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Western Oil Shale: Past, Present and • the Jump in Oil Prices Over the Past Several Years Future and Concurrent Rise in the Price of Gasoline Have Alan E

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Western Oil Shale: Past, Present and • the Jump in Oil Prices Over the Past Several Years Future and Concurrent Rise in the Price of Gasoline Have Alan E Utah Economic and Business Review Bureau of Economic and Business Research January/February 2006 University of Utah Volume 66 Numbers 1 & 2 Highlights Western Oil Shale: Past, Present and • The jump in oil prices over the past several years Future and concurrent rise in the price of gasoline have Alan E. Isaacson, Research Analyst refocused attention on oil shale resources in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Past exploration has indicated that oil shale deposits in these three states Introduction contain 1.5 trillion barrels of oil, compared to an estimated worldwide resource of conventional crude The recent price of crude oil and gasoline has focused attention oil of 2.3 trillion barrels. The majority of these reserves (85 percent) are in Colorado, followed by on energy sources other than crude oil and consequently, oil Utah (10 percent) and Wyoming (5 percent). shale has returned to the public’s attention as potential source • The federal government is encouraging research and development aimed towards producing oil from oil of fuel. Since the beginning of 2000, crude oil has jumped shale. Section 369 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 from less than $30 per barrel to a price currently hovering provides for “Research, Development, and Demonstration” leases of federal land with oil shale around $70 per barrel (Figure 1). Unlike the oil price shocks of deposits and eventual commercial leases should there be sufficient interest. Four companies are the 1970s and 1980s, the price of oil is being driven by currently involved in the Research, Development, increased demand, primarily in Asia, rather than supply and Demonstration program. These companies are EGL Resources, Chevron Shale Oil Company, Shell constraints and geopolitical considerations. From 2001 to Frontier Oil and Gas and Oil Shale Exploration Company. The Bureau of Land Management is also 2005, demand for petroleum in China increased by 41 percent writing a programmatic Environmental Impact and China now accounts for 8.3 percent of worldwide Statement for the Research, Development and Demonstration leases. petroleum demand, up from 6.3 percent in 2001. • Oil shale actually contains kerogen, a solid geologic precursor to oil rather than actual crude oil. This Figure 1 requires drastically different processing technology Crude Oil Price, 2000-2006 than conventional crude oil. Heating the kerogen to 200° C to 600° C initiates chemical reactions that convert the kerogen to oil, gases, and coke. It has usually been necessary to subject the resulting product to an upgrading or pre-refining process for it to be accepted by conventional oil refineries. These additional processing steps have usually resulted in oil produced from oil shale being more expensive than conventional crude oil. • Even with the current interest in oil shale, if a viable industry develops, it will be at least ten years until production of noticeable size occurs. Although there has been much effort toward an oil shale industry in the past, most attempts met with failure and there is not a large body of industrial knowledge based on successful practice. Without this type of knowledge, it is necessary to operate small-scale pilot plants to obtain engineering and cost data for successful scale- up to commercial plants. Source: Energy Information Administration. In the United States, hurricanes during 2005 and common was that they were fairly small and designed refinery constraints also contributed to the rising cost to serve a local economy. As the conventional of petroleum products. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita petroleum industry developed and worldwide trade in impacted the Gulf Coast in the fall of 2005 and petroleum became more common, most of the oil shale interfered with refinery activity (42 percent of U.S. operations ceased to exist. Currently, oil shale is mined refining capacity is located along the Louisiana and in Estonia, China and Brazil. Estonian production was Texas Gulf Coasts). Collectively, these events and rising 11.3 million tons in 2004. The majority of the global demand drove the price of gasoline to more than Estonian production is burned in a thermoelectric $3 per gallon and there were localized spikes of over $5 power plant and not processed to recover the oil. In per gallon in the South in the aftermath of Hurricane China, oil shale has been retorted at Fushun in Western Oil Shale: Past, Present and Future Western Oil Shale: Past, Present Katrina. Manchuria since the 1920s. Current production is The prospect that the recent price increases may be about half a million barrels annually after peaking at long-term as a result of global demand has also focused 7.5 million barrels annually in the 1950s. In Brazil, government efforts. In May, 2005, Senator Orrin Petrobras, the state-owned oil company operates two Hatch introduced the Oil Shale and Tar Sands retorts that produce about 3,800 barrels of oil daily. Development Act of 20051 in the U.S. Senate to Initial production occurred in Brazil in 1881. promote development of domestic tar sand and oil Production in Brazil was erratic until the Brazilian shale energy resources. The major provisions were government purchased existing oil shale facilities in eventually passed as Section 369 of the Energy Policy 1951 and placed them in the charge of Petrobras in Act of 2005. The Bureau of Land Management has 1954. initiated a program to lease oil shale properties for There have been numerous efforts in the past to research and development purposes. develop oil shale resources in the United States. The initial production of shale oil began in the United Oil Shale Production History States about 1850 and by 1860 there were 50 to 60 Historic oil shale production has been identified in 18 plants in the United States and Canada distilling oil different countries. Most past production occurred in from shale or coal. These plants were located in the mid- to late-1800s, before the emergence of the Oregon, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, Virginia, worldwide petroleum industry. There were also Kentucky, Missouri and Utah. The conventional instances of production during wartime when petroleum industry came into existence in 1859 when international trade was stifled. The longest-producing Edwin Drake drilled the first well at Titusville, areas were Scotland, where production occurred from Pennsylvania and it quickly surpassed the oil shale the 1860s to 1966 and Australia with production from industry due to higher profits. By the 1870s, all of the 1865 to 1955. What most past operations had in oil shale plants had either closed or been converted to the use of crude petroleum. 1Tar sands, also known as oil sands and bituminous sands, are natural mixtures of sand, clay, water and bitumen. Bitumen is a highly viscous The earliest attempt at shale oil production in Utah hydrocarbon and unlike the solid kerogen in oil shale is soluble in common solvents. Bitumen is also commonly called heavy oil and is occurred at Chris’s Creek, about five miles southeast of usually to viscous to be recovered through conventional oil wells. The tar sands are usually mined, the bitumen separated from the sand and Levan. The historical record is sketchy, but available clay and the upgraded to a synthetic crude oil. information indicates a retort was constructed between The term “oil shale” refers to the rock that contains kerogen while “shale oil” refers to the oil produced from the rock by prolysis. 1854 and 1865. Remnants of this retort were 2 BUREAU OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS RESEARCH photographed in 1961 by Arthur L. Crawford of the Oil Shale Resources Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey. There was The term “oil shale” is actually a bit of a misnomer. In again a boom in oil shale during the 1920s, when the the western United States, the rock is usually a rise of the automobile and diminished production from marlstone rather than shale, although they appear the Pennsylvania oil fields created concern about the similar. Rather than containing crude oil, the rock future petroleum supply. This boom included many of contains kerogen, which is a solid geologic precursor to the stock promotions common to past natural resources crude oil. Kerogen results when organic matter is not booms. Promoters erected model retorts on street buried deep enough for the resulting heat and pressure corners in Denver and Chicago and had stock to chemically convert it to crude oil. Heating the rock certificates available for investors. The most successful to approximately 200° C initiates chemical reactions effort during this time was the Catlin Shale Products that convert the kerogen to oil, gases and residual coke. Company, which operated just south of Elko, Nevada This conversion, known as pyrolysis, proceeds at a from 1915 to 1924. This plant had total production of more rapid rate at 500° to 600° C. The amount of oil about 12,000 barrels. recovered from the oil shale varies by deposit and is There was another boom in oil shale activity from the usually expressed as gallons of oil recovered per ton of 1940s through the 1960s as a result of the Synthetic shale. It should be noted that when a statement is made Liquid Fuels Act which was passed in 1944 to promote that oil shale contains a certain amount of oil, it is the energy self-sufficiency for national security. The 1970s amount of oil obtained through pyrolysis of the energy crises prompted another round of activity in the contained kerogen. oil shale industry. In 1974, the federal government Worldwide, nearly 100 oil shale deposits containing offered six lease sites on federal land for experimental about 2.9 trillion barrels of oil have been identified in development work and bids for theses tracts exceeded 36 countries. The vast majority of identified oil shale, expectations.
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