International Review of the Red Cross, July 1964, Fourth Year

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS LEOPOLD BOISSIER. Doctor of Laws, Honorary Professorat the University ofGeneva, for mer Secretary-General to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, P,esident (member·since 1946) JACQUES CHENEVIERE. Hon. Doctor of Literature, HonMa,y Vice-P,esident (1919) CARL J. BURCKHARDT, Doctor of Philosophy, former Swiss Minister to France (1933) MARTIN BODMER, Hon. Doctor of Philosophy, Vice-P,esident (1940) PAUL RUEGGER, former Swiss Minister to Italy and the United Kingdom, Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (1948) RODOLFO OLGIATI, Hon. Doctor of Medicine, former Director of the Don Suisse (1949) MARGUERITE VAN BERCHEM, former Head of Section, Central Prisoners of War Agency (1951) FREDERIC SIORDET, Lawyer, Counsellor of the International Committee of the Red Cross from 1943 to 1951 (1951) GUILLAUME BORDIER, Certificated Engineer E.P.F•• M.B.A. Harvard, Banker (1955) ADOLPHE FRANCESCHETTI, Doctor of Medicine, Professor of clinical ophthalmology at Geneva University (1958) HANS BACHMANN, Doctor of Laws, Assistant Secretary-General to the International Committee of the Red Cross from 1944 to 1946, Vice-P,esident (1958) JACQUES FREYMOND, Doctor of Literature, Director of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Professor at the University of Geneva (1959) DIETRICH SCHINDLER, Doctor of Laws (1961) SAMUEL GONARD, fonner Colonel Commanding an Army Corps, former Professor at the Federal Polytecbnical School (1961) HANS MEULI, Doctor of Medicine, Brigade Colonel, former Director of the Swiss Army Medical Service (1961) MARJORIE DUVILLARD, Directress of " Le Bon Secours " Nursing School (1961) MAX PETITPIERRE, Doctor of Laws, former President of the Swiss Confederation (1961) Honorary members Miss LUCIE ODlER, HonMa,y Vice-hesident; Messrs. FREDERIC BARBEY and PAUL CARRY, Miss SUZANNE FERRIERE, Messrs. EDOUARD de HALLER, PAUL LOGOZ, ALFREDO VANNOTTI, ADOLF VISCHER. Di,ectlWate: ROGER GALLOPIN, Doctor of Laws, Executive Director JEAN S. PICTET, Doctor of Laws, Director for General Affairs CLAUDE PILLOUD, Deputy Director for General Affairs INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS I; FOURTH YEAR - No. 40 JULY 1964 * CONTENTS Page Ann Magnussen: Nurses in national defense. 339 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS Eleventh distribution oj revenue jrom the Augusta Fund (455th Circular) . 348 International Committee's action in the Yemen. 350 News Items . 352 International Committee President's visit to Yugoslavia 355 On the occasion oj the Bulgarian Red Cross Congress 357 Gijt oj an ambulance to the International Committee 358 Visit to Geneva oj two prize-winners . : . 359 NEWS OF NATIONAL SOCIETIES Belgium (Centenary oj the Belgian Red Cross) 361 Great Britain . 370 Mexico .. 873 Sweden .. 375 Switzerland 377 Venezuela . 378 MISCELLANEOUS A French Public Health School . 381 BOOKS A GLANCE THROUGH THE REVIEWS * FRENCH EDITION OF THE REVIEW The French edition of this Review is issued every month under the title of Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge. It is, in principle, identical with the English edition and may be obtained under the same conditions. * SUPPLEMENTS TO THE REVIEW * SPANISH Ann Magnussen: El cometid6 de las enfermeras dentro del marco de la defensa nacionaL - Onceava distribuci6n de los intereses del Fondo Augusta (4550 Circular). - Cien Estados son actualmente partes de los Convenios de Ginebra. GERMAN Ann Magnussen: Krankenschwesterh in der Landesverteidigung. Elfte Verteilung des Ertrags aus dem Augusta-Fonds (455. Rund schreiben). - Gegenwartig gehoren hundert Staaten den Genfer Abkommen an. THE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS is published each month by the International Committee of the Red Cross 7, Avenue de la Paix, Geneva, Switzerland Postal Cheque No. I. 1767 Annual subscription: Sw. fro 25.- ($6) Single copies Sw. fro 2.50 ($0.60) Editor: ].-G. LOSSIER Nurses in national defense 1 The subject I have been asked to discuss is one which has been of great concern to the nursing profession in the United States for many years, but this interest has been accentuated by our recog nition of the vulnerability of every part of the world in modern warfare. The nurse has traditionally been the personification of those who care for the sick, and the helpless. Her very presence gives the patients a feeling of security and comfort. The public, the physicians, and the patients expect nurses to have an important role in national defense. Therefore, nurses must be prepared and willing to carry out their responsibilities effectively. Before telling you what we are planning to do to prepare nurses to function adequately in national defense, it will be necessary to review the milieu in which we work as each country has its own framework in which activities are carried out and, therefore, the pattern of action may not be the same for every country. Further, I recognize that there are countries represented here that have had much more experience with the problems inherent in planning for national defense than we have in our country. The agencies involved in planning for nursing in national defense are both governmental and voluntary. The governmental agencies are organized on a national, state and 'county basis. The American Nurses' Association, which is a voluntary agency, is organized on a national, state and district level, and the American Red Cross is organized as a national agency with local affiliates called chapters. The responsibility for determining 1 As part of the programme of the Red Cross Centenary, an international study centre for those in charge of the Red Cross Nursing Services took place in Lausanne in August 1963. At a plenary session, Miss Ann Magnussen gave a lecture which we now have pleasure in reproducing below. (Ed.) 339 policies, establishing guidelines and preparing material lies wit~ the national groups, but the detailed planning is done by the local organization, be it district, county or, as in the case of the American Red Cross, a chapter. Let me also explain the term "nursing in national defense;" y 9U will find the terms" national defense" and" disaster nursing" used somewhat interchangeably in nursing literature, and yet there are some differences. The term "national defense" encompasses all the problems inherent in the n~rsing care of the military as well as the protection of the civilian population in case of war or threat of war. You will note later that nursing care for the military and nursing c~re of the civilian population in wartime are admin istered by different departments of the government. Disaster nursing was originally thought of as the care of the victims of natural disasters, such as tornadoes, fires, floods, hurri canes, epidemics, or large-scale industrial or transportation acc idents. However, the similarity of the nursing problems in natural disasters to the nursing problems of the civilian population in case of war or threat of war has resulted in the term " disaster nursing" being used to describe the emergency nursing in both natural and war-caused disasters. The administration of thesetypes of emergency nursing has been allocated to different agencies, governmental and voluntary, each with a specific purpose. Furthermore, none of the agencies that has responsibility for providing nurses to serve in emergencies conduct schools of nursing so that all are recruiting from the professional nurse group within the country. Each of the branches of the military services, the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, is responsible for the maintenance of the nursing corps to provide the nursing care needed for the military. Until 1947 the American Red Cross was the designated recruiting agency for the military. Then nurses were giv~n regular officer's status, and recruitment became the responsibility of the officer recruitment branch of each service. The American Red Cross has agreed to assist with this recruitment at any time when this assist ance is needed by the military. The military services give the nurses in their own corps the necessary preparation needed by nurses for military service, interpret their rights under the Geneva Conven tions, and offer additional educational opportunities for their professional development. 340 The provision of nursing care to the civilian population in case of war or threat of war is a function of government at the national, state, and community levels. This responsibility requires that each level of government formulate a civil defense plan for the protection of and care for the civilian population through careful utilization of the resources of the community, and for the preparation of the medical and nursing personnel to meet the medical and nursing needs resulting from this type of emergency. In 1905 when the American Red Cross was given its Con gressional Charter the responsibility for furnishing relief to the victims of natural disasters was defined as one of its duties. This responsibility includes the provision of nursing care to the disaster victims in Red Cross first aid stations, shelters, or in their Qwn homes, and supplementing nursing services in hospitals. Each local Red Cross· chapter is urged to have a medical and nursing aid committee to plan for disaster emergencies. Representative nurses from hospitals, public health agencies, private duty and other groups of nurses are appointed to these local Red Cross committees to inform nurses concerning the plan, and to help them become familiar with the nursing problems in a disaster. Regular disaster training conferences are conducted

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