DOCSLIB.ORG

M 6.9 Sikkim Earthquake of September 19, 2011 This Report Was Contributed by EERI 4.6 Within 30 Minutes of the Members C.V.R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
M 6.9 Sikkim Earthquake of September 19, 2011 This Report Was Contributed by EERI 4.6 Within 30 Minutes of the Members C.V.R EERI Newsletter, November 2011 Volume 45, Number 11 Learning from Earthquakes M 6.9 Sikkim Earthquake of September 19, 2011 This report was contributed by EERI 4.6 within 30 minutes of the members C.V.R. Murty, Indian In- main shock. The region falls stitute of Technology (IIT) Madras; into the second highest seis- Alpa Sheth, VMS Consultants, Mum- mic zone of the Indian Seis- Figure 1. bai; and Durgesh Rai, IIT Kanpur. mic Code IS:1893, Epicenter An earthquake of magnitude 6.9 Zone IV, with an ex- of Sikkim pected shaking inten- earthquake occurred at 6:11 pm local time on EPICENTER September 19, 2011, with an epicen- sity of VIII. and route ter at the India-Nepal border region As the region is mountain- of damage (Figure 1); the focal depth has been ous and rains preceded survey trip. estimated as 19.7 km. The region is the earthquake, the event known to be seismically active, lo- triggered massive land- [ cated in the Alpine-Himalayan seis- slides. Damage to build- panel walls mic belt characterized by two major ings and infrastructure due to weak !"! caused by landslides masonry ciated with the collision of the Indian was more severe than and large and Eurasian plates. The event was damage due to direct unsupported ! ground shaking in some length- or height- Nepal-Sikkim Himalayas, which has regions (Figures 2 and 3). to-thickness ratio. been a region of intense seismic Landslides cut off the severely af- #$% fected areas, especially at higher had a symmetric and uniform grid of shaking was experienced in India’s altitudes, hampered rescue and re- beams and columns. Some buildings northeastern state of Sikkim, fol- lief work, and required the help of that had open stories collapsed, lowed by Tibet, Nepal, the Indian Army helicopters. usually at mid-height (Figure 4), or had severe structural damage. Like- states of Bengal, Assam, Bihar, and The affected area has a low popula- wise, buildings with asymmetry in tion density of an average of 88 per- boring countries of Bhutan and sons/sq. km. The state capital of ing torsion, also were severely pun- Bangladesh. The maximum shaking Gangtok is the biggest city in the ished. Single RC buildings collapsed intensity attributed to this earth- $ far from the meizoseismal area; e.g., quake is VIII in the North Sikkim dis- empirically constructed reinforced at Jorethang in South Sikkim district trict in the regions of Chungthang concrete (RC) buildings of four to about 80 km from Gangtok (Figure 5). and Lachung. The total death toll is nine stories adjoining each other on Traditional Ekra housing made of about 112 persons, with 60 reported small plots, with buildings extending bamboo or wood framing with light- fatalities in the state of Sikkim alone. to the property lines. A majority of [ The earthquake was followed by these buildings exhibited extensive plaster behaved exceptionally well. aftershocks of magnitude 4.8 and damage to unreinforced masonry continued on next page Figure 2. Landslide near the cable-stayed bridge at Nayabazar (South Sikkim District) restricted the use of the bridge for relief work after the earthquake (photo: Figure 3. Damage due to rockslide and mudslide at C.V.R. Murty). Lachung (photo: D. Rai). 6 EERI Newsletter, November 2011 Volume 45, Number 11 Figure 4. Pancaking of middle two stories in a Figure 5. [ Figure 6. All columns supporting roof of nine-story building at story house in Jorethang, South Sikkim Phudong Monastery, North Sikkim, failed. Gangtok, East Sikkim (photo: A. Sheth). (photo: A. Sheth). (photo: D. Rai). M 6.9 Sikkum Earthquake ings of the past few decades in- as the King’s monastery in Gangtok. clude those made in RC, with beams continued from previous page Sikkim is the second smallest state in India; about 31 hydropower Heavy damage has occurred to walls. In this RC construction, there projects have been sanctioned in temple structures (shrine halls) of is no frame action; the RC construc- the past three years, some of which various Buddhist monasteries (Fig- tion mimicked the historic wooden are close to completion. No serious ure 6). Historic monastery temples construction. Both sets of monas- damage to these projects, which &# teries were damaged; some had often involve long tunnels through thick at base) external load-bearing partially collapsed, and others mountains, has been reported to rubble masonry wall in mud mortar. showed extensive structural dam- date. The earthquake’s impact on The internal framing was of wooden age. Few monasteries escaped with these projects is currently being $ minor nonstructural damage, such investigated. News of the Membership Publication ASCE Honors Gould, Hawkins, Prakash Printed FEMA 455 Three EERI members were recently Neil Hawkins, professor emeritus at The printed (in color) version of ' #= FEMA 455, Handbook for Rapid the American Society of Civil Engi- was recognized for his eminence as Screening of Buildings to Evaluate neers (ASCE). Only approximately a leader in developing codes and Terrorism Risk is now available from 200 of the Society’s 140,000 mem- standards for structural engineering the Applied Technology Council bers worldwide have achieved the practice, for his research on rein- (ATC). The primary purpose of the highest accolade of active distin- forced and prestressed concrete and screening procedure is to prioritize guished membership. The awards the transfer of his results into prac- the relative risk among a group of were presented during ASCE’s An- tice, and for his achievements in the buildings in a portfolio or community, nual Civil Engineering Conference education of engineering students. but it can also be used to develop !* Shamsher Prakash, professor &$ 20-22, 2011. # The procedure emphasizes the vul- Phillip Gould, professor at Wash- of Science and Technology in Rolla, nerability factor, due in part to the #+$< was recognized for his pioneering ## recognized for developing innovative &> that the owner has over this factor technology for the design and con- soils and seismic analysis of rigid compared with the other two factors struction of large cooling tower shells, retaining walls, revolutionizing use relevant to risk: threat and conse- of geotechnical engineering case quences. The Handbook can be (1) ogy to the development of prosthetic histories in professional practice ?@M heart valves, and for promoting and education, and authoring the (http://www.fema.gov/library), or (2) earthquake hazard mitigation world- #% purchased for $60 through the ATC wide through research, teaching, dynamics. Online Store at www.atcouncil.org/ and professional leadership. Online-Store/vmchk.html. 7.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Statistical Analysis of Landslide in South District, Sikkim, India: Using Remote Sensing and GIS
    IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) ISSN: 2319-2402, ISBN: 2319-2399. Volume 2, Issue 3 (Nov. - Dec. 2012), PP 47-61 www.Iosrjournals.Org Statistical analysis of Landslide in South district, Sikkim, India: using Remote Sensing and GIS 1 2 3 1 M. S. Rawat, B.S.Rawat, V. Joshi and M.M.Kimothi 1Uttarakhand Space Application Centre Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 2D.B.S.PG College, Dehradun, 3G.G.S.Indraprasth University, Delhi Abstract: Landslides are among the most costly and damaging natural hazards in mountainous region, triggered mainly under the influence of earthquakes and/or rainfall. In the present study, Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) of South district, Sikkim State was carried out using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). Various thematic layers namely slope, photo-lineament buffer, thrust buffer, relative relief map, geology and land use / land cover map were generated using remote sensing data and GIS. The weighting rating system based on the relative importance of various causative factors as derived from remotely sensed data and other thematic maps were used for the LHZ. The different classes of thematic layers were assigned the corresponding rating value as attribute information in the GIS and an ‘‘attribute map’’ was generated for each data layer. Each class within a thematic layer was assigned an ordinal rating from 0 to 9. Summation of these attribute maps were then multiplied by the corresponding weights to yield the Landslide Hazard Index (LHI) for each cell. Using trial and error method the weight-rating values have been re-adjusted.
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor by Building Resilience: a Case Study from South Sikkim
    REDUCING THE VULNERABILITY OF THE POOR BY BUILDING RESILIENCE: A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTH SIKKIM Anamika Barua, Suparana Katyaini and Bhupen Mili ABSTRACT he impacts of climate change and the vulnerability of poor communities to climate change vary greatly, but generally, climate change is superimposed on existing vulnerabilities. Many sectors providing Tbasic livelihood services to the poor like agriculture, livestock rearing, fishery etc. are under threat due to climate change. There is an intrinsic link between poverty and vulnerability. Poor usually have limited resources / assets to cope with changing climate. During crisis they have to rely on their limited resources/ assets that they had accumulated after years of hard work. Although they may be able to withstand the initial impact of climate change but they can never bounce back to their original form, thus accentuating their existing vulnerabilities and further reducing their resilience to change. The work presented here is a case study from Sikkim, a small beautiful mountain state of India in the Eastern Himalayas. Studies have already reflected that the impact of climate change will be greater in the Eastern Himalayan region, than in other regions of this extensive mountain chain because of the poor socioeconomic development of the region. In Sikkim, too, continued climate change is predicted to lead to major changes in fresh water flows with considerable impacts on people and their livelihoods. In this context, the focus of this study was to assess the degree of social vulnerability of rural mountain communities to the impact of climate change on water resources. The study emphasizes on reducing vulnerability of the rural community by building their resilience to any unforeseen events.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Dams in India's North East Seeking Carbon Credits from Clean Development Mechanism of the United Nations Fram
    AN ASSESSMENT OF DAMS IN INDIA’S NORTH EAST SEEKING CARBON CREDITS FROM CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OF THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE A Report prepared By Mr. Jiten Yumnam Citizens’ Concern for Dams and Development Paona Bazar, Imphal Manipur 795001 E-add: [email protected], [email protected] February 2012 Supported by International Rivers CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION: OVERVIEW OF DAMS AND CDM PROJECTS IN NORTH EAST II BRIEF PROJECT DETAILS AND KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES PERTAINING TO DAM PROJECTS IN INDIA’S NORTH EAST SEEKING CARBON CREDITS FROM CDM MECHANISM OF UNFCCC 1. TEESTA III HEP, SIKKIM 2. TEESTA VI HEP, SIKKIM 3. RANGIT IV HEP, SIKKIM 4. JORETHANG LOOP HEP, SIKKIM 5. KHUITAM HEP, ARUNACHAL PRADESH 6. LOKTAK HEP, MANIPUR 7. CHUZACHEN HEP, SIKKIM 8. LOWER DEMWE HEP, ARUNACHAL PRADESH 9. MYNTDU LESHKA HEP, MEGHALAYA 10. TING TING HEP, SIKKIM 11. TASHIDING HEP, SIKKIM 12. RONGNINGCHU HEP, SIKKIM 13. DIKCHU HEP, SIKKIM III KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF DAMS IN INDIA’S NORTH EAST SEEKING CARBON CREDIT FROM CDM IV CONCLUSIONS V RECOMMENDATIONS VI ANNEXURES A) COMMENTS AND SUBMISSIONS TO CDM EXECUTIVE BOARD ON DAM PROJECTS FROM INDIA’S NORTH EAST SEEKING REGISTRATION B) MEDIA COVERAGES OF MYNTDU LESHKA DAM SEEKING CARBON CREDITS FROM CDM OF UNFCCC GLOSSARY OF TERMS ACT: Affected Citizens of Teesta CDM: Clean Development Mechanism CC : Carbon Credits CER: Certified Emissions Reductions CWC: Central Water Commission DPR: Detailed Project Report DOE: Designated Operating Entity DNA: Designated Nodal Agency EAC:
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Development of Sikkim Library Network (SILIBNET): a Proposed Model
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 21, Issue11, Ver. 6 (Nov. 2016) PP 13-20 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Design and Development of Sikkim Library Network (SILIBNET): A Proposed Model Nawal Kishor Manoj , Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha Department of Library and Information Science(Swami Vivekananda School of Library Sciences) Assam University, Silchar (India) ABSTRACT:- The paper describes about the proposed model of design and development of Sikkim Library Network (SILIBNET) which would cater to the needs of academic community of Sikkim and accelerating the process of developing library network for the Sikkim state where the development in the field of Library Automation and Networking of college and university libraries has not been in pace with the other North eastern States in particular and rest of India in general.The first part of the paper highlights the brief account of library networks for resources sharing, aims & objectives and various factors responsible for initiation of establishment of local, regional and national library networks in India. In the second part of the paper describes about the proposed model of Sikkim Library Network (SILIBNET) with various facets for resources sharing in the Sikkim in real sense for the overall development of the society. In the age of open access, open source and open libraries, the need for establishing such a important network at regional level is necessary. It is the responsibility of the LIS professionals of Sikkim to come forward and discuss the issues from different angles to establish such a network in this remote part of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Chief Minister Calls on Governor of Sikkim Government Will Ensure That
    ikkim heral s Vol. 63 No. 22 visit us at www.ipr.sikkim.gov.in Gangtok (Friday) April 17, 2020 Regd. No.WBd/SKM/01/2017-19 Chief Minister calls on Government will ensure that the lock down Governor of Sikkim is more severe this time- Chief Minister Gangtok, April 14: Chief Minister Mr. Prem Singh Tamang convened a press conference today to share the decisions taken in the Cabinet Meeting which was held today with regard to the steps taken by the Government so far to combat Covid-19, and further decisions with regard to extension of lock- down. He expressed his gratitude to the people of Sikkim, Government officials, and front line workers for their relentless service to keep the State free from Covid- 19. The Chief Minister informed Gangtok, April 16: The Chief contain spread of the COVID-19. that the State of Sikkim will India. He added that slight contain Covid-19 in the State. Minister Mr. Prem Singh Tamang He also briefed the Governor continue to abide by lock-down relaxation could be made after the Speaking about the steps called on Governor Mr. Ganga about the steps taken to distribute norms till the 3rd of May, 2020, duly 20th of April, to selective sectors taken by the State before the Prasad at Raj Bhawan, today to the relief material which has been complying by the direction of the like agriculture, construction, small initiatial period of lock down was brief about the decisions taken by carried out successfully. An Prime Minister of India. He said industries, duly maintaining social announced, he said that the State the State Government after the additional list of 29000 beneficiaries that the Government will ensure distancing.
    [Show full text]
  • Sub-National Jurisdictional Redd+ Program for Sikkim, India
    SUB-NATIONAL JURISDICTIONAL REDD+ PROGRAM FOR SIKKIM, INDIA Prepared by Sikkim Forest, Environment & Wildlife Management Department Supported by the USAID-funded Partnership for Land Use Science (Forest-PLUS) Program June 2017 Version 1.2 Sub-National Jurisdictional REDD+ Program for Sikkim, India 4.1 Table of Contents List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ 9 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Background and overview..................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Project Executing Entity .............................................................................................................. 18 2. Scope of the Program ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Observed Rainfall Variability and Changes Over Sikkim State
    CLIMATE RESEARCH AND SERVICES INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES PUNE Observed Rainfall Variability and Changes over Sikkim State Met Monograph No.: ESSO/IMD/HS/Rainfall Variability/23(2020)/47 Pulak Guhathakurta, Arti Bandgar, Preetha Menon, Ashwini Kumar Prasad, Neha Sangwan and S C Advani GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT Met Monograph No.: ESSO/IMD/HS/Rainfall Variability/23(2020)/47 Observed Rainfall Variability and Changes Over Sikkim State Pulak Guhathakurta, Arti Bandgar, Preetha Menon, Ashwini Kumar Prasad, Neha Sangwan and S C Advani INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT PUNE - 411005 1 DOCUMENT AND DATA CONTROL SHEET 1 Document Title Observed Rainfall Variability and Changes Over Sikkim State 2 Issue No. ESSO/IMD/HS/Rainfall Variability/23(2020)/47 3 Issue Date 4 Security Unclassified Classification 5 Control Status Uncontrolled 6 Document Type Scientific Publication 7 No. of Pages 22 8 No. of Figures 42 9 No. of References 3 10 Distribution Unrestricted 11 Language English 12 Authors Pulak Guhathakurta, Arti Bandgar, Preetha Menon, Ashwini Kumar Prasad, Neha Sangwan and S C Advani 13 Originating Climate Research Division/ Climate Application & Division/ Group User Interface Group/ Hydrometeorology 14 Reviewing and Director General of Meteorology, India Approving Meteorological Department, New Delhi Authority 15 End users Central and State Ministries of Water resources, agriculture and civic bodies, Science and Technology, Disaster Management Agencies, Planning Commission of India 16 Abstract India is in the tropical monsoon zone and receives plenty of rainfall as most of the annual rainfall during the monsoon season every year. However, the rainfall is having high temporal and spatial variability and due to the impact of climate changes there are significant changes in the mean rainfall pattern and their variability as well as in the intensity and frequencies of extreme rainfall events.
    [Show full text]
  • An Enquiry Into the Challenges of Organic Farming in Sikkim
    Business Studies--Volume--XXXIX, No. 1 & 2, January & July, 2018 An Enquiry into the Challenges of Organic Farming in Sikkim Jayasree Das Assistant Professor of Commerce Jain College, Kolkata e-mail: [email protected] Deepro Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Sikkim’s state legislature passed the resolution of shifting to organic farming in 2003 and disbanded chemical farming in 2014 following which there has been a sizeable decline in produce. Organic methods have proven ineffective in combating pests and crop diseases, while organic farming land certification is expensive and a burden on farmers. The lack of proper marketing and improvisation in organic farming is glaring, while import of conventional produce from neighbouring states hampers the organic market. This study aims to explore the challenges faced by organic farming in Sikkim and to cite causes and remedies of such challenges. Key-words: Sikkim, Organic, Agriculture, Environment, Economy 1. Introduction ndia was not self-sufficient in food until 1964and had to repeatedly ask for foreign aid. The Green I Revolution was thus, a necessity whose importance cannot be downplayed even today. The use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides resulted in the development of high yielding variety of crops that transformed India from a food importer to a food exporter. At that time, these technological breakthroughs were lauded, and the practices slowly became mainstream. Sixty years later, the side effects of widespread chemical use have started to show. The Malwa region in Punjab has been dubbed as the cancer belt of India – with the unusually high incidence of cancer cases being linked to the excessive use of chemical pesticides by cotton farmers.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal to Encode the Gurung Khema in Universal Character Set L2/21-145
    Proposal to Encode the Gurung Khema in Universal Character Set Biswajit Mandal ([email protected]) July 14 1. Introduction This is a proposal to encode the Gurung Khema in the Universal Character Set. It supersedes the following documents: ‘N4019 L2/11-106’ Introducing the Khema Script for Writing Gurung*2+ ‘L2/11-047’ Submission of Gurung Script*1+ The major changes include: Renaming of the block and character names to refer to “Gurung Khema”, after script creator Pim Bahadur Gurung, rather than “Khema”. Inclusion of LineBreak, Syllabic Categories and Positional Categories.[§ 6.2,6.3 & 6.4] Inclusion of Punctuation “Double Danda”. *§ 3.13+ 2. Background Gurung Khema (also called ‘Khemā Pɦri’ vPdf kVWU,’Khemā lipi’ vPdf nlkl or ‘Tamū Khemā Pɦri’ tdZ vPdf kVWU) is an alphasyllabary based upon the Brahmi model. Gurung Khema (vPdf) is a script used for writing Gurung (ISO 639:ggn) and (ISO 639:gvr)*3+, a Tibeto-Burman minority language of 325,622 people (census 2011) [6] primarily spoken in Kaski District, Syangja District, Lamjung District, Tanahu District, Gorkha District, Manang District, Mustang District and Parbat District Nepal [6] and in the South Sikkim District, West Sikkim District and East Sikkim District of Sikkim, India[25][see fig.7]. It was recognized as an official language of Sikkim. The Sikkim state government has been recognizing the Gurung Khema as the Gurung script in year 1997 [see fig.25] and Indian government in year 2020. And till class 12th, Gurung language class is being conducted by preparing textbooks in Gurung Khema. Gurung people also known as Tamū tdZ / tdp.
    [Show full text]
  • South Sikkim District Comprises Quaternary Deposits of Alluvium in River Terrace Are Developed Sporadically Along the Streams and Rivers
    GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET SOUTH DISTRICT OF SIKKIM DISTRICT AT A GLANCE Srl. No. Items Statistics 1. GENERAL INFORMATION i) Geographical area (sq.km) 750 Sq.km. ii) Administrative Divisions ( As on 2008) No. of Tehsil/Block - No. of Panchayat/villages/ward 243 No. of Panchayat Unit 42 iii) Population (as on 2001 Census) 1, 31,525 Rural population 1, 27,579 Urban Population 3,946 iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 3496 2. GEOMORPHOLOGY Major Physiographic units Hill, Valley, Slope Gondwana rocks Major Drainage System Tista and Rangit 3. LAND USE Forest area 420 Sq.km. Net area sown 2519.70 Ha Cultivable area 2104.62 Ha 4. MAJOR SOIL TYPES Mountain meadow, brown-red & yellow soil and lateritic soil. 1 5. AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS S.No. Name of the Crop Area (ha) Cultivated Production per ha (kg) 01 Rice 2340 1400 02 Wheat 1500 1300 03. Maize 13,400 1380 04 Finger millet 1010 950 05 Barley 200 1500 06 Buck wheat 580 800 6. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES * (Areas and numbers of structures) Dugwells : Nil Tubewells/Borewells : Nil Tanks/Ponds : 13 Canals : Nil Other sources : Spring Net irrigated area : 21.463 ha Gross irrigated area : 29.498 ha 7. NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB (as on 31.3.2007) No. of Dug wells : Nil No. of Piezometers : Nil 8. PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Recent alluvium (terrace deposit), Gondwana, Daling group of rocks. 2 9. HYDROGEOLOGY Major water bearing formation : Fractured zones in various lithological units, weathered zones in phyllite, schist, gnessics and quartzite. 10. GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB (As on 31.03.2007) ► No.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichen Diversity in Sikkim
    LICHEN DIVERSITY IN SIKKIM G.P. Sinha and T.A.M. Jagadeesh Ram ABSTRACT ichens, one of the excellent examples of symbiotic association, are group of non vascular cryptogams. They occur in all possible environmental habitats of the world, but are diverse in tropical region and luxuriant in Ltemperate-alpine areas. Lichenologically, Sikkim along with north-eastern states of India is one of the richest zones in the country with abundance of many interesting taxa. The detailed study of lichens from Sikkim was initiated by Botanical Survey of India with the establishment of lichen section at Sikkim Himalayan Regional Centre, Gangtok in 1994. Systematic collections were made from different localities of Sikkim and the taxonomic investigations are not yet over. Based on these collections along with published information, an attempt is made here to discuss the diversity of lichens in Sikkim. A comparative up to date data on number of lichen taxa reported so far from Sikkim, West Bengal, North-eastern states of India; statistics of diversity of genera and species under dominant families and species under genera are discussed. A list of all the 506 lichen species known so far from Sikkim is also provided in Appendix for ready reference. KEYWORDS: Lichen diversity, Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya, North-east India Acroscyphus sphaerophoroides Lév. – a rare, non-endemic species, reported only from alpine bare rocks of West Sikkim in India 13 Usnea longissima Ach.- a common fruticose, pendulous lichen species of temperate areas INTRODUCTION ichens, the nonvascular cryptogams and an excellent example of symbiotic association, have a composite thallus comprising of two components, mycobiont and photobiont.
    [Show full text]
  • Gary Li Peter W. Fritsch
    A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF TAXA IN STYRAX SERIES CYRTA (STYRACACEAE) WITH VALVATE COROLLAS Gary Li Peter W. Fritsch Department of Botany Botanical Research Institute of Texas California Academy of Sciences 1700 University Drive 55 Music Concourse Drive Fort Worth, Texas 76107, U.S.A. San Francisco, California 94118, U.S.A. [email protected] Department of Biology, San Francisco State University 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Several taxonomic treatments of Styrax (Styracaceae) exist in regional floras of Asia, but the Asian species of the genus have not been com- prehensively revised since 1907. A treatment of the Asian taxa of S. series Cyrta with imbricate floral aestivation was accomplished in 2003. To complete the taxonomic revision of S. series Cyrta, we conducted a taxonomic revision of the species of the series with valvate aestivation of the corolla lobes. Our revision comprises 11 species with a combined distribution from eastern India through southern China and Malesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia, although the group is absent from the Philippines. We resurrected S. bracteolatus, S. rubifolius, and S. warburgii as species to be recognized, and we corrected the misapplication of S. finlaysonianus, previously used for a species in S. series Benzoin. Styrax finlaysonianus and S. warburgii are segregated from the broader concept of S. agrestis recognized in prior treatments. The circumscriptions of the heretofore poorly delimited species S. confusus, S. faberi, and S. fortunei are clarified and their possible introgressants discussed. We observed unique combinations of characters in some problematic specimens whose taxonomic status remains unresolved because only single specimens with either flowers or fruits were available; at least some of these may represent undescribed species.
    [Show full text]