7 Retinal-Ganglion-Cells

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Functions of the retina Retina performs five important jobs: 1. transduction 2. wavelength encoding 3. light/dark adaptation & chromatic adaptation 4. spatial filtering 5. data compression Neural Pigmented cell circuitry in Rod the retina Cone Horizontal cell Amacrine cell Bipolar cell Ganglion cell Neural circuits: rod pathway Neural circuits in the retina (monkey rod pathway) Rod bipolar AII amacrines Parallel pathways (processing streams) 1. Anatomically distinct 2. Physiologically/functionally distinct 3. Complete coverage 4. Recombine Example: rods and cones Some retinal ganglion cell types midget small bistratified parasol Parallel pathways: ganglion cells Parasol ganglion cell: Midget ganglion cell: 1. Inputs from many 1. Inputs from few (or photoreceptors one) photoreceptors 2. Fast/transient 2. Slow/sustained responses responses 3. Poor spatial resolution 3. High spatial resolution 4. Combine all cones (“color blind”) Ganglion cell receptive fields & inputs from cone lattice Field et al., Nature (2010) Ganglion cell mosaics Field et al., Nature (2010) Retinal ganglion cell responses on-center RGC off-center RGC stimulus: on off stimulus: on off Retinal ganglion cell measurements (Kuffler 1950s) Receptive fields: center-surround organization Receptive Fields - - - + - + + + - - + - + - + + + - - + - + + - + - + - - + - - + + - - - + + + On-center, Off-surround Off-center, On-surround Center-surround circuitry in the retina On-off layer segregation Linearity of RGC responses Linearity of RGC responses Linear receptive field model Photoreceptors Bipolar cells + - - Ganglion cell Linear receptive field model Neural image Neural image Input image “Neural image” (cornea) (retinal ganglion cells) Center-surround receptive fields: emphasize edges. ‘On’ and “off” responses Stimulus Receptive field x t Functions of the retina Retina performs five important jobs: 1. transduction 2. wavelength encoding 3. light/dark adaptation & chromatic adaptation 4. spatial filtering 5. data compression Retinal inhomogeneity Simulations of the high spatial resolution in central vision coupled with the blurry low spatial resolution in the periphery. Distribution of rods and cones Foveal cone mosaic Near periphery photoreceptor mosaic rods cones Dendritic fields increase with eccentricity (Dacey, 1993; human) Parasol Small bistratified Midget Dendritic field diameter (microns) Retinal eccentricity (mm) Diseases of the retina macular degeneration retinitis pigmentosa Retinal implants.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss Is Size Dependent in Experimental Glaucoma
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 32, No. 3, March 1991 Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss Is Size Dependent in Experimental Glaucoma Yoseph Glovinsky,* Harry A. Quigley,f and Gregory R. Dunkelbergerf Thirty-two areas located in the temporal midperipheral retina were evaluated in whole-mount prepara- tions from four monkeys with monocular experimental glaucoma. Diameter frequency distributions of remaining ganglion cells in the glaucomatous eye were compared with corresponding areas in the normal fellow eye. Large cells were significantly more vulnerable at each stage of cell damage as determined by linear-regression analysis. The magnitude of size-dependent loss was moderate at an early stage (20% loss), peaked at 50% total cell loss, and decreased in advanced damage (70% loss). In glaucomatous eyes, the lower retina had significantly more large cell loss than the corresponding areas of the upper retina. In optic nerve zones that matched the retinal areas studied, large axons selectively were damaged first. Psychophysical testing aimed at functions subserved by larger ganglion cells is recommended for detection and follow-up of early glaucoma; however, assessment of functions unique to small cells is more appropriate for detecting change in advanced glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:484-491, 1991 Current psychophysical tests do not detect glau- tage of ideal cellular preservation. Eyes with mild, comatous damage until a substantial minority of reti- moderate, and late damage were evaluated. In addi- nal ganglion cells have died.1'2 To develop more sen- tion, we correlated the damage patterns in the retinas sitive tests, a comprehensive understanding of the and optic nerves of the glaucomatous eyes.
[Show full text]
The Effect of Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury on Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration
The Effect of Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury on Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration Robert J. Casson,1 Glyn Chidlow,1 John P. M. Wood,1 Manuel Vidal-Sanz,2 and Neville N. Osborne1 PURPOSE. To determine the effect of optic nerve transection photoreceptors against light-induced injury. An unusual aspect (ONT) and excitotoxic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury on of the ONT-induced photoreceptor protection is that it specif- light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. ically affects the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), yet subsequently METHODS. Age- and sex-matched rats underwent unilateral ONT protects the outer retina. This phenomenon implies the exis- D tence of retrograde communication systems within the retina, or received intravitreal injections of N-methyl- -aspartate 5,6 (NMDA). The fellow eye received sham treatment, and 7 or 21 possibly involving Mu¨ller cells and FGF-2, but does not days later each eye was subjected to an intense photic injury. exclude the possibility that the effect is specific to ONT. A Maximum a- and b-wave amplitudes of the flash electroretino- nonspecific effect would suggest that similar responses might gram (ERG) were measured at baseline, after the RGC insult, be occurring in a wide range of optic neuropathies. We hy- and 5 days after the photic injury. Semiquantitative reverse pothesized that the protective effect of ONT may be a gener- transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immuno- alizable effect and that other forms of inner retinal injury such blot analysis were used to assess rod opsin mRNA and rhodop- as excitotoxic injury may also protect against LIPD. Further- sin kinase protein levels and to measure defined trophic factors more, although FGF-2 has been implicated as the agent respon- 7 or 21 days after ONT or injection of NMDA.
[Show full text]
Anatomy and Physiology of the Afferent Visual System
Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 102 (3rd series) Neuro-ophthalmology C. Kennard and R.J. Leigh, Editors # 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Chapter 1 Anatomy and physiology of the afferent visual system SASHANK PRASAD 1* AND STEVEN L. GALETTA 2 1Division of Neuro-ophthalmology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 2Neuro-ophthalmology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA INTRODUCTION light without distortion (Maurice, 1970). The tear–air interface and cornea contribute more to the focusing Visual processing poses an enormous computational of light than the lens does; unlike the lens, however, the challenge for the brain, which has evolved highly focusing power of the cornea is fixed. The ciliary mus- organized and efficient neural systems to meet these cles dynamically adjust the shape of the lens in order demands. In primates, approximately 55% of the cortex to focus light optimally from varying distances upon is specialized for visual processing (compared to 3% for the retina (accommodation). The total amount of light auditory processing and 11% for somatosensory pro- reaching the retina is controlled by regulation of the cessing) (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). Over the past pupil aperture. Ultimately, the visual image becomes several decades there has been an explosion in scientific projected upside-down and backwards on to the retina understanding of these complex pathways and net- (Fishman, 1973). works. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the visual The majority of the blood supply to structures of the system, in combination with skilled examination, allows eye arrives via the ophthalmic artery, which is the first precise localization of neuropathological processes.
[Show full text]
Imaging and Quantifying Ganglion Cells and Other Transparent Neurons in the Living Human Retina
Imaging and quantifying ganglion cells and other transparent neurons in the living human retina Zhuolin Liua,1, Kazuhiro Kurokawaa, Furu Zhanga, John J. Leeb, and Donald T. Millera aSchool of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405; and bPurdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Edited by David R. Williams, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, and approved October 18, 2017 (received for review June 30, 2017) Ganglion cells (GCs) are fundamental to retinal neural circuitry, apoptotic GCs tagged with an intravenously administered fluores- processing photoreceptor signals for transmission to the brain via cent marker (14), thus providing direct monitoring of GC loss. The their axons. However, much remains unknown about their role in second incorporated adaptive optics (AO)—which corrects ocular vision and their vulnerability to disease leading to blindness. A aberrations—into SLO sensitive to multiply-scattered light (12). major bottleneck has been our inability to observe GCs and their This clever combination permitted imaging of a monolayer of GC degeneration in the living human eye. Despite two decades of layer (GCL) somas in areas with little or no overlying nerve fiber development of optical technologies to image cells in the living layer (NFL) (see figure 5, human result of Rossi et al.; ref. 12). By human retina, GCs remain elusive due to their high optical trans- contrast, our approach uses singly scattered light and produces lucency. Failure of conventional imaging—using predominately sin- images of unprecedented clarity of translucent retinal tissue. This gly scattered light—to reveal GCs has led to a focus on multiply- permits morphometry of GCL somas across the living human ret- scattered, fluorescence, two-photon, and phase imaging techniques ina.
[Show full text]
The Horizontal Raphe of the Human Retina and Its Watershed Zones
vision Review The Horizontal Raphe of the Human Retina and its Watershed Zones Christian Albrecht May * and Paul Rutkowski Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 September 2019; Accepted: 6 November 2019; Published: 8 November 2019 Abstract: The horizontal raphe (HR) as a demarcation line dividing the retina and choroid into separate vascular hemispheres is well established, but its development has never been discussed in the context of new findings of the last decades. Although factors for axon guidance are established (e.g., slit-robo pathway, ephrin-protein-receptor pathway) they do not explain HR formation. Early morphological organization, too, fails to establish a HR. The development of the HR is most likely induced by the long posterior ciliary arteries which form a horizontal line prior to retinal organization. The maintenance might then be supported by several biochemical factors. The circulation separate superior and inferior vascular hemispheres communicates across the HR only through their anastomosing capillary beds resulting in watershed zones on either side of the HR. Visual field changes along the HR could clearly be demonstrated in vascular occlusive diseases affecting the optic nerve head, the retina or the choroid. The watershed zone of the HR is ideally protective for central visual acuity in vascular occlusive diseases but can lead to distinct pathological features. Keywords: anatomy; choroid; development; human; retina; vasculature 1. Introduction The horizontal raphe (HR) was first described in the early 1800s as a horizontal demarcation line that extends from the macula to the temporal Ora dividing the temporal retinal nerve fiber layer into a superior and inferior half [1].
[Show full text]
Neuromodulation of Ganglion Cell Photoreceptors
NEUROMODULATION OF GANGLION CELL PHOTORECEPTORS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Puneet Sodhi, B.S. Graduate Program in Neuroscience The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Andrew TE Hartwick, Advisor Dr. Karl Obrietan Dr. Stuart Mangel Dr. Heather Chandler Copyright by Puneet Sodhi 2015 ABSTRACT Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) comprise a rare subset of ganglion cells in the mammalian retina that are primarily involved in non-image forming (NIF) visual processes. In the presence of light, ipRGC photoreceptors exhibit sustained depolarization, in contrast to the transient hyperpolarizing responses of rod and cone photoreceptors. The persistence of this response with light offset underlies the reduced temporal resolution exhibited by these ipRGCs. The overall aim of this thesis was to determine whether the unique temporal dynamics of ipRGC photoresponses are subject to modification by endogenous retinal neuromodulators. As post-synaptic photoreceptors, ipRGCs are capable of integrating photic information transmitted from pre-synaptic neurons regulated by rod- and cone-driven signaling. Given that ipRGCs possess dense dendritic nets that span the entire retina, I hypothesized that these ganglion cell photoreceptors were capable of being modulated by extrinsic input from the retinal network. Using multi-electrode array recordings on rat retinas, I demonstrated that the duration of light-evoked ipRGC spiking can be modified through an intracellular cAMP/PKA-mediated signaling pathway. Specifically, stimulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway leads to prolonged ipRGC light responses. Expanding upon these findings, I next identified an endogenous retinal neuromodulator capable of modulating ipRGC photoresponses through this signaling pathway.
[Show full text]
Selective Loss of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Albino Avian Glaucoma
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 29, No. 6, June 1988 Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Selective Loss of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Albino Avian Glaucoma Koichi Takatsuji,* Masaya Tohyama,t Yoshio 5ato4 and Akira Nakamura§ Retinal ganglion cell loss was investigated in the retinae of albino quails before and after the develop- ment of glaucoma. The isodensity maps of ganglion cells, the total number of ganglion cells, and the histograms of the cell size in the central region of the retina were similar between albino quails without glaucoma and pigmented quails. However, ganglion cells in the intermediate and peripheral regions of the albino quail retina without glaucoma were significantly smaller than those of the pigmented quail retina. In albino quails with moderate glaucoma in 3 months of age, 11% to 55% of all the retinal ganglion cells had disappeared, with the loss of medium-sized cells (30-60 urn2) occurring earlier than that of small and large cells. In albino quails with advanced glaucoma, there was marked cupping around the optic nerve head, and only small ganglion cells remained in the ganglion cell layer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:901-909,1988 We found imperfect albino mutant quails with a coma, paying particular attention to the ganglion sex-linked recessive gene.12 These quails have white cells most affected. feathers except on their back, and ruby-colored eyes instead of brown. There are few pigment granules in Materials and Methods the pigment epithelium, choroid and pecten oculi. Albino mutant quails (Coturnix cotumix japonica, Some pigment granules, however, were noted in the gene symbol at) at 3 (n = 11) and 6 (n = 8) months of ora serrata, ciliary processes and iris.3 After the age of age, and 6-month-old pigmented quails (n = 5) were 3 months, these quails develop closed-angle glau- used.
[Show full text]
Introduction to the Retina
Introduction to the Retina Andrew Stockman NEUR 0017 Visual Neuroscience Optics An image of an object is focused by the cornea and lens onto the rear surface of the eye: the retina. Inverted image Accommodation: Focus on near objects by contracting Ciliary muscle and changing shape of lens. Eye and retina Retinal cells Cajal’s (1909-1911) neural architecture drawing based on the Golgi method. FOVEAL PIT Optic Tectum (superior colliculus) • Ramon y Cajal noted that neurons have anatomical polarity. • No myelination in the retina • Myelination of axons in the optic nerve Retina: a light sensitive part of the CNS OUTER LIMITING MEMBRANE OUTER NUCLEAR LAYER OUTER PLEXIFORM LAYER Light microscopic INNER NUCLEAR LAYER vertical section INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER GANGLION CELL LAYER INNER LIMITING MEMBRANE “Plexiform”: weblike or complex Retina: a light sensitive part of the CNS Schematic vertical section Light microscopic vertical section LIGHT Electrophysiological recording methods Extracellular recordings Single neurone (unit) spikes Microelectrode 500uV Flash neurone Field Potential Recording Flash Electrophysiological recording methods Whole cell (Patch Extracellular recordings clamp) recordings Single neurone (unit) spikes Microelectrode 500uV isolated whole Membrane patch cell currents Flash neurone Patch clamping can use: Field Potential Recording (1) Voltage clamp technique in which the voltage across the cell membrane is controlled by the experimenter and the resulting currents are recorded. (2) Current clamp technique in which the current
[Show full text]
Circuit Mechanisms of a Retinal Ganglion Cell with Stimulus-Dependent Response Latency and Activation Beyond Its Dendrites
Article Circuit Mechanisms of a Retinal Ganglion Cell with Stimulus-Dependent Response Latency and Activation Beyond Its Dendrites Highlights Authors d Unusual receptive field properties appear in a mouse retinal Adam Mani, Gregory W. Schwartz ganglion cell (RGC) Correspondence d Latency decreases with stimulus size and the RGC is [email protected] activated beyond its dendrites In Brief d Mechanisms of these phenomena involve inhibition and disinhibition Mani and Schwartz report the discovery of the ‘‘ON delayed’’ retinal ganglion cell d This RGC may be involved in signaling image focus (RGC) and describe its unusual receptive field properties. Synaptic mechanisms underlying this receptive field highlight new roles for inhibition and disinhibition in retinal circuits. The authors suggest a function for the ON delayed RGC in non- image-forming vision. Mani & Schwartz, 2017, Current Biology 27, 471–482 February 20, 2017 ª 2016 Elsevier Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.033 Current Biology Article Circuit Mechanisms of a Retinal Ganglion Cell with Stimulus-Dependent Response Latency and Activation Beyond Its Dendrites Adam Mani1 and Gregory W. Schwartz1,2,3,4,* 1Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA 2Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA 3Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA 4Lead Contact *Correspondence: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.033 SUMMARY responses, and circuit mechanisms responsible for such specific responses have only been identified for a handful of Center-surround antagonism has been used as the RGC types among the 40 types thought to exist in the mamma- canonical model to describe receptive fields of lian retina [12].
[Show full text]
Analysis of Parvocellular and Magnocellular Visual Pathways in Human Retina
8132 • The Journal of Neuroscience, October 14, 2020 • 40(42):8132–8148 Systems/Circuits Analysis of Parvocellular and Magnocellular Visual Pathways in Human Retina Rania A. Masri,1,2 Ulrike Grünert,1,2 and Paul R. Martin1,2 1Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia, and 2Australian Research Council Center of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia Two main subcortical pathways serving conscious visual perception are the midget-parvocellular (P), and the parasol-magno- cellular (M) pathways. It is generally accepted that the P pathway serves red-green color vision, but the relative contribution of P and M pathways to spatial vision is a long-standing and unresolved issue. Here, we mapped the spatial sampling proper- ties of P and M pathways across the human retina. Data were obtained from immunolabeled vertical sections of six postmor- tem male and female human donor retinas and imaged using high-resolution microscopy. Cone photoreceptors, OFF-midget bipolar cells (P pathway), OFF-diffuse bipolar (DB) types DB3a and DB3b (M pathway), and ganglion cells were counted along the temporal horizontal meridian, taking foveal spatial distortions (postreceptoral displacements) into account. We found that the density of OFF-midget bipolar and OFF-midget ganglion cells can support one-to-one connections to 1.05-mm (3.6°) eccentricity. One-to-one connections of cones to OFF-midget bipolar cells are present to at least 10-mm (35°) eccentric- ity. The OFF-midget ganglion cell array acuity is well-matched to photopic spatial acuity measures throughout the central 35°, but the OFF-parasol array acuity is well below photopic spatial acuity, supporting the view that the P pathway underlies high-acuity spatial vision.
[Show full text]
Identification of Retinal Ganglion Cell Types and Brain Nuclei Expressing the Transcription Factor Brn3c/Pou4f3 Using a Cre Recombinase Knock-In Allele
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.20.162859; this version posted June 20, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. This article is a US Government work. It is not subject to copyright under 17 USC 105 and is also made available for use under a CC0 license. Identification of Retinal Ganglion Cell Types and Brain Nuclei expressing the transcription factor Brn3c/Pou4f3 using a Cre recombinase knock-in allele. Running title: Brn3cCre labelling of RGCs and mesencephalic brain nuclei Nadia Parmhans1$, Anne Drury Fuller1$, Eileen Nguyen1, Katherine Chuang1, David Swygart2, Sophia Rose Wienbar2, Tyger Lin1, Zbynek Kozmik3, Lijin Dong4, Gregory William Schwartz2, Tudor Constantin Badea1,@ 1: Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit, Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA 2: Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA 3: Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic 4: Genetic Engineering Facility, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA $: equal contribution to this manuscript. @: corresponding author: Tudor C. Badea Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit Building 6, Room 331 6 Center Drive Bethesda, MD 20892-0610 301-496-3978 [email protected] Figures 14 Tables 2 Suplementary Figures 3 Supplementary Tables 3 The authors state there are no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgements: The authors would like to acknowledge Pinghu Liu for assistance with ES cell targeting. Work was supported by National Eye Institute Intramural Research Program to TB and LD, DP2:DEY026770A, to GS, F31: EY030344 to DS, F31: EY030737, SW and GACR 18-20759S to ZK bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.20.162859; this version posted June 20, 2020.
[Show full text]
Atoh7-Independent Specification of Retinal Ganglion Cell Identity Justin Brodie-Kommit, Brian S
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Open Access Publications 2021 Atoh7-independent specification of etinalr ganglion cell identity Justin Brodie-Kommit Brian S Clark Fion Shiau Philip A Ruzycki et al Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE NEUROSCIENCE Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some Atoh7-independent specification of retinal ganglion rights reserved; exclusive licensee cell identity American Association for the Advancement Justin Brodie-Kommit1*, Brian S. Clark2,3*, Qing Shi4†, Fion Shiau2, Dong Won Kim5, of Science. No claim to 6 1 2 7,8 7,8 original U.S. Government Jennifer Langel , Catherine Sheely , Philip A Ruzycki , Michel Fries , Awais Javed , Works. Distributed 7,8,9,10 11 12,13 14 1 Michel Cayouette , Tiffany Schmidt , Tudor Badea , Tom Glaser , Haiqing Zhao , under a Creative Joshua Singer4, Seth Blackshaw5,15,16,17‡, Samer Hattar6‡ Commons Attribution NonCommercial Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) relay visual information from the eye to the brain. RGCs are the first cell type generated License 4.0 (CC BY C). during retinal neurogenesis. Loss of function of the transcription factor Atoh7, expressed in multipotent early neurogenic retinal progenitors leads to a selective and essentially complete loss of RGCs. Therefore, Atoh7 is considered essential for conferring competence on progenitors to generate RGCs. Despite the importance of Atoh7 in RGC specification, we find that inhibiting apoptosis in Atoh7-deficient mice by loss of function of Bax only modestly reduces RGC numbers. Single-cell RNA sequencing of Atoh7;Bax-deficient retinas shows that RGC differentiation is delayed but that the gene expression profile of RGC precursors is grossly normal.
[Show full text]