Year 10 Knowledge organiser - Spring 2020 Contents

Retrieval Practice 1

How to use your knowledge organiser 2

Planner 4

English 6

Maths 14

Science 23

History 45

Geography 55

Performing Arts 60

French 64

Hospitality and Catering 67

Art 70

Computer Science 76 iMedia 79

Health and Fitness 85

Business 91 Your knowledge organiser is your responsibility.

Your teachers will tell you which tasks you should complete each week.

You will need to remember: ● to take your exercise book, folder and knowledge organiser to all lessons; ● to take your exercise book, folder and knowledge organiser home each night; ● to write neatly; ● to practise every night.

1 How to use your knowledge organiser

How to record your tasks

Macbeth Shapes Week 1 Cells When your teacher sets you some work you 29/10 quotes should record the details in your knowledge 1/11 4/11 1/11 6/11 organiser. Each week you should start a new row and use this to record all of your independent work for that week.

What to record

The grid is there to remind you of what the work you have been set is and when it is due. It is helpful to also mark it on the subject page so that you are clear which part of the content you need to use. 2 How to use your knowledge organiser

What to do

Unless your teacher tells you how they want the work to be completed, it is up to you to decide how to complete the task. You could use mind maps, diagrams or methods like ‘look, cover, write, check’. Always make sure your work is completed in your ‘homework book’ and is as neat as possible.

How to use in lesson

Your knowledge organiser should be out on your desk in every lesson. You can use it as a reference tool, to look up a definition for example. Your teacher will then be able to check your work during the course of the lesson.

3 Use this planner to record your homework each week. Week English maths science history geography drama French fitness and art computer iMedia literacy beginning nutrition science

4 Use this planner to record your homework each week. Week English maths science history geography drama French fitness and art computer iMedia literacy beginning nutrition science

5 English

Spring term curriculum overview

Autumn Spring Summer

Throughout the year we build the language skills needed to analyse language in depth.

Power and Conflict Poetry Macbeth Unseen Poetry

Jekyll and Hyde An Inspector Calls Language Extracts

Macbeth - A noble warrior meets three witches when returning from war and follows a road of betrayal, murder, tyranny and mayhem.

An Inspector Calls - A young girl lies dead in the morgue, an Inspector arrives at a family’s house to learn the truth behind her death.

6 English - Macbeth Written by William Shakespeare (1606) Plot Act 1 This Act opens with the three witches. A war is taking place between Scotland and Norway; Scotland is victorious due to the valiant efforts of M. The traitorous Thane of Cawdor is captured and executed. King Duncan rewards M with the title of Thane of Cawdor. Before he is given the title, the three witches confront M and Banquo. They tell M that he will become Thane of Cawdor and eventually king. M soon learns of his new title which fulfils part of the prophecy and sends word to his wife. Duncan plans on staying the night at M’s castle in Inverness. LM receives the news and immediately plots the death of King Duncan so her husband will be king. LM manipulates M into following her plans; he reluctantly agrees. By the end of Act 1, M is determined to follow through with the plan.

Act 2 M has some doubts (and visions) but he talks himself into murdering Duncan in his sleep. M is so scared that LM must finish the rest of the plan by wiping blood on the drunk guards. The next morning, Macduff and Lennox arrive at M’s and Macduff discovers the dead body of King Duncan. The guards are immediate suspects and M kills them. Malcolm and Donaldbain, the King’s sons, flee the castle because they are afraid that they will be blamed for the murder of their father.

Act 3 Banquo begins to suspect M for the murder of King Duncan. Therefore, M sends out some men to murder Banquo and his son, Fleance. Banquo is murdered but Fleance escapes. M, LM, Lennox, Ross and other lords attend a banquet. The ghost of Banquo presents itself to M who begins to rant and rave which makes the other guests uneasy. Lady M tries to cover up the situation by saying that M is prone to fits. Macduff has not attended the banquet because he has gone to England looking for help because he is suspicious of M.

Act 4 M confronts the three Weird Sisters and they show him more visions. The visions lead M to believe that he cannot be killed by any man born of woman and until Birnham wood comes to his castle which gives him a false sense of security. He then sends murderers to kill Macduff’s family. Meanwhile, Macduff is in England begging Malcolm to return to Scotland to seize the throne from M who has become a tyrant. Malcolm tests Macduff’s loyalty; once satisfied he agrees to wage war against M with help from his uncle, Siward.

Act 5 LM has gone mad with guilt over the murders, and ultimately kills herself. Some of the Scottish lords discuss M’s state of mind and agree that they will help Malcolm and Macduff fight against M. The witches’ prophecies come true when Macduff’s men use branches to hide their numbers, and when Macduff reveals he was born by caesarian. Macduff kills M and the natural order is restored by the announcement of Malcolm as the rightful king. 7 Characters Context Macbeth The eponymous protagonist is both ambitious King James I of came to the throne in 1603 following the death of Queen and ruthless. He transforms from loyal warrior to England (and VI of Elizabeth I. The play pays homage to the king’s Scottish paranoid, tyrannical king. Scotland) lineage. The witches’ prophecy that Banquo will found a line of kings is a clear nod to James’ family’s claim to have Lady A strong, ambitious and manipulative woman descended from the historical Banquo. While King of Scotland, Macbeth who defies expectations. Persuasive and James VI became utterly convinced about the reality of witchcraft and its great danger to him leading to trials that ruthless. begin in 1591. Historical Macbeth The plot is partly based on fact. Macbeth was a real 11th The Witches Supernatural and manipulative beings who Century king who reigned Scotland from 1040-1057. Shakespeare’s version of the story originates from the (The Weird seem to be able to predict the future. Unearthly Sisters) Chronicles of Holinshed (a well known historian). The play was and omniscient. most likely written in 1606 – the year after the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 – and reflects the insecurities of Jacobean politics. The Divine Right of says that a monarch is not subject to earthly authority and that Banquo Macbeth’s close friend and ally is astute and Kings they have the right to rule directly from the will of God. It loyal. Macbeth sees him as a threat. Virtuous implies that only God can judge an unjust king and that any and insightful. attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. The action of killing a king is called regicide. Duncan King of Scotland; a strong and respected leader. The Great Chain of was a strict religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life Being which was believed to have been decreed by God. This idea dominated Elizabethan beliefs. The chain starts from God and progresses downward to angels, demons (fallen/renegade Macduff A noble soldier who is loyal to Duncan and is angels), stars, moon, kings, princes, nobles, commoners, wild animals, domesticated animals, trees, other plants, precious suspicious of Macbeth. stones, precious metals, and other minerals. Shakespearean Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s tragedies and follows Tragedy specific conventions. The climax must end in a tremendous Malcolm Duncan’s son and next in line to the throne. catastrophe involving the death of the main character; the Dignified and clever. character’s death is caused by their own flaw(s) (hamartia) yet 8 the character has something the audience can identify with. Quotes with Key Ideas and Techniques

1. “Fair is foul, and foul is fair, The Witches Introduces idea of inverting the natural order and of witches’ supernatural Chiasmus Hover through the fog and filthy abilities. Oxymoron air.” Rhyme Pathetic Fallacy

2. “For brave Macbeth—well he Captain Establishes the audience’s view of M before we meet him on stage. Makes deserves that name” his fall from grace more shocking.

“unseamed him from the nave Establishes M’s capacity for violence, foreshadowing the violence come. Metaphor to th' chops, And fixed his head Also shows the brutal treatment of anyone considered a traitor. Imagery upon our battlements”

3. “And oftentimes, to win us to Banquo Banquo warns M of temptation and manipulation by evildoers. Foreshadowing our harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths”

4. “Stars hide your fires let not light Macbeth M learns of Duncan naming Malcolm as heir which makes him feel dark Motif: Light and dark see my black and deep desires which he wants to keep secret. desires.”

5. “Yet do I fear thy nature; It is too Lady LM has just read M’s letter and started to plot, she fears M is not ruthless Gender roles full o' the milk of human Macbeth enough to act. kindness. “

“Look like the innocent flower, LM advises M to be deceitful., looking harmless but being dangerous. Simile & metaphor but be the serpent under't.”

“un-sex me here” LM calls on dark forces to strip her of feminine qualities to let her commit Imperatives 9 evil acts Quotes with Key Ideas and Techniques

6. “When you durst do it, then you Lady LM challenges M’s masculinity to manipulate him into action. Theme: masculinity were a man.” Macbeth

“False face must hide what the Macbeth M realises he must deceive; pretending to be loyal when actually Theme: Appearance false heart doth know.” betraying.

7. “Will all great Neptune's ocean Macbeth M has killed Duncan and immediately feels guilt. Hyperbole wash this blood clean from my Motif: Blood hand”

“My hands are of your colour, Lady LM has hands covered in red blood, like M, but says she would be Theme: masculinity but I shame to wear a heart so Macbeth ashamed if she (a woman) acted as cowardly as him. Metaphor white.”

8. “What’s done is done.” Lady LM says the matter is finished even though they will soon face deadly Irony Macbeth consequences.

“O full of scorpions is my mind,” Macbeth M discusses his guilt/paranoia. He has killed Duncan and ordered Banquo Metaphors and Fleance’s.

9. “give to th' edge o' th' sword his Macbeth M orders the murder of Macduff’s wife and children showing his absolute Theme: Violence wife, his babes,” brutality and desperation by this point in the play.

10 “Out, damned spot! out, I say!” Lady Sleepwalking scene. LM’s guilt overcomes. This is the last time she is seen Imperatives Macbeth on stage.

11 “It is a tale told by an idiot, full Macbeth M talks about futility of life, just before his death. Extended metaphor of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.” 10 An Inspector Calls Written by J. P. Priestley (1945) Plot - Set in April 1912, Brumley, Midlands, UK. Act 1 The Birling family and Gerald Croft are celebrating Sheila Birling's engagement to Gerald with a dinner. Mr Arthur Birling, Sheila's father, is particular pleased since the marriage means closer links with Crofts Limited. When the women leave the room, Mr Birling lectures his son, Eric Birling, and Gerald about the importance of every man looking out for himself if he wants to get on in life. The doorbell rings unexpectedly during Mr Birling's speech to Eric and Gerald, they were not expecting a visitor. Edna (the maid) announces that an inspector has arrived. Inspector Goole says that he is investigating the death of a young woman who committed suicide, Eva Smith. Mr Birling is shown a photograph of Eva, after initially denying recognising the woman in the photo, he remembers firing her in 1910 for organising a strike over workers pay. Inspector Goole moves the investigation over to Sheila. Sheila recalls also having Eva sacked about her manner when served by her in an upmarket department store. Sheila regrets her actions and feels hugely guilty and responsible for Eva's death. The Inspector reveals that Eva Smith changed her name to Daisy Renton. Gerald acts guilty and Sheila notices his worry, she confronts Gerald when the Inspector leaves the room. Gerald reveals to Sheila he had an affair with Daisy Renton. Act 2 Gerald explains to The Inspector that he had an affair with Eva, but hasn't seen her since he ended their relationship back in Autumn 1911. Sheila gives her engagement ring back to Gerald. The Inspector turns his attention to Mrs Sybil Birling, she confesses that she also had contact with Eva, but Eva gave herself a different name to Mrs Birling. Eva approached a charity chaired by Mrs Birling to ask for help. Eva was desperate and pregnant but help was refused by Mrs Birling because she was offended by the girl calling herself 'Mrs Birling'. She tells Eva that the baby's father should be made entirely responsible. She also tells Inspector Goole that the father should be held entirely responsible and should be made an example of. Act 3 Eric is revealed as the father. He stole money from Mr Birling's office to provide money to Eva. Eric is angry at his mother when he learns that she has refused to help Eva. The Inspector tells them that they are all partly to blame for Eva's death and warns them of the consequences of people not being responsible for each other. After Inspector Goole leaves, the family begin to suspect that he was not a genuine police inspector. A phone call to the Chief Constable confirms this. Next, they phone the infirmary to be informed that no suicide case has been brought in. Mr Birling, Mrs Birling and Gerald congratulate themselves that it was all a hoax and they continue can continue as before. This attitude upsets Sheila and Eric. The phone rings. Mr Birling announces to the family that a girl has just died on her way to the infirmary, a police inspector is coming11 to question them. Characters and Context

Arthur Birling Husband of Sybil, father of Eric and Sheila. Independent Eva Smith Not seen in the play. Eva represents the lower class females of factory owner. Strongly believes in capitalism and not the time and their struggles. Was working class and struggled contributing to those more needy in society. Fired Eva to get a job after being fired from Birling’s/Milwards. Got when she asked for a pay rise. Likes Gerald because he pregnant and was not given any charity money so decided to is richer and sees a potential business deal to be made. take her own life.

Sybil Birling Wife of Arthur, mother of Eric and Sheila. Richer and higher in class than Arthur. Strongly believes in capitalism and not contributing to those more needy. Rejected Eva’s pleas for charity help when Eva called herself Mrs. Inspector Goole Mysterious fake police inspector who knew about Eva’s life Birling. Unapologetic for her beliefs. Treats Eric and and reported her death before the police. Serves as Priestley’s Sheila like they’re babies. mouthpiece as a reminder of socialist views. Warns of war etc.

Sheila Birling Daughter of Arthur and Sybil, sister of Eric, fiancée of Gerald. Does not work but likes to shop. Undergoes Context Priestley wrote the play in 1945, after in 1945. It is set in 1912 transformation from capitalist to socialist. Starts off very (although not explicitly stated, there are references to the dependent but becomes more independent as play Titanic setting sail). goes on. Had Eva fired due to jealousy of not as looking Priestley was a socialist who believed in the destruction of the good as Eva in a dress. class system. Priestley was a war journalist and saw first hand Eric Birling son of Arthur and Sybil, brother to Sheila. Works for his the impact of WW1/2. father but not particularly hard. Likes to party and has a drinking problem. Undergoes transformation from Priestley deliberately set his play in 1912 because the date capitalist to socialist. Has a difficult relationship with represented an era when all was very different from the time Arthur. Met Eva in a bar known for prostitution nd slept he was writing. In 1912, rigid class and gender boundaries with her. Stole money from Arthur when he discovered seemed to ensure that nothing would change. she was pregnant, which led to Eva leaving him. Yet by 1945, most of those class and gender divisions had been Gerald Croft Fiancé of Sheila, son of Lord and Lady Croft. Very breached. Priestley wanted to make the most of these wealthy and a ‘man about town’ . Engaged to Sheila changes. Through this play, he encourages people to seize the although relationship has some difficulties. Met Eva in a opportunity the end of the war had given them to build a bar and ‘saved’ her from a lecherous male. Moved her better, more caring society. into his friend’s flat, gave her money and slept with her 12 whilst he was seeing Sheila. They broke up naturally. Quotes and Themes - Colour code the quotations to match the themes of the play. Some quotations my fit into more than one theme. Class, Gender, Guilt, Capitalism vs Socialism,Responsibility,Age (young vs old)

Yes, I think it was simply a Why- you fool – he knows. As if a girl of that sort would ever Chain of events Unsinkable, absolutely piece of gross Of course he knows. refuse money The Inspector unsinkable impertinence... that was Sheila Mrs Birling Mr. Birling one of the things that prejudiced me against her case. - Mrs Birling

We don’t live alone. We One Eva Smith has gone – I tell you – whoever that Inspector I'm sorry she should have come to Look at them, the famous are members of one but there are millions and was, it was anything but a joke. such a horrible end. But I accept no younger generation, and they body. … if men will not millions and millions of Eva You knew it then. You began to blame for it at all. can't even take a joke learn that lesson, then Smiths and John Smiths learn something. And now you've Mrs Birling Mr. Birling they will be taught it in The Inspector stopped. You're ready to go on in fire and blood and the same old way. anguish. Sheila The Inspector

You mustn't try to build up Each of you helped to kill her. Unlike the other three, I did nothing A man has to make his own Go and look for the a kind of wall between us Remember that. Never forget it. I'm ashamed of or that won't bear way—has to look after father of the child. It's his and that girl. If you do, (He looks from one to the other of investigation. himself—and his family, too, of responsibility. then the inspector will just them carefully.) But then I don't course, when he has break it down. And it'll be think you ever will. one—and so long as he does Mrs Birling all the worse when he Mrs Birling that he won’t come to much does. The Inspector harm. Sheila Mr. Birling

As a hard-headed ‘Why shouldn't they try for I left'em talking about clothes Rubbish! If you don't come down I behaved badly too. I know I business man, who has higher wages? We try for again. You'd think a girl had sharply on some of these people, did I'm ashamed of it. But now to take risks and know the highest possible never any clothes before she they'd soon be asking for the earth. you're beginning all over what he's about – I say, prices.’ gets married. Women are potty Mr. Birling again to pretend that nothing you can ignore all this Eric about 'em. much has happened silly pessimistic talk Eric Sheila 13 Mr. Birling Mathematics - Foundation

Spring term curriculum overview

Year 9 Year 10 Year 11

Properties of numbers Unit 12 Review of all units and indices Right-angled triangles

Ratio and proportion Pythagoras’ theorem

Percentages Trigonometry

Expressions and formulae Unit 13 Probability

Sequences Calculating probability

Linear graphs Two events

Angles and polygons Experimental probability

Perimeter and area Tree diagrams

Place value and Venn diagrams measures

Probability Unit 14 Multiplicative reasoning

Percentages

Growth and decay

Compound measures

Distance, speed and time

Direct and inverse proportion

14

Maths – Foundation Unit 12 – Right-angled triangles 1 In a right-angled triangle the hypotenuse is the longest side and is 6 The cosine of an angle is the ratio of the adjacent side to the ​ ​ ​ ​ opposite the right angle. hypotenuse. The cosine of angle θ is written as cos θ .

adj cos θ = hyp 2 Pythagoras’ theorem shows the relationship between the lengths 7 The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the opposite side to the of the three sides of a right-angled triangle. adjacent side. The tangent of angle θ is written as tan tan θ .

opp tan θ = adj

3 A triangle with sides a, b and c , where c is the longest side, is 8 You can use sin−1, cos−1 or tan−1 to find the size of an angle. right-angled only if c2 = a2 + b2 4 In a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the angle θ is called 9 The angle of elevation is the angle measured upwards from the ​ ​ the opposite. The side next to the angle θ is called the adjacent. horizontal. The angle of depression is the angle measured ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ downwards from the horizontal.

5 The sine of an angle is the ratio of the opposite side to the 10 The sine, cosine and tangent of some angles may be written ​ ​ hypotenuse. The sine of angle θ is written as sin θ . exactly.

opp sin θ = hyp

15 Maths – Foundation Unit 13 – Probability 1 The probability of an event happening is a number between 0 11 A larger number of trials gives a more accurate estimate of and 1. probability. 2 If an event is certain, the probability is 1, P = 1. 12 P redicted number of outcomes= p robability×number of trials If an event is impossible, the probability is 0, P = 0. 3 Events are mutually exclusive when they cannot happen at the 13 The elements of two (or more) sets can be shown together in a ​ ​ same time. Venn diagram. Curly brackets { } show a set of values. ∈ means is an element of. ε means the universal set – all the elements being considered. A∩B means A intersection B. This is all the elements that are in A and in B. ​ A∪B means A union B. This is all the elements that are in A or B or ​ ​ ​ both. ​ A′ means the elements not in A. ​ ​ 4 Events are exhaustive if they include all possible outcomes. 14 A set is a list of things that share certain characteristics. ​ ​ The probabilities of an exhaustive set of mutually exclusive events sum to 1. 5 Equally likely outcomes have the same probability of happening. 15 You can calculate probabilities from a Venn diagram using number in the set total number in the V enn diagram 6 For equally likely outcomes, the probability that an event will 16 Two events are independent when the results of one do not affect ​ ​ happen is the results of the other. number of successful outcomes P = total number of possible outcomes 7 If the probability of an event happening is P, the probability of it 17 When the outcome of one event changes the possible outcomes not happening is 1– P. of the next event, the two events are not independent. 8 A sample space diagram shows all the possible outcomes for one 18 When there are 3 ways of making the first choice and 3 ways of or more events. You can use it to find a theoretical probability. making the next, there are 3×3 = 9 ways of choosing 2 objects. 9 You can estimate the probability of an event from the results of an 19 A frequency tree shows the number of options for different experiment or survey. choices. number of successful trials relative frequency = total number of trials

frequency of event estimated probability = total frequency 10 Estimated probability is also called experimental probability. 20 A probability tree diagram shows all possible outcomes of an ​ ​ experiment.

16 Maths – Foundation Unit 14 – Multiplicative reasoning 2 1 The original amount is always 100%. If the amount is increased the 8 To calculate pressure, you need force in N and area in m :​ ​ ​ ​ new amount will be more than 100%. If the amount is decreased ​ ​ ​ the new amount will be less than 100%. ​ ​

2 You can calculate a percentage change using the formula 9 You can calculate speed using the formula: ​ ​

actual change percentage change = original amount ×100

total distance 3 Percentage increase and decrease, profit and loss can be 10 Average speed = total time calculated using the formula for percentage change.

4 Banks and building societies pay compound interest. At the end of 11 You can use the kinematics formulae for calculations with moving ​ ​ ​ ​ the first year, interest is paid on the money in the account. The objects. interest is added to the amount in the account. At the end of the v = u + at 1 2 second year, interest is paid on the original amount in the account s = ut+ 2 at and on the interest earned in the first year, and so on. 2 2 ​ v = u + 2as where a is constant acceleration, u is initial velocity, v is final ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ velocity, s is displacement from the position when t = 0 and t is time ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ taken. 5 Density is a compound measure. It is the mass of substance 12 y∝x means ‘y is proportional to x’. When y∝x , then y = kx , where ​ contained in a certain volume. It is usually measured in grams per k is the constant of proportionality. 3 ​ ​ ​ cubic centimetre (g/cm ).​ ​ 3 1 6 To calculate density, you need mass in g and volume in cm :​ 13 y∝ mean y and x are in inverse proportion. This means that yx = k ​ x

7 Pressure is a compound measure. It is the force applied over an ​ area. It is usually measured in newtons (N) per square metre 2 (N/m ).​ ​

17 Mathematics - Higher

Spring term curriculum overview

Year 9 Year 10 Year 11

Properties of numbers and Unit 11 Unit 19 indices Multiplicative reasoning Proportion and graphs

Ratio and proportion Growth and decay Direct proportion

Percentages Compound measures Inverse proportion

Expressions and formulae More compound measures Exponential functions

Sequences Ratio and proportion Non-linear graphs

Linear graphs Unit 12 Translating graphs of Similarity and congruence functions

Angles and polygons Congruence Reflecting and stretching graphs of functions

Perimeter and area Geometric proof and congruence

Place value and measures Similarity

Probability More similarity

Similarity in 3D solids

Unit 13 More trigonometry

Accuracy

Graph of the sine function

Graph of the cosine function

The tangent function

Calculating areas and the sine rule

The cosine rule

Transforming trigonometric graphs

18

Maths – Higher Unit 11 – Multiplicative reasoning 1 In compound interest the interest earned each year is added to 9 Initial velocity is speed in a given direction at the start of the ​ ​ ​ the money in the account and earns interest the next year. Most motion. interest rates are compound interest rates. 2 10 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, i.e. a measure of ​ 2 T otal interest= a mount in account at end of investment− a mount invested how the velocity changes with time, possible units are m/s .​ ​

3 You can calculate an amount after n years’ compound interest 11 Density is the mass of substance in grams contained in a certain ​ ​ ​ 3 ​ using the formula volume in cm ​ and is often measured in grams per cubic n ​ ​ 3 100+interest rate ​ amount= i nitial amount×( 100 ) centimetre (g/cm ). mass ​ Density = volume

2 2 4 Compound measures such as speed, density and pressure 12 Pressure is the force in newtons applied over an area, in cm ​ or m .​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2 ​ combine measures of two different quantities. It is usually measured in newtons (N) per square metre (N/m )​ or 2 ​ per square centimetre (N/cm ).​ force ​ P ressure = area

5 Speed can be measured in metres per second (m/s), kilometres 13 When x and y are in direct proportion ​ ​ ​ ​ per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mph). y = kx where k is the gradient of the graph of y against x y ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x = k , a constant

6 average speed = distance 14 When x and y are in inverse proportion, y is proportional to 1 . time ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x As one doubles (×2) the other halves (÷2)

7 These are three kinematics formulae: 15 When x and y are in inverse proportion then ​ ​ ​ ​ v = u + at x×y = a constant 1 2 k s = ut+ 2 at xy = k , so y = x v2 = u2 + 2as

where a is constant acceleration, u is initial velocity, v is final ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ velocity, s is displacement from the position when t = 0 and t is ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ time taken. 8 Velocity is speed in a given direction, possible units are m/s. ​

19 Maths – Higher Unit 12 – Multiplicative reasoning 1 5 Congruent triangles have exactly the same size and shape. Shapes are similar when one shape is an enlargement of the Their angles are the same and corresponding sides are the other. Corresponding angles are equal and corresponding same length. sides are all in the same ratio.

2 6 Two triangles are congruent when one of these conditions of When a shape is enlarged by linear scale factor k , the area 2 congruence is true. of the shape is enlarged by scale factor k ● SSS (all three sides are equal) ​ ● SAS (two sides and the included angle are equal) ​ ● AAS (two angles and a corresponding side are equal) ​ ● RHS (right angle, hypotenuse and one other side are ​ equal)

3 7 You can use congruence to solve problems and prove that When a shape is enlarged by linear scale factor k , the 3 shapes are the same. volume is enlarged by scale factor k

4 8 To prove something, you write a series of logical statements When the linear scale factor is k : that show the statement is true. Each statement must be ● Lengths are multiplied by k 2 supported by a mathematical reason. ● Area is multiplied by k 3 ● Volume is multiplied by k

20 Maths – Higher Unit 13 – More trigonometry 1 The sine graph repeats every 360° in both directions. 5 The area of this triangle = 1absinC ​ ​ 2

2 The cosine graph repeats every 360° in both directions. 6 The sine rule can be used in any triangle. ​ ​ ​ ​

a b c sinA = sinB = sinC Use this to calculate an unknown side.

sinA sinB sinC a = b = c Use this to calculate an unknown angle.

3 The tangent graph repeats every 180° in both directions. 7 The cosine rule can be used in any triangle. ​ ​ ​ ​

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bccosA Use this to calculate an unknown side.

b2+c2−a2 cosA = 2bc Use this to calculate an unknown angle.

4 tan x is not defined for angles of the form (90 ± 180n°) 8 A plane is a flat surface. In the diagram ​ ​ ​ ​ ● BC is perpendicular to the plane WXYZ ● triangle ABC is in a plane perpendicular to the plane WXYZ ● θ is the angle between the line AB and the plane WXYZ

21

9 12 The graph of y =−f (x) is the reflection of the graph of y = f(x) The graph of y = f (x) + a is the translation of the graph of ​ ​ ​ in the x-axis. y = f(x) by 0 . ( a )

10 13 The graph of y = f(−x ) is the reflection of the graph of y = f(x) The graph of y = f (x + a) is the translation of the graph of ​ ​ ​ in the y-axis. y = f(x) by −a . ( 0 )

11 14 The graph of y =−f (−x ) is a reflection of the graph of y = f(x) The graph of y = af (x) is a vertical stretch of the graph of ​ ​ ​ in the x-axis and then the y-axis, or vice versa. These two y = f(x) , with scale factor a , parallel to the y-axis. reflections are equivalent to a rotation of 180° about the origin.

15 The graph of y = f (ax) is a horizontal stretch of the graph of ​ 1 y = f(x) , with scale factor a , parallel to the x-axis. ​

22 Science

Spring term curriculum overview

9 10 11

Mitosis Health and disease Power & momentum

Neurones Pathogens Unit symbols

Nervous system Plant structure Equations

Atomic structure Photosynthesis States of matter

Periodic table Limiting factors Separation

Energy transfers Photosynthesis CP Hormones

Energy resources Calculations and masses Menstrual cycle

Equations Empirical formula Diabetes

Distillation CP Electrolysis Blood vessels

Chromatography CP Life cycle assessment Circulation

Acceleration CP Equilibrium Heart

Periodic table Periodic table Respiration

Formula literacy History of the atom Quadrats CP

Radiation Respiration CP

Equations Rates of reaction CP

Refraction CP Water CP

Waves CP Springs CP

Density CP

Periodic table

Formula literacy

23

Biology B5

cause a factor that, when it changes, body mass index an estimate of how healthy a person’s mass is makes something else change (BMI) for their height

communicable a disease caused by a pathogen cardiovascular a disease in which the heart or circulatory disease that can be passed from an disease system does not function properly infected individual to others

correlation when two factors change in a similar heart attack when the heart stops pumping properly due pattern, we say they are correlated to a lack of oxygen reaching part of it

disease something that causes the body not obesity a condition in which someone is overweight to work properly for their height and has a BMI above 30

health a state of complete physical, social stent a small mesh tube used to widen narrowed and mental well-being blood vessels and allow blood to flow more easily

immune system the system that helps protect the stroke death of brain cells caused by a lack of body from harm by diseases, blood, due to a blockage in a blood vessel in especially communicable diseases the brain

lifestyle the way we live, such as our diet, waist : hip a measure of the amount of fat in the body, whether we smoke tobacco, and (waist-to-hip) calculated by dividing the waist how much exercise we take ratio measurement by the hip measurement

24 Biology B5

non-communicable a disease that cannot be passed AIDS when HIV has damaged a person’s immune disease from individuals to those around system, so they are more likely to get them secondary infections

pathogen a microorganism that causes a chalara dieback a communicable disease of ash trees caused communicable disease by a fungus

cirrhosis a disease of the liver, often caused cholera a communicable disease caused by a by drinking a large amount of bacterium, which causes extreme diarrhoea ethanol (alcohol) over a long period of time

deficiency disease a disease caused by a lack of a diarrhoea loose or watery faeces particular nutrient in the body, such as anaemia caused by a lack of iron

immune a substance that we take into the haemorrhagic a disease that includes a fever (high body body, which affects how the body fever temperature) and internal bleeding, such as works caused by the Ebola virus

activate a disease caused by faulty alleles of host an individual or species that can be infected our genes by a certain pathogen

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Biology B5

HIV (human a virus that attacks white blood chemical the use of chemical compounds to defend against immunodeficiency cells in the human immune defence attacks. examples include lysozyme and hydrochloric virus) system, often leading to aids acid

malaria a dangerous disease, caused by Chlamydia a bacterium that causes a sexually transmitted a protist, that causes serious infection fever, headaches and vomiting and can lead to death

protist a kingdom of eukaryotic and ciliated cells a cell that lines certain tubes in the body and has mainly single-celled organisms cilia on its surface (also called ‘protoctists’)

secondary infection an infection due to the immune hydrochloric acid produced by cells lining the stomach, of about system being weakened acid pH 2, which destroys many pathogens in food and previously by a different drink pathogen

tuberculosis (TB) a communicable bacterial lysozyme an enzyme produced in tears, saliva and mucus, disease that infects the lungs which damages pathogens

ulcer a sore area in the stomach lining mucus a sticky substance secreted by cells that line many which can be caused by a openings to the body bacterium

26 Biology B5

virus a microbe that multiplies by physical a structure that stops something from entering a infecting a cell and taking over barrier certain area the cell's DNA copying processes

white blood cell a type of blood cell that forms screening tests on samples of body fluids to check if people part of the body’s defence have a certain condition, e.g. an STI system against disease

epidemic when many people over a large sexually a communicable disease that is passed from an area are infected with the same transmitted infected person to an uninfected person during pathogen at the same time infection (STI) sexual activity

hygiene keeping things clean, by activate to make active, such as when a lymphocyte is removing or killing pathogens triggered by a pathogen to start dividing rapidly

oral route when something enters the antibody a protein produced by lymphocytes. It attaches to a body through the mouth specific antigen on a microorganism and helps to destroy it

vector something that transfers things antigen a protein on the surface of a cell. white blood cells from one place to another are able to recognise pathogens because of their antigens

27 B6 Plant Structures and their Function Photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide + water Oxygen + Glucose

6CO2 6H2O 6O2 C6H12O6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

● Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts ● Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll: used to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar ● Water enters through the root hair cells ● Carbon dioxide diffuses in through the stomata ● Oxygen is released as a by-product and diffuses out of the leaf

Plants use oxygen for respiration. In the day: rate of photosynthesis > rate of respiration, so there is a net production in oxygen At night: there is no photosynthesis so only respiration occurs and oxygen levels decrease

Uses of glucose ● Respiration: to release energy ● Cellulose: for cell walls ● Starch: insoluble storage sugar ● Fats and Oils: energy store ● Amino Acids: glucose is combined with nitrates to make amino acid that can be made into proteins

28 Limiting factors: factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. The key factors are - ● Light intensity (energy), ● Carbon Dioxide (raw material) concentration ● Temperature (affects enzymes) Carbon dioxide levels are so low in the atmosphere (0.04%) it is often a limiting factor.

Light and temperature will vary with season, CO2 does not ​ ​ vary as greatly.

Inverse Square Law (H) To calculate a new light intensity

(lnew) when the distance of a light ​ ​ source changes (from dorig to dnew), ​ ​ ​ ​ we use:

2 ​ Lnew is inversely proportional to d new (light intensity is inversely proportional to the new distance squared). ​ ​ ​ ​ Light intensity varies with distance according to the inverse square law.

29 30

31

C9 CALCULATIONS INVOLVING MASSES Symbol for element Mg O Molecular formula Shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule Mass (g) 0.576 0.384 of a compound. Relative Atomic Mass 24 16

C2H4 is the molecular formula of ethene. ​ ​ ​ ​ Mass ÷ Relative Atomic Mass 0.576 = 0.024 0.384 = 0.024 ​ ​ Empirical formula 24 16 Shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. Divide by smallest number 0.024 = 1 0.024 = 1 ​ ​ CH2 is the empirical formula of ethene. ​ ​ 0.024 0.024 Relative Atomic Mass Empirical Formula MgO The relative atomic mass, Ar compares the mass of an atom to the ​ ​ mass of a carbon-12 atom. Conservation of Mass 12 ​ ​ ● C​ atoms have a mass of exactly 12. When a solute is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution, the mass 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ● H​ atoms are 12 times lighter so they have a relative atomic mass of the solution is equal to the mass of the solvent and the mass of ​ ​ ​ ​ of 1. the solute. The overall mass of substances does not change. Relative formula mass (Mr) ​ ​ The relative formula mass, Mr, of a substance is the sum of the This is the law of conservation of mass. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ relative atomic masses of all the atoms or ions in its formula. During a chemical reaction, there is no change in the number of For example CO2. It has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. ​ ​ ​ atoms so there is no change in mass. ​ Mr = Ar(C) + 2 x Ar(O) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ total mass of reactants = total mass of products = 12 + (2 x 16) = 44 The Mr of CO2 is 44. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ The number of atoms that went into a reaction also comes out of Finding an Empirical Formula the reaction, but bonded in different ways. If a compound is weighed and the mass of each element inside it is Concentrations of solutions found, you can work out the empirical formula: The amount of solute dissolved in a stated volume of a solution is its concentration. ​ -3 3 The units of concentration are g dm .​ 1 dm ​ is the same volume as ​ ​ ​ ​ 3 1 litre or 1000 cm .​ ​

-3 concentration (g dm )​ = mass of solute (g) ​ ​ 3 volume of solution (dm )​ ​

32 Calculating masses C10 ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES In a chemical reaction, no atoms are lost and no new atoms are ​ ​ made; they are simply rearranged. ​ ​ Common reactions and products formed: You can use relative masses and the balanced equation for a ​ ​ ​ ​ reaction to calculate the mass of the products and reactants. Ions attracted to electrode Electrode reaction

+ H ​ and unreactive metal e.g. Unreactive metal is formed at ​ 2+ + ​ Cu ​ Ag the cathode. ​ ​ + H ​ and reactive metal Hydrogen gas is formed at the ​ + + 2+ ​ e.g. Na ​ K ​ Mg cathode. ​ ​ ​ − ​ OH and halide ions Cl2, Br2 or I2 (gas) is formed at ​ − − − ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ e.g. Cl ​ Br ​ I the anode. ​ ​ ​

− 2− − Oxygen is formed at the ​ ​ OH and SO4 or NO3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ anode.

C11 OBTAINING AND USING METALS Reactivity series

Moles (H ONLY)

mass Mol = Ar Mass = number of moles x Ar

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Metals and water • Most metals react slowly or not at all with water. ​ ​ ​ ​ • Heated magnesium reacts with steam to form magnesium oxide and hydrogen.

Mg(s) + H2O(g) → MgO(s) + H2(g) ​ ​ ​ ​ • Calcium reacts steadily with water and effervescence (fizzing) ​ ​ ​ is seen as the hydrogen is produced. ​ ​ • Sodium floats on the water as a molten ball, moves around ​ and fizzes. • Potassium floats on the water, melts, moves around, fizzes, the ​ hydrogen burns and a lilac flame is seen.

Metals and dilute acids REDOX metal + acid → salt + hydrogen • Reduction takes place when a substance loses oxygen. ​ How do we test for hydrogen? Squeaky pop test. • Oxidation takes place when a substance gains oxygen. ​ Displacement Reactions A metal will displace a less reactive metal from its salt solution. • Oxidation and reduction take place in the same reaction and ​ ​ Copper is less reactive than zinc so zinc will displace copper from a is called a REDOX reaction. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ copper salt solution, such as copper sulfate. Zinc + copper sulphate copper + zinc sulfate

Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) ​ ​ ​ ​

Copper does not displace zinc from zinc sulfate solution. copper + zinc sulfate no reaction 2Al + Fe2O3 → 2Fe + Al2O3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) → no reaction ​ ​ The aluminium has been oxidised as it has gained oxygen to form Extracting metals aluminium oxide. • An ore is a rock that contains enough of a compound to ​ ​ The iron oxide has been reduced as it has lost oxygen to form iron. extract a metal for profit. • Very unreactive metals, such as gold and platinum, are found naturally in their native state (as un-combined elements). ​ ​ ​

34 OILRIG Oxidation and reduction are also defined in terms of gain or loss of Life cycle assessment (LCA) electrons. What are the advantages of recycling? • recycled metals can be made into something useful Oxidation Is the Loss of electrons ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ • stops the metal ore running out Reduction Is the Gain of electrons ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ • less damage to the environment by mining/quarrying for new Half Equations (H ONLY) ore • A half equation shows how the atoms or ions of an individual • less waste so landfill sites fill up more slowly ​ ​ element have gained or lost electrons during a redox reaction. • some metals do not corrode or corrode very slowly so they remain in landfill for a long time This half equation shows that copper ions gain two electrons each to form copper atoms. The copper ions are reduced to copper ​ ​ • less damage to the environment from waste etc. atoms as they have gained electrons.

2+ Cu ​ + 2e → Cu ​ Chloride ions form chlorine molecules as shown below. The chloride ions are oxidised to chlorine molecules as they have lost electrons. ​ ​ − ​ 2Cl → Cl2 + 2e ​ ​ ​ Metal Extraction

3+ Cathode = Al (gain​ electrons) to form aluminium - REDUCTION. ​

2- Anode = O ​ (lose electrons) to form oxygen gas – OXIDATION. ​

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What is a LCA? • Used to work out the environmental impact of a product, from ​ ​ the raw materials to disposal of the product. • Helps people to decide whether it is worthwhile to manufacture ​ the product and to recycle it. ​ ​ • LCAs can be used to compare the effect of using different ​ ​ materials for the same product, for example, making a bag ​ from paper or plastic.

C12 REVERSIBLE REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIA The products react to reform the reactants. A double arrow is used to show a reversible reaction. This only occurs in closed systems (where there is no loss of reactants ​ ​ and products). In open systems the gas escapes so equilibrium cannot be ​ achieved. The Haber process uses nitrogen and hydrogen to manufacture ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ammonia.

• ⇌ Backward reaction gets faster N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ • Forward reaction gets slower Nitrogen is from the air. Hydrogen is from natural gas. The conditions used in the Haber process are: Until they are the same rate = DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM ​ ​ ​ • 450 °C • 200 atmospheres pressure • iron catalyst. The direction of the reversible reactions and the equilibrium can be altered by changing these conditions.

36 Word Meaning oxidation a reaction in which oxygen is added to a chemical substance; loss of electrons by an empirical the formula showing the simplest whole number atom or negative ion formula ratio of atoms of each element in a compound molecular the formula showing the actual number of atoms reduction a reaction in which oxygen is lost by a chemical formula of each element in a molecule of a compound substance; gain of electrons by an atom or negative ion relative formula the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the mass atoms in a formula displacement a reaction where a more reactive element takes reaction the place of a less reactive element in a law of the idea that mass is never lost or gained during conservation of a chemical reaction or physical change compound mass half equation ionic equation showing electron transfers in Avogadro this is the number of particles in one mole of a oxidation or reduction 23 −1 constant substance (6.02 ×10 ​ mol )​ ​ ​ reactivity series a list of metals in order of reactivity with the limiting reactant the reactant that determines the amount of most reactive at the top product formed in a chemical reaction redox reaction a reaction in which oxidation and reduction mole the mass of a mole of a substance is the relative formula mass expressed in grams take place electrode a rod made of a metal or graphite that carries the current into or out of the electrolyte electrolysis the process in which energy transferred by a direct electrical current decomposes electrolytes electrolyte an ionic compound that is molten or dissolved in water

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38 P6 Radioactivity

39 The Nuclear Atom Particle Charge Rutherford shot alpha particles at a thin gold foil. Proton + 1

Rutherford, Geiger and Neutron 0 Marsden found that: Electron - 1 1. Most of the alpha particles passed right Atoms and Ions through the foil, implying Elements are often written like this: the atom is mostly empty A is the total number of nucleons. This is called the mass space. ​ ​ ​ ​ number or the nucleon number. ​ ​ ​ 2. Particles that get close to the gold nuclei are slightly deflected. Z is the total number of protons. This is called the atomic ​ ​ ​ ​ 3. A few particles were wildly number or the proton number. ​ ​ ​ deflected, implying a large The number of protons determines the element. If we change the concentration of (+) charge in ​ ​ ​ ​ the center of the atom. number of protons in the nucleus from 6 to 7, we change the element from carbon to nitrogen. Rutherford’s model of the atom To work out the number of neutrons we take away the number of included a dense, positively ​ ​ ​ protons from the number of nucleons: charged nucleus containing ​ ​ ​ protons. No of neutrons = mass number - atomic number

The Atom If the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons, the ​ ​ The atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons going round atom carries zero overall charge. It is described as neutral. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ the nucleus in orbit. Electrons are negatively charged. The protons ​ ​ If we change the number of electrons, the atom is charged. It and neutrons are the nucleons. ​ ​ ​ ​ becomes an ion: The nucleus consists of: ​ ​ Protons which are positively charged. ● Remove an electron, the overall charge is positive. We have ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Neutrons that have no charge. a positive ion. ​ The protons and neutrons have very nearly the same relative mass. ● Add an electron, we have a negative ion. ​ ​ ​ ​ The mass of an electron is about 1/1800 the mass of a proton. ​ ​ ​ ​ Ions are NEVER made by adding or taking away protons.

40 Isotopes Isotopes have the same number of protons, but different numbers of ​ neutrons. Isotopes have the same chemical properties as the ​ ​ normal element. In some types of atom, the nucleus is unstable, and will decay into a ​ ​ more stable atom. This radioactive decay is completely ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ spontaneous and random. ​ ​ There are three ways that an unstable nucleus can decay. It may give out: ● an alpha particle (symbol α) ● a beta particle (symbol β) Alpha decay ● a gamma ray (symbol γ) When a nucleus decays by alpha decay, it ​ ​ Many radioactive substances emit α particles and β particles as well ejects a helium nucleus (NOT atom). ​ ​ as γ rays. A typical α emitter is Polonium-208 which ​ ​ Type of decays to lead-204. Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma ray Radiation Beta Minus Decay When a nucleus decays by beta decay, a Symbol α β γ ​ ​ neutron turns into a proton. A high speed Mass 4 1/2000 0 ​ ​ ​ ​ electron is ejected from the nucleus. ​ Charge +2 -1 0 The electron comes out of the nucleus, NOT the electron shells. ​ ​ very fast (speed Technetium-99 decays into ruthenium-99. Speed slow fast of light) Beta positron decay Ionising ability Intensely ionising Less than alpha Weakly ionising Positrons are high energy, high speed particles with the same mass as electrons but a charge of +1. They can be written as Penetrating low medium high Krypton-37 decays into Argon-37. power Many cm lead Few cm of air or Few cm Stopped by or metres thin paper aluminium Neutron radiation concrete Neutrons can also be emitted from an unstable nucleus. They have a mass of 1 and no electric charge but can cause other nuclei to Radioactive decay occurs in unstable nuclei. The parent nucleus ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ become unstable when absorbed by them. ejects a particle to form a new daughter nucleus. The new nucleus ​ ​ is excited and loses energy by giving off a gamma ray. Gamma rays ​ ​ Gamma rays are very short wavelength and highly energetic ​ ​ ​ ​ electromagnetic radiation. They are given off by very energetic or ​ excited nuclei when some other decay has occurred. Cobalt-60 is a common source of gamma rays.

41 Background radiation is all around us. Most background radiation Geiger-Muller Tube comes from natural sources, while most artificial radiation comes Ionising radiations can be detected using photographic film or a from medical examinations, such as X-ray photographs. Geiger-Müller tube with some form of counter attached. The number of particles detected per second ("counts per second") is Contamination and irradiation known as the activity of the radioactive source. The unit is ​ ​ Becquerels (Bq). 1 Bq = 1 count (decay) per second

Half-life This is the time it takes for the ​ ​ radioactivity (or activity or mass or number of radioactive nuclei) to fall by half (t½). ​ ​ ​ ​ If it takes 4 days for half the atoms Hazards of radiation to decay: Radiation Hazard ● after 4 days, 1/2 are left over; Alpha (α) If taken into the body (ingested), alpha emitters ● after 8 days, 1/4 are left over; can do immense damage to living tissues ● after 12 days, 1/8 are left over. Beta (β) Some risk of tissue damage, although nowhere This is called exponential decay. near as dangerous as alpha. Each isotope has its own unique Gamma (γ) Can cause genetic damage and cancer. half life. It is not possible to speed up or slow down the rate of SP6 Content ONLY: decay. Fission Background Radiation

Fusion

42 Equations to learn

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45 GCSE History- Edexcel 9-1 ​ Spring Term Curriculum Overview

Year 10

Medicine in Britain c1250-present

C.1900- present: Medicine in modern Britain Ideas about the causes of disease: ➔ Early research into genetics ➔ Watson, Crick and the discovery of the human genome ➔ Lifestyle and health; smoking, alcohol and diet ➔ Impact of technology

Approaches to treatment and prevention: ➔ Chemical cures: Magic bullets ➔ Development of antibiotics; Fleming,Florey and Chain’s development of penicillin ➔ Impact of science and technology ➔ Development and impact of the NHS ➔ The extent of change in care and treatment ➔ The fight against lung cancer in the 21st century

The British Sector of the Western Front, 1914–18

➔ The context of the British sector of the Western Front ➔ Conditions requiring medical treatment on the Western Front ➔ The work of the RAMC and FANY ➔ The significance of experiments in surgery and medicine

Anglo- Saxon and Norman England, c1060-1088

Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest, 1060-66: ➔ Anglo-Saxon society ➔ The last years of Edward the Confessor ➔ The succession crisis; Rival claimants to the throne ➔ The Norman Invasion of 1066

William the Conqueror in power: ➔ Gaining and maintaining control ➔ Anglo-Saxon resistance 1068-71 ➔ The legacy of resistance to 1087 ➔ Revolt of the Earls in 1075

Norman England 1066-88: ➔ The Feudal System and Normanisation of the Church ➔ Norman government ➔ Norman Aristocracy ➔ William the Conqueror and his sons

46 Paper 1: Thematic study and historic You will be using the language of change:

environment progress, regress, continuity, Medicine in Britain, c1250-present and The development, turning point, revolution, transformation, shift, British Sector of the Western Front, 1914-18: transition, evolution, stagnation. Injuries, treatment and the trenches You will be using the language of Exam: 1 hour 15 minutes GCSE: 30% Marks: causation: 52 underlying, root, catalyst, trigger, spark, major, fuels, exacerbates, 1. Describe two features of… (4) accelerates, increases, drives. You will need to give a brief but precise summary of a key topic, event or development using specific factual You will be using the language of knowledge consequences: 2. How useful are sources A and B for an enquiry into… led to, resulted in, impacted, created, (8) meant that, therefore, produced, influenced You will be given two sources and you will need to give a supported judgement about how useful the sources are You will be using the language of for a given purpose enquiry using DAMMIT. Therefore, you similarity / difference: will need to draw on your contextual knowledge to resemblance, comparable, parallel, evaluate the sources. equivalent / contrast, disparity, 3. How could you follow up Source … to find out more dissimilar. about….(4) Analysing sources This question will ask you to follow up a source and will ask Date – When was it written? What had you 4 individual questions: Details in the source you would happened? What does this suggest? follow up; Questions to ask; Types of sources to use; how Author – Who was it written by? What that source would help can this tell us? Material – What can you learn directly 4. Explain one way in which….. was similar / different in from the source? ….. and …… (4) Motive – Why has the author written You will be given two events, developments or the source? What does that suggest about the impact of the Germ individuals / groups – usually from different periods. You will Theory? need to identify the features of each and identify ways in Intended Audience – Who was it which they are similar or different. written for? What does this suggest? Tone – What is the tone of the source 5. Explain why … (12) (funny / emotive / satirical / factual) This question focuses on the process of change. You will what does this suggest? need to think about the speed of change and why change occurred using your factors (war, luck, science and technology, individuals, changing beliefs, institutions) You must use second order concepts of change and continuity 6. How far do you agree with the statement? Explain (16+4) This question requires a judgement on either; the nature or extent of change (change/continuity); patterns of change (turning points/significance); process of change

(causation); impact of change (consequence) 47 Middle Ages Renaissance Industrial Revolution 20th Century

 God  God  Miasma  Germ Theory  Astrology  4 humours  Spontaneous Causes  DNA  4 humours  Miasma Generation  Lifestyle factors  Miasma  Animacules  From 1861—Germ

 Diet and Hygiene  1796 Smallpox  Diet and Hygiene (Regimen Sanitatis vaccination (Regimen Sanitatis) still followed but (compulsory after  Religious (prayer / printing press helped 1853)  Government fasting / pilgrimage) spread more books)  Public Health Acts of campaigns /  Religious (prayer /  Remove Miasma 1848 / 1875 intervention (carry sweat smelling fasting / pilgrimage)  Removal of Broad  Role of NHS Preventions herbs / Public Health  Removal of miasma Street Pump 1854 = Lord Mayor and (greater emphasis  Genetic screening  Bazalgette Sewers King) on cleaning streets) 1856-66  Vaccinations  Black Death  Great Plague  Development of (quarantine, but not (quarantine vaccines after 1861 enforced / herbs / enforced / herbs— prayer) tobacco new /  Carbolic Acid used leave the cities) in surgery 1865-67

 Physicians—balance  Physicians– doctors 4 humours / theory  Physicians—More have different  Physicians—balance of opposites / training and specialisms and 4 humours / theory transference professional doctors constant training of opposites  Apothecaries—  Chemists—offering and wide reange of  Apothecaries— Herbal remedies / cure alls treatment including Herbal remedies radiotherapy and alchemy  Women—herbal chemotherapy  Women—herbal  Women—herbal remedies remedies / charms  Pharmacies— remedies / charms  Surgeons— Treatments offering wide range  Barber Surgeons—  Barber Surgeons— professional surgery / of medicine basic amputations / basic amputations / development of including antibiotics phlebotomy phlebotomy antiseptics and  Women—herbal  Hospitals—run by  Hospitals—dissolution anaesthetics remedies church based on of monasteries shut  Hospitals—run by care not cure church hospitals— charities with more  Surgeons— now run by professional nursing professional and charities / some pox after Nightingale specialist surgery— houses aseptic surgery

 Vesalius = Fabric of  Jenner = smallpox the Human Body vaccine 1796 1843 (challenged Galen’s ideas on  Chadwick = Report anatomy) on the Sanitary Conditions of the  Fleming = discovers  Hippocrates = theory  Pare = Works on Labouring penicillin 1928-29 of 4 humours Surgery 1575 Population 1842  Florey and Chain =  Galen = theory of (ligatures)  Simpson = develop penicillin opposites /  Harvey = An chloroform 1847 1938-45 supported by the Anatomical Account  John Snow = Broad  Crick and Watson = Individuals church as Galen of the Motion of the believed the body Heart and Blood in Street Pump / choler discover DNA 1953 1854 was so intricate it Animals 1628 (blood  Rosalind Franklin = must have been flow / heart)  Florence Nightingale photographs DNA designed for a  Sydenham = did not = Nursing / hospitals 1951 purpose = fit with 1859 believe in 4 humours.  Beveridge = report idea of creation Believed different  Pasteur = Germ 1942 diseases were Theory 1861 different species  Koch = microbiolatry (proved measles and scarlet fever  Lister = carbolic acid were different) 1865-67 48 Evacuation Route

Stretcher Bearers Regimental Aid Post

Field Ambulance / Dressing Station

Casualty Clearing Station Base Hospitals Trench Design

Battles

Oct-Nov 1914 First Battle of Ypres (start of trench warfare)

April-May 1915 Second Battle of Ypres (explosives at Hill 60 and first use of poison gas)

July-Nov 1916 Battle of the Somme (number of casualties)

April-May 1917 Battle of Arras (tunnels)

July-Nov 1917 Third Battle of Ypres / Passchendaele (mud)

Nov-Dec 1917—Battle of Cambrai (tanks)

Who could help Injuries and Illness FANY (First Aid Nursing RAMC (Royal Army Trench Foot—the skin dies Nurses Yeomanry) Medical Corps) because of long Initially only Worked as ambulance drivers All medical officers Queen Alexandra immersion in water and nurses Responsible for Nurses accepted keeping men healthy Very well Shell Shock—soldiers could VAD (Volunteer Aid Set up evacuation trained / Detachment go deaf, blind, mute, route professional Mainly middle / upper class paralysed from the constant 1914 = 9,000 1914 = 300 women bombing and conditions on 1918 = 113,000 1918 = 10,000 Provided cleaning / some the front basic care

Shrapnel Wounds—wounds Plastic Surgery created from sharp, jagged, Thomas Splint flying pieces of metal from Helped to fix faces that exploding artillery. had been disfigured Stabilised Carrell-Dakin femur injuries Method Gas Attack—poison gas reducing could cause blindness, A saline solution deaths from suffocation, burnt skin that helped Medical 80%-20% reduce gas Improvements Trench Fever —sickness, headaches, gangrene fever caused by lice Portable X Rays Surgical Magnet Gangrene —infected skin Allowed for much Safer way to extract tissue that spreads and quicker operations bullets and49 shrapnel smells You will be using the language of change: Paper 2: Period Study progress, regress, The American West, c1835-c1895 continuity, development, turning point, revolution, Exam: 52.5 minutes GCSE: 20% Marks: 32 transformation, shift, 1. Explain two consequences of… (8) transition, evolution, stagnation. You will be given a key event and will need to write two in- depth paragraphs on the effects and impact. You will need to You will be using the think of both immediate and long term consequences and language of causation: use second order concepts such as change over time. underlying, root, catalyst, 2. Write a narrative account analysing…(8) trigger, spark, major, fuels, You will have to write an analytical narrative account of an exacerbates, accelerates, event in the period you have studied. This will need to be increases, drives. structured clearly and contain a wide range of specific factual knowledge. But it will also need to use second-order You will be using the concepts such as cause or change. language of 3. Explain the importance of two of the following….(16) consequences:

This will focus on a key event, person, group or development. led to, resulted in, You will need to identify and explain the importance or impacted, created, significance of this. You will need to show your understanding meant that, therefore, produced, influenced of second-order concepts such as causes or consequences or change over time.

This course is primarily about the impact of white settlement on the Native Americans

50 American West Timeline

1834 – Permanent Indian Frontier set up—All Indians moved west of the 95th Meridian 1836 – The Oregon Trail opened 1837 – Financial Crisis—banks collapsed, wages cut by 40%, wheat prices fell, 20,000 unemployed in Philadelphia 1845 – Manifest Destiny term coined—God given destiny for white Americans to populate from coast to coast 1846 – Donner Party head West—Take Hasting’s shortcut, adds an extra 100 miles, get caught in early winter in the Sierra Nevada, resort to cannibalism 1846-7 – Mormons begin travelling to Salt Lake City—rejected from all cities in the East, Brigham Young leads them across the Plains 1848-9 – California Gold Rush—known as the forty-niners, most are looking to get rich quick, but fail 1851 – Fort Laramie Treaty—US government promises money, land, protection. Native Americans allow roads, forts and railroads to be built through their land 1851 – The Indian Appropriations Act—creation of reservations 1861-1865 – American Civil War—fought between the north and south over slavery 1862 – Homestead Act—granted 160 acres of land 1862 – Little Crow’s War—starving Indians, raid local village and fort, are easily beaten by US army 1864 – Sand Creek Massacre—starving Indians attack wagon trains, Colonol Chivington massacres village despite white flags 1862 – Pacific Railroad Act—transcontinental railroad starts to be built 1865 – Slavery abolished 1866 – Goodnight-Loving Trail—cattlemen can’t reach East because of Texas Fever, sell to army in Fort Sumner and 7000 Navaho Indians instead 1866-68 – Red Cloud’s War—Gold discovered and Bozeman Trail built through Indian land, Red Cloud lays siege to army fort and ambushes Captain Fetterman (Fetterman’s Trap), causes Government to renegotiate Fort Laramie Treaty 1867 – Abilene created—First cow town on the railroad 1868 – Grant’s Peace Policy—attempt to ‘civilise’ the Native Americans 1869 – Transcontinental Railroad completed 1870 – Open Range—John Iliff realises it is cheaper and easier to ranch cattle on the Plains and close to railroads than it is in Texas 1873 – Timber and Culture Act—Extra 160 acres of land granted if trees are planted on 40 acres 1874 – Barbed Wire invented 1874 – Wind Pumps invented 1874 – Gold discovered in Black Hills—Sacred ground to the Sioux, they refuse to sell the land to the US 1876 – Battle of Little Big Horn—General Custer was hugely outnumbered by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, all members of the 7th Cavalry killed 1878 – Lincoln County War—Tunstall killed by the House and Sheriff Brady, Billy the Kid gets revenge by killing Sheriff Brady. Offered a pardon by Governor Wallace but did not receive it, goes on the run killing two guards, eventually killed by Sheriff Pat Garret in his own house 1879 – Exoduster movement—Ex slaves treated badly in south believe land in Kansas is being given away for free, 40,000 flee to Kansas 1881 – The OK Corral—Wyatt Earp and brothers involved in a shootout. Series of tit for tat killings follow 1886-87 – Harsh winter ends open range—From now on cattle farms are much smaller and enclosed 1887 – Dawes Act—Breaks power of Indian tribes, offers Indian families 160 acres of land 1890 – Wounded Knee—Surrendering Indians start the Ghost Dance, US 7th cavalry open fire, massacring Indians and ending Indian resistance 1892 – Johnson County War—Cattlemen believe homesteaders are stealing cattle. Decide to lynch 2 homesteaders and then launch an invasion of Johnson County. Are held back by KC Ranch and Sheriff’s posse of 300 men. No one tried 51 Paper 2: British Depth Study You will be using the Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, c1060-88 language of causation: Underlying, root, catalyst, Exam: 52.5 minutes GCSE: 20% Marks: 32 trigger, spark, major, fuels, 1. Describe two features of… (4) exacerbates, accelerates, increases, drives. You will need to give a brief but precise summary of a key topic, event or development using specific factual knowledge You will be using the 2. Explain why…(12) language of consequences:

This question focuses on the process of change. You will need to led to, resulted in, impacted, think about the speed of change and why change occurred You created, meant that, must use second order concepts of change and continuity and therefore, produced, causation influenced 3. How far do you agree with the statement? Explain (16) This will question will have a key focus (similarity, difference, change, You will be using the language of change: continuity, causation, consequence) It will ask you to make a judgement. progress, regress, continuity, development, turning point, revolution, transformation, Timeline shift, transition, evolution,

1042 – The Viking king Harthacanut dies, his half brother Edward is stagnation. crowned King bringing the throne back to the Anglo-Saxons 1042 – Godwin helps Edward become king of England You will be using the 1042 –Edward marries Godwin’s daughter Edith language of continuity: 1051 – The Godwin family are exiled from England after a dispute flow, related, linked, with the king, but after a show of military strength they are unchanged, constant, stable reinstated 1053 – Harold becomes Earl of Wessex on his father’s death You will be using the 1055-63 – Harold and Tostig lead successful campaigns in Wales language of similarity: 1064 – Harold in Normandy probably to swear an oath to William 1065 – Uprising against and exile of Tostig resemblance, comparable, parallel, equivalent 5th Jan 1066 – Edward dies 6th Jan 1066 – Harold is crowned king May 1066 – Tostig plans to invade but flees to Denmark when he You will be using the sees Harold’s army language of difference: 8 Sept 1066 – Southern fyrd disbanded contrasting, dissimilar, 20th Sept 1066 – Battle of Gate Fulford distinct, variance, disparity 25th Sept 1066 – Battle of Stamford Bridge 28th Sept 1066 – Normans arrive in Pevensey 14th Oct 1066 – Battle of Hastings 1068 – Revolt of Edwin and Morcar 1069 – Revolt of Edgar Artheling and the Danes 1069-70 – The Harrying of the North 1070-71 – Revolt of Hereward the Wake at Ely 1075 – Revolt of the Earls 1077-80—Robert’s rebellion against William 1082—Odo imprisoned 1086—Domesday Book collected 9th Sept 1087—William dies 1088—Rebellion against William II 52 The Events of 1066 Earldoms in 1066 Earldoms in 1086

Before 1066 After 1066 The Succession The Anglo- The Norman Williams Family Crisis Saxon Revolts Revolts Burhs Castles Odo, Bishop of People owned King owns all Edward the Edwin, Earl of Ralph de Gael, Bayeux (Half land land Confessor Mercia Earl of East Brother) 7 Earldoms Lots of small Anglia Edgar Atheling Morcar, Earl of Matilda (Wife) earldoms Northumbria Roger de Slaves No slaves William, Duke of Robert (eldest Breteuil, Earl of Normandy Edgar Atheling son) Archbishop Archbishop Hereford William Rufus Stigand Lanfranc Harold Herward the Waltheof, Earl (favourite son) Church Normanisation Godwinson, Wake of Northumbria corruption of the Church Earl of Wessex Henry The Danes (youngest son) All land Forest Laws Harald accessible Archbishop Hadrada, King Lanfranc Shire Reeves: Sheriffs: Lots of of Norway Limited power power (closest friend) (Tostig) English Latin 53 You will be using the Paper 3: Modern Depth Study language of change:

progress, regress, continuity, Weimar and Nazi Germany, 1918-39 development, turning point, revolution, transformation, Exam: 1 hour 20 minutes GCSE: 30% Marks: 52 shift, transition, evolution, stagnation. 1. What can you infer from the source about… (4) You will be using the You will be given a source and will need to pick out something language of causation: you can infer from the source (what does it suggest) and then a detail from the source that supports your inference. The underlying, root, catalyst, inference and the detail must be linked trigger, spark, major, fuels, exacerbates, accelerates, 2. Explain why…(12) increases, drives. This question focuses on the process of change. You will need to think about the speed of change and why change occurred Analysing sources You must use second order concepts of change and continuity and causation Date – When was it written? What had happened? What 3a. How useful are sources B and C for an enquiry into…(8) does this suggest? Author – Who was it written You will be given two further sources and you will need to give a by? What can this tell us? supported judgement about how useful the sources are for a given purpose enquiry. You will need to consider the content, Material – What can you learn provenance, and context of each source. Therefore, you will directly from the source? need to draw on your contextual knowledge to evaluate the Motive – Why has the author sources. written the source? What does that suggest about the 3b. How do interpretations A and B differ? (4) impact of the Germ Theory? Intended Audience – Who You will be given two interpretations and you will need to work was it written for? What does out what each one is arguing. You must give the feature of this suggest? difference and then evidence from the content of each Tone – What is the tone of the interpretation source (funny / emotive / satirical / factual) what does 3c. Why do interpretations A and B differ? (4) this suggest?

In this question you are evaluating why the historians have come to different opinions about the past. Usually this is because they Analysing Interpretations have gathered their evidence from different source material Say – What does the interpretation say (explicitly, 3d. How far do you agree with interpretation… about … (16+4) implicitly, style, tone) This essay asks you decide which interpretation you support the Purpose– Who was it written most. In evaluating the interpretations you need to consider the for and why? strength of evidence used and the strength of their argument. Evidence – What is the This requires an in-depth knowledge of the historical context. relationship between the interpretation and the evidence? Is it factual / opinionated? Context – How has the The Weimar Rise of the Control and Life in Nazi interpretation been affected Republic Nazi Party Dictatorship Germany by the context in which it was written? (ideology / nationality / religion)

54

55 Germany had been been had —Germany Children, Church, Church, —Children, - a paramility force (also (also force paramility a - Hitler’s protection / loyal loyal / protection Hitler’s inflation occurring at a very high very a at occurring inflation rebuild and resupplying the the resupplying and rebuild remove democracy and democracy —remove Living space space Living — compensation for war damage damage war for compensation a long and severe slump in the the in slump severe and long a A way of making sure the Nazi Nazi the sure making of way —A resistance resistance — being signed up for the army army the for up signed —being Hitler has complete power and and power complete has —Hitler Believe that power and wealth wealth and power that —Believe Night of the Broken Glass Glass Broken the of —Night — Take control of an area area an of control —Take The set of rules for how the country country the how for rules of set —The a surgical process which stops stops which process surgical —a — Agreement between Hitler and the the and Hitler between —Agreement the prohibition of any books, films, films, books, any of prohibition —the A group of Communists who who Communists of group —A People worship and idolised Hitler Hitler idolised and worship —People — All policies should make the country country the make should policies —All The German parliament parliament German —The Secret police police —Secret the countries land, industry and and industry land, countries —the A violent attempt to overthrow the the overthrow to violentattempt —A the combined role of president and president roleof combined —the Emperor of Germany Germany of —Emperor A dictated peace dictatedpeace —A putsch government nationalist stronger socialist workers the to belongs wealth (SA) Sturmabteiling shirts) brown / stormtroopers called fuhrerprinzip everything over authority totalitarianism leader one with replace depression economy propaganda films, (radio, everywhere heard was message area an running official political —a Gauleiter rule Nazi under Fuhrer chancellor Gestapo - (SS) Schutzstaffel squad censorship politically as seen are that etc news unacceptable opposition Cult Fuhrer Concordat business eachother’s in interfere to not Pope Kirche Kinder, Kuche, Cooking lebensraum conscription volunteering without rearmament military sterilisation children having from someone Kristallnacht Spartacists Revolution Russian the replicate to wanted Communists equally shared be should occupation Hyperinflation rate fast and Reichstag constitution isgoverned Kaiser — reparations diktat Theory The Dolchstoss the signed that those by back the in stabbed Treaty of Versailles signed signed Versailles of Treaty

Weimar Constitution finalised finalised Constitution Weimar Nazis win 196 seats in Reichstag, Reichstag, in seats 196 win Nazis Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates IIabdicates Wilhelm Kaiser Hitler becomes chancellor chancellor becomes Hitler Sparticists uprising uprising Sparticists – Reichstag Fire Fire Reichstag Hitler becomes chancellor chancellor becomes Hitler

Night of the Long Knives Knives Long the of Night Trade Unions banned banned Unions Trade – Nazis win 230 seats in the Reichstag, Reichstag, the in seats 230 win Nazis Hindenburg dies dies Hindenburg – Chancellor of role the combines Hitler – Hitler to loyalty of oaths swear Army – – – – Nazis win 288 seats seats 288 win Nazis – Act Enabling – Nazis only legal party in Germany Germany in party legal only Nazis

– – – – –

– – The SA created SA The Putsch Munich The published Kampf Mein Crash Street Wall Young Plan Young Dawes Plan Plan Dawes Pact Kellogg-Briand Kapp Putsch Kapp Nazis win 107 seats in the Reichstag Reichstag the in seats 107 win Nazis Bamberg Conference Conference Bamberg Reichstag the in seats 12 win Nazis Hitler joins the German Workers Party Party Workers German the joins Hitler NaziParty the up sets Hitler French occupation of the Ruhr the of occupation French Hyperinflation Pact Lacarno Nations of League the joins Germany

Boycott of Jewish shops shops Jewish of Boycott Marriage of Encouragement the for Law Law Sterilisation up set schools Napola Laws Nuremberg introduced Conscription made Youth Hitler the of Membership compulsory attend to allowed not children Jewish schools German introduced programme Lebensraum Kristallnacht begins campaign Euthanasia established ghettos Jewish – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

1933

   1935   1936  1938    1939   Aug 1934 1934 Aug 1933  Aug 1934 1934 Aug Fuhrer of title the assuming President, and 1934 Aug Jun 1934 1934 Jun Jan 1933 Jan 1933 Feb 1933 Mar Mar 1933 1933 Mar 1933 May 1933 Jul Jul 1932 1932 Jul chancellor becomes Papen 1932 Nov chancellor becomes Schleicher Jan 1933 1923 1923 1925 1926 1930 1928 1928 1929 1919 1919 1920 1921 1925 1925 1929 1923 1923 1924 1926 1928 1923 1923 Nov 1918 1918 Nov 1919 Jan 1919 June 1919 Aug 1920 The Weimar Republic Rise of the Nazi Party Control and Dictatorship Life in Nazi Germany KS4 Geography curriculum overview 2019-2020

Autumn term Spring term Summer term Year 10 ★ The challenge ★ Urban issues ★ Physical of natural and challenges landscapes in hazards ★ Physical the UK ★ Urban issues landscapes in ★ Fieldwork and the UK challenges Year 11 ★ Physical ★ The living world ★ The changing landscapes in ★ Issue evaluation economic the UK ★ The changing world ★ Fieldwork economic ★ Revision ★ Resource world management ★ The living world

56 What is Urbanisation? Sustainable Urban Living Traffic Management

This is an increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such Sustainable urban living means being able to live in cities in ways that do Urban areas are busy places with many people travelling by different as towns or cities. In 2007, the UN announced that for the first time, not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure modes of transport. This has caused urban areas to experience different more than 50 % of the world’s population live in urban areas. future generations also can use then. traffic congestion that can lead to various problems.

Where is Urbanisation Water Conservation Energy Conservation Environmental problems happening? This is about reducing the amount Using less fossil fuels can reduce • Traffic increases air pollution Urbanisation is happening of water used. the rate of climate change. which releases greenhouse all over the word but in • Collecting rainwater for • Promoting renewable energy gases that is leading to LICs and NEEs rates are gardens and flushing toilets. sources. climate change. much faster than HICs. This • Installing water meters and • Making homes more energy is mostly because of the toilets that flush less water. efficient. rapid economic growth • Educating people on using • Encouraging people to use Economic problems Social Problems they are experiencing. less water. energy. • Congestion can make people • There is a greater risk of Creating Green Space Waste Recycling late for work and business accidents and congestion is a Causes of Urbanisation deliveries take longer. This can cause of frustration. Traffic can Creating green spaces in urban More recycling means fewer cause companies to lose also lead to health issues for The movement of people from rural to areas can improve places for resources are used. Less waste money. pedestrians. Rural - urban migration (1) urban areas. people who want to live there. reduces the amount that • Provide natural cooler areas eventually goes to landfill. Congestion Solutions Push Pull for people to relax in. • Collection of household • Encourages people to waste. • Widen roads to allow more • Natural disasters • More Jobs exercise. • More local recycling facilities. traffic to flow easily. • War and Conflict • Better education & • Reduces the risk of flooding • Greater awareness of the • Build ring roads and bypasses • Mechanisation healthcare from surface runoff. benefits in recycling. to keep through traffic out of • Drought • Increased quality of life. city centres. • Lack of employment • Following family members. • Introduce park and ride Unit 2a schemes to reduce car use. When the birth rate exceeds the death • Encourage car-sharing Natural Increase (2) rate. schemes in work places. • Have public transport, cycle Urban Issues & Challenges lanes & cycle hire schemes. Increase in birth rate (BR) Lower death rate (DR) • Having congestion charges Sustainable Urban Living Example: East Village London discourages drivers from entering the busy city centres. • High percentage of • Higher life expectancy due Background & Location Sustainable Strategies population are child-bearing to better living conditions age which leads to high and diet. The East Village is part of the • Transport – local bus services fertility rate. • Improved medical facilities Olympic legacy in London. It was and trains connect to the Traffic Management Example: London • Lack of contraception or helps lower infant mortality built as the Athletes Village for the London Underground. education about family rate. 2012 Olympics then converted • Green open spaces – ten The London congestion charge is planning. into new homes after the Games. hectares of parkland a fee charged on most vehicles It was built to high standards of • Modern, high-density operating within the congestion sustainability. apartments – built to high charge zone in central London Types of Cities standards of insulation between 7am and 6pm Mondays • Green roofs – on residential to Fridays. The charge was Megacity An urban area with over 10 million people living there. blocks introduced in 2003. It aims to reduce high traffic flow and pollution. More than two thirds of current megacities Integrated Transport System Greenbelt Area are located in either This is the linking of different forms of public and private transport within a This is a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly NEEs (Brazil) and LICs city and the surrounding area. controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast. (Nigeria). The amount of megacities are Brownfield Site Urban Regeneration predicted to increase 57 from 28 to 41 by Brownfield sites is an area of land or premises that has been previously The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what 2030. used, but has subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated. is there or clearing it away and rebuilding. Urban Change in a Major UK City: London Case Study Urban Change in a LIC: Lagos Nigeria Case Study

Location and Background City’s Importance Location and Background City’s Importance

London is located in • London is by far the UK’s largest and Lagos is Africa’s • About 80% of Nigeria’s industry is based in south east England wealthiest city. biggest city in Nigeria and around Lagos. on the River Thames. • The gap between London and the rest of and one of the fastest • It is the main financial centre in west Africa. It is the capital city of the UK has widened in the 21st century as growing cities in the • The city also has a major international the UK. both earnings and house prices have world. It lies on the airport and busy seaport. risen. southwest of the • The population of Lagos continues to grow. • Along with New York, London is one of the country, on the coast • It was formerly the capital of Nigeria and is two most important financial centres in the of the Gulf of Guinea, still an important place of trade and world. close to the border commerce. with Benin.

Migration to London City’s Opportunities Migration to Lagos City’s Opportunities

London’s population is higher than it has ever Social: Shoreditch is a good example of one The expansion of Lagos took off during the oil been. In 2015, London’s population reached old area of London that has transformed into a boom of Nigeria in the 1970’s which drew Social: There are more schools and universities 8.6 million. It is likely to keep growing and is culturally vibrant area. thousands of people to the city for work. It has in Lagos than outside the city. Healthcare is not predicted to reach 10 million by 2030, which expanded around the Lagoon to the north and always free, but it is available in Lagos. will make London one of the world’s Economic: Employment patterns in London west and eastwards on the Lekki Peninsula. megacities. have changed. The creation of docklands has Economic: More jobs are available in Lagos helped to establish London as one of the The main driver of growth in Lagos over the than anywhere else in Nigeria. Even if you London is one of the most diverse city’s in the world’s leading financial centres. past 50 years has been rural-urban migration. can’t find work in the formal economy, it is UK. Less than half of London’s population are Push factors are the lack of job opportunities possible to work in the informal economy e.g. of white British origin, while 37% were born and low wages. Pull factors are the prospect of street vendor. outside of the UK. Environmental: London is one of the world’s well-paid work and an urban lifestyle. greenest cities – almost half the city 47% is Environmental: Lagos’ rapid growth means that parks, woodland, cemeteries and gardens. the city’s infrastructure has struggled to keep up with the number of people. 60% live in slums. City Challenges Regeneration Projects – The Olympic Park City Challenges Self-help schemes - Makoko

Social: House prices have increased along Aims: The Lower Lea Valley in East London Social: There is a severe shortage of housing, with greater house shortages. Social was once one of the main industrial areas in schools and healthcare centres available. • Creating floating communities using the deprivation is a major problem in London, with London. By 2007, many of the industries had Large scale social inequality, is creating vast area of water that surrounds Lagos is a over 2 million people living in poverty. gone and some of the site was derelict and tensions between the rich and poor. solution to population growth. overgrown. The construction of the Olympic • Several squatter settlements like Makoko Park took 5 years. Economic: Closure of the docks and factories Economic: The rise of informal jobs with low are built on stilts at the edge of the Lagos pay and no tax contributions. There is high Lagoon. caused large scale unemployment. With the Main features: Good transport connections, employment in Makoko (squatter settlement) • The floating school helps to meet the growth of container ships , the docks closed particularly Stratford Station. Several obstacles due to overseas and local competition. educational needs with a sustainable had to be overcome in order to regenerate design and withstand the impact of rising Environmental: The lack of properly built the site such as contaminated soil, land that sea levels. Environmental: Urban sprawl has led to had been previously polluted by industry. homes has forced millions of people to build increased pressure and decline of greenfield their own homes on land or even water. sites around the city.

58 Relief of the UK Areas Types of Erosion Types of Transportation Mass Movement +600m: Relief of the UK Peaks and The break down and transport of rocks – A natural process by which eroded material A large movement of soil and rock debris that can be divided ridges cold, smooth, round and sorted. is carried/transported. moves down slopes in response to the pull of into uplands and misty and gravity in a vertical direction. lowlands. Each snow Attrition Rocks that bash together to Solution Minerals dissolve in water Rain saturates the permeable rock above have their own common. become smooth/smaller. and are carried along. 1 characteristics. i.e. the impermeable rock making it heavy. Scotland Solution A chemical reaction that Suspension Sediment is carried along in Waves or a river will erode the base of the 2 dissolves rocks. the flow of the water. slope making it unstable. Key Areas -200m: Flat Abrasion Rocks hurled at the base of a Saltation Pebbles that bounce along Eventually the weight of the permeable or rolling cliff to break pieces apart. the sea/river bed. 3 rock above the impermeable rock Lowlands hills. weakens and collapses. Warmer weather. Hydraulic Water enters cracks in the Traction Boulders that roll along a The debris at the base of the cliff is then i.e. Fens Action cliff, air compresses, causing river/sea bed by the force of 4 removed and transported by waves or Uplands the crack to expand. the flowing water. river.

Formation of Coastal Spits - Deposition Types of Weathering

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks where Example: they are. Spurn Head, Breakdown of rock by Holderness Carbonation changing its chemical Coast. composition. What is Deposition? Formation of Bays and Headlands Breakdown of rock without When the sea or river loses energy, it drops the Mechanical changing its chemical sand, rock particles and pebbles it has been 1) Waves attack the carrying. This is called deposition. coastline. composition. Bay 2) Softer rock is eroded 1) Swash moves up the beach at the angle of the prevailing wind. Soft rock by the sea quicker 2) Backwash moves down the beach at 90° to coastline, due to forming a bay, calm gravity. Unit 1c Hard rock area cases 3) Zigzag movement (Longshore Drift) transports material along beach. deposition. 4) Deposition causes beach to extend, until reaching a river estuary. 3) More resistant rock is 5) Change in prevailing wind direction forms a hook. Physical Landscapes in the UK left jutting out into the 6) Sheltered area behind spit encourages deposition, salt marsh forms. sea. This is a headland Headland and is now more vulnerable to erosion. How do waves form? Mechanical Weathering Example: Freeze-thaw weathering

Waves are created by wind blowing over the surface of the Stage One Stage Two Stage Three Formation of Coastal Stack sea. As the wind blows over the sea, friction is created - Water seeps When the With producing a swell in the water. into cracks water freezes, repeated Example: and fractures it expands freeze-thaw Old Harry in the rock. about 9%. This cycles, the Why do waves break? Rocks, wedges apart rock breaks Dorset 1 Waves start out at sea. the rock. off. Size of waves Types of Waves 2 As waves approaches the shore, friction slows the base. 1) Hydraulic action widens cracks in the cliff Constructive Waves Destructive Waves 3 This causes the orbit to become elliptical. face over time. • Fetch how 2) Abrasion forms a wave cut notch between This wave has a swash that is stronger This wave has a backwash that is HT and LT. 4 Until the top of the wave breaks over. far the wave has travelled than the backwash. This therefore builds stronger than the swash. This therefore 3) Further abrasion widens the wave cut • Strength of up the coast. erodes the coast. notch to from a cave. the wind. 4) Caves from both sides of the headland • How long the break through to form an arch. wind has 5) Weather above/erosion below –arch been collapses leaving stack.59 blowing for. 6) Further weathering and erosion eaves a stump. Coastal Defences Water Cycle Key Terms Lower Course of a River

Hard Engineering Defences Precipitation Moisture falling from clouds as rain, snow or hail. Near the river’s mouth, the river widens further and becomes flatter. Material transported is deposited. Groynes Wood barriers • Beach still accessible. Interception Vegetation prevent water reaching the ground. prevent • No deposition further Formation of Floodplains and levees longshore drift, down coast = erodes Surface Runoff Water flowing over surface of the land into rivers so the beach faster. When a river floods, fine silt/alluvium is deposited on can build up. Infiltration Water absorbed into the soil from the ground. the valley floor. Closer to the river’s banks, the heavier materials build up to form natural levees. Sea Walls Concrete walls • Long life span Transpiration Water lost through leaves of plants. break up the • Protects from flooding • Nutrient rich soil makes it ideal for farming. energy of the • Curved shape Physical and Human Causes of Flooding. • Flat land for building houses. wave . Has a lip encourages erosion of to stop waves beach deposits. Physical: Prolong & heavy rainfall Physical: Geology River Management Schemes going over. Long periods of rain causes soil to Impermeable rocks causes surface become saturated leading runoff. runoff to increase river discharge. Gabions or Cages of • Cheap Soft Engineering Hard Engineering Rip Rap rocks/boulders • Local material can be absorb the used to look less Physical: Relief Human: Land Use Afforestation – plant trees to soak up Straightening Channel – increases velocity Steep-sided valleys channels water Tarmac and concrete are waves energy, strange. rainwater, reduces flood risk. to remove flood water. protecting the • Will need replacing. to flow quickly into rivers causing impermeable. This prevents greater discharge. infiltration & causes surface runoff. Demountable Flood Barriers put in place Artificial Levees – heightens river so flood cliff behind. when warning raised. water is contained. Managed Flooding – naturally let areas Deepening or widening river to increase Soft Engineering Defences Upper Course of a River flood, protect settlements. capacity for a flood. Beach Beaches built • Cheap Near the source, the river flows over steep gradient from the Nourishment up with sand, so • Beach for tourists. hill/mountains. This gives the river a lot of energy, so it will erode Hydrographs and River Discharge waves have to • Storms = need the riverbed vertically to form narrow valleys. travel further replacing. River discharge is the volume of water that flows in a river. Hydrographs who discharge at before eroding • Offshore dredging a certain point in a river changes over time in relation to rainfall cliffs. damages seabed. Formation of a Waterfall

Managed Low value areas • Reduce flood risk 1) River flows over alternative types of rocks. 1. Peak discharge is the discharge in a Retreat of the coast are • Creates wildlife habitats. period of time. left to flood & • Compensation for land. 2) River erodes soft rock faster creating a step. erode. 2. Lag time is the delay between peak Case Study: The Holderness coast 3) Further hydraulic action and abrasion form a rainfall and peak discharge. plunge pool beneath. Location and Background 3. Rising limb is the increase in river The Holderness coast in North East England has one of the 4) Hard rock above is undercut leaving cap rock discharge. highest rates of coastal erosion in Europe. Coastal which collapses providing more material for management schemes are used to protect some areas erosion. from erosion. 4. Falling limb is the decrease in river 5) Waterfall retreats leaving steep sided gorge. discharge to normal level. Geomorphic Processes - Erosion is causing the cliffs to collapse along the Case Study: The River Tees Holderness coast. The cliffs are made from soft, easily Middle Course of a River eroded boulder clay. Here the gradient get gentler, so the water has less energy and moves - The prevailing winds mean that the eroded material is Location and Background more slowly. The river will begin to erode laterally making the river wider. Located in the North of England and flows 137km from the Pennines to the North Sea at Red Car. moved south along the coast by longshore drift instead of staying in the place it came from, exposing a new area of cliff to erosion and causing the coastline to retreat. Formation of Ox-bow Lakes Geomorphic Processes - About 1.8 m of land is lost to the sea every year – in some Upper – Features include V-Shaped valley, rapids and waterfalls. Highforce Waterfall drops 21m and is made places, the rate of erosion has been over 10 m per year in Step 1 Step 2 recent years. Farms, businesses and homes are threatened from harder Whinstone and softer limestone rocks. Gradually a gorge has been formed. by the erosion. Erosion of outer bank Further hydraulic forms river cliff. action and abrasion Middle – Features include meanders and ox-bow lakes. The meander near Yarm encloses the town. Management Deposition inner bank of outer banks, neck forms slip off slope. gets smaller. Lower – Greater lateral erosion creates features such as - Over 11 km of the Holderness coastline is managed using floodplains & levees. Mudflats at the river’s estuary. hard engineering strategies . - In 1991, 450 m of coastline around Mappleton had to be Step 3 Step 4 protected at a cost of £2 million, and using over 61,000 Management tonnes of rocks. Coastal management at Mappleton Erosion breaks through Evaporation and -Towns such as Yarm and Middleborough are economically and socially important due to houses involved two types of hard engineering – placing rock neck, so river takes the deposition cuts off and jobs that are located there. 60 armour along the base of the cliff to absorb the power of fastest route, redirecting main channel leaving -Dams and reservoirs in the upper course, controls river’s flow during high & low rainfall. the waves and building two rock groynes to trap sand. flow an oxbow lake. - Better flood warning systems, more flood zoning and river dredging reduces flooding. Performing Arts

Spring term curriculum overview

Autumn Spring Summer

Throughout the year you will build your understanding of how performance is produced and the practical skills needed to perform.

Component 1 Component 2 Component 3 mock

Exploring the performing Developing skills Performing to a brief arts and performance in performing Arts

61 Year 10 Performing arts Key words

1 space the area where a performer performs or rehearses

2 spatial awareness understanding the boundaries and where you are in relation to the other things in the space you are performing in

3 negative space an area of space on stage which doesn’t have anything in it

4 positive space an area of space on stage that has something (performers, props, scenery) in it

5 status the relationship between actors is defined by who is dominant and who is submissive

6 high status the more dominant person in a relationship between characters holds the higher status

7 low status the least dominant person in a relationship between characters holds the lower status

8 body language expressing a character through the way we stand and move

9 gestures small movements that help to identify the type of character we are playing on stage, or that help to portray aspects of the character to the audience

62 10 gestus the way which we walk and stand which tells the audience something about our character 11 articulation speaking clearly so that each sound of each word can be clearly understood by the audience

12 projection speaking with volume so that what we say can he heard by everyone in the audience

13 tone the expression in your voice that helps the audience understand the emotion or sentiment behind a character’s speech

14 workshop a session where performers experiment to develop techniques and train so they can become more professional and perfect their performer’s craft

15 characterisation adopting and projecting a character for an audience to watch

16 posture the straightness of the body when we stand; this can help the audience to identify us as a type of character

17 naturalism a style of theatre where the actor presents a realistic performance of the character; the actor attempts to emotionally embody the character; the audience are meant to emotionally engage with the performance and believe it is a reflection of real life

18 Epic theatre a style of theatre where the audience are asked to critically question the situation being presented; they are meant to view the performance as a show and analyse the issue the plays address

19 T.I.E Theatre in Education; these are performances designed to teach the audience something; they are often performed in schools.

20 Physical theatre this is a style of theatre that incorporates dance movement

63 21 actor a performer to presents character to the audience 22 director the person responsible for telling the actors how to act

23 audience interaction this is when the audience are asked to participate in the performance

24 Fourth wall this is the imaginary wall between the audience and the stage or performance space

25 improvisation the ability of an actor to perform unscripted while remaining in character

26 blocking planning the movement of performers on stage

27 design the technical elements of a performance such as set, lighting and costume

28 audience the group of people who watch a performance; this is the most important thing to consider when you are creating theatre

29 rehearsal a session where the group practices and perfects the performance they are working on

30 ensamble a group that work together all with equal input to create a piece of theatre

31 collaboration a way of working that means everyone creates a piece of theatre together 64 French Year 10

Autumn Spring Summer

Family members and Cinema and film stars Revision and review of structures the year

Physical and character Food and special descriptions occasions

Relationships with family Daily routines and friends

Invitations to go out Marriage and celebrations

Describing past events Clothes with family and friends

When I was a child Weather and climate change

Hobbies and sport Places in towns and directions

Music, internet and Describing a region and television town

Reading habits Tourist information and hotel views

Christmas and new year Citizen action and in Francophone countries volunteering

Holiday routines and ordering food

Dream holidays

65

66 Spring 1

TV High frequency words ​ 1 mon émission préférée my favourite programme 1 normalement normally 2 regarder to watch 2 quelquefois sometimes 3 je le regarde I watch it (masculine object) 3 souvent often 4 je la regarde I watch it (feminine object) 4 tous les jours every day 5 je les regarde I watch them 5 hier soir last night 6 je le trouve I find it 6 récemment recently 7 je l’aime I like it 7 d’abord firstly/ at first 8 toutes les semaines every week 8 ensuite then 9 tous les jours every day 9 car because 10 tous les mois every month 10 cependant however

High frequency words Food 1 assez quite 1 manger to eat 2 un peu a bit 2 dîner to dine/ have dinner 3 très very 3 prendre to take 4 vraiment really 4 boire to drink 5 je pense que I think that 5 du lait some milk 6 je trouve ça I find that 6 de l’eau some water 7 plus...que more...than 7 du poulet some chicken 8 moins...que less...than 8 du jambon some ham 9 cependant however 9 du poisson some fish 10 aussi also 10 du fromage some cheese

Cinema and film stars Daily routine 1 le/la/les plus the most 1 quitter to leave 2 le/la/les moins the least 2 se lever to get up 3 le meilleur the best 3 rester to stay 4 célèbre famous 4 tôt early 5 connu known 5 tard late 6 chic fashionable 6 retrouver mes copains to meet up with my friends 7 talentueux talented 7 trop too (much) 8 extrêmement extremely 8 un peu a bit 9 l’acteur the actor 9 puis then 10 la vedette the star 10 sauf except/ apart from

67 Spring 2 Food for special occasions Weather 1 ma fête préférée my favourite celebration 1 il fait beau it is good weather 2 Aïd-el-Fitr Eid 2 il fait chaud it is hot 3 Diwali Diwali 3 il fait froid it is cold 4 Hanoukka Hanouka 4 il fait mauvais it is bad weather 5 Noël Christmas 5 il y a du soleil it is sunny 6 Paques Easter 6 il y a du brouillard it is foggy 7 l’anniversaire (the) birthday 7 il y a du vent it is windy 8 le repas (the) meal 8 il y a un orage there is a storm 9 un cadeau a present 9 il pleut it is raining 10 le gâteau a cake 10 il neige it is snowing

Marriage and celebrations Places in town and directions 1 devenir to become 1 il y a there is/ are 2 se marier to get married 2 il n’y a pas de there isn’t/ aren’t any 3 se pacser to go into a civil partnership 3 il y avait there was 4 fêter to celebrate 4 la ville the town 5 recevoir to receive 5 un centre de loisirs a leisure centre 6 inviter to invite 6 un musée a museum 7 je suis né en I was born in 7 un stade a stadium 8 il y a trois mois three months ago 8 une bibliothèque a library 9 il y a un an a year ago 9 une église a church 10 je viens de fêter I just celebrated 10 une mosquée a mosque

Clothes Describe a region 1 un chapeau a hat 1 habiter to live 2 un costume a suit 2 visiter to visit 3 un manteau a coat 3 aller to go 4 un pantalon trousers 4 beaucoup de a lot of 5 un pull a jumper 5 le paysage the countryside 6 un sac à main a handbag 6 la côte the coast 7 un sweat à capuche a hoodie 7 très very 8 une casquette a cap 8 vraiment really 9 une chemise a shirt/ blouse 9 une gare a train station 10 une cravate a tie 10 une poste a post office

68

Hospitality and Catering

Year 10

Topic

Recap on establishments and their features

Heat transfer

Menu setting

Recap the field of Hospitality and Catering

Pattisorie

Fillitting

Fine dining

Recapping customers needs, requirements and expectations

Jobs within Hospitality and Catering

Working conditions

Legal responsibilities

Recap on legislation

Sustainability & seasonality

Exam questions exposure

69

Types of Features establishment

Hotels The style of food provided will depend on the standard of the hotel. Hotel may provide: • no food provision; • room service; • hotel owned restaurants; • franchise restaurants; • breakfast provision only. Motels and holiday parks Lower standard than hotels, food is usually buffet style breakfast. Corporate or independent.

Bed & Often showcase local themes or produce. breakfasts, May be breakfast, half board or full board, family run. guesthouses

Restaurants Variety of styles and food types, may be specialist eg italian, or gourmet or fine dining Styles of service vary with types of food and cost See styles of service section for more. Cafes Can vary from independent “greasy” spoon to tea rooms or coffee shops. Serve snacks and full meals. Fast Food Chains eg KFC, Dominos or independent businesses. Limited menu, low cost, eat in or take away. Disposable packaging. Take aways Dedicated take away or restaurant attached, most food is cooked to order.

Public Houses Can serve “basket” meals, sandwiches or full and Bars table service. Some chain pubs have a fixed menu eg Wetherspoons.

70 Bars may have a more cosmopolitan menu than pubs , often themed to the type of establishment. Table service or eat at the bar. Hospitals Patients may need reduced fat, sugar or protein diets depending on health. Soft meals, vegetarian, vegan, religious and childrens meals. Budget for food controlled by NHS.

Prisons Food is prepared ‘in house’ by prison inmates to ensure that tight budgets for food are met.

Military Mass catering, camps on active service, canteens at bases. High energy and balanced nutritionally.

71

Art

Spring term curriculum overview Year 10

Autumn Spring Summer

The four assessment objectives underpin your study throughout the year in Art. A01- artist research A02 - experimentation with media and techniques A03 - recording ideas and observations A04 -personal response. Messages Messages Mock Exam preparation Portraits (A01,2&3)

A01, A02 & A03 A02,A03 &A04 (R.O.A, Banksy, Book Art 5hr Mock exam to produce Yoshitomo Nara) a personal response (A04)

72 Year 10 ART - Photography Skills.

How do I analyse images? When you mount your images or photographer/artist research you need to show your understanding of the image. To do this you need to look carefully at the VISUAL ELEMENTS. The visual elements (also sometimes called design elements) are the ‘things’ which make up an image - line, tone, shape, colour and so on.

List of visual elements the ‘things’ that make up an image line – actual or implied lines within the composition ​ shape – areas defined by their edges within the piece ​ form – the three dimensional quality of an object or shape – its length, width and depth ​ ​ tone – describes the darkness or lightness of a particular area in an image. Shading from light to dark tone is often used ​ to emphasize the form (an object’s three dimensional quality) ​ ​ colour - hues with their various values, intensity, and saturation ​ space - the space taken up by objects or the space in-between objects (sometimes called negative space) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ texture - surface qualities of the artwork ​

73 Line Line is a really useful visual element when constructing images.

Lines are formed by the edges of things when there is an apparent contrast between light and dark areas or between different colours or textures. Lines can also be suggested or implied by patterns or repetition. ​ ​ In this image where are the implied lines and where do these lines draw the viewer’s eye?

74 Horizontal lines can suggest a feeling of stability, calmness or tranquillity.

Vertical lines can suggest power and strength.

Diagonal lines tend to be visually dynamic – suggesting movement, a ‘visual tension’ and/or excitement. ​ ​

75

Study this urban landscape by Paul Strand. Discuss what Strand might have been saying about the society … would you like to live there? How do the strong vertical lines and dark shadow areas affect your interpretation of the image? TASK: Take a series of photographs considering LINE. You can use your phone or school cameras. Print off and put in your folder before half term.

76 77

Computer Science

Year 10 Year 11

Fundamentals of data representation Programming

Computer systems Fundamentals of algorithms

Fundamentals of computer networks Fundamentals of cyber security

Programming Ethical, legal and environmental impacts of digital technology on wider society, including issues of privacy

Programming project Programming project

Aspects of software development

Fundamentals of algorithms

78 GCSE Computer Science

2.2 Programming Techniques

Python a programming language which is quite close to English programming the process of writing computer programs code the instructions that a program uses sequence parts of the code that run in order selection selects a pathways through the code based on whether a condition is true iteration code is repeated (looped), either while something is true or for a number of times ​ ​ ​ ​ algorithm a set of rules/instructions to be followed by a computer system variable a value that will change whilst the program is executed (eg. temperature, speed) a collection of code that works outside the main program; these are created to speed function up programming; they can be called from a single line of code at any time comparative when comparing data, an operator is used to solve the equality such as <>, != or == operator syntax the punctuation/way that code has to be written so that the computer can understand it; each programming language has its own syntax data type this indicates how the data will be stored; the most common data types are integer,boolean, string, and float/real. string a collection of letters, numbers or characters (eg, Hello, WR10 1XA) integer a whole number (eg. 1, 189) float/real a decimal number, not a whole number (eg. 3.14, 26.9) - Boolean 1 of 2 values (eg. True, False, Yes, No) variable.write File.write(“VariableName”) open open a text file list MyList = [“Apple”,”Fruit”,”Banana”,”Parsnip”] a append w write r read

79 relational operators! ​

== equal to / divide > greater than - subtract

!= not + add < less than * multiply equal to >= greater than or equal to =< less than or equal to

Python commands print("hello!") prints a value on screen (in this case, hello!) input("") inputs a value into the computer x=input("") inputs a value and stores it into the variable x x=int(input("")) inputs a value into x, whilst also making it into an integer print(str(x)) prints the variable x, but converts it into a string first if name == “Fred”: decides whether the variable ‘name’ has a value which is equal to ‘Fred’ the other option if the conditions for an if statement are not met (eg. name = ‘Bob’ when else: it should be Fred) elif (short for else if) is for when the first if condition is not met, but you want to specify elif name == “Tim” another option # is used to make comments in code – any line which starts with a # will be ignored when # the program runs for i in range(0,10): loops any code indented after this line a certain number of times, in this case, 10 loops any code indented after this line until the condition is met, in this case x becoming while x < 10: equal to or greater than 10 list = [","] creates a variable and makes it an array – a list which can store many values

80 iMedia

Year 10 Year 11

Multimedia Digital Graphics

Pre -production documents Comic strip

Graphics skills

81 82 83 84 85 86 Health and Fitness

Curriculum overview

Unit 1 Unit 2 1.1.1 Structure of the skeletal system 1.1.1 Activity Levels 1.1.2 Functions of the skeletal 1.1.2 Diet system 1.1.3 Types of bones 1.1.3 Rest and recovery 1.1.4 Types of joints 1.1.4 Other factors 1.1.5 Joint actions 2.1.1 Health related fitness tests 1.1.6 Structure of synovial joint 2.1.2 Skill related fitness tests (knee) 1.1.7 Structure of the spine 2.1.3 Using data 1.2.1 Types of muscles 2.2.1 Training methods 1.2.2. Structure of muscular system 3.1.1 Health and fitness analysis tools 1.2.3 Muscle movement and 3.1.2 Goal setting contraction 1.2.4 Muscles fibres types 4.1.1 Health and fitness programme 1.3.1 Structure of respiratory system 4.1.2 Session card 1.3.2 Functions of the respiratory 4.1.3 Warm up and cool down system 1.3.3 Lung volumes 4.1.4 Main activity session 1.4.1 Structure and function of the 4.1.5 Health and safety blood vessels 1.4.2 Structure of the heart 1.4.3 Cardiac cycle 1.4.4 Cardiovascular measurements 1.5 Energy system 2.1.1 Short-term effects of health and fitness activities 2.1.2 Long-term effects of health and fitness activities 3.1 Health and fitness definitions 3.2.1 Health related components 3.2.2 Skill related components 4.1.1 Principles of training 4.1.2 Principles of FITT

87

88 Health and Fitness Topic Detail Topic Detail

Structure of the cranium, ribs, vertebrae, Structure of the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, skeleton humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, respiratory system bronchioles, alveoli phalanges, pelvis, femur, tibia, tarsals

Function of the support, movement, protection, Functions of the diaphragm becomes skeleton storage of minerals, blood cell respiratory system dome-shaped, ribs are lifted production, shape upwards, chest cavity increases in volume concentration of gases move from high concentration area to low concentration area

Types of bones long, flat, short, irregular Lung volumes ● tidal volume - amount of air moving in and out of the lungs during rest/normal breathing ● residual volume - amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation ● vital capacity - the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration

Types of joints pivot, condyloid, saddle, Structure and arteries = thick wall, carry gliding,ball and socket, hinge function of the oxygenated blood towards the blood vessels heart under high pressure.

89 veins = thin walls, valves, carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart under low pressure capillaries = have very thin walls, assist with gaseous exchange vasoconstriction = narrowing of arteries vasodilation - widening of arteries

Joint actions flexion, extension, abduction, Structure of the right atrium, left atrium, right adduction, rotation heart ventricle, left ventricle right atrium = vena cava left atrium = pulmonary artery right ventricle = pulmonary artery left ventricle = aorta

Structure of synovial cartilage, ligaments, synovial Cardiac cycle vena cava -right atrium - right joint (knee) membrane, synovial fluid, femur, ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - patella, tibia, quadriceps, pulmonary veins - left atrium - left hamstrings ventricle - aorta

Structure of the spine cervical, thoracic, lumbar, Cardiovascular ● max heart rate = 220 - age sacrum and coccyx measurements ● stroke volume = volume/amount of blood leaving the heart per beat ● cardiac output = volume/amount of blood leaving the heart per minute ● stroke volume x heart rate ● systolic pressure = pressure in the arteries during heart

90 contraction 90-120mmHg ● diastolic pressure = pressure in the arteries during heart relaxation 60-80mmHg ● high blood pressure = 140/90mmHg ● low blood pressure = 90/60mmHg

Types of muscles cardiac, smooth, skeletal Energy systems glucose + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water glucose = energy + lactic acid lactic acid causes fatigue aerobic = exercise with oxygen anaerobic = exercise with no oxygen

Structure of the knee flexion - hamstrings Short-term effects of Increase body temperature, muscular system knee extension - quadriceps health and fitness increase sweat, blood shunted to elbow flexion - biceps activities the surface, increase depth and elbow extension - triceps frequency of breathing, increased arm abduction - deltoid and heart rate, fatigue, dehydration, latissimus dorsi muscle tears, lactic acid build-up arm adduction - pectoralis major extension of head - trapezius flexion of the trunk and hips - rectus abdominis extension at hips - gluteus maximus straightening ankle - gastrocnemius and soleus

91 Muscle movement knee flexion - agonist = Long-term effects of Body shape change, and contraction hamstring, antagonist = health and fitness improvement in fitness component quadriceps activities e.g. cardiovascular endurance, elbow flexion - agonist = biceps, increase heart size (hypotrophy), antagonist = triceps lower resting heart rate isotonic - movement occurs (bradycardia) isometric - no movement concentric - muscle shortens eccentric - muscle lengthens

Muscle fibres type 1 = slow twitch, red, Health and fitness Three components of health = contracts slowly, fatigue resistant mental, physical and social. Being fit does not necessarily mean type 2 = fast twitch, white, being healthy - you can be contracts rapidly, fatigues easily physically fit, but have poor social health. Poor health can result in an inability to train, lower fitness levels. Poor mental health may result in obsessively wishing to train which may increase fitness levels.

Health related fitness Body composition is the Principles of training Specificity, progression ,overload, percentage of the body which is reversibility and tedium. fat, bones and muscles. Specificity - training must relevant to Flexibility is the range of the chosen activity. movement possible at a joint. Progression - gradually increase Muscular endurance is the ability training as fitness improves. to use muscles for an extended Overload - train harder than usual. period of time. Reversibility - if you stop training your

92 Muscular strength is the amount fitness levels will decrease. of force being applied. Tedium - you need to vary training Cardiovascular endurance is the to avoid boredom. ability to exercise the whole body for a long period of time.

Skill related fitness Balance is the ability to maintain Principles of FITT Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type. the centre of gravity over a base of support. Frequency is how often you train. Power is strength being applied with speed. Intensity is how hard you train. Coordination is the ability to use 2 or more body parts at the Time is how long you train for. same time. Agility is the ability to change Type is what type of training used or direction quickly. varying the training methods or Reaction time is the amount of practices used. time taken to respond to a stimulus. Speed is how force you can move over a distance or time.

Training methods continuous, circuit, cross, weight, interval, fartlek

93 NCFE Level 1/2 Technical Award in Business and Enterprise (603/2955/5)

Year 10 Plan

Autumn Term: Unit 1 LO1 Understand entrepreneurs, business organisations and the importance of stakeholders

LO2 Understand the marketing mix, marketing orientation types

Spring term: Unit 1 LO2 Market research, market types

LO3 Understand operations management

LO4 Understand internal influences on business

LO5 Understand external influences on business

Note: External exam 20th March 2019

Summer term: Unit 2 LO1 Understand research, resouce planning, growth and development for business and enterprise.

LO2 Understand human resources requirements for a business start up.

94 NCFE Business and Enterprise Identify customer Why do market research? needs and wants.

Predict Predict the Customer future future size of likes and trends and markets. dislikes fashions. about How does a products. business use market research? Reasons for changes Consumer and tastes and patterns of preferences. demand for Identify products. Decide how strengths to price, and promote, What does a weakness of and business find out own and distribute from market competitor products. research? products.

How to best promote, Key Terms Estimate the package size of the and market research: the process of collecting, recording market. distribute and analysing data about the customer, competitors products. and market for competition

Identify unique selling point: the special feature of that product competitors and what that sets it apart from competitors’ products their USP is. market orientated: products are developed based on consumer demand as identified by market research

product orientated: the firm decides what to produce 95 and then tries to find buyers for the product NCFE Business and Enterprise Market Research Benefits and limitations of primary research Primary and secondary research Benefits Limitations Primary research involves collecting data for the first time and for the specific needs of the business. Data is up to date. Data is costly to collect. Secondary research uses data that already exists and has usually been collected by another organisation for their purposes. Data is collect for a specific There is a risk of the data being purpose which is relevant to inaccurate or bias, for the business. example: Key Term • an interviewer may ask a question that leads the quantitative research: interviewee to answer a collection of numerical question in a particular data that can be way. analysed using statistical • the sample may not reflect techniques. the population as a whole. It is not available to other Data is time-consuming to businesses which may provide collect competitive advantage.

Benefits and limitations of secondary research Benefits Limitations

Data is fairly cheap to obtain. Data may he been collected some time ago, so it is not up to date. It is easier and quicker to It has not been collected for Key Term obtain than primary research. the specific purpose required qualitative research: by the business so may not be collection of information as reliable or useful as primary about consumer buying data. behaviour and their 96 opinion about products. NCFE Business and Enterprise Key Terms customer: an individual or business that buys goods Markets and services from a business.

consumer: he final user of a product or services. A market is...

target market: individuals or organisations identified by …all the customers and consumers who are interested in buying a product the business as the consumers of their products. and have the financial resources to do so. When a business decides to produce products for a particular group they are consumer markets: where products are sold to known as a target market. consumers. There are two types of market. In a consumer market products are sold to the final consumer, for example food items, televisions and cars. In an industrial industrial markets: where products are sold to other market products are sold to other businesses for use in the production process, businesses. for example machinery and equipment.

Why some markets change:

is The price A niche market of the a very small part competitor’s of the whole The price of products market. For the product example, Changes in wedding dresses Changes in taste and are a very small consumer income fashion part of the women’s fashion market. Changes in A mass market is where you sell the population size Changes in same product to the whole market. and structure perceived For example, self-raising flower is value of the sold to all bakers regardless of their brand age, gender, income or 97taste. NCFE Business and Enterprise The % of women who like to Pie Chart watch soccer Advantages: • Allows easy compare the relative importance of Presenting results each slice • Easier for people to Why is this important: understand without the need for numerical values Once the market research has been completed it is important Disadvantages: to analyse and present the results in a clear way. The easier it is • If there are too many slices to understand your market research the more persuasive it will then it is difficult to see the be… good if you’re bidding for some funding! relative importance of different bits of data

Do you like to watch soccer? Table The % of man and women who Yes No Advantages: Pictogram like to watch soccer Male <25 86 14 • Large amounts of data Advantages: can be grouped and Female <25 67 33 presented. • Data is presented as • It is easy to extract pictures and not numbers Male 25-50 81 19 numerical data. which helps people who are less numerate Female 25-50 44 56 Disadvantages: Disadvantages: • Lacks visual impact Male >50 79 21 • To much data in a table • It is difficult to show exact quantities using pictures Female >50 18 82 can make it difficult for users to understand.

The % of men and women who Bar Chart Line graph like to watch soccer. Advantages: Sales of mobile phones in USA: 1990 to 2010 Advantages: • Easily see the importance of each piece of data • Clearly shows trends • Read the numerical • Values can be read off values from the axis from both axes Disadvantages: • Data can be added for future time periods • When the data values are very similar it is difficult to Disadvantages: compare the different parts and the chart loses • Can be difficult to draw visual impact and accuracy depends upon choosing appropriate scales.98 NCFE Business and Enterprise Key Terms production: the process of converting inputs such as raw materials, land, Production labour and capital into saleable goods, for example shoes and mobile What is production? phones. The traditional view of production was the use raw primary sector: businesses whose business activity involves the extraction of materials from the primary sector, land, labour and natural resources (farming, fishing, forestry, mining) capital to make physical goods such as motor cars, clothing and computers. Since the decline of the secondary sector: businesses that process and manufacture goods using secondary sector and growth of the tertiary sector in raw materials from the primary sector (refining, manufacturing, many HIC the term now includes production of goods construction) and services from all businesses in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. tertiary sector: businesses that supply a service to consumers and other businesses (retailers, restaurants, banks, cinemas, airlines)

Lean production lean production: the production of goods and services with the minimum of Many businesses use lean production methods to improve waste and resources their competitiveness. Lean production aims to reduce the costs of production by reducing waste to a minimum inventories: the stock of raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods while maintaining (or even improving) the quality of the held by a business. finished product. Sources of waste in production:

High inventories Production defects

Transportation (especially part empty)

Idle resources (this is an idle production line for VW in the USA)99 NCFE Business and Enterprise Methods of production

Key Terms Benefits and limitations of production methods job production: the Method of Benefits Limitations production of items one at a production time Job ➔ Unique, high quality products are ➔ Uses skilled labour rather than machinery, batch production: the made. so selling prices are usually higher. production of goods in ➔ Workers are often more motivated and ➔ Production can take a long time and can batches. Each batch passes take pride in their work. be expensive, for instance if special through one stage of materials or tools are required. ➔ Economies of scale are not possible, often production before moving resulting in a more expensive product onto the next. Batch ➔ Since larger numbers are made, unit ➔ Workers are often less motivated because mass production: (also costs are lower. the work become repetitive. known as flow production) ➔ Offers customers some variety and ➔ Goods have to be stored until they are the production of very large choice. sold, which is expensive. quantities of identical goods ➔ Materials can be bought in bulk, so using a continuously moving they are cheaper. process Mass (flow) ➔ More capital intensive than job or ➔ Requires very large capital investment in capital intensive: production batch production, which lowers the production line technology. ➔ processes use a high quantity labour costs. Workers are not very motivated since their ➔ Materials can be purchased in large work is very repetitive. of capital equipment quantities, so they are often cheaper ➔ It is not a very flexible method as compared with labour input due to bulk buying economies of scale. production lines are difficult to change. ➔ Large numbers of goods are ➔ If one part of the production line breaks economies of scale: the produced. down, the whole production process will reduction in the average have to stop until it is repaired. cost as a result of increasing ➔ High levels of raw materials, the scale of operations work-in-progress, and finished good inventories are kept, increasing business costs. 100