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Fungos Anamorfos Decompositores Do Folhedo De Caesalpinia Echinata Lam

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Fungos Anamorfos Decompositores Do Folhedo De Caesalpinia Echinata Lam PRISCILA DA SILVA Fungos Anamorfos decompositores do folhedo de Caesalpinia echinata Lam. provenientes de exemplares estabelecidos em áreas com e sem impacto de poluição aérea Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para obtenção do título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análise Ambientais. SÃO PAULO 2007 PRISCILA DA SILVA Fungos Anamorfos decompositores do folhedo de Caesalpinia echinata Lam. provenientes de exemplares estabelecidos em áreas com e sem impacto de poluição aérea Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para obtenção do título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análise Ambientais. ORIENTADORA: DRA. ROSELY ANA PICCOLO GRANDI Dedico esse trabalho a todos os amigos queridos, por permitirem dias intensamente valiosos. Agradecimentos A Deus, por conceder-me saúde e sabedoria, permitindo mais uma etapa cumprida. A todos que de alguma forma colaboraram para a realização deste trabalho. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo pela concessão da bolsa de mestrado (processo nº. 05/51732-5). À Dra. Rosely Ana Piccolo Grandi, excelente profissional e amiga, pela extraordinária orientação. Foram três anos e meio de convívio ensinando-me cada passo, contribuindo notavelmente para o início de uma jornada profissional. Jamais esquecerei os momentos que brilhantemente me foram cedidos, proporcionando riquíssimos valores pessoais e profissionais. À Dra. Marina Capelari pela concessão dos equipamentos de microscopia e consultas a vários periódicos, contribuindo de maneira grandiosa para a realização deste trabalho. Muito Obrigada! Aos pesquisadores da Seção de Micologia e Liquenologia do Instituto de Botânica, SP, Dra. Adriana M. Gugliotta, Dra. Carmem L.A. Pires-Zottarelli, Dr. Dácio R. Matheus, Dr. José Ivanildo de Souza, Dra. Iracema H. Schoenlein-Crusius, Dr. Marcelo P. Marcelli, Ms. Michel N. Benatti, Dra. Milena L.A. Lima e Dra. Vera Vitalli, que de alguma forma acrescentaram-me valores inestimáveis. Aos funcionários de apoio da Seção de Micologia e Liquenologia, Zelinda R.B. Santana, Maria Dorotéia F.Trude e Rosimeire A. Inácio, pela ajuda, carinho e “cafezinhos com bolo”. Aos funcionários da Reserva Biológica de Mogi-Guaçu e do Parque Municipal do Ibirapuera, sempre atenciosos colaborando sobremaneira durante os períodos de coleta; em especial ao Dr. Marcos Mecca Pinto e Dr. Silas M. Silva. Aos professores das disciplinas de pós-graduação do Instituto de Botânica que contribuíram e transmitiram seu conhecimento de maneira sublime e agradabilíssima. Aos funcionários do Instituto de Botânica, SP, das Seções de: Biblioteca, Jéferson A. de Souza, Maria Helena S.C.F. Gallo e Suely P. Caldas; pós-graduação, Antonio A.C. Borges, Márcia R. Ângelo e Tamires O. Correa e xerox, Maria R. P. Oliveira, Rosalina de Mattos e Sirleia C. Ferreira, pelos esclarecimentos, atenção, dedicação e carinho. Aos pesquisadores e amigos do Instituto Biológico, SP, Dra. Christiane A. Ceriane, Dr. Mario Barreto Figueiredo e às biólogas, Marcela C. Boro e Martha M. Passador, imprescindíveis em meus primeiros passos na Micologia. Ao meu amor Rauflin Lincoln Domingues Prado Carloto Junior (“vida”), compreendendo todos os momentos traçados até aqui e por simplesmente me amar incondicionalmente. Aos meus pais Claudio Luiz da Silva e Maria Amélia Domingues da Silva, que pacientemente compreenderam minha ausência, apoiando-me a cada instante, desde a graduação. Amo vocês! À minha irmã querida Camila Claudine da Silva, pela grande amizade e por agüentar muitas chateações com tratamento de imagens. Muito Obrigada, por contribuir com as aulas básicas de photoshop, “estou quase uma profissional”. E ao meu irmão Claudio L.S. Junior e sua família, por contribuírem de alguma forma nos ensinamentos da vida. Às três preciosidades, Beatriz Silva de Almeida, Juan Stevan Silva Miguel e Pablo Henrique Silva Miguel, inspirações eternas da minha vida. Às minhas avós, Benedita L. Domingues e Maria Aparecida R. da Silva, que me serviram de exemplo desde meu nascimento. E a todos familiares que compreenderam minha ausência por longos períodos, sempre carinhosos e proporcionando momentos inesquecíveis. À minha nova família Elza P. Silva, Larissa V. P. Carloto, Luis H.M. José e Zulmira V. Carloto por estarem presentes em minha vida, permitindo momentos incontáveis de alegrias. Aos amigos da Seção de Micologia e Liquenologia, Alexandra Lenk Gomes, Carla Nuvolara, Cássia Canavese, César L.C. Redivo, Cristiane A. Nascimento, Filipe R. Baptista, Glauciane D. Coelho, Iane P.R. Cunha, Kátia da Silva Patekoski, Luciana J. Gimenez, Luiza H.S. Oliveira, Maria Luiza de Miranda, Marina Bianchini, Nara Ballaminut, Norberto C. Schoenlein, Ricardo Soares, Ricardo R. da Silva, Sérgio M. Neto, Stephanie Moreta, Tatiane Asai, Tiago V.S. Campacci e Vera L. Xavier, pela agradável convivência e amizade. Às amigas inesquecíveis, “sempre preparadas para o que der e vier” Carla Puccinelli e Carolina Gask Moreira; vocês são ótimas. Aos amigos alojados, Aline A. Cavalari, Andréa Araújo, Angélica P. Barbedo, Angélica C.R. Rocha, Bárbara M. Guido, Camila Malone, Diógina Barata, Eduardo C. Gasparino, Fernanda Karstedt, Giseli A. Nóbrega, Kleber R.S. Santos, Luciane Crossetti, Maria Isabel T.M. Guimarães, Milton F.N. Martins e Sabrina L. de Freitas, vocês são e serão especiais, pois enriqueceram-me a cada dia. Às amigas que receberam-me muito bem “no quarto sete” do alojamento do IBt, Bárbara M. Fonseca e Josimara N. Rondon e aquelas que chegaram depois tornando a convivência inesquecível, Fernanda Ferrari e Sandra V. Costa. Vocês são pessoas notáveis que farão parte da minha vida sempre. À amiga Berta L.P. Villagra, com seu jeitinho inesquecível de ser, muita garra e vontade de vencer, adorei compartilhar momentos com você. Ao amigo Denílson F. Peralta, muito obrigado pelos momentos de incentivo e diversão, pois fizeram a diferença. À Fernanda Ramlov “Fezica”, amiga querida e insubstituível. Muitas saudades! À Juçara Bordin “italianinha, Juju, Jujubas”, você chegou e permanecerá em minha vida sempre. Muito obrigada! “Irmãzinha gaúcha”, sua existência é imprescindível. Aos amigos liquenólogos, Adriano A. Spielmann, Luciana S. Cânez, Patrícia Jungbluth e Suzana M.A. Martins, muito obrigada pelo enriquecimento, não só profissional, mas também espiritual. Vocês são pessoas exemplares e minha energia foi sempre renovada quando observava a extrema dedicação profissional mantida por vocês. Aos meus queridos amigos, que apesar da minha ausência sempre estiveram presentes me apoiando com suas mensagens carinhosas, Sandra M.B. Freitas, Anderson C. Freitas e Marcela Cunha. Muito Obrigada. Priscila da Silva ix Resumo Os Fungos Anamorfos caracterizam-se por apresentar estruturas de reprodução assexuadas representadas pelos conidióforos, células conidiogênicas e conídios. São fungos sapróbios colonizadores de inúmeros substratos de plantas, principalmente da serapilheira. Muitas espécies tem seu habitat no folhedo e são característicos desse ambiente, principalmente espécies que exibem setas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a diversidade de Fungos Anamorfos presentes no folhedo de Caesalpinia echinata Lam., em duas áreas, uma impactada por poluição aérea (Parque Municipal do Ibirapuera) e outra sem essa influência (Reserva Biológica de Mogi-Guaçu), ambas no Estado de São Paulo. Os folíolos de C. echinata foram coletados bimestralmente, no período de fevereiro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006 e aplicada a técnica de lavagem sucessiva de substratos e incubação em câmaras-úmidas. Os fungos foram isolados sob microscópio estereoscópico, colocados diretamente em lâminas permanentes para análise e identificação. Foram obtidos 33 táxons, 23 no Parque Municipal do Ibirapuera, 22 na Reserva Biológica de Mogi-Guaçu sendo 12 comuns às áreas de coleta, demonstrando similaridade de 53,3%. Os fungos Chlamydopsis proliferans Hol.-Jech. & R.F. Castañeda, Sporidesmium flagelliforme Matsush. e Uberispora heteroseptata R.F.Castañeda, Guarro & Cano, são novas referências para o Brasil, enquanto que Chlamydopsis proliferans Hol.-Jech. & R.F. Castañeda, Cryptophiale minor M.L. Farr, Gonytrichum macrocladum (Sacc.) S. Hughes, Mariannaea elegans (Corda) Samson, Periconia minutissima Corda, Sporidesmium flagelliforme Matsush. e Uberispora heteroseptata R.F.Castañeda, Guarro & Cano, são primeiras citações para o Estado de São Paulo. As descrições de Gyrothrix ramosa Zucconi & Onofri e Triposporium deviatum (Subram.) R.F. Castañeda são apresentadas pela primeira vez para o país. Sugere-se que os Fungos Anamorfos possam colonizar o folhedo de plantas estabelecidas em regiões impactadas por poluição aérea, não sendo este fator limitante para o desenvolvimento desses microrganismos. x Abstract The Anamorphic Fungi are characterized by asexual reproduction structures represented by conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. They are saprobic fungi colonizing several plants substrates, especially leaf litter and branchlets. Many taxa have their habitat in leaf litter and are characteristic from this environment, especially species with setae. The aim of this study was to verify the Anamorphic Fungi diversity in leaf litter of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (brazil-wood), in two places, one affected by air pollution (“Parque
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