DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of Woody Branch Attachments in Schefflera (Araliaceae Or Apiaceae) Author(S): P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of Woody Branch Attachments in Schefflera (Araliaceae Or Apiaceae) Author(S): P Development of Woody Branch Attachments in Schefflera (Araliaceae or Apiaceae) Author(s): P. Barry Tomlinson, Jack B. Fisher, Francis Hallé, Randol Villalobos Reviewed work(s): Source: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 92, No. 11 (Nov., 2005), pp. 1765-1773 Published by: Botanical Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4125506 . Accessed: 04/04/2012 11:58 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Botanical Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Botany. http://www.jstor.org American Journalof Botany 92(11): 1765-1773. 2005. DEVELOPMENT OF WOODY BRANCH ATTACHMENTS IN SCHEFFLERA (ARALIACEAE OR APIACEAE)' P. BARRY TOMLINSON,2,6 JACK B. FISHER,3 FRANCIS HALLE*,4AND RANDOL VILLALOBOS5 2HarvardForest, HarvardUniversity, Petersham,Massachusetts 01366 USA and The Kampong of the National Tropical Botanical Gardens, 4013 Douglas Road, Coconut Grove, Florida 33133 USA; 3FairchildTropical Botanic Garden, 11935 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA and Departmentof Biological Sciences, Florida InternationalUniversity, Miami, Florida 33199 USA; 4109 Ave. de Lodbve, Montpellier,34070 France; and 5Departmentof Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33144 USA Attachmentof branches in Schefflera is unusual in that it involves fingerlike woody extensions that originate in the cortex and pass gradually into the woody cylinder of the parent shoot. We tested the hypothesis that these structurescould be roots since Schefflera is a hemi-epiphyte with aerial roots. These branch traces originate by secondary development in the many leaf traces (LTs) of the multilacunarnode together with associated accessory traces. In the primary condition, the LTs may be described as cortical bundles. Leaves are long persistent and can maintaina primarystem connection across a broad cylinder of secondary xylem. Under the stimulus of branch development, the LTs form a template for secondary vascular development. Because the LT system is broad, with many traces, the branch attachmentis also broad. The fingerlike extensions are attached to the surface of the woody cylinder of the parent stem but are progressively obscured as a continuous cambium is formed. Bark tissues are included within the branch axil because of the extended cortical origin of the initial attachment.The results are discussed in the context of branch-trunkunions in tropical plants, an importantcomponent of canopy development. Key words: Araliaceae; branch insertion; leaf gap; leaf trace; nodal anatomy;Schefflera; secondary xylem. There is little information concerning the structuralmech- axis. He hypothesized that these branches (or "reiterations") anisms involved in secondary changes while woody branches might represent roots extending from the base of the branch develop a vascular connection to their parent axis. This omis- similar to the way aerial roots develop in this and some other sion is largely a consequence of the need to study large struc- woody species (Hall6, 1991). However, no developmentalev- tures at a microscopic level. Standardtexts may devote only idence was offered. We show that quite complex processes are a few paragraphsto the topic (e.g., Fink, 1999; Larson, 1994). involved in the productionof these fingerlikeextensions of the In contrast, there are extensive descriptions of nodal vascula- branch. The primary configurationis itself complex, and the ture in dicotyledons, in which primary constructionmay have result may be interpretedas a particularlyefficient method of systematic relevance (Howard, 1979), but they relate largely branchinsertion. To the best of our knowledge, this distinctive to leaf traces (LTs) alone, with incidental reference, if at all, developmentalprocess has not been reportedpreviously. Using to branch traces in the primary condition (Eames and Mac- developmental evidence, we tested an initial hypothesis that Daniels, 1947; Esau, 1965, 1977). The chief emphasis is on leaf traces and branch traces are associated in unusual ways. herbaceous plants and simple systems where bud traces are attachedto the margins of stelar leaf gaps, but without details MATERIALSAND METHODS of how an axillary bud develops a mature stem attachment. Branch-trunkattachments are known to be fea- Two species of Schefflera were studied; one tree species, S. actinophylla important (Endl.) Harms, is and can be invasive because of its a tures of structuralcompartmentalization in tree construction widely planted habit; smaller species, S. arboricola (Hayata) Merr., is a commonly cultivated or- (Shigo, 1985) and are certainly an essential component in the of a forest because branch namental shrub. We examined S. arboricola in greater detail because of its development canopy persistence smaller size, with the axes of the order of 1 cm which can demonstratesmechanical and primary diameter, physiological efficiency. Knowl- be conveniently serially sectioned. edge of branchattachment is also importantin correctpruning practices in arboriculture(Shigo, 1989). We draw attentionto Surface morphology--Fresh or partly dried stems can be decorticatedby this topic by describing the distinctive method of branch at- removing all tissues external to the cambium to reveal the branchattachment tachment in the tropical genus Schefflera (Araliaceae or Api- with reference to the surface morphology of the secondary xylem of the parent aceae, Judd et al., 2002). The leaves are sheathing, with many axis (Figs. 1-7). Some of these specimens were subsequently sawn trans- LTs arising from a multilacunarnode (Howard, 1979). versely (Fig. 4). Schefflera can develop as a hemi-epiphyte producing aerial anatomical material was either unfixed roots. Hall6 (1991) illustratedunusual fingerlike extensions of Anatomy-For study, or fixed in wood from lateral branches where they connect with the main formalin-acetic-alcohol(FAA; 85 parts 70% ethanol, 10 parts glacial acetic acid, and 5 parts 40% formaldehyde) and sectioned on a sliding microtome. Fixed materialwas washed well in tap water before Sections were ' Manuscriptreceived 25 March 2005; revision accepted 2 August 2005. sectioning. cut and to a lesser extent at 60-120 This researchwas supportedby the Eleanor Crum Professorshipin Tropical transversely longitudinally [m thickness, or to ensure Botany of the National TropicalBotanical Garden. Facilities at the Kampong serially sequentially, whole sections for vascularcontinuity. Sec- of the National Tropical Botanical Garden provided by its Director, Larry tions were all stained in 0.5% aqueous toluidine blue (Sigma, St. Louis, Mis- Schokman, are greatly appreciated. souri, USA) and mounted in glycerine : water (1 : 1) as temporaryprepara- 6 Author for correspondence(e-mail: [email protected]) tions. To facilitate photographic documentation, selected sections were 1765 1766 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY [Vol. 92 Figs. 1-7. Schefflera spp., decorticateddried axes. Figs. 1, 2. S. cf. actinophylla. Figs. 3, 4. S. actinophylla. Figs. 5-7. S. arboricola. 1. Branch insertion from the side; orientationsare changed; the branch was originally vertical and the main axis oblique. 2. Front view of Fig. 1. 3. Older axis showing continuous complete fusion of branchbase with parent axis, arrows indicate acropetalconnections. 4. Transversesection of an older axis showing inclusions of cortex and secondary phloem between enveloping branch and parent axis with collapsed pith. 5. Axis with branches attached at three successive nodes below an aborted trunk. Arrows indicate long median branch traces. 6. Older axis from front with more complete fusion. Arrows indicate scars of leaf traces. 7. Branch insertion below remains of inflorescence (infl), branch traces almost completely fused; arrow as in Fig. 5. Scale bars = 4 cm for Figs. 1-4; = 1 cm for Figs. 5-7. November 2005] TOMLINSONET AL.-WOODY BRANCHESIN SCHEFFLERA 1767 bleached for 10-20 min in sodium hypochlorite (commercial bleach) diluted cular bundles separatedby narrowrays (Figs. 8-11). Each vas- 1 : 2 with tap water to remove cell contents. Such sections were rinsed well cular bundle is delimited externally by a strandof thick walled in tap water, dehydratedin ethanol, and stained in 1% safranin (Sigma) and fibers seen in transverse section (TS) as a cap (see f in Figs. 1% alcian green (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) (5 : 1 mix) both in 70% 11, 12). Internally,LTs close to their departurefrom the stele ethanol and mounted in Permount (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, New Jersey, are recognized by extensively developed primaryxylem (Figs. USA). 9, 10). Such exiting LTs leave a narrow gap in the parent To the axes with little were study primary vasculature, secondary growth vascular cylinder (lg in Fig. 11), the capable of subsequent followed axes with branch attachmentsof gap initially sectioned, by developing complex development as describedlater (in Basal attachment). size, to when the branch attachmenthad become increasing continuing stages Cortical features include a well-developed collenchymatous quite woody. Because
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indoor Plants Or Houseplants
    Visit us on the Web: www.gardeninghelp.org Indoor Plants or Houseplants Over the past twenty years houseplants have grown in popularity. Offered in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, colors and textures, houseplants beautify our homes and help soften our environment. They have been scientifically proven to improve our health by lowering blood pressure and removing pollutants from the air we breathe. When selecting a houseplant, choose reputable suppliers who specialize in growing houseplants. Get off to a good start by thoroughly examining each plant. Watch for brown edges and spindly growth with elongated stems and large gaps between new leaves. Inspect leaves and stem junctions for signs of insect or disease problems. Check any support stakes to make sure they are not hiding broken stems or branches. Finally, make sure the plant is placed in an area that suits its optimal requirements for light, temperature and humidity. Where to Place Your House Plants With the exception of the very darkest areas, you can always find a houseplant with growth requirements to match the environmental conditions in your home. The most important factors are light intensity and duration. The best way to determine the intensity of light at a window exposure area is to measure it with a light meter. A light meter measures light in units called foot-candles. One foot-candle is the amount of light from a candle spread over a square foot of surface area. Plants that prefer low light may produce dull, lifeless-looking leaves when exposed to bright light. Bright light can also cause leaf spots or brown-tipped scorched margins.
    [Show full text]
  • Approved Plant List 10/04/12
    FLORIDA The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time to plant a tree is today. City of Sunrise Approved Plant List 10/04/12 Appendix A 10/4/12 APPROVED PLANT LIST FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SG xx Slow Growing “xx” = minimum height in Small Mature tree height of less than 20 feet at time of planting feet OH Trees adjacent to overhead power lines Medium Mature tree height of between 21 – 40 feet U Trees within Utility Easements Large Mature tree height greater than 41 N Not acceptable for use as a replacement feet * Native Florida Species Varies Mature tree height depends on variety Mature size information based on Betrock’s Florida Landscape Plants Published 2001 GROUP “A” TREES Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Avocado Persea Americana L Bahama Strongbark Bourreria orata * U, SG 6 S Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum * L Black Olive Shady Bucida buceras ‘Shady Lady’ L Lady Black Olive Bucida buceras L Brazil Beautyleaf Calophyllum brasiliense L Blolly Guapira discolor* M Bridalveil Tree Caesalpinia granadillo M Bulnesia Bulnesia arboria M Cinnecord Acacia choriophylla * U, SG 6 S Group ‘A’ Plant List for Single Family Homes Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Citrus: Lemon, Citrus spp. OH S (except orange, Lime ect. Grapefruit) Citrus: Grapefruit Citrus paradisi M Trees Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum L Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum * U, SG 8 S Floss Silk Tree Chorisia speciosa L Golden – Shower Cassia fistula L Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus * L Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba * L
    [Show full text]
  • ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana
    f ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS: An Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana Vf•-L - - •• -> 3H. .. h’ - — - ' - - V ' " " - 1« 7-. .. -JZ = IS^ X : TST~ .isf *“**2-rt * * , ' . / * 1 f f r m f l r l. Robert A. DeFilipps D e p a r t m e n t o f B o t a n y Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. \ 1 9 9 2 ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Table of Contents I. Map of the Guianas II. Introduction 1 III. Basic Bibliography 14 IV. Acknowledgements 17 V. Maps of Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana VI. Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Gymnosperms 19 Dicotyledons 24 Monocotyledons 205 VII. Title Page, Maps and Plates Credits 319 VIII. Illustration Credits 321 IX. Common Names Index 345 X. Scientific Names Index 353 XI. Endpiece ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Introduction I. Historical Setting of the Guianan Plant Heritage The Guianas are embedded high in the green shoulder of northern South America, an area once known as the "Wild Coast". They are the only non-Latin American countries in South America, and are situated just north of the Equator in a configuration with the Amazon River of Brazil to the south and the Orinoco River of Venezuela to the west. The three Guianas comprise, from west to east, the countries of Guyana (area: 83,000 square miles; capital: Georgetown), Surinam (area: 63, 037 square miles; capital: Paramaribo) and French Guiana (area: 34, 740 square miles; capital: Cayenne). Perhaps the earliest physical contact between Europeans and the present-day Guianas occurred in 1500 when the Spanish navigator Vincente Yanez Pinzon, after discovering the Amazon River, sailed northwest and entered the Oyapock River, which is now the eastern boundary of French Guiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Pruning Young Trees Proper Pruning Is Essential in Developing a Tree with a Strong Structure and Desirable Form
    Pruning Young Trees Proper pruning is essential in developing a tree with a strong structure and desirable form. Trees that receive the appropriate pruning measures while they are young will require less corrective pruning as they mature. Keep these few simple principles in mind before pruning a tree: • Always have a purpose in mind before making a cut. Each cut has the potential to change the growth of the tree. • Poor pruning can cause damage that lasts for the life of the tree. Learn where and how to make the cuts before picking up the pruning tools. • Trees do not heal the way people do. When a tree is wounded, it must grow over the damage. As a result, the wound is contained within the tree forever. • Small cuts do less damage to the tree than large cuts. Correcting issues when a tree is young will reduce the need for more drastic pruning later. 2 Making the Cut Pruning cut location is critical to a tree’s growth and wound closure response. Make pruning cuts just outside the branch collar to avoid damaging the trunk and compromising wound responses. Improper pruning cuts may lead to permanent internal decay. 1 If a large branch must be shortened, prune it back to a secondary branch or a bud. Cuts made between buds or branches may lead to stem decay, sprout production, and misdirected growth. 3 Pruning Tools Small branches can be cut easily with hand pruners. Scissor-type or bypass-blade hand pruners are preferred over the anvil type as they make cleaner, more accurate cuts.
    [Show full text]
  • Araliaceae.Pdf
    ARALIACEAE 五加科 wu jia ke Xiang Qibai (向其柏 Shang Chih-bei)1; Porter P. Lowry II2 Trees or shrubs, sometimes woody vines with aerial roots, rarely perennial herbs, hermaphroditic, andromonoecious or dioecious, often with stellate indumentum or more rarely simple trichomes or bristles, with or without prickles, secretory canals pres- ent in most parts. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite (never in Chinese taxa), simple and often palmately lobed, palmately compound, or 1–3-pinnately compound, usually crowded toward apices of branches, base of petiole often broad and sheathing stem, stipules absent or forming a ligule or membranous border of petiole. Inflorescence terminal or pseudo-lateral (by delayed development), um- bellate, compound-umbellate, racemose, racemose-umbellate, or racemose-paniculate, ultimate units usually umbels or heads, occa- sionally racemes or spikes, flowers rarely solitary; bracts usually present, often caducous, rarely foliaceous. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic. Pedicels often jointed below ovary and forming an articulation. Calyx absent or forming a low rim, some- times undulate or with short teeth. Corolla of (3–)5(–20) petals, free or rarely united, mostly valvate, sometimes imbricate. Stamens usually as many as and alternate with petals, sometimes numerous, distinct, inserted at edge of disk; anthers versatile, introrse, 2- celled (or 4-celled in some non-Chinese taxa), longitudinally dehiscent. Disk epigynous, often fleshy, slightly depressed to rounded or conic, sometimes confluent with styles. Ovary inferior (rarely secondarily superior in some non-Chinese taxa), (1 or)2–10(to many)-carpellate; carpels united, with as many locules; ovules pendulous, 2 per locule, 1 abortive; styles as many as carpels, free or partially united, erect or recurved, or fully united to form a column; stigmas terminal or decurrent on inner face of styles, or sessile on disk, circular to elliptic and radiating.
    [Show full text]
  • Intergeneric Graft Compatibility Within the Family Araliaceae
    RESEARCH UPDATES Fatshedera ( Fatsia x Hedera) that have Materials and methods Intergeneric been grown erect are sold as novelty specimens. Growers usually get a high Twenty-three cultivars of Graft percentage of successful grafts with Araliaceae representing six genera and Compatibility healthy plant material and good graft- 16 species were obtained from com- ing technique. mercial sources. Two species each of within the Family Variegated forms of Aralia elata two genera native to Hawaii, do not root from cuttings and produce Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra, Araliaceae nonvariegated seedlings. The varie- were collected in the Koolau Moun- gated forms are propagated by bud- tains on Oahu (Table 1). ding onto seedling or vegetatively Rootstocks propagated from tip Kenneth W. Leonhardt1 produced nonvariegated rootstocks of cuttings rooted in equal parts ver- A. elata (Leiss, 1977). One variegated miculite and perlite under intermit- form of A. elata also has been cleft- tent mist and full sun were grown in Additional index words. Aralia, grafted successfully onto a rootstock 15-cm plastic pots containing equal Ginsing, Panax family, propagation of A. spinosa (Raulston, 1985.) parts peat moss, perlite, and field soil The relative ease of the Hedera x (by volume). Lime and a slow-release Summary. Novelty Araliaceae potted Fatshedera graft raised the possibility granular fertilizer were incorporated. plants were created by a wide variety of graft compatibility of Hedera with Rootstocks were established in a green- of interspecific and intergeneric graft other relatives, particularly those grow- house under 25% shade cover until combinations. Twenty-four species of ing tall rapidly or having other desir- grafted.
    [Show full text]
  • Bale-Travel-Guidebook-Web.Pdf
    Published in 2013 by the Frankfurt Zoological Society and the Bale Mountains National Park with financial assistance from the European Union. Copyright © 2013 the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority (EWCA). Reproduction of this booklet and/or any part thereof, by any means, is not allowed without prior permission from the copyright holders. Written and edited by: Eliza Richman and Biniyam Admassu Reader and contributor: Thadaigh Baggallay Photograph Credits: We would like to thank the following photographers for the generous donation of their photographs: • Brian Barbre (juniper woodlands, p. 13; giant lobelia, p. 14; olive baboon, p. 75) • Delphin Ruche (photos credited on photo) • John Mason (lion, p. 75) • Ludwig Siege (Prince Ruspoli’s turaco, p. 36; giant forest hog, p. 75) • Martin Harvey (photos credited on photo) • Hakan Pohlstrand (Abyssinian ground hornbill, p. 12; yellow-fronted parrot, Abyssinian longclaw, Abyssinian catbird and black-headed siskin, p. 25; Menelik’s bushbuck, p. 42; grey duiker, common jackal and spotted hyena, p. 74) • Rebecca Jackrel (photos credited on photo) • Thierry Grobet (Ethiopian wolf on sanetti road, p. 5; serval, p. 74) • Vincent Munier (photos credited on photo) • Will Burrard-Lucas (photos credited on photo) • Thadaigh Baggallay (Baskets, p. 4; hydrology photos, p. 19; chameleon, frog, p. 27; frog, p. 27; Sof-Omar, p. 34; honey collector, p. 43; trout fisherman, p. 49; Finch Habera waterfall, p. 50) • Eliza Richman (ambesha and gomen, buna bowetet, p. 5; Bale monkey, p. 17; Spot-breasted plover, p. 25; coffee collector, p. 44; Barre woman, p. 48; waterfall, p. 49; Gushuralle trail, p. 51; Dire Sheik Hussein shrine, Sof-Omar cave, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Duncan Slater
    Assessing & Managing Branch Junctions in Trees Hong Kong 2020 International Urban Forestry Conference Duncan Slater BSc BA Med MSc PhD MArborA MICFor Talk Summary • Modelling branch junctions • Axillary wood – a new reaction wood • The effects of natural bracing • Is a big bulge better? • Is a fork in a tree a defect? • Conclusions Modeling Branch Attachment Branch attachment model AW = Axillary wood C = Branch collar P = Pith G = Grain capture zone B = Bifurcation of the pith Axillary Wood A New Reaction Wood Currently recognised reaction woods: • Compression wood • Tension wood • Flexure wood • Axillary wood develops in the axil of branch junctions and also has a unique anatomy and purpose Characteristics of reaction woods: Axillary Wood • Formed due to specific strain scenarios acting on the tree • Specialised anatomical changes • Unstable when dried out quickly • Part of the “posture-control system” of trees Responding to Strain Specialised Anatomy Image courtesy of the Manchester X-Ray Imaging Facility Specialised Anatomy To branch A From stem side b From stem side A To branch B Specialised Anatomy Unstable when dried out quickly Part of the tree’s posture control The Effects of Natural Bracing Natural bracing: A very common phenomenon Stages of natural bracing… Natural bracing can explain a lot of tree morphology and failures Meadows & Slater 2020 Meadows & Slater 2020 A need for education… Is a big bulge better? Big Ears? The Myth of “Big Ears” Frequency of BI failures against different extents of bulging Modelling in hazel junctions
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Rooting Substrate and Cutting Type on Rooting of Cuttings in Schefflera Arboricola L
    International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 4(3): 281-287, 2015; Article no.IJPSS.2015.029 ISSN: 2320-7035 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Influence of Rooting Substrate and Cutting Type on Rooting of Cuttings in Schefflera arboricola L. Plants Bidarnamani Fatemeh 1* and Mohkami Zaynab 1 1Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author BF wrote the protocol, managed the statistical analyses and wrote the manuscript. Author ZM managed the literature searches. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/IJPSS/2015/8013 Editor(s): (1) Bin Gao, Dept. of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, University of Florida, USA. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz, Poland. (2) Anonymous, Kocaeli University, Turkey. (3) Anonymous, Kastamonu University, Turkey. (4) Souare Konsala, Lecturer/Faculty of Science/University of Maroua, Cameroon. (5) Satish Kant Sharma, SLEM Project, Directorate of Extension Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Dehradun, S.K. Verma - 2. College of Hort. & Forestry, Kumarganj, Faizabad, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=704&id=24&aid=6554 Received 22 nd November 2013 rd Original Research Article Accepted 23 April 2014 Published 18 th October 2014 ABSTRACT Aims: Foliage plants production represents an important agricultural industry. Schefflera arboricola L. is an evergreen shrub in the family Araliaceae . The aim of the study was the evaluation of the effect of the substrate and the cutting type on the rooting process of schefflera. Study Design: The rooting test of cuttings involved 2 factors (rooting substrate and type of cutting) randomized block design with 4 replications plot with 9 cuttings.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Relationships in Afro-Malagasy Schefflera (Araliaceae) Based on Nuclear and Plastid Markers
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2010 Evolutionary relationships in Afro-Malagasy Schefflera (Araliaceae) based on nuclear and plastid markers Morgan Gostel Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/122 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Morgan Robert Gostel 2010 All Rights Reserved ii EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS IN AFRO-MALAGASY SCHEFFLERA (ARALIACEAE) BASED ON NUCLEAR AND PLASTID MARKERS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.S. Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University. by MORGAN ROBERT GOSTEL B.S. Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008 Director: DR. GREGORY M. PLUNKETT AFFILIATE RESEARCH PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY AND DIRECTOR, CULLMAN PROGRAM FOR MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS, THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Co-Director: DR. RODNEY J. DYER ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia July 2010 iii Acknowledgements I have been tremendously fortunate in my life to be taught by truly gifted teachers – assets that are simultaneously the most important and undervalued in our world. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my friend and advisor, Dr. Gregory M. Plunkett, who has taught me that patience and diligence together with enthusiasm are necessary to pursue what we are most passionate about and who has provided me with the most exciting opportunities in my life.
    [Show full text]
  • Addis Ababa University Science Faculty School of Graduate Studies Department of Environmental Science Zoology Module
    ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCIENCE FACULTY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ZOOLOGY MODULE AN INVESTIGATION OF AMPHIBIAN DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN HARENNA FOREST, BALE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK, ETHIOPIA A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Environmental Science By Roman Kassahun Advisors: Professor Samy A.Saber, A.A.U. Ethiopia Dr. Simon Loader, Institute of Biogeography, Basel, Switzerland July, 2009 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES An investigation of Amphibian diversity and abundance in relation to environmental change in Harenna Forest, Bale Mountains National Park. By Roman Kassahun A Thesis presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Environmental Science Approved by Examining Board: _______________________ _____________ _____________________________ ________________ _____________________________ ________________ ______________________________ ________________ Acknowledgement I owe my sincere gratitude to my adviser Prof Samy A. Saber for his advice and encouragement prior to the start of research work and for his enormously consistent and valuable guidance and advice without which this research project would not have been realized. I am also grateful to my Co-advisor Dr. Simon Loader from the University of Basel, for the logistical support and great help during the wet season of the project, for his guidance in the identifications of the specimens and for giving me this opportunity in the first place. My gratitude also goes to the Ethiopian Wild Life Conservation Authority (EWCA) for allowing me to pursue the M.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • New Plant Records for the Hawaiian Islands 2010–20111
    Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2011. Edited by 27 Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 27 –54 (2012) New plant records for the Hawaiian Islands 2010 –2011 1 DANielle FRoHliCH 2 & A lex lAU 2 O‘ahu Early Detection, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704; emails: [email protected]; [email protected] o‘ahu early Detection here documents 26 new naturalized records, 8 new state records, 31 new island records, 1 range extension, and 2 corrections found by us and other indi - viduals and agencies. in addition, several species showing signs of naturalization are men - tioned. A total of 42 plant families are discussed. information regarding the formerly known distribution of flowering plants is based on the Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i (Wagner et al . 1999) and information subse - quently published in the Records of the Hawai ‘i Biological Survey . Voucher specimens are deposited at Bishop Museum’s Herbarium Pacificum (BiSH), Honolulu, Hawai‘i. Acanthaceae Megaskepasma erythroclamys lindau New island record This species, which was previously found naturalizing on o‘ahu, can be distinguished by its 1 –2" long showy burgundy bracts and white, tubular, 2-lipped corollas with 2 fertile stamens (Staples & Herbst 2005). Parker & Parsons (this volume) report this species as naturalized on Hawai‘i island. Material examined . KAUA ‘I: Hā‘ena, in neighborhood makai of highway, near Tunnels Beach, UTM 442390, 2457621. Coastal residential setting; sparingly-branched shrub to 6 ft tall, growing out of a hedge. inflorescence bracts magenta. Species is planted as an ornamental and sparingly natural - ized in the area, 9 Mar 2010, OED 2010030904.
    [Show full text]