, would presidential candidate has a majority of the electors, we have formed a constituency for blindly choose electors to evolve a Presi­ electoral vote that "then from the persons the President which is altogether different dent out of their inner consciousness. On having the three highest numbers on the ,from that which elects the Congress. The the contrary, they contemplated the suc­ list of persons voted for as President, the great difference between these two constitu­ cessful candidates receiving the votes of 'a Senate and the House of Representatives, encies is that almost all Representatives are majority of the whole number of electors,' assembled and voting as individual Mem­ elected in single member di.stricts while their and they required the electors to vote 'in bers of one body, shall choose immediately, . counterp~rts in the electoral college .are their respective States,' and to vote on the by ballot, the President; a quorum for such elected_ in multimember districts consisting 'same day. I! they had framed a provision purpqse sha11 be three-fourths of the whole of entire States. This situation permits requiring all of the electors to convene at number of Senators and Representatives, 9212 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 29 and a majority of the whol~ number shall The Government claimed the bonds deducting the gift from his taxes as a $10,000 be necessary for a choice; if additional bal­ were not really worth anything and that contribution. lots be necessary, the choice on the fifth Mr. Dillard owed $6,186 in extra taxes. "Newcombe bought the bonds from the ballot shall be between the two persons hav­ The U.S. Tax Court has now ruled that church for their face value, $iO,OOO in cash. ing the highest number of votes on the "The same day Dillard donated another fourth ballot." the bonds were actually worth 43 cents $20,000 in bonds to Dillard Foundation, Inc., The Constitution also provides that if no on the dollar and disallowed the rest of a tax-exempt charitable foundation which candidate for Vice President has a majority Mr. Dillard's deductions for charity. he incorporated. This was deducted from that the Senate shall choose him from Therefore, I was 43 percent wrong. his taxes as a $20,000 contribution. among the two candidates with the highest Mr. Dillard has now learned that I am _"About 10 months later, in the fall of 1955, electoral vote total. Senate Joint Resolu­ a Member of the Senate and asked me D1llard donated $10,000 more in bonds to tion 12 provides that both Houses in joint to put in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a Trinity Presbyterian Church, making the session and voting by the head, as for Presi­ usual deduction. A total of $4,500 worth of dent, ·shall select the Vice President from newspaper article reporting the outcome of this tax case. I am pleased to do this these bonds were bought for $4,500 from the among the candidates with the three highest church by Minor Foundation, Inc. numbers of electoral votes. and ask unanimous consent to have "T~is foundation was incorporated by w. Our system of electing a President has, printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD T. Mmor, Jr., of Charlotte, who is Dillard's generally speaking, served us well during the the article which appeared in the Feb­ tax lawyer. Minor prepared the papers which 172 years since our Republic was established. ruary 7, 1961, issue of the Charlotte Ob­ were filed here on the tax case. It has never failed to give us a President. server, my previous insertion in the CoN­ "Dillard says the bonds were worth their Through no fault of the Founding GRESSIONAL RECORD of May 27, 1959, and Fathers, it has, however, become distorted full value when he contributed them, and through the use of the general ticket system. Mr. Dillard's three most recent letters. ldeducted them as contributions, though Most of the framers of the Constitution, it There being no objection, the various they were worth nothing when he acquired should be pointed out, went on record favor­ items were ordered to be printed in the them. ing a district system for choosing electors, REcoRD, as follows: "The Government takes the opposite view. It says they were worthless when contributed as the fairest method of expressing the popu­ [From the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, May 27, lar will. (and so the tax credit for contribution has 1959] been voided) but it claims the bonds were Senate Joint Resolution 12 is, in my opin­ RIGHT-TO-WORK LAWS ion and the opinion of the many who sup­ worth full face value when acquired and port it, the only simple method by which (Extension of remarks of Hon. LEE METCALF, should have been reported as ordinary in­ each voter in every State will have the same of Montana, in the House of Representa­ come. voting weight in electing a President. It is tives, Wednesday, May 27, 1959) "The Tax Court judges will have to the only one among the various electoral Mr. METCALF. Mr. Speaker, twice in the decide who was right about the value of reform proposals which have been offered pa.st 5 years Montanans have rejected the the bonds at each point in the transaction." which will bring about a needed reform union busting so-called right-to-work law. without a basic change in our constitutional Those who would weaken unions and re­ [From the Cha.rlotte Observer, Feb. 7, 1961] system. It alone leaves control of the elec­ duce the effectiveness of collective bargain­ DEBT REDUCED-Ex-CHARLOTTEAN WINS TAX tion machinery in the States, where it be­ ing are regrouping, apparently for another RULING longs. try next year. WASHINGTON.-The U.S. Tax Court has It is the omce and person of the elec­ I have a copy of a letter dated January ruled that E. S. Dillard, formerly of Charlotte, tor, and nothing else, that maintains the 7, from an outfit called the National Right owes only a small part of the $92,400 claim intrastate character of presidential elections. To Work Committee. It is an appeal for made against him by the Internal Revenue Interstate candidacies are legally unknown donations of $50 or more to help supply Service. and unprecedented under Constitution, and students "with factual documented infor­ The Dillard tax case involved $85,000 in would remain so under Senate Joint Resolu­ mational material" to offset the "propa­ debentures he received from Brown Dyna­ tion 12. Now, party nominees for President ganda, distorting the issue," being circu­ lube Co., Inc., a money-losing venture in and Vice President are extralegal, outside lated by opponents of this proposal. which Dillard was interested. the law. They achieve constitutional status The letterhead of the committee includes: only when votes are cast for them in the E. S. Dillard, president, Old Dominion Box The Government claimed the bonds were electoral college. If we abandon the office worth full val~e and were income that should Co., Charlotte, N.C., past chairman of the have been reported on his tax return. The and person of elector we will of necessity board. ectablish interstate candidacies which, in In this connection, I call to the attention Tax Court agreed with Dillard that this turn, will open the door for ultimate Fed­ of my colleagues the following article con­ wasn't so. eral control of elections, including the quali­ cerning Mr. Dillaxd in the April 19, 1959, is­ Dillard later contributed Brown Dynalube fications of voters. Few Americans will sue of the Charlotte, N.C., Observer. bonds with a face value of $40,000 to Trinity favor such a change. Presbyterian Church and Dillard Foundation, "CHARLOTTEAN IS FIGHTING BIG TAX Inc., claiming charitable deductions of this AsSESSMENT full amount. "(By Don Oberdorfer) The Government claimed Dillard owed $6,168 extra taxes on these deals because the Tax Claim of E. S. Dillard "WASHINGTON.-Charlotte businessman E. bonds really weren't worth anything. S. Dillard is fighting a Federal tax bite of The Tax Court found that they were ac­ $92,506 in back taxes, according to records tually worth about 43 percent of their face EXTENSION OF REMARKS filed hi U.S. tax court here. OF value. It disallowed the rest of Dillard's "Dillard, president of Old Dominion Box deductions for charity. This means he will HON. LEE METCALF Co., announced the sale of two of his three owe several thousand in extra taxes to the Charlotte divisions to Weyerhauser Timber Internal Revenue Service unless there is OF MONTANA Co. last week. further court review of the case. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES "Records filed by Dillard, plus Internal Revenue Service judgments attached, show Monday, May 29, 1961 MARCH 10, 1961. the big tax dispute arose after Dillard's 1954 The Honorable LEE METCALF, Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, on purchase of Brown Dynalube Co., Inc., of Congress of the United States, May 27, 1959, when I was a Member of Charlotte. The company makes lubricating House of Representatives, the House of Representatives, I inserted equipment and planned to expand into sales Washington, D.C. to the Armed Forces. DEAR SIR: On May 27, 1959, you caused to in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a news­ "Dillard bought the outstanding common paper article telling of a tax dispute be­ be inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a stock and accounts payable of the firm for newspaper account of litigation in which I tween the Internal Revenue Service and $1. He advanced $1,824 to the company and was involved with the Internal Revenue Serv­ Mr. E. S. Dillard, of Charlotte, N.C., and accepted from the company $85,000 in face ice. Lynchburg, Va., a leader of the national value of debenture bonds due in 20 years. Your opening statements, followed by this right to work committee. "The Government said these bonds were worth their face value and should have been insertion, clearly indicated that your pur­ The case involved $85,000 in bonds reported as income. Dillard says they pose was an obvious attempt to discredit the which Mr. Dillard had received from a weren't worth anything. National Right To Work Committee and me. money-losing venture. He donated "Later, E. H. Newcombe, president of the In view of your zeal to "call this matter $40,000 worth of these bonds to the Dil­ lubricating firm, asked to buy some of the to the attention of your colleagues" in the lard Foundation and Trinity Presby­ bonds of the company from Dillard. House of Representatives, I presume you terian Church, claiming charitable de­ "Dillard agreed to donate $10,000 face value want to inform them of the current status ductions for the full amount. of the bonds to Trinity Presbyterian Church, of the matter. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 9213 Accordingly, I request that you cause to REWARD FOR DISHONOR Comdr. S. Cooper Dawson of the be inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the Another U.S. Supreme Court decision Robert E. Lee Chapter, Sons pf Con­ attached newspaper article from the same which will astonish many Americans has federate Veterans was chairman, who newspaper dated February 7, 1961. just been handed down in the case of three introduced Representative BROYHILL. I shall appreciate your advice as to your U.S. soldiers who were alleged to have aided decision with respect to this request. · the Communist side when they were captured Hon. HOWARD W. SMITH, who represented Very truly yours, during the Korean war. the Alexandria District with distinction E. S. DILLARD, After the war, the trio refused repatriation, for many years received a warm ovation President. preferring to remain in Red China. But after from the large crowd in attendance. 18 months under the Red Chinese, they Hon. FRED SCHWENGEL, of Iowa a mem­ APRIL 19, 1961. changed their minds and returned to the ber of the National Civil War Centennial The Honorable LEE METCALF, United States in 1955. Commission and Hon. ROBERT G. STE­ Congress of the United States, Now the U.S. Supreme Court has House of Representatives, :ruled that the three soldiers, former cor­ PHENS, JR., of Georga were also on the Washington, D.C. porals who were dishonorably discharged platform. DEAR Sm: In the event you failed to re­ from the Army, are entitled to their pay dur­ BRYAN DoRN delivered his forceful ceive my letter and the enclosure of March ing the time they were prisoners of war. speech with fervor and devotion. He 10, 1961, I am attaching duplicates. The Supreme Court decision came on ap­ was, no doubt, accustomed to speaking I will appreciate an acknowledgment of peal from the U.S. Court of Claims, which in the out-of -doors as his remarks were your receipt of this material, or the courtesy had declared in its opposite decision that to so well received by the audience. There of a reply in some form. grant their POW pay "would be to put a Very truly yours, premium on dishonor and a penalty on are few, if any, orators of the persent E. s. DILLARD, courageous loyalty." day who can equal or excel BRYAN DoRN. President. Arguing before the Supreme Court, George His address follows: S. Leonard, attorney for the Justice Depart­ ADDRESS OF REPRESENTATIVE WILLIAM JEN­ OLD DoMINION Box Co., INc., ment, said that the actions of the three NINGS BRYAN DORN, OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Lynchburg, Va., May 9, 1961. soldiers "appear to have amounted to the MAY 24, 1961, 6:30 P.M., IN OBSERVANCE OF The Honorable LEE METCALF, military equivalent of treason." CONFEDERATE MEMORIAL DAY; OPENING OF U.S. Senate Office Building, It often is difficult to understand the NORTHERN VmGINIA CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL Washington, D.C. reasoning behind the High Court's decisions. COMMEMORATION AND THE REDEDICATION OF DEAR SENATOR METCALF: In view of the fact THE CONFEDERATE MONUMENT AT PRINCE you have failed to reply to my letters of The defectors involved and the amount AND WASHINGTON STREETS IN ALEXANDRIA, March 10 and April 19, I am sending you of American taxpayers money they will VA. copies of these letters and attachments with receive under this decision are as fol­ (One hundred years ago, May 24, 1861, this letter, registered, return receipt re­ lows: Otho G. Bell, Hillsboro, Miss., quested. the 17th Virginia Regiment formed at site Once again, I ask you to advise me whether $1,455; William A. Cowart, Monticello, of monument and marched out to join army or not you will cause to be inserted in the Ark., $4,991; Lewie W. Griggs, Jackson­ of Northern Virginia. Federal troops occu­ CoNGRESSIONAL RECORD the attached news­ ville, Tex., $2,810. pied Alexandria on same day. Seventy-two paper article reporting the outcome of the years ago, May 24, 1889, Governor Fitzhugh tax case in question. Lee, nephew of Robert E. Lee, made dedica­ Very truly yours, tory address unveiling monument.) E. S. DILLARD, Address by Hon. W. J. Bryan Dorn, of Commander Dawson, distinguished guests, President. ladies and gentlemen, it is a great honor South Carolina, at Rededication of the to be presented to you by one of the ablest, most distinguished, and dedicated Members Confederate Monument, Alexandria, of the Congress, your own Han. JoEL T. Va. BROYHILL. I congratulate the citizens of Supreme Court Orders Pay for Traitors northern Virginia on having the good judg­ ment to send JoE BROYHILL repeatedly to the EXTENSION OF REMARKS EXTENSION OF REMARKS Congress. OF OF It is an honor to share this platform with your own beloved Judge HowARD W. SMITH HON. CRAIG HOSMER HON. E. C. GATHINGS who has served our entire Nation with loy­ OF CALIFORNIA OF ARKANSAS alty, faithfulness, and devotion. Judge IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SMITH has stood like a "Stonewall" for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES States rights, individual liberty and the Monday, May 29, 1961 Monday, May 29, 1961 principles and ideals of our Founding Fath­ Mr. GATHINGS. Mr. Speaker, it was ers. On Virginia soil, I pledge him my con- Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, when •tinuing allegiance to the great cause for legal precedents and reasoning will sup­ a genuine pleasure to be in attendance which he stands--constitutional govern­ port a judgment either way, good judges on the occasion of the rededication of ment. have traditionally rendered that judg­ the Confederate Monument in Alexan­ We are all honored with the presence of ment which most accords with the in­ dria, Va., by Hon. WILLIAM JENNINGS Congressman FRED SCHWENGEL, an able and terests of society. In short, common­ BRYAN DORN, on May 24, 1961. distinguished member of the National Civil sense has had a part in the development While in the Democratic cloakroom on War Centennial Commission, from the great the afternoon of the day the commemo­ State of Iowa; Congressman E. C. GATHINGS, and strength of our legal system and the of Arkansas, a true southerner and a member respect for law which characterizes our rative rededication ceremony was to be of the powerful Agriculture Committee; and society. When this tradition is disre­ held, I was asked why did I have on a my young colleague, Congressman RoBERT G. garded it can only result in weakening blue suit. I replied that I planned to STEPHENS, JR., of Georgia, a great-great the legal system and diminishing respect hear my colleague, BRYAN DORN rededi­ nephew of the immortal Alexander H. Steph­ for it. cate the Confederate Monument in ens, vice president of the Confederacy. Apparently the U.S. Court of Claims Alexandria, Va., that evening. Quietude Commander Dawson, you and the mem­ determined there was adequate prece­ fell over the cloakroom when I an­ bers of the Robert E. Lee Chapter, Sons of nounced that he was to deliver the prin­ Confederate Veterans, are to be commended dent and legal reasoning to support a for your untiring efforts to make this occa­ judgment denying Army pay to certain cipal speech. Then someone spoke up sion a great success. You have been ably Korean POW's who defected to the Com­ and said, "I don't know who dedicated assisted by the charming and gracious ladies munists. Yet the Supreme Court of the the Alexandria Confederate Monument of Mary Custis Lee-17th Virginia Regiment United States has overturned that deci­ originally but it will get a good rededi­ Chapter of the United Daughters of the sion and ordered payments by the u.s. cation tonight." Confederacy. Government to the very persons who dis­ The prediction of the member in the I am glad that the Congress created the cloakroom was fulfilled in its truest Civil War Centennial Commission to com­ honorably turned against it. I share memorate the heroic men and women who with the writer of the following editorial sense--BRYAN DoRN delivered a master­ fought for the Union on one side and for appearing in the Los Angeles Herald Ex­ ful, a superb address. He was appro­ the South on the other. To head this Com­ press on May 25 his difficulty in under­ priately introduced by Hon. JOEL BROY­ mission no better selection could have been standing why the Supreme Court should HILL, Representative of the lOth Virginia made than Gen. Ulysses S. Grant III, the render such a decision. District. grandson of that magnanimous and able 9214 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 29 leader to whom Lee surrendered at Appo­ treated in confusion from Kentucky, from ler of my South Carolina district sat on this mattox. Your own distinguished former Tennessee, and from Shiloh deep into Mis­ platform with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Gov. Governor and Congressman, William M. sissippi. The Confederate coast was block­ Fitzhugh Lee, and the other distinguished Tuck, is the Vice Chairman of the Commis­ aded from Hampton Roads to the Mexican guests. Gen. M. C. Butler was the youngest sion. These men will lead us in the next border. A huge, well disciplined, highly or­ major general of the Confederate Army and 4 years to remember the deeds and heroism ganized, and mighty Federal Army under at the time of the dedication was U.S. of the gallant men, both North and South. George B. McClellan was 7 miles from down­ Senator from my native State. Sen­ They will help us to have a better under­ town Richmond where they could hear the ator Butler and Governor Lee did not know standing of that struggle. Today, we should church bells on Sunday morning. Powerful on that day 72 years ago that they would take these lessons of the past, learn them Union reinforcements were poised through­ subsequently become major generals of vol­ well, and guard our country's future. out northern Virginia to strike the rear and unteers in the Army of the United States I am proud to be a fellow Alexandrian. cut off retreat from Richmond. Despair, during the Spanish War. In all the history You are justly proud of the history, archi­ gloom, and hopelessness gripped the Con­ of the world the story of man cannot point tecture, culture, and patriotism of your federate government and Confederate people. to a nation where men could attain high beautiful city. You have every right to be You · Sons of the Confederate Veterans military rank in a cause against the govern­ proud that Alexandria was the hometown here in Alexandria have rightly and proudly ment and yet reach the same rank in the de­ of two of the greatest men ever to speak named your camp after the intrepid leader­ fense of that government. Such was the the English language, George Washington Robert E. Lee. This new commander re­ spirit, devotion, and honor of Governor Lee and Robert E. Lee. fused to retreat. He seized the initiative and Senator Butler and the men whom they One hundred years ago today the flower of and launched a counterblow north of Rich­ led. the young manhood of Alexandria marched mond on the morning of June 26. With in­ This gives us another insight into the true otf to the west to cast its fortunes with one ferior numbers, with inferior supplies, with character of the Confederate soldier. When of the most famous armies in all of the second-rate military hardware, in approxi­ the sun set on his ambitions and his hopes history of the world-the Army of Northern mately 2 short months from that hour of at Appomattox, he returned home and re­ Virginia. attack on June 26, his footsore and ill-clad newed his allegiance to the United States. This spot will always be sacred to the army was crossing the Potomac while his His difficulties seemed insurmountable­ people of Alexandria. This ground is hal­ bands played "Maryland, My Maryland." Be­ homes destroyed, economic system wrecked, lowed ground. It is historic ground. The hind him lay the victories of the Seven Days, money worthless, and citizenship denied. men of the 17th Regiment marched away in the Relief of Richmond, Cedar Mountain, Without aid, he tackled the task before him the full knowledge that their homes, their and Second Bull Run. The wreckage of as resolutely as he had charged the Federal firesides, their businesses, their cultured and Federal armies littered the Virginia country­ guns at Gettysburg. He suc-ceeded in build­ lovely city would be in the hands of an side. He now threatened the Federal Capi­ ing a new South. He simply went to work enemy occupying force. They left in the tal. Gloom, consternation, and despair and through patient, thrift, and frugality, firm conviction that they were fighting for gripped the North. The South breathed a wrote another chapter in the progress of our what they believed to be right and just­ sigh of relief and the world stood in amaze­ common Republic. He taught his children States rights, local government, and individ­ ment, awe, and wonder. The valor and gal­ that we are one Nation, united forever. ual liberty. They marched away in the be­ lantry of the civilian soldier under Lee and In 1876 when the dark clouds of Recon­ lief they were fighting for the principles Jackson had turned the tide of defeat and struction hung over the South, a disputed enunciated in the Constitution of the United easy Federal victory into a gigantic struggle national election divided the American peo­ States and its Bill of Rights. They were to continue for years. ple. Revolution, war, bloodshed, and internal loyal, patriotic, and devoted to duty. The men of the 17th Regiment who formed strife threatened our Nation. It was the loy­ The men of the 17th Regiment were fa­ here on that May morning 100 years ago alty, devotion, and coolness of men like miliar with the heritage of Alexandria-the were part of the glory, the achievement, and Wade Hampton, M. C. Butler, and their Con­ cradle of American liberty. They had been lasting fame of that army. The Army of federate followers who prevented further reared in the traditions, principles, and Northern Virginia was never, as a unit, driven · bloodshed and truly reunited our Republic. ideals of George Washington, the Father of from any single battlefield in defeat. It was Someday historians will more fully cover our Republic. They had been as loyal to simply worn away by hardship, disease, and this glorious chapter of American history. the Stars and Stripes of the United States attrition until it finally surrendered at Appo­ In 1876 the Confederate soldier fought for as Washington had been to the crown and mattox Court House. Its accomplishments peace, understanding, and a united nation. flag of England. In casting their lot with and valor became legend. Military experts In those trying days he contributed greatly their relatives, loved ones, and local prin­ from foreign nations studied its every move. to the preservation, unity, and growth of the ciples of government, they felt they were do­ Patton, MacArthur, and even Rommel of United States. ing no more than the Father of our Country Germany became familiar with the details of It is fitting that we rededicate this monu­ when he joined the cause of the Revolution. its campaigns--a tribute to Lee, his gallant ment today to the memory of our grand­ Many of these men felt that their cause was officers, and the civilian soldiers who followed fathers, the Confederate civilian soldiers. It a renewal of the revolutionary struggle him for 4 years. is proper that we rededicate it particularly against autocracy and supreme governmental It was my privilege 4 years ago in May to to the men of the 17th Virginia Regiment, power. They placed upon the altar of State attend the unveiling of the bust of Stone­ who volunteered from our historic city. We sovereignty "their lives, their fortunes, and wall Jackson in the Hall of Fame for great rededicate this monument today to the 97 sacred honor." Americans at New York University. I was men of Alexandria who paid the supreme The men of the 17th Regiment grew up thrilled to see the bust of Jackson added to sacrifice in defense of their native State. We with the full understanding of the principles that of Robert E. Lee. These incomparable rededicate it to those who were wounded and of Thomas Jefferson; George Mason and his leaders of the Army of Northern Virginia maimed for life. We rededicate it to those incomparable Bill of Rights; James Madison, proudly stand with the 89 greatest men in who returned and labored for peace, for the the father of the Constitution; James Mon­ American history-an honor bestowed by the Union, and the restoration of our beautiful roe, author of the Monroe Doctrine; Patrick entire Nation, a tribute to their genius and city. The men whom this monument honors Henry; Chief Justice John Marshall; John the soldiers of the Confederate Army. It has were men who believed that each individual Randolph and countless others. They en­ been truly said they no longer belong to the owes something of himself and his talents joyed a maximum of freedom, personal lib­ people of Virginia or the people of the South, to his country, to his community, and to erty, and the free enterprise opportunity but to all of America and to the English­ local and State government. In rededicat­ system they had helped to create. This herit­ speaking world. Could they speak today in ing this monument, we would do well to send age, these traditions, this love of liberty was the Hall of Fame, they would give credit to our children and our grandchildren here that the foundation stone upon which the army southern manhood as exemplified in the they may emulate their gallantry, sacrifice, of northern Virginia emblazoned its fame 17th Virginia Regiment. and devotion. Only by a study and under­ upon the pages of history. The leaders of There has always existed a strong bond of standing of the past can we preserve a this incomparable army were no less dedi­ friendship and mutual admiration between measure of freedom and justice for the fu­ cated to the cause than the civilian soldier the people of Virginia and the people of ture. Yes, we rededicate this monument and whom they commanded. Robert E. Lee, a South Carolina. I am proud to represent ourselves to the future. May we absorb some native of Alexandria, as commander of that the old congressional district in this Con­ of the devotion of these heroes and rededi­ army gained immortal fame as a military gress once represented so ably and so well cate our lives to the preservation of our leader and as a kindly, considerate, Chris­ by the "father of States rights," John c. Nation. May we keep it strong militarily, tian gentleman. As a reminder of his mili­ Calhoun. I am proud to represent the soil educationally, morally, and spiritually. tary genius, his courage, and audacity, turn where the remains of Barnard E. Bee now Just as on May 24, 1861, our Nation today with me to the early morning of June 26, rest--who gave "Stonewall" Jackson his im­ faces a great crisis. We are threatened as 1862. At that moment the young Confed­ mortal name and thrilled the South by his never before in our history since the time of erate government was threatened with col­ courage and supreme sacrifice at the First Valley Forge. We are a united people today, lapse. Its largest city and principal port, Battle of Manassas. When this handsome but we face a ruthless, determined, and New Orleans, had been captured and occu­ likeness of the Confederate soldier was dedi­ united enemy. These enemies, ::.ike Genghis pied. Confederate lines of defense in the cated to the memory of the men of the 17th Khan of old, are sweeping without con­ west had collapsed. The western armies re- Regiment on May 24, 1889, Gen. M. C. But- science out of the Eurasian Continent aiming 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- I-lOUSE 9215 a death blow at our freedoms. This bloody miles to disobey local and St_!l,te laws are State Department in a manner which the enemy has gained at every turn. By open aiding the enemies of our great country. Post will never forgive? conquest, by subversion, and by infiltra­ The agitators who leave their local duties I am interested in knowing just what it tion he marches on to victory after victory. to embark on a program of nationwide un­ would take for the Post to editorially sanc­ This enemy has won at every summit con­ rest and discord are compounding our prob­ tion an investigation into how we have been ference meeting. He enters a conference lems during these critical days. Those who mishandling our international affairs? Do with a deliberate, calculated intention to lie seek to make the United States conform to we have to wait until Khrushchev takes over and deceive. This atheist enemy has made one pattern of pseudoliberal fascism are all of Latin America, all of southeast Asia, fantastic and unbelievable gains in Asia, the paving the way for a dictatorship and totali­ all of the Middle East? Or do we have to Middle East, the Near East, Central Europe, tarianism. Our Republic is a young Repub­ wait until international communism engulfs Africa, Cuba, and Latin America. The United lic. It is still on trial before the eyes of the the United States and the Washington Post States is literally under the Communist gun world. We must not turn our destiny over is reduced to the last editorial it will ever today. Our only foreign policy has been the to the bigots, agitators, and pressure groups write under the constitutional freedom spending of money, appeasement, compro­ boring from within to advance their own guaranteed to the American press? mise, and retreat. We are today in a posi­ selfish ends. Now is the time for all Ameri­ Does the Post mean to infer that because tion where we can retreat no further cans-East, South, North, and West--to place the State Department is patriotic, it is also without surrendering our sovereignty and the welfare of our country ahead of personal infallible; that because it is not ruled by liquidating the hard-won freedoms of our consideration. Now is the time for all or­ Communist -influences, that it should not people. We can no longer trust the American ganizations, races, and creeds to rededicate be investigated? dollar to purchase and preserve our American themselves first to the preservation of our For some reason which I am at a loss to freedom. We can no longer depend on sum­ Nation. Individual freedom, free local gov­ fathem, the Post is unduly sensitive on the mit conferences, broken promises, and com­ ernment, and the rights of our States can subject of possible investigation of the State promise of principle. We must, as a nation, survive in the space age through a rededi­ Department. I haven't found it equally as now face reality. We should declare a na­ cation of our allegiance to the. faith of the touchy about other departments that have tional emergency, mobilize our total re­ Founding Fathers. come under attack, such as the CIA or the sources, and assume the offensive. The On this sacred ground as we commemo­ Joint Chiefs of Staff. Why? threat of Communist aggression in Cuba can rate the glorious deeds of our past may we It is academic to point out that you are no longer be tolerated. This threat must be rededicate and consecrate our lives forever out of step with the American people, who eliminated by the Armed Forces of the to the freedom and independence of our are demanding in a loud voice that our dis­ United States if necessary. The hour is late, beloved country. May we say with the late astrous foreign policy be investigated from the situation critical. We must, enforce the Senator Benjamin Hill of Georgia when he top to bottom. If your editorial writers Monroe Doctrine now or we will lose all of said: "He who saves his country saves all would step out of their ivory white towers South and Central America. With the loss things, and all things saved will bless him. and get out of Washington for a time, I of South and Central America, the Com­ He who lets his country die lets all things suggest they would find out that the people munist pincer movement aimed at the heart die, and all things dying curse him." are sick to death of a steady diet of fiascoes of the United States will be complete. which began at Yalta and paced the loss of Already Communist missiles and bombers Poland, China, and other important areas are poised in Siberia ready to strike over of the world-fiascoes which reduced victory the North Pole. With our southern flank Iconoclast to defeat in Korea, allowed Nasser to rise in exposed and under Communist domination, the Middle East, made a mess of things in we could no longer maintain our position EXTENSION OF REMARKS Laos, excused the rise of Castro's Communist as a world power. Our Government must regime on our doorstep and botched the take the lead in fanning the fires of patriot­ OF ism. We must rekindle the spirit of liberty. Cuban invasion attempt. The valor and patriotism displayed by both No amount of Post editorializing to the HON. JOHN H. ROUSSELOT effect that the State Department's role in sides in the 1860's are needed in the 1960's. OF CALIFORNIA Our freedom depends on the united effort of these disasters was patriotically motivated every American citizen. It will take courage, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES will wipe them out or excuse them in the self-sacrifice, loyalty, and devotion to duty. Monday, May 29, 1961 minds of the American people. The role of Around this monument which stands be­ the State Department has been, at the very tween the North and the South, we might Mr. ROUSSELOT. Mr. Speaker, un­ best, sophomoric and naive at the most direct our attention to the great domestic der unanimous consent I include Senator critical time in our history. It deserves to problem which threatens to divide our Na­ BARRY GOLDWATER'S letter to the Wash­ be looked into thoroughly and competently. tion as we face the common enemy. We ington Post-Sunday May 28, 1961- BARRY GOLDWATER, cannot defeat communism and totalitar­ Senator from Arizona. included in the RECORD. Senator GoLD­ WASHINGTON. ianism by adopting totalitarianism. In the WATER answers in a clear and concise name of fighting communism, the Federal Government is using some of its techniques manner charges made against him by the and some of its arbitrary, blatant powers. same publication. . Our Nation today is still a union of states, a The article follows: Birthday Greetings to President Kennedy union of communities, a union of ·local gov­ ICONOCLAST ernments, and a unit of individuals--each Speaking of "sleazy smears as silly as they State and individual maintaining independ­ are unfair," reference is made herewith to EXTENSION OF REMARKS ent characteristics while bearing allegiance your editorial of May 20. OF and loyalty to the whole. If we are to sur­ Your writer objected to my statement that vive as a nation, the Federal Government "it is long past time that we satisfy the HON. VICTOR L. ANFUSO today must respect individual rights, States American mind about the State Department OF NEW YORK rights, and long-established community cus­ in view of the number of recent fiascoes." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES toms and traditions. And, of course, in doing so he conveniently The South of today is tolerant. The South neglected the preface I made to that state­ Monday, May 29, 1961 of today is making fantastic progress in the ment wherein I specifically said that "I am Mr. ANFUSO. Mr. Speaker, on the field of equal rights and human under­ not implying that there are Communists in occasion of President Kennedy's 44th standing. The South is not making any ef­ the State Department." fort to impose its traditions and customs and birthday, I am happy to join with mil­ local statutes on other sections of the It might have helped if the Washington lions of well-wishers in this country and United States. The South is sponsoring no Post had had a reporter present when I made abroad to extend felicitations and warm­ invasion of other areas of our land. The my remarks to the Arlington Young Repub­ licans-a reporter competent enough to take est greetings to our Chief Executive. South respects the right of every community With it go my sincerest wishes that the to govern at the local level. The grandsons down an entire statement rather than lifting and granddaughters of the men who wore ·a quote out of context--but I doubt it. Had year ahead may prove to be a year of the blue and gray in the 1860's are not en­ my entire statement been reported, you great achievement for him and for our gaged in agitation and destruction of our would not have been able to infer that I was Nation. country today. Their love for this Nation, attacking the patriotism of State Department It is said that every period of crisis its Constitution, our individual privileges, personnel, which I certainly was not. in the Nation's history brings forth its and obligations were cemented in that fiery I was intrigued with the Post's reference men of great vision and ability. We are crucible a hundred years ago. This is the to "The misjudgments in the executive time for tolerance, unity, love, and under­ agencies which have resulted in such serious fortunate indeed to have a man of the standing while we face the greatest danger reverses in the United States of late." What vision and stature of President Kennedy in the history of Western civilization. Those are we supposed to do about these "misjudg­ to lead our people at this crucial period who would invade the privacy of our time­ ments?" Do we ignore them merely because in human affairs. I feel certain that honored, sacred institutions and travel many a Senator named McCarthy once attacked the under his leadership and guidance we 9216 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 29 I speak not as a Representative from two windows of a radio-TV news station can look forward to the future with wagon, up to an hour or more later were courage and determination that our na­ Connecticut, but as an American. I love plainly visible, still carrying on their vicious tional goals will be achieved. this land and I love its people-North patrol in the whole area and particularly in On the eve of his departure for Europe, and South. But I am aware that, in the the Greyhound bus terminal area. where he is to meet with the great past, Americans who express concern Yesterday afternoon fear and hatred were French statesman General de Gaulle, with events in the South are attacked as on Birmingham streets. The precise location with Soviet Premier Khrushchev and interlopers lacking in understanding-as of such condition was on 19th Street between others, we wish him godspeed and suc­ if they were not Americans but alien the Trailways terminal at Fourth Avenue cess in his endeavors in behalf of world subverters of our Republic. Therefore, and the Greyhound terminal at Seventh let the people of Alabama describe what Avenue. The people, and their police, per­ peace. Together with these wishes, go mitted that fear and hate to ride our streets. our assurances that the American peo­ happened. The following words are It was a rotten day for Birmingham and ple are united behind him and fully sup­ from an editorial of the Birmingham Alabama. port him in these efiorts. Millions in News as reprinted in the Washington this country will be praying for his suc­ Post of May 20: The News' condemnation of police in­ cess. The city of Birmingham is normally a action in Birmingham had little efiect It is perhaps coincidental, but never­ peaceful, orderly place in which people are against the organized inditference of the theless momentous, that this mission to safe. Harrison Salisbury of the New York Alabama government officials. The Times last year came to Birmingham and hoodlums struck again in Montgomery, Europe should begin on his 44th birth­ wrote two articles about us which said, in the capital of the State, and law and or­ day. Not many men in all of history, in substance, that fear and hatred stalked our der was again prostituted. A nation was all nations, have reached the pinnacle streets. shocked; national prestige was shamed; of leadership of a great nation at the The Birmingham News and others prompt­ age of 44. President Kennedy has ly challenged this assertion. The News and the President was forced to do what emerged on the world scene as the leader knows Birmingham people, as others know Alabama authority would not do-re­ of the greatest and the most powerful them, and they didn't fit this definition. store peace, order, and justice under our nation of all times at this relatively But yesterday, Sunday, May 14, was a day laws. It is ironic that the very people young age, and that is due to his great which ought to be burned into Birming­ who speak the strongest for the States leadership, his ability, his understanding ham's conscience. right to govern are the first to shun the Fear and hatred did stalk Birmingham's responsibilities that go with the right. of world problems, and his unceasing de­ streets yesterday. sire to make this world a safer and a Fear and hatred stalked the sidewalks The Birmingham Post-Herald com­ happier place for all mankind. around the Greyhound bus terminal di­ mented: May the good Lord bless him and his rectly across the street from Birmingham's The police in both cities (Birmingham family with many years of good health. city hall. Fear and hatred rode around in and Montgomery) could have prevented the a dozen or more automobiles loaded with rioting or quelled it before it got out of May we be privileged to benefit of his men, some of whom may have been from hand. Their failure to be on the job, in able leadership and wise counsel in the Birmingham, others of whom positively were uniform and in force, gave open invitation years ahead, and may he succeed in from other counties. License plates gave to the mob to take over. * • • Such failure leading our Nation from strength to them away. (at Montgomery) left the President no strength. Let us hope that America, un­ In the whole general area of the city hall choice but to dispatch Federal marshals to der President Kennedy, and the whole and the Greyhound bus terminal especially, prevent further violence. • • • Let us not world, will truly enjoy genuine peace police cars roved, in some numbers. Uni­ yield to the temptation to say "they got and cooperation for the welfare of all formed men were visible. Something was up. what was coming to them" and then mini­ What was up was the advance on Birming­ mize in our own minds the seriousness of the of humanity. ham of a group of Negroes and some whites situation. who gave themselves the title "freedom riders." And the Birmingham News, the Cas­ But yesterday hoodlums took over a sec­ sandra who had warned of the coming The Alabama Incidents tion of Birmingham. They clustered in storm, said: small groups, they drove around in cars, We, the people, asked for it. • • • As we they all but swaggered. They were not wail in our anguish let us not forget it. EXTENSION OF REMARKS afraid, they were sure of themselves, they We, the people, let the Governor of the OF knew about the freedom riders and the buses great State of Alabama, John Patterson, they were supposed to come in on, and they talk for months in a manner that could HON. ROBERT N. GIAIMO had the place staked out-both the Grey­ easily say to the violent, the intemperate OF CONNECTICUT hound bus terminal and, a bit more than • • • that they were free to do as they IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES two blocks away, the Trailways bus terminal. pleased when it came to the hatred inte­ Others knew this situation existed. Com­ grationists. We, the people, have let gangs Monday, May 29, 1961 missioner Eugene Connor apparently knew of vicious men ride this State now for it. He was on duty at city hall. There months. They (the marshals) are coming Mr. GIAIMO. Mr. Speaker, the in­ were squad cars operating in the area-an cidents which recently took place in the because we did not do our duty to ourselves area of several square blocks embracing the and our proud State. State of Alabama painfully reminded all city hall, the Greyhound and Trailways ter­ of us of the vast distance we have yet to minals. I am from the State of Connecticut, travel in quest of our goal of freedom At the Trailways terminal yesterday after­ and I am also an American; and, though under law. The howl of the mob in noon, with the condition above prevailing, a the News speaks of events in Alabama, I Montgomery has echoed in the homes bus pulled in and all but in an instant a believe the term "we, the people" can and schools and workplaces of millions Negro was being beaten, his trousers almost torn ofl', a white man being beaten by a also refer to "we, the people of America." who hold liberty and justice dear. And hoodlum who repeatedly smashed his face For we, of the North and West, shared the sound came as a strange, alien noise with his fist, and a Birmingham Post-Herald the slumber of the Alabama citizens. For to minds who have long believed that we, photographer was being pummeled by a too long we have, all of us, laid aside our in America, had achieved our lofty goal. group of white men, one of whom had a etforts to "form a more perfect union, I hope the millions who heard will never heavy instrument in a brown paper bag. establish justice." again drug themselves into complacency But this wasn't all. The police were not A year ago, Walter Lippmann wrote: with the comforting but wholly wrong visibly on hand when the Trailways ter­ minal beatings took place. The police were The critical weakness of our society is that thought that "it can't happen here." It not on hand when the radio-TV man was for the time being our people do not have has happened here. It matters little if it attacked. And the city hall, with police great purposes which they are united in was only for 1 hour, 2 hours, a day, or a presumably on the alert, was some two blocks wanting to achieve. The public mood of the night; terror walked a section of our away. country is defensive, to hold on and to con­ country with the arrogance of a booted The Birmingham police department under serve, not to push forward and to create. We S.S. trooper. Innocent people-citizens Mr. Connor did not do what could have been talk about ourselves as if we were a. com­ of the United States-were beaten, done Sunday. The Birmingham News pleted society, one which has achieved its punished almost to their deaths while charges that the very men who did these purposes and has no further great business to beatings, who smashed to the concrete and transact. local authority stood by and did nothing. kicked and battered a. Post-Herald photog­ They were not even otfered the protec­ rapher, who ripped film from two cameras of I hope the alarm sounded by the riots tion given a criminal when he is arrested. the News, who in broad daylight bashed in in Alabama has aroused the entire Na- 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 9217 tion to resume the unfinished task of of the American people, as expressed A Well-Deserved Tribute to Sam Nocella perfecting our democracy. We have through their National Government, can great things yet to do. We have schools be ignored when it cannot be? Why do EXTENSION OF REMARKS to build, slums to clear, diseases to con­ they preach respect for their own per­ OF quer, an enemy to resist, a universe to sonal views of the law rather than for explore, and we cannot do these things the established law itself? And when HON. EDWARD A; GARMATZ working apart. These are giant and will new leaders arise to tell the southern OF MARYLAND noble tasks and to accomplish them re­ people the truth and prepare them for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES quires the strength of body and mind of the changes that are coming? all our people. And the talents and abili­ Just last year one of our distinguished Monday, May 29, 1961 ties of no one should be refused because former colleagues, a man whose friend­ Mr. GARMATZ. Mr. Speaker, it is of the color of his skin or the credo of his ship I value, Representative Erwin always a pleasure to be able to rejoice choice. We must, again, set out to prove Mitchell, of Georgia, addressed the with those persons who are successful in to the world that brotherhood is not so Seventh District Democratic Executive life and attain a high goal in their wild a dream as those who profit by post­ Committee in Rome, Ga., and he called chosen fields. It is a greater pleasure, poning it would have us believe. upon the committee to join with other however, to be able to pay tribute to We of the North and West do not sections of our Nation in progressing to­ those who started at the lowest rung of judge the South. We need the help of ward greater material and spiritual the ladder and have succeeded in reach­ the South to pursue our national goals. wealth. ing the top. This is the case of Sam Therefore, we offer our arm to law­ I am afraid- Nocella, a Baltimorean, who has been abiding citizens in the South who wish to elected to the general executive board, join us in this great adventure, and we The Congressman said- the highest council of the Amalgamated do fervently pray that such an offer will that by and large our leadership has been Clothing Workers of America. be accepted soon and by a multitude. guilty of too much tradition and not enough On May 20 it was my privilege to at­ The voice of reason in the South is a vision. This is the age of rockets and nu­ tend a testimonial dinner in his honor clear power. • • • We must come of age sponsored by the Baltimore regional quiet voice and perhaps we in other areas politically. We must elect men to office who find it difficult to hear over the din of have a full consciousness of America's great joint board of that organization. On the mobs. But, the supporters of law reservoir of progress that is waiting to be that occasion, many prominent civic and and order and decency in the South tapped. While we should continue to treas­ labor leaders were present. Among them should take note of the thunder out of ure the past and gain experience from it, were Tommy D'Alesandro, former mayor Birmingham and speak up with a louder we should no longer Uve in it. We must have of Baltimore and now a member of the voice if they want us to hear and under­ leaders that are living in the present and Federal Renegotiation Board; Rev. stand. looking to the tomorrow. C. Lewis Robson, pastor of St. John's Ralph McGill, former editor of the Last year, too, Mayor William B. Methodist Church, Jacob Potofsky, and Atlanta Constitution, when analyzing the Hartsfield, of Atlanta, Ga., speaking at Hyman Blumberg, general president and school desegregation problem, found that Notre Dame about the problems of school executive vice president, respectively, of a very large part of the current difficulty desegregation, said: the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America; and Miss Angela Bambace and is due to the failure of southern political Our chief trouble is that the best element leadership to prepare its constituency of our State, and, indeed, of the South, has Miss Sarah Barron, two Baltimoreans for the changes that were coming. For­ been largely silent, while the demagogs have who have done an exceptionally fine job mer Governor McKeldin, of Maryland, been making political hay for many years. in their respective organizations. noted Mr. McGill's remarks and com­ Therefore, we have thousands of our people Under permission to extend my re­ mented that: who have been impressed by these demagogic marks, I would like to insert excerpts arguments and their thinking must be from the address made on that occasion Political leadership includes more than changed. • • • They think that if they will by Mr. Potofsky: men in office and candidates for office, just hold out and continue fighting, that in avowed and unavowed. Political leadership some way they are going to be successful in I am glad to be here tonight and to see so includes all persons with an appreciable in­ defying the highest Court in the land. many employers join us in paying tribute to fluence on public opinion. Many of the most Sam Nocella on the occasion of his election effective are not party leaders at all, but These times are crucial times for our to the general executive board. It speaks commercial and industrial leaders, educators, Republic. Our way of government is well for our labor-management relations. and professional men, especially the clergy. On behalf of the general officers and mem­ being put to the extreme test by totali­ bers of the general executive board I am We in the North are concerned; we are tarian governments throughout the happy to congratulate and to welcome Sam worried for the welfare of our Nation and world. We cannot tolerate the luxury Nocella to the highest council of the Amal­ all of its people. We strain our hearing of demagogs preaching nullification in gamated-the general executive board. for the voice of reason in the South. We our midst. We in the North and West Sam served a long apprentice.ship in our look for the men of whom Governor Mc­ are concerned, and we search, with anx­ organization, beginning with Philadelphia Keldin and Mr. McGill speak to exercise where he hails from; then Easton, Pa., Red iety, for the men of the South who will Bank, N.J., and finally Maryland, Virginia, leadership, to help the southern people lead her people back into the main­ and Pennsylvania joint board-now merging meet their future; we look for the men stream of American life. with the Baltimore joint board. who will answer the racists, the terror­ The words of a great Representative This merger is a natural one. Baltimore ists, and the political know-nothings who has an honored place in the history of the lend legitimacy to violence and defenses from the South, spoken in this very Amalgamated, not only because it produced for the mob. Chamber in 1874, should echo here again Dorothy Bellanca and Hymie Blumberg, who We of the North are waiting for the today. have done so much to advance the growth It is time- and prestige of our union, but principally words of responsible commercial and because of the historic battles that took industrial leaders, the trade-union offi­ Said Lucius Lamar, of Mississippi­ place in this city in the beginning of our cials, the educators, the clergy in Ala­ bistory. bama. The voice of responsibility, of for a public man to try to serve the South, and not to subserve her irritated feelings. One of the most hist oric of these strikes progress must be louder in the future took place at the very birt h of the Amal­ than it was in the past if it is to be heard When such a public man stands up and gamated in December 1914. A later struggle above the raucous din encouraged by men urges the southern people to rise out of took place with the IWW which had joined hands with the old UGW. Those were bitter like Governor Patterson. their enslavement to blind prejudice and and bloody battles where the destiny of the The southern people are being cheated progress together with us toward the Amalgamated was shaped. of their right to join with the rest of this bright tomorrows charted by the fore­ So the merger of the ·46-year-old history­ Nation and progress. Why are so many fathers of our Nation; when southern laden joint board of Baltimore with the com­ spokesmen for the South allowed to de­ men of vision work to break the chains paratively young joint.board comprising the Greif and Schoeneman workers not only is ceive the southern people; why do they that hold the South. in bondage to the natural but is most desirable. tell them that the law can be evaded, past, they will have the sympathetic ear In Sam Nocella, who will now head the that the Constitution is a nullity; why of all the good people of Connecticut combined joint board, we have an able, dy­ do they tell them the will of the majority and the gratitude of a nation. namic leader, experienced, dedicated to the 9218 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 29 cause of the Amalgamated and the labor around but rather our abundance, not as lenging us at every front. Great decisions movement. charity but as self-help. It is the minds must be made, and we must keep ever alert Sam represents the younger generation and hearts of the men and women we must to the dangers which would destroy our way that is steeped in the tradition and ideals reach both at home and abroad. of life. of our organization but young enough to We can reach them by being good neigh­ As each day seems to bring crisis upon fight vigorously for the translation of our bors, by understanding their problems and crisis, let us keep united, and strong in sup­ ideals and dreams into reality. He is com­ being as helpful and friendly as we can. port of our President, and those charged munity minded. He is industry minded. That is the meaning and purpose of the with the responsibility of guiding the affairs He has learned to have a sense of respon­ Peace Corps the President has proposed. It and destiny of our Nation. sibility and dedicated service to our mem­ is the 1961 point 4. If sacrifices are required, and they will bership. In conclusion, once again congratulations be required, let us make them willingly. I Sam knows the trade. Under the tutelage to Sam Nocella. Best wishes for the suc­ am sure labor will not be found wanting in of Hymie Blumberg these past few years Sam cess of the new merged joint board. In unity this regard. was an apt pupil. He is now well trained there is strength. We must translate to reality, the precepts and able to assume the leadership of our vast Let us harmoniously work together for the President Kennedy included in his inaugural membership in this area. good of our union, the progress of our coun­ address when he said: I am glad to note that since the merger try, and the peace of the world. "And so, my fellow Americans, ask not we have organized the workers of H . L. what your country can do for you-ask what Hartz-a good beginning. I am confident Mr. Speaker, I was also privileged to you can do for your country" and "Let us that before long there will be a 100-percent say a few words on this auspicious oc­ go forth to lead the land we love, asking His unionization in this area of all who come casion, which I am inserting: blessing, and His help, but knowing that here under our jurisdiction. on earth, God's work must truly be our own." Mr. Chairman; Reverend Robson; Tommy On this happy occasion I should like to Our country's cause is labor's cause; and D'Alesandro; President Potofsky; Executive we tell the world that we are dedicated to the take a few minutes to discuss with you not Vice President Blumberg; our esteemed guest the past but the future, the challenge our cause of seeing that the dignity of man and of honor, Sam Nocella; officials of the Amal­ his basic rights are inviolable. Nation and the labor movement and the gamated Clothing Workers of America, re­ world is facing in the forthcoming sixties­ gional and local; other distinguished guests, In conclusion, I thank you for affording automation, unemployment, a troubled world ladies and gentlemen, when President Ken­ me the opportunity and pleasure of joining in a space age. Will we have the courage, nedy spoke before the Canadian Parliament with you in this tribute to Sam Nocella, and the inner strength to face these challenges several days ago, he began his address with I express the hope that the Amalgamated to our system, our way of life, and our these words: "I feel that I am truly among Clothing Workers of America will enjoy many security? friends." more years of continued success. To be able to face our problems abroad Because of my long and close association we must first make sure that our problems with the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, I at home are handled properly. If we h ave re:?pectfully borrow the President's text and unemployment and distressed areas at home, paraphrase just a bit and say: "I know that Unity Among Postal Clerk Unions if we have discrimination and riots in Ala­ I am truly among friends." bama, our world has so shrunk that there are immediate repercussions abroad. Tonight, all of us associated with the great cause of labor, rejoice that one who has de­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS To do the job will require a strong gov­ voted practically his entire life's work to 01' ernment with a heart. Fortunately, we now the industry, and in the service of the union have positive national leadership. In Presi­ is being accorded this deserved recognition HON. GLENN CUNNINGHAM dent Kennedy, whom our union helped to on the occasion of his election to the general OF NEBRASKA elect, we have a strong man at the helm executive board of the Amalgamated Cloth­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the ship of state. He has moved vigor­ ing Workers of America. ously with Executive orders and congres­ Monday, May 29, 1961 sional recommendations in his first few Most of you ru:e already familiar with Sam months in office to reverse the trend of re­ Nocella's outstanding record of success, and Mr. CUNNINGHAM. · Mr. Speaker, cession. He moved on civil rights and noteworthy achievements, since his first as­ the problems of public employees have equality of opportunity in hiring by estab­ sociation with the men's apparel industry at commanded very special attention from lishing a special committee presided over the age of 9, when he served as an appren­ me ever since my tenure of office as by the Vice President. tice to a tailor. In 1919, and during the succeeding years, Sam demonstrated that he mayor of my home city in Omaha. Just Nothing rights itself by itself. Something had the ability, the character, the warmth, as now in my assignment to the House needs to be done. The Government is the and the know-how that enabled him to Committee on Post Office and Civil Serv­ only agency which can do things in a big climb the ladder of responsibility that ice, I have a constant and primary con­ way. In these first few months the new ad­ brought him to higher offices, and to mem­ ministration has been moving in the right cern for the problems of Federal em­ direction. bership on the general executive board for ployees, so too during my terms as mayor which we salute him tonight. of Omaha I was deeply interested in One of our most serious problems is that Sam, as a Member of Congress, and per­ of unemployment--chronic unemployment sonally, I extend heartiest congratulations, the problems of the employees of the that comes from automation. The admin­ and warmest greetings on this important city of Omaha. As a result of long as­ istration recommended and Congress adopted occasion in your life. May God bless you sociations and strong friendships, I am a law to extend unemployment benefits be­ and wife and guide you in the performance delighted by a movement which must re­ yond 26 weeks. The President recommended of the duties and responsibilities which are sult in greater amity and concord among and Congress passed distressed area legisla­ yours, for your actions will, directly and in­ tion providing $395 million for this purpose. organizations speaking for post office directly, affect the welfare and well-being clerks. The $1.25 minimum wage and extended cov­ of thousands of your coworkers, and their erage was passed. We in the Amalgamated families, and the economy of our city, State, The National Federation of Post Office have a special interest in minimum wage and Nation. Clerks, the United National Association legislation because it will bring greater sta­ To the members of the labor family pres­ of Post Office Craftsmen, and the United bility to our industries. ent here tonight, I would like to report that Postal Workers have already combined Still pending is legislation on aid to edu­ I have given my wholehearted support to to form the United Federation of Post cation, housing, and medical care for the the President's program which represents Office Clerks. The National Postal aged through social security. commendable, positive acts, on behalf of Transport Association is ready to join We have to do something to provide jobs human and public needs. Those of us iden­ the combined movement and will do so for the young people who will be joining tified with the Democratic Party, have al­ the labor movement. This amounts to 13 ways fought for the protection of workers, provided that the membership of the million jobs in the next 10 years. To provide and the improvement of their working and National Postal Transport Association jobs we must accelerate growth through living conditions. The present administra­ gives its consent in a referendum ballot public works, housing, school construction, tion is not unmindful of this responsibility. which is to be counted on June 30, 1961. new hospitals, roadbuilding. Growth is the All that we ask, is that we continue to be When the National Postal Transport only tangible answer. I have faith in the entrusted to recognize the human rights of Association joins the combined group, administration of President Kennedy and the worker, his essential economic value and the name will become the United Fed­ the men around him. I have faith in the his struggle to share in the prosperity which could not exist without him. We solemnly eration of Postal Clerks and the change future of our country and our system of pledge our efforts toward the fulfillment of will commemorate the marriage of two government. this obligation. great organizations both of which hold We must be strong militarily, ready for On the subject of world affairs, all of us charters in the American Federation of any emergency that may come. But that is are aware that we are living during times Labor and Congress of Industrial Or­ not all. We must not throw our weight when there is international tension chal- ganizations. -1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 9219 The benefits of the amalgamation will office trains and in highway post office tee was originated ·by President· Kennedy. be apparent immediately to all postal vehicles. This clearly violates the law, the Logan Act, even as it violates basic morality. Further, clerks and in a little while other postal There have been other situations in our own partial trade embargo prohibits our and Federal employees and even Mem­ which I have found it necessary to sup­ shipping tractors or bulldozers. The implied bers of Congress will see the improve­ port the policy of the previous aaminis­ admission of weakness on our part by such ments resulting from the change. tration and to differ with Mr. Nagle and action will multiply the danger far beyond The amalgamation in no way consti­ his group. Whether in difference or in the lives of these prisoners. Indeed, the cost tutes an infringement upon or a hazard agreement, we have always had the most in lives later to free Cuba from communism to congressional relations. All of us here wholesome relations and I know that may outnumber many times the number of prisoners now involved. in the · Congress of the United States postal employees everywhere will prosper With world crises erupting so rapidly, our have had very wholesome relations with if as a result of the amalgamation, this lack of clear foreign policy is bewildering President E. C. Hallbeck of the National man is given a deeper and broader voice and presents contradictions. The Vice Presi­ Federation of Post Office Clerks who will with which to plead for the welfare of dent learned on his trip that Asian nations head the combined union. We remem­ the people for whom he is spokesman. are unsure of the United States. Either the ber him best as legislative director of his Another group of people will benefit United States must take a firm stand or union in the days before he rose to the these nations will head toward communism. by the combination of the postal clerks' Even as President Kennedy says, "The United presidency. Now we are familiar with organizations, even though they are no States is prepared to make any sacrifice or John O'Connor who has succeeded Mr. longer in Federal service. I am referring risk any danger necessary to block the spread Hallbeck as legislative director of the to the great body of retired civil servants. of communism," we failed to support those combined organization. Mr. Hallbeck Mr. Nagle's group includes a substantial fighting to free Cuba and indicated that and I have had especially warm relations percentage of retired people and no one we are not willing to make any sacrifice or in view of the fact that a brother of Mr. works more ardently on legislation af­ risk any danger to block the spread of com­ Hallbeck is a resident of the city of fecting retirees than does Mr. Nagle. munism only 90 miles from our coast. At the same time we take a licking at Geneva Omaha. Similarly, we are familiar with Consequently it can be said very directly when our allies won't support us. Then Mr. Joseph Thomas who was president that retirees that are not directly in­ .President Kennedy, contrary to all state­ of the United National Association of volved by the merger will nevertheless ments during the campaign and up to the Post Office Craftsmen and who now as­ reap a harvest of benefits enabling their present, indicates he will meet with Khru­ sumes the position of director of organi­ leaders to speak with more resonant shchev, regardless of any precedent or de­ zation in the combined organization. voices. velopment to cause reason for hope. On the I personally am most intimately fa­ We are on the threshold of a new and contrary, every development shows that Khrushchev is fomenting troub1e through­ miliar with Paul A. Nagle, who is presi­ exciting chapter of postal employee re­ .out the world. The deck is stacked against dent of the National Postal Transport lations. I am grateful for the opportu­ the President. Talk and debate doesn't Association and who is slated to become nity to be so close an observer of the work with Khrushchev who uses dishonesty the administrative vice president of the changes which are underway and which and lies as his tools to beguile and fool. combined union. constitute a definite force for good. We desperately need some :firm action-a I got to know Paul Nagle before I be­ blockade of Cuba would be a good start. came a member of the House Committee Then we should draw a line with Russia on Post Office and Civil Service. In fact, and move in our Navy and military weap­ ons ready to back up the tough talk. Firm even before having left Omaha to come Washington Report action alone now can save us from world to Washington to take my congressional war III. Our present policy of drift and in­ seat, I talked with Mr. Adolph Dudycha EXTENSION OF REMARKS decision is toward national suicide. who was then president of the Omaha OF The freedom riders and the resulting riots branch of the National Postal Transport should teach us some lessons: ( 1) When lo­ Association and Mr. Clinton Gross who HON. BRUCE ALGER cal law enforcement fails the Federal Gov­ is the associate national vice president OF TEXAS ernment moves in; (2) Federal Government can always unllaterally take the law into its of the National Postal Transport Asso­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES own hands; (3) those looking for trouble will ciation for the area which includes Monday, May 29, 1961 find it. Intemperate do-gooders can hurt Omaha. These gentlemen have been the cause of integration. truly gentlemanly all the time under Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, under the Walter Heller, President Kennedy's top every circumstance. leave to extend my remarks in the REc­ economic adviser, may be pushing us back­ There have been times when I found ORD, I include the following newsletter of ward to the 1nfiationary practices of Federal it necessary to challenge the postal ad­ May 27, 1961: intervention in our economy as practiced ministration of my own Republican WASHINGTON REPOR·r by the Truman administration. Accord­ ing to Heller, because of the allegedly Party during the Eisenhower adminis­ (By Congressman BRUCE ALGER, Fifth Dis~ slow rate of economic growth from 1953 tration. On July 2, 1960, the House of trict, Texas) through 1960, the United States faces a per­ Representatives passed H.R. 12595, a bill MAY 27, 1961. sistent economic slack. It follows that bearing my name, which directed the The Cuban situation is getting worse by Government spending and other measures Postmaster General to cease and desist the hour. We now know the invasion at· must take up that slack for the Nation to from his experiment in transporting or­ tempt we denied planning was U.S. directed realize its potential growth. Taking a closer dinary first-class mail by air. The mem­ and failed because of our last minute with· look at the statistical underpinnings of this bership of the National Postal Transport drawal of promised air support. "At least theory, we find the Government's part of :five departments or agencies of the U.S. Gov· the gross national product from 1947-53 Association comprises the group of ernment were in on the venture into Cuba, (which included the Korean war) went from postal employees which would be most ·including the White House. Stories delib· $54.6 b11llon to $102 bllllon. Interestingly adversely affected by any expansion of erately fed out to center blame on the U.S. enough, the gross private domestic invest­ the so-called airlift. The present ad­ Joint Chiefs of Staff· were an effort to clear ment category of the gross national product ministration has said that no expansion skirts in other directions. Military chiefs . went up from $50 billion in 1947 to over is planned and that there may be a re­ then were ordered not to talk."-U.S. News $70 billion in 1959. As for personal con- grouping of segments currently in opera­ & World Report, May 29. , sumptipn expenditures, they rose more in :Earlier the President, and Adlai stevenson the 1953-59 period than in the 1947-53 era. tion. My own position has remained in the United Nations, had denied U.S. par­ We had at least three times as much infia­ the same. I can still see no congres­ ticipation in Cuban invasion plans. Then tion fr.om 1947 to 1953, so that actual growth sional authorization for the operation, the President assured the world that we was that much larger in the 1953-59 period. and I feel that the atmosphere should would free Cuba from communism. AI· A return to the Truma·n infiationary period be cleared by congressional action·of one though he is being coU.nseled simultaneously is what we are being offered. Thls same for­ type or another. to appease the Communists and to get tough, mula was offered Germany by some of these In my considered judgment the amal- the President thus far has gone no further same economists, but the advice was spurned · than to talk tough. Many in Washington, and West Germany has prospered beyond all .gamation of the postal employee organ­ including me, still shocked at the thought expectations. Our real choice is between izations· into one group . will instire far of even contemplating acquiescence to Cas. sound economic growth base.d on private en­ greater job protection than would other­ tro's blackmail effort to trade human beings terprise and risk capital or vast, infiation­ wise be available to the postal employees ·for freedom, were appalled. to learn that ary Government expansion with no firm who perform service in the railway post the Reuther-Roosevelt-Elsenhower commit- foundation. 9220 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 29 In the tax hearings before my Ways and Needed: Greater U.S. Voluntary Mobili· can-and should-reexamine. the potential Means Committee, I was able to strike a ways in which they might serve our national blow for the elimination of double taxa­ zation Against Communism cause more effectively. tion of corporations by suggesting that now Third, we need to more greatly utilize the is the time to stop taxing corporate income EXTENSION OF REMARKS know-how and technology of free enter­ that is distributed to stockholders. The prise-for selling the ideas and ideals of stockholders can be taxed upon their re­ OF freedom. This includes more effective utili­ ceipts. Retained earnings of both corpora­ zation of U.S. firms operating overseas as tions and cooperatives could be taxed should HON. ALEXANDER WILEY built-in Voices of America. distribution not be made to the stockholders OF WISCONSIN Fourth, labor, also--sharing a common or shareholders. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES bond with workers around the globe-pos­ sesses an unparalleled opportunity to dem­ Monday, May 29 , 1961 onstrate how workers benefit under a free Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, the free system; and how free collective bargaining world, if it is to defeat communism's can serve not only the worker but strengthen Captive Nations a nation. efforts to conquer the world, needs to Fifth, the creative minds-artists, writers, EXTENSION OF REMARKS more effectively mobilize its manpower poets, musicians, dramatists-have a great OF and resources. opportunity to portray the spirit of a free As a leader of the free world, we have people in their dedicated relentless effort to HON. VICTOR L. ANFUSO a special responsibility and challenge. create a better life for themselves and Uncle Sam, of course, plays the major humanity. OF NEW YOJtlt In addition to encouraging greater vol­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES role in designing and executing policies to meet the Red threat to security and untary effort by our people, I believe we Monday, May 29, 1961 must also examine national policies to pro­ progress. vide opportunity for the willing to more Mr. ANFUSO. Mr. Speaker, I am However, I believe that a large major­ effectively serve their country. pleased to join in support of the resolu­ ity of our citizens stand ready and willing This, then, is a fight for all of us. As a tion to establish a Special House Com­ to extend more time, energy, and re­ people, we must pool our resources, rein­ mittee on Captive Nations, which is being sources to supporting the efforts of our vigorate our patriotic spirit; and weld to­ sponsored by our distinguished colleague Nation. gether our efforts and purposes in a common Yesterday, I was privileged to make cause; that of survival of ourselves, of our from Pennsylvania, the Honorable ideals, and of freedom. DANIEL J. FLOOD. The resolution is now some suggestions as to how this can be It is a time for greatness, for bravery, and pending before the House Rules Commit­ done more effectively in a radio address for alertness. tee, which held hearings on it recently. over radio station WGN, Chicago. I I trust the committee will act speedily ask unanimous consent to have the ex­ and favorably on the measure. cerpts from this address printed in the I believe that it is in our national in­ RECORD. One Hundredth Anniversary of the terest to provide every possible help and There being no objection, the excerpts moral encouragement to the captive na­ were ordered to be printed in the REcORD, Unification of Italy tions in their struggle to regain their as follows: national freedom, independence, and hu­ Day by day, history is being written. The EXTENSION OF REMARKS man dignity. We must give heart to tireless hand will record how well-or how OF these enslaved peoples by showing that poorly-we shape the events of our time and they have not been forgotten during this meet the challenges. HON. EDWARD A. GARMATZ black period in world affairs when they The times require that we mobilize ade­ OF MARYLAND quately and swiftly the resources of the free IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES are enduring great mental and physical world. suffering. We must also provide all In this space-missile-jet-nuclear age, Monday, May 29, 1961 possible hope to them for their future however, we need a Paul Revere: to gallop survival, as nations and as individuals, through the towns and countrysides of the Mr. GARMATZ. Mr. Speaker, while so that they can reestablish and re­ free world; to awaken the people with the June 2 will mark the 15th anniversary warning cry: "The Reds are Coming." How? of the founding of the democratic Re­ habilitate their national life and culture. By land and sea and air. By day and by public of Italy, the Italian nation, and The peoples of the captive nations are night. Through every inroad and opening the rest of the free world, will celebrate today silenced peoples, unable to speak in the frontier outposts of the free world. the gathering of the first Italian Par­ their minds, unable to practice their re­ Despite long years of threats-and vast liament in 1861. This Parliament pro­ ligious beliefs, and unable to live as free expansion of the Communist empire--are we really yet awake to the challenge? No. For claimed the Kingdom of Italy, a number human beings. Their indomitable will of independent states, now welded into for freedom, however, has not been too many Americans, communism is a thing to fight from the armchair, hurling epithets one nation. The hopes and longing of crushed. They may be silent and grim from the launching pad of the lower jaw. seven centuries of Italians for unity and today, but they are waiting patiently and Look around us. Who do we--you and 1- freedom were beginning to be fulfilled. hopefully for tomorrow. This patience know that is really doing anything about Influential as were the smaller inde­ and hope must be kept alive under all the threat of communism? Who is tighten­ pendent states, the union of them into circumstances. To give up hope, to lose ing his belt; working on ideas to combat this one nation increased their stature in courage, means lose everything. evil; dedicating more of his resources to the to perpetuating of freedom and the spread of world affairs. The captive nations constitute a great its ideas and idea.Is? It has been said, and rightly so, that symbol of mankind's struggle against its How many can you find? Yes, a few-but the grandeur that was Rome is the most ruthless enemy, international com­ far too few. glory that is Italy today. But this glory munism, which is seeking to subjugate How, then, can we-we, as patriotic Ameri­ was not achieved overnight, as a result cans-do something about this grave threat and enslave all of humanity. By en­ to our security and progress? of the unification. Many major prob­ couraging and aiding the captive na­ By the following ways: lems had to be settled: the question of tions to continue their gallant struggle First, we must discard the idea that authority between the church and the in the face of the most difficult odds, we Uncle Sam, alone, can carry the fight against Government; the wide economic gap be­ are maintaining and building up a great the Reds. tween the overpopulation among the reservoir of dissatisfaction and resent­ Then, we must mobilize our resources-in­ poor farmers of the south and the ment within the iron curtain countries dividually and collectively-to throw the wealthier, educated Italians of the in­ necessary brainpower, manpower, and re­ dustrial north, to name but a few. which may some day be of invaluable sources into the battle against the Commu­ help to the free world. The creation of nists. Historically, one of the great The entrance of Italy into World War a committee as advocated in House Res .. strengths of America is the voluntary wlll I was against the wishes of the majority to fight, sacrifice, and work to build a good of the people, and the close of the war olution 211 would render great assistance life under a free flag, and to protect our and the years following found the nation to the captive nations and would serve country from its enemies. in a social and economic upheaval. Ret­ as a powerful weapon in our hands Second, our civic, veteran, social, cultural, rogression of democratic principles under against communism. and, yes, religious and other organizations the Fascist t·egime was to be expected, 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9221 and participation in· World War II left New Jersey for 55 years as the head of Corps, negotiating industrial leases for the country in a deplorable condition. - J. I. Kislak, Inc., the State's largest real the U.S. Army. Since the close of World war II, Italy estate, mortgage banking, -and insurance It was in the mid-1920's that Mr. Kis­ has made great strides in a closer unifi­ firm. lak moved his offices from River Street cation of north and south, a more equi­ His move to 581 Broad Street in New­ in Hoboken to Journal Square, Jersey table distribution of the economic im­ ark-after 55 years in Hudson County­ City. provements; a modern nation in every is significant. It is indicative of ·the The Kislak organization, often re­ sense of the word. Much of this im­ resurgence of downtown Newark and ferred to as the "department store of the provement can be attributed to Ameri­ the desire of big business in our State to real estate business," is active in chain­ can aid. However, much remains to be use Newark as a home base. store leasing, shopping centers, indus­ done to bring about a stable political Like Newark-and the rest of the lOth trial sales and leases, apartment house situation and continued economic Congressional District-the Kislak or­ investments, commercial property sales, growth. With continued help and un­ ganization is growing. And I am happy property management, homes, apprais­ derstanding, I believe we will see rapid that Mr. Kislak has chosen to become a als, mortgages and mortgage banking, strides toward these goals. partner in this growth. general insurance and life insurance. The Italians who emigrated to the I feel that his personal ability, aug­ And Mr. Kislak, his voice booming, is United States have contributed greatly mented by the hard-driving organization still putting in 18-hour days, keeping a to our culture, our economy, and our · of more than 300 persons, will become a firm grasp on the day-to-day operation own national growth, and many have forceful arm in the social and economic of his organization. achieved positions of distinction and betterment of my district and State. He is up at 6:30 daily, checking his honor. It is, therefore a pleasure to join We expect this from J. I., because Mr. work-filled attache case and planning with them and the Italian nation in Kislak is not the average person by any his tomorrows. His mind is sharp and commemorating the lOOth anniversary means. His exceptional real estate ac­ quick to move on an important deal or of the unification of Italy. We wish for complishments have been hard won. philanthropic project. that country a long, peaceful period, so Mr. Kislak began his career in the Mr. Kislak is active in the United Jew­ that their progress may continue its home of his parents at 406 Clinton Street, ish Appeal of Essex County, the Ameri­ rapid upward growth, and they. may thus can Jewish Committee's Institute of Hu­ strengthen the free, democratic world. Hoboken. There, in 1904, Mr. Kislak got his first taste of the real estate business. man Relations, Anti-Defamation League His father was an immigrant of little of B'nai B'rith and the Technion Insti­ means. However, he had succeeded in tute of Israel. Tribute to Julius I. Kislak accumulating sufficiel}t funds to pur­ He is a member of the Newark Associa­ chase a $3,500 house in Hoboken, which tion of Commerce and Industry, New Jersey Historical Society, New Jersey EXTENSION OF REMARKS he traded for five others. State Chamber of Commerce, and the OF Then his father took a trip to Palestine Jersey City Chamber of Commerce. HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. and the job of managing these units fell I sincerely hope that Mr. Kislak will to the young Kislak-and so did the have many more fruitful and productive OF NEW JERSEY problem of getting new mortgages. years to devote toward his family, his IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Soon thereafter he obtained a notary community, and his business. Monday, May 29, 1961 public license and then in 1906 hung out I am confident that his energy, his tal­ Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, I want to his real estate shingle over his doorstep. ents, and his organization, will be of welcome Julius I. Kislak and his organi­ In 1909 he rented space in the Jersey great benefit to the social and economic zation to the lOth Congressional District. Observer building in Hoboken. betterment of the lOth Congressional Mr. Kislak, a dynamic septuagenarian, During World War I , Mr. Kislak served District and our great State of New Jer­ has been contributing to the growth of as a sergeant in the Quartermaster sey.

friendly and hostile to our way of life, he (For nominations this day received, SENATE may contribute to the easing of interna­ see the end of Senate proceedings.) tional tensions and to the uplifting of the THURSDAY, JUNE 1, 1961 peoples of the world to that state of LIMITATION OF DEBATE DURING The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, dignity and personal worth which Thou dost intend for all mankind. MORNING HOUR and was called to order by the President Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, un­ pro tempore. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. der the rule, there will be the usual Rev. James A. Payne, Jr., pastor, First morning hour for the transaction of Presbyterian Church, Annandale, Va., routine business. I ask unanimous con­ offered the following prayer: THE JOURNAL sent that statements in connection Almighty Governor of the Universe, On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by therewith be limited to 3 minutes. who dost see without distortion and unanimous consent, the reading of the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. judge without prejudice the motives and Journal of the proceedings of Monday, Without objection, it is so ordered. deeds of individuals and nations, as the May 29, 1961, was dispensed with. Members of this body seek today to carry out the weighty responsibilities COMMITTEE MEETINGS DURING placed upon them by the high privilege MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT SENATE SESSION of their elected office, enable them to Messages in writing from the Presi­ On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and acknowledge honestly before Thee the dent of the United States submitting by unanimous consent, the Patents, frailty of all human endeavor, and so nominations were communicated to the Trademarks, and Copyrights Subcom­ to reorient their lives to that true stand­ Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secre­ mittee and the Antitrust and Monopoly ard of personal character which Thou taries. Subcommittee of the Judiciary Commit­ hast set forth in history that they may tee were authorized to meet during the conduct the matters before them in ac­ EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED session of the Senate today. cordance with Thy holy will. On request of Mr. JoHNSTON, and by Harken to us as we invoke Thy special As in executive session, unanimous consent, the Committee on blessing upon the journey of our Presi­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid Agriculture and Forestry was authorized dent. Augment Thy gifts already be­ before the Senate messages from the to meet during the session of the Senate stowed upon him with the gift of Thy President of the United States submit­ today. spirit, so that, in consultation and coop­ ting sundry nominations, which were On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by eration with the leaders of nations both referred to the appropriate committees. unanimous consent, the Committee on