Int J Ayu Pharm Chem REVIEW ARTICLE www.ijapc.com e-ISSN 2350-0204

Pharmaceutically important uses of Chameli (Jasminum grandiflorum Linn): A Review Shailendra Pradhan*

*Department of Dravyaguna, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Gurukul Campus, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract

Jasminum grandiflorum Linn (Chameli / Yasmin; ) is innate to Tropical and warm Temperate regions and cultivated in France, Italy, China, Japan, India, Morocco and Egypt. The is recognised to possess positive effects as odontalgic, thermogenic, aphrodisiac, antiseptic, emollient, anthelmintic, deobstruant, suppurative, tonic, in fixing loose teeth, ulcerative stomatitis, leprosy, skin diseases, ottorrhoea, otalgia, wounds, corns and aromatherapy. Pharmacological actions of the plant reported so far are spasmolytic, anti- inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antiulcer, cytoprotective, chemoprotective, wound healing and anti-acne activity. The present review is an attempt to highlight the various ethnobotanical and traditional uses as well as phytochemical and pharmacological actions reported so far from J. grandiflorum.

Keywords Jasminum grandiflorum , Chameli, Yasmin, Oleaceae

Greentree Group

Received 15/5/15 Accepted 19/6/15 Published 10/7/15

Shailendra Pradhan 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 3 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 79 [e ISSN 2350-0204] Int J Ayu Pharm Chem

INTRODUCTION potential of the plant. Taxonomical/ Scientific Classification8 Jasminum grandiflorum is a large Kingdom: Plantae- scrambling sub erect twining evergreen Subkingdom: Tracheobionts- Vascular shrub, which grows up to 10 to 15 m. high1, plants 2. It is native of Asia, Kashmir, Division: Magnoliophyta- Flowering plants Afghanistan and Persia ascending to an Class: Magnoliopsida- Dicotyledons altitude of 700- 2700 m, cultivated in India, Order: Scrophulariales wild in sub-tropical North-West Family: Oleaceae Himalayas, Western Ghats, Nilgiris, hill of Genus: Jasminum Tinnavally above 1400 m, France, Italy, : grandiflorum China, Japan, India, Morocco and

Egypt3,4,5,6. The plant is recognised to Classical Names9, 10 possess beneficial effects as odontalgic, Jati, Sauanasyayani, Sumama, Chetika, thermogenic, aphrodisiac, antiseptic, Hridyagandha, Malati, Rajaputrika. emollient, anthelmintic, deobstruant, suppurative, tonic, in fixing loose teeth, Botanical Description11, 12 ulcerative stomatitis, leprosy, skin diseases, It is a scrambling deciduous shrub growing ottorrhoea, otalgia, wounds, corns and to 2-4 m tall. The leaves are opposite, aromatherapy7. Our thorough literature entire ovate to somewhat elliptic in shape search exposed an interesting fact that with acuminate mucronate apex, petiole though the plant is a popular remedy for a almost lacking, imparipinnately compound, variety of ailments, very little effort have with three paired foliates ending with a been made to verify its efficacy through single leaf at the tip. The leaflets are scientific screenings in animal model and elongate-lanceolate, acute, 7 to 11 terminal clinical trials. The present review leaflet somewhat large than laterals, highlights the various folk, Ayurvedic uses, narrowing at the base, ovate-lanceolate, pharmacognostical, phytochemical and acute or acuminate, laterals ovate, terminal pharmacological studies conducted on J. one larger than laterals and often partially grandiflorum and also highlight unexplored ______Shailendra Pradhan 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 3 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 80 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

Int J Ayu Pharm Chem united with surfaces with a ciliate margin. The physical constants6 of the plant are Flowers are terminal and axillary cymes, given in the Table 1. calyx lobes long and linear, more than half Medicinal Uses as long as the corolla tubes. The fruit is a 1. Traditional Uses7 black berry, elliptic, globose berries when Plant parts used: Whole plant ripe. The plant is bitter, astringent, acrid, Climate, Soil and Propagation thermogenic, aphrodisiac, antiseptic, The plant is cultivated in well drained anodyne, depurative, emmenagogue, loamy soil and also on a variety of soils emollient, diuretic, anthelmintic, such as black, lateritic and clay loam with deobstruant, dentrifrice, suppurative and good drainage system as the plant is highly tonic. susceptible to water logging13, 14. It can be propagated by shoot tip culture method. Roots: They are useful in cephalalgia, Flowering of plants starts in the vitiated condition of vata, paralysis, facial first year itself. The yield being ½, 5 and paralysis, mental debility, chronic 10 tonnes/ha flowers within first, second constipation, flatulence, strangury, sterility, and third year respectively15, 16. The dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, ringworm, harvesting of the flower is done in the leprosy, skin diseases and giddiness. month of May to December (in South India) and July to November (in North Leaves: They are useful in odontalgia, India).17 fixing loose teeth, ulcerative stomatitis, leprosy, skin diseases, ottorhoea, otalgia, Pharmacognostical Studies strangury, dysmenorrhoea, ulcers, wound Leaf Powder Characteristics and corns. The leaf powder is light green in color. The important powder characteristics of the leaf Flowers: They are useful in stomatopathy, are simple, unbranched trichomes, vessels cephalopathy, odontopathy, with simple pits and spiral thickenings, ophthalmopathy, leprosy, skin diseases, glandular trichome, starch grains and pruritis, strangury, dysmenorrhoea, ulcers, calcium oxalate crystals18, 19. as refrigerant, ophthalmic and vitiated conditions of pitta. ______Shailendra Pradhan 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 3 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 81 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

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Table 1 Physical Constants of Jasminum 3. Uses described in Ayurveda grandiflorum Linn Leaves are chewed in aphthae, stomatitis, S. No. Physical constant % w/w toothache, ulcer in the mouth and leaf-juice 1. Total ash 10.89 or oil obtained from it is dropped in to the 2. Acid insoluble ash 1.29 20 3. Water soluble ash 2.92 ear (Bhavaprakash ). A decoction of the 4. Loss on drying 4.25 leaf was also used as a gargle Petroleum ether extractive (Bhavprakash and Vrindamadhava21). The 5. value 2.61 oil cooked with juice of jati leaves was Chloroform extractive prescribed in purulent discharge from the 6. value 3.58 ear (Vrindamadhava and Bangasena21). 7. Acetone extractive value 8.72 8. Alcohol extractive value 11.57 Fresh juice of the leaves is a valuable 9. Water extractive value 12.14 application for sort corns between the toes, for ulceration in the mouth, throat and 2. Ethnobotanical Uses gums, the leaves fried in ghee are Asian and Indian folk practitioners recommended to be applied recommend Jasmine for liver complaints, (Chakradatta20). The use of flowers applied dysentery, various types of pain including as a plaster to the loins, genitals and pubes painful menstruation, and skin diseases as an aphrodisiac. The plant is used in such as leprosy. In addition, Jasmine oil scorpion-string (Mahomedan22). Charaka applied externally is used to soften and used the sprouts or dried flowers, in smooth the skin, for cancer, heart disease, prescriptions, externally in coryza, nasal and a variety of other ills. Aroma therapists hemorrhage and dermatosis. Sushruta used believe Jasmine oil can be useful as an Malati as an ingredient of a medicated antidepressant, as a calming agent to clarified butter for external application on soothe stress, pain, and anxiety, and as an infected wounds, for cleansing and aphrodisiac. Its reputation as an intoxicant sterilizing the interior of ulcer, as an is legendary. Apart from that inhaling ingredient of hair oil for baldness and Jasmine scent increases beta waves in the alopecia and as an ingredient of an eye- brain, which are associated with increased salve for loss of vision. Malati was used states of alertness10. externally in leprosy, malignant ulcers and ______Shailendra Pradhan 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 3 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 82 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

Int J Ayu Pharm Chem other virulent skin diseases. The root of indole, myrcene, linalool, geranyl linalool, Jaati, cooked in goat’s milk and mixed with α-terpineol, geraniol, linalyl acetate, sugar was prescribed for giving relief in nerolidol, phytol, isophytol, farnesol, pain due to retention of urine and for eugenol, benzyl alcohol, p-cresol, methyl expelling calculus (Raaja Maarttanda20). benzoate, benzyl cyanide, benzyl acetate, methyl dihydrojasmonate, methyl Ayurvedic Propereties6, 23: anthranilate, jasmone, methyl- N-methyl Rasa: Tikta, Kashaya anthranilate, vanillin, cis-3-hexenyl Guna: Laghu, Snigdha, Mridu benzoate, benzyl benzoate, methyl Veerya: Ushna palmitate, methyl linoleate25, jasgranoside, Vipaka: Katu jaspolyoside, 8-epi-kingiside, 10-hydroxy- Doshaghnata: Tridoshashamaka oleuropein, 10-hydroxy ligstroside, Rogaghnata: Tridoshajavikara, Dantashoola, oleoside-7,11-dimethyl ester30,3-O-α-L- Dantadaurbalya, Mukharoga. rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D- Karma: Mukharoganashaka, xylopyranosyl-hederagenin-28-O-β-D- Saumanasyajanana, Medhya, Vajikarana. galactopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D- galactopyranosyl ester, hederagenin-3-O-β- Phytochemical studies D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-α-L- Very little phytochemical work has been arabinopyranoside, 2- α,3β,23- carried out with the plant J. grandiflorum24, trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic –O-β-D- 25,26. glucopyranosyl ester, hederagenin-3-O-β- Leaves: 2”-epifraxamoside, demethyl-2”- D-xylopyranosyl (1→3)-α-L- epifraxamoside, jasminanhydride27, rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-α-L- oleacein, 2-(3,4-dihydroxy phenyl)- arabinopyranoside, 2α,3β,23- ethanol, isoquercitrin, ursolic acid28, resin, trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic –O-α-L- salicylic acid, jasminine, indole rhamnopyranosyl (1→4)- β-D- oxygenase29, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, glucopyranosyl (1→6)- β-D- 2-hydroxy-30, 40-dihydroxyacetophenone glucopyranosyl ester, hederagenin-3-O-α- and oleanolic acid27. L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-α-L- arabinopyranoside31, kaempferol-3-O-α-L- Flowers: Cis-3-hexenol, 2-vinyl pyridine, rhamnopyranosyl (1→3)-[α-L- ______Shailendra Pradhan 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 3 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 83 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

Int J Ayu Pharm Chem rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D- galactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O- Anti-inflammatory activity rutinoside, 7-ketologanin, oleoside-11- Topical anti-inflammatory activity of a methyl ester, 7-glucosyl-11- methyl polyherbal formulation, Jatyadi ghrita, oleoside, ligstroside and oleuropein32. consists of Jasminum officinale, Azadirachta indica, Jasmine oil: Methyl jasmonate24, benzyl Berberis aristata, Curcuma longa, benzoate, linalool, linalyl acetate, benzyl Picrorrhiza kurroa, Rubia cordifolia, alcohol, indole, jasmone, methyl Trichosanthues dioica, Aristolochia indica, anthranilate, P-cresol, geraniol, racemic (5- Hemidesmus indicus, Randia spinosa and pent-2-enyl)-5,1-pentanolide, benzyl Glycyrrhiza glabra has been evaluated. benzoate, nerol, 1-α-terpineol, d and dl- The preparation showed nearly 50 percent linalool, γ-jasmolactone, farnesol, nerolidol inhibition of croton oil induced ear edema and eugenol6, 26. when compared to Diclofenac sodium, which showed 33 percent inhibition34. Pharmacological Activities Spasmolytic activity Antimicrobial activity Jasmine has spasmolytic activity on guinea The antimicrobial activity of ethanol callus pig ileum (post synaptic and not atropine- extracts of two species of Jasminum, like) and rat uterus in vitro. The (J.grandiflorum and J. sambac) were spasmolytic effect of Jasmine absolute was evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical most likely to be mediated through cAMP, analysis of the callus extracts reveled the and not through cGMP. The contradictory presence of alkaloids, glycoside, flavanoid, effect in vitro and in vivo has been terpines, tannin, resin, and salicylic acid. suggested probably due to the solely The extracts were subjected for screening physiological effects of jasmine absolute in of in-vitro antimicrobial activity against vitro (producing a relaxation) compared selected disease causing pathogens, viz., with that in vivo, where it has a strong Staphylococcus albus, Proteus mirabilis psychological input, producing a stimulant and Salmonella typhii, at the concentrations effect in man and enhanced movement in of 500 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml. The results animals33. of antimicrobial activity revealed that all ______Shailendra Pradhan 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 3 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 84 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

Int J Ayu Pharm Chem the extracts showed significant of JGLE. Additionally, JGLE completely antibacterial activity35. healed the ulcer within 20 days of treatment in AC model as evidenced by Antiulcer and antioxidant activities histopathological studies. The free radical The antiulcer and antioxidant activities of scavenging activities of JGLE depends on 70% ethanolic extract of leaves of J. concentration and increased with grandiflorum (JGLE) were evaluated. increasing amount of the extract. These Antiulcerogenic activity of JGLE (100 and results suggest that leaves of J. 200 mg/kg, b.w. orally) was evaluated grandiflorum possess potential antiulcer employing aspirin + pylorus ligation (APL) activity, which may be attributed to its free and alcohol (AL) induced acute gastric radical scavenging activity36. ulcer models and ulcer-healing activity using acetic acid induced (AC) chronic Cytoprotective activity ulcer model in rats. The antioxidant The cytoprotective effects of J. activity of JGLE has been assayed by using grandiflorum flowers and leaves in 7,12- in vitro methods like 2,2-diphenyl-1- dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH) assay, induced chromosomal abnormalities in reductive ability, superoxide anion bone marrow of female wistar rats were scavenging activity, nitric oxide evaluated. Oral pretreatment of J. scavenging activity and total phenolic grandiflorum flower and leaf extracts to content, in order to explain the role of DMBA treated rats significantly reduced antioxidant principles in the the frequency of micronucleated antiulcerogenic activity of the extract. polychromatic erythrocytes in the rat bone There was a significant dose-dependent marrow. Also, the plant extracts decrease in the ulcerative lesion index significantly decreased the percentage of produced by all the three models in rats as aberrant cells; the number of chromatic and compared to the standard drug famotidine chromosomal breaks in DMBA treated rats (20 mg/kg, b. w. orally). The reduction in which proves its cytoprotective effect37. gastric fluid volume, total acidity and an increase in the pH of the gastric fluid in Chemopreventive and Lipid peroxidative APL rats proved the antisecretory activity activities ______Shailendra Pradhan 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 3 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 85 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

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The chemopreventive efficacy and anti- reduction in the wound area when lipid peroxidative potential of J. compared to controls (54%). The wet and grandiflorum Linn. on 7,12-dimethylbenz dry granulation tissue weight, and (a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat hydroxyproline content in a dead space mammary carcinogenesis were evaluated. wound model were increased significantly Oral administration of ethanol extract of J. when compared to controls. Histological grandiflorum flowers (JgEt) at a dose of studies of the tissue obtained on day 10 300 mg/kg body weight for 14 weeks to from the extract-treated group showed DMBA-injected animals completely increased well organized bands of collagen, prevented the formation of tumors in the more fibroblasts and few inflammatory pre-initiation period. JgEt also exerted cells when compared to controls which significant anti-lipid peroxidative effect showed inflammatory cells, scanty and improved the antioxidant defense collagen fibers and fibroblasts which system in DMBA-treated rats suggesting suggests the use of J. grandiflorum flower clearly that JgEt has potent extract in the management of wound chemopreventive efficacy38. healing40.

Anti-acne activity Breast cancer The anti-acne activity of ten natural Flowers of J. grandiflorum are useful to products being used as traditional medicine women when brewed as a tonic as it aids in in various skin disorders has been preventing breast cancer and stopping investigation against Propionibacterium uterine bleeding39. acnes by broth dilution method. Minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) Wound healing activity of J. grandiflorum extract was found to be The effect of flower extract of J. below 800 µg/ml41. grandiflorum was studied for its wound healing activity at a dose of 250 mg/kg Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) body weight orally for 10 days using Inhibitor Activity excision and dead space wound models in Bioactivity guided fractionation of extract rats. Extract treated rats exhibited 65% of aerial parts of J. grandiflorum led to the ______Shailendra Pradhan 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 3 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 86 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

Int J Ayu Pharm Chem isolation of oleacein. The IC50 values of for human use. They obviously deserve purified ACE inhibitor were between 26-66 scrutiny on modern scientific lines such as mM28. phytochemical investigation, biological evaluation on experimental animal models, Clinical Evaluation toxicity studies and investigation of A clinical trial was conducted to assess the molecular mechanism of actions of isolated effect of Jatyadi taila of which J. phytoconstituents. Thorough screening of grandiflorum was one of the main literature available on J. grandiflorum ingredients. Group A (8 patients of depicted the fact that it is a popular remedy eczema) were treated with Raktashodhaka among the various ethnic groups, Vaidyas, vati (2 tab t.d.s), Surakta strong syrup (2 tsf Hakims and Ayurvedic practitioners for b.d.), Panchatikta ghrita guggulu (15mg cure of variety of ailments. Following the b.d.) and external application of traditional and folk claims, very little Marichyadi taila and group B (n=8) were efforts have been made by the researchers administered the same schedule as group A to explore the therapeutic potential of this except that Jatyadi taila was applied plant. From the literature, J. grandiflorum externally instead of Marichyadi taila. The have been screened for some duration of treatment was continued for 3 pharmacological activities and found to months and reviewed after 4 weeks. In possess spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, group A, only 37.5 % patient s were cured antimicrobial, antiulcer, antioxidant, whereas group B cured 62.5 % patients cytoprotective, chemopreventive, breast which suggests that Jatyadi taila was more cancer, wound healing and anti-acne effective in eczema patients42. activities but number of other pharmacological activites are yet to be CONCLUSION explored. In future study, the isolated In recent years, ethnobotanical and principles from Chameli needs to be traditional uses of natural compounds, evaluated in scientific manner using especially of plant origin received much specific experimental animal models and attention as they are well tested for their clinical trials to understand the molecular efficacy and generally believed to be safe mechanism of action, in search of lead molecule from natural resources. ______Shailendra Pradhan 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 3 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 87 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

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Acknowledgement The author wish to thank Dr. Mithilesh Singh, Scientist C, GBPIHED, Sikkim Unit, Gangtok for the assistance provided for this review.

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