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The Evolution of Gender & Identity

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The Evolution of Gender & Identity The Evolution of Gender & Identity Consumer Behavior Presented by Robyn Archer, CJ Holce, & Trevor Hurt 1 Table of Contents Four Things We Know 3 Gender is a Spectrum 5 Cultural Norms 7 Assigning Genders 11 Gender Expressions 13 Future Relevance 15 References 21 2 Four Things We Know 3 Four Things We Know to Be Certain 2 1 CULTURAL GENDER IS A NORMS ARE SPECTRUM CHALLENGED 3 4 GENDERS GENDER IS WERE ASSIGNED WAY OF EXPRESSION 4 Gender is a Spectrum The first thing we know to be true is that gender is a spectrum. A 2015 poll of US adults ages 18-34 found that the majority see gender as a spectrum, rather than binary (GenderSpectrum). Furthermore, another study found that 56% of those aged 13-20 know someone who uses gender-neutral pronouns (GenderSpectrum). While this may seem like a recent understanding, the fact that gender is a spectrum has been around for quite some time. Argentine philosopher, Lugones, claims that colonialism introduced not only racism and classism, but also gender - also known as “the coloniality of gender” (Lugones). Lugones goes on to explain that “as Eurocentered, global capitalism was constituted through colonization, gender differentials were introduced where there were none” (Lugones). Her argument supports the notion that gender has been nonbinary and fluid for most of history and that colonization and certain cultures and religions have created binary genders and roles. For example, Native American cultures often featured an “intermediary gender that broke up the the binary” (Ballestín). While the Native Americans did have two binary genders, the third gender created the spectrum - anything between the two gender “poles” was this third gender, showing that gender spectrum has been around for long before the United States was even established (Ballestín). In fact, gender spectrum existed among other indigenous cultures. In general, a common term is “two-spirit” which “refers to the belief that LGBTQ people have two spirits living inside them, an experience that allows them to view the world holistically and to be closer to the divine” (McGuire). Dr. McGuire goes on to explain that the third gender also exists among the Navajo as “nádleehí” and among the Maori cultures in New Zealand as the “wakawahine.” The list can go on: the Democratic Republic of the Congo believes those of the LGBTQ+ community or of the third gender “possess unique abilities to solve crimes, as they see the world from multiple angles” (McGuire). Thus, there is historical evidence that proves that gender is a spectrum and gender fluid people were not just tolerated in indigenous cultures, but celebrated. 5 Gender is a Spectrum Lastly, pieces of Roman culture, which existed as early as 753 BC, show gender fluidity in portraits. Surviving portraits show both male and female attributes for both sexes: “in some cases, male emperors assume female characteristics while in others, it’s the other way around” (Frances). Ancient Roman culture had its own understanding of the sex and gender divide - while they may have had binary genders, they saw attributes of both that would complement the portrait: “The deliberate ambivalence of gender in these images creates a fluid visual persona for the emperor that eclipses standard definitions of masculine and feminine” (Varner). For example, we likely would not see a portrait of Donald Trump with any female attributes. In American culture, male figures typically try to be hyper-masculine, removing themselves from any type of gender ambiguity, which is exactly opposite of the Roman culture. Frances goes on to explain that “while the ancient Romans certainly recognized similar binary systems of sex and gender, they likewise seemed to acknowledge and utilize ideas of sex and gender fluidity whether in the visual propaganda of imperial portraiture or in the syncretism of various gods and goddesses.” Roman emperors didn’t follow binary assumptions in order to communicate power. By using gender ambiguity, emperors could actually “enhance their visual language, express their power, and impact their people” (Frances). These original and indigenous cultures show that gender was and still is a spectrum, but certain cultures and religions have assigned genders despite that. 6 Cultural Norms Have Always Been Challenged Challenging norms has been around since genders were first prescribed. From Hercules being dressed as a woman when he was a slave to Shakespeare’s actors dressing for female roles, cultural norms when it comes to gender have been challenged. Example of a Shakespeare play with cross-dressing Thor & Loki disguised as woman However, to keep this paper relevant to modern day, we have chosen to focus on examples that shaped American culture through a variety of industries. The following section shows examples of this in the following order: 1. Music artists 2. Celebrity fashion 3. Television shows 7 Cultural Norms Have Always Been Challenged Music artists, such as David Bowie and Freddie Mercury, has helped advanced discussions around gender fluidity by challenging cultural norms. Another great example is Sam Smith, who announced they would prefer to go by “they/them pronouns” - while this is not majorly common yet, Smith was one of the first artists to announce preferred pronouns. David Bowie Freddie Mercury ● “Bowie’s influence on culture is ● “Onstage, he wore outfits that left incomparable when it comes to the gender and societal norms behind. advancement of discussions and Among his sartorial choices were attitudes towards sexuality and leotards, angel-wing cloaks, tight gender” (Smith, 2018). shorts, and leather or PVC attire that ● Bowie is not only credited with evoked a biker image then popular in inspiring the world of art, but with gay nightclubs” (Kettler, 2018). allowing multiple generations to find ● Mercury was the one who suggested confidence in who they are. naming the band Queen, which at the ● Bowie’s openness of potentially not time was a derogatory term for a gay being hetereosexual and his man. eagerness to express himself in ● Mercury was never open about his unconvential ways, impacted on sexuality, even after he was many people’s personal acceptance diagnosed with AIDS, he never 8 of themselves. confirmed his sexuality. Cultural Norms Have Always Been Challenged Billy Porter ● Red-carpet conventions tend to reinforce traditional the gender binary ● While women have begun to wear pantsuits, few men have experimented. ● Billy Porter has become an advocate for gender fluidity on the red carpet, wearing outfits that blur both gowns and tuxedos ● He has been quoted saying “My goal is to be a walking piece of political art. To challenge expectations. What is masculinity?” Jaden Smith ● Jaden Smith, the son of Will Smith, has been blending masculine and feminine pieces for years and he’s only 21 years old ● He represents his own generation, Gen Z, which values equality and expression ● He has starred in a Louis Vuitton ad wearing a skirt and the team said “Wearing a skirt comes as naturally as him as it would to a woman who, long ago, granted herself permission to wear a man’s trench” 9 Cultural Norms Have Always Been Challenged Queer Eye “I didn’t think I was allowed to be nonconforming or genderqueer or non-binary — I was just always like 'a gay man' because that’s just the label I thought I had to be” - Jonathan Van Ness Are You The One? “On this season of “Are You the One?” none of the singles are heterosexual — which is practically unheard-of for a reality-dating show, even in 2019. Some of them don’t even have a gender; everyone identifies as “sexually fluid,” meaning anyone can potentially fall in love with anyone else” 10 Assigning Genders In The History of Sexuality Foucault argues the modern sexual binary came from the medicalization of sexuality that occurred in the 19th century. Binary gender is the idea that anatomy determines gender. If you are assigned male at birth, then you are a man and there is no gray area. Non-Binary individuals experience gender in a way that does not always align with the gender assigned to them at birth. They do not identify solely as male or female. Historically, it has been proven that non-binary people have identified as transgender (Browne, 2007). A non-binary individual could be genderfluid, which is shifting between genders, or genderqueer, which is not identifying with any gender binary. Non-Binary individuals suffer from disproportionately higher rates of mental health disorders. Anxiety and depression are not only common but often severe among non-binary adolescents (Becerra-Culqui, 2018). The suicide attempt rate in transgender and non-binary individuals is almost six times the national average (Johnson, 2019). In a society that forces gender to be binary, the stress of not fitting into the social norm is triggering life threatening mental disorders in these individuals and putting them at a higher risk of harming themselves than their cisgender peers. 11 Assigning Genders According to the Intersex Awareness Project, “Intersex people are born with sex characteristics that don’t meet medical or social norms for female or male bodies.” Intersex people have a variety of sexual orientations and gender identities, sometimes matching their assignments at birth and sometimes chosen later in life. Around 1 in 200 births are intersex, and doctors usually push for parents of these children to assign a sex by invasive and irreversible surgeries. Doctors encourage these surgeries for “normalizing purposes” but they are believed to do more harm than good. Physically they have risks comparable to genital mutilation such as, sexual dysfunction and lack of sensation, and emotionally as many suffer from disorders of sex development. There are multiple advocacy groups fighting against these invasive and unnecessary surgeries across the country.
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