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® Common Abbreviations

AA auto-answer AAL A TM adaptation layer AAN autonomously attached network ABM asynchronous balanced mode AbMAN Aberdeen MAN ABNF augmented BNF AC access control ACAP application configuration access protocol ACK acknowledge ACL access control list ADC analogue-to-digital converter ADPCM adaptive delta pulse code AES audio engineering society AFI authority and format identifier AGENTX agent extensibility protocol AGP accelerated graphics port AM amplitude modulation AMI alternative mark inversion ANSI American National Standard Institute APCM adaptive pulse code modulation API application program interface ARM asynchronous response mode ARP address resolution protocol ASCII American standard code for exchange ASK amplitude-shift keying AT attention ATM asynchronous transfer mode AUI attachment unit interface BCC blind carbon copy BCD binary coded decimal BGP BIOS basic input/output system B-ISDN broadband ISDN BMP bitmapped BNC British Naval Connector BaM beginning of message BOOTP bootstrap protocol BPDU bridge protocol data units bps bits per second BVCP Banyan Vines control protocol CAD computer-aided design

403 CAN concentrated area network CASE common applications service elements CATNIP common architecture for the CC carbon copy CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative CD carrier detect CD compact disk CDE common desktop environment CDFS CD file system CD-R CD-recordable CD-ROM compact disk - read-only memory CF control field CGI common gateway interface CGM computer graphics metafile CHAP challenge handshake authentication protocol CHARGEN character generator protocol CIF common interface format CMC common mail call CMOS complementary MOS CN common name COM continuation of message CON-MD5 content-MD5 header field CPCS convergence protocol communications sub layer CPI common part indicator CPSR computer professionals for social responsibility CPU central processing unit CRC cyclic redundancy check CRLF carriage return, line feed CRT cathode ray tube CSDN circuit-switched data network CSMA carrier sense multiple access CSMA/CA CSMA with collision avoidance CSMA/CD CSMA with collision detection CS-MUX circuit-switched multiplexer CSPDN circuit-switched public data network CTS clear to send DA destination address DAA digest access authentication DAC digital-to-analogue converter DAC dual attachment concentrator DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DAS dual attachment station DASS distributed authentication security DAT digital audio tape DAYTIME dB decibel DBF NetBEUI frame

404 Mastering Networks DC direct current DCC digital compact cassette DCD data carrier detect DCE data circuit-terminating equipment DC-MIB dial control MIB OCT discrete cosine transform DO double density DOE dynamic data exchange DENI Department of Education for Northern Ireland DES data encryption standard DHCP dynamic host configuration program DIB device-independent bitmaps DIB directory information base DISC disconnect DISCARD DLC data link control DLL dynamic link library OM disconnect mode DMA DNS domain name server DNS-SEC security extensions DOS disk operating system DPCM differential PCM DPSK differential phase-shift keying DQDB distributed queue dual DR dynamic range DRAM dynamic RAM DSN delivery status notifications DSP domain specific part DSS digital signature standard DTE data terminal equipment DTR data terminal ready EASE embedded advanced sampling environment EaStMAN Edinburgh/Stirling MAN EBCDIC extended binary coded decimal interchange code EBU European broadcast union ECHO ECP extended communications port EEPROM electrically erasable PROM EF empty flag EFF electronic frontier foundation EFM eight-to- fourteen modulation EGP exterior gateway protocol EIA Electrical Industries Association EISA extended international standard interface EMF enhanced metafile ENQ inquiry

Abbreviations 405 EOM end of message EOT end of transmission EPP enhanced parallel port EPROM erasable PROM EPS encapsulated postscript ESP IP encapsulating security payload ETB end of transmitted block ETHER-MIB MIB ETX end of text FAT file allocation table FA TMAN Fife and Tayside MAN facsimile FC frame control FCS frame check sequence FDDI fiber distributed data interface FDDI-MIB FDDI management information base FDM frequency division FDX full duplex FEC forward error correction FF full flag FFIF file format for internet fax FIFO first in, first out FINGER FM frequency modulation FRMR frame reject FS frame status FSK frequency-shift keying FTP FTP file transfer protocol FYI for your information GFI group format identifier GGP gateway-gateway protocol GIF graphics interface format GQOS guaranteed quality of service GSSAP generic security service application GUI graphical user interface HAL hardware abstraction layer HD high density HDB3 high-density bipolar code no. 3 HDLC high-level data link control HDTV high-definition television HDX half duplex HEFCE Higher Education Funding Councils of England HEFCW Higher Education Funding Councils of Wales HF high frequency HMUX hybrid multiplexer HPFS high performance file system

406 Mastering Networks HTML hypertext mark-up language HTTP hypertext transfer protocol Hz Hertz 1/0 input/output IA5 international alphabet no. 5 lAB internet advisory board lAP internet access provider IARP inverse ARP IBM International Business Machines ICMP internet control message protocol ICP internet connectivity provider IDEA international data encryption algorithm IDENT identification Protocol IDI initial domain identifier IDP initial domain part IDPR inter-domain policy routing IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers IEFF internet engineering task force IFS installable file system IGMP internet group management protocol IGMP internet group multicast protocol IGP interior gateway protocol ILD injector laser diode IMAC isochronous MAC IMAP internet message access protocol lOS input/output supervisor IP IP-ARC IP over ARCNET networks IP-ARP A IP over ARPANET IP-A TM IP over ATM IP-CMPRS IP with compressed headers IP-DC IP over DC Networks IP-E IP over ethernet networks IP-EE IP over experimental ethernet networks IP-FDOI IP over FDOI networks IP-FR IP over IP-HC IP over hyperchannel IP-HIPPI IP over HIPPI IP-IEEE IP over IEEE 802 IP-IPX IP over IPX networks IP-MTU path MTU discovery IP-NETBIOS IP over NETBIOS IPNG IP next generation IPP internet presence provider IP-SLIP IP over serial lines IP-SMDS IP datagrams over SMDS IP-TR-MC IP Multicast over token-ring LANs

Abbreviations 407 IPV6-FDDI IPv6 over FDDI IPv6-Jumbo IPv6 Jumbograms IPV6-PPP IPv6 over PPP IP-WB IP over wide band network IPX internet packet exchange IP-X.25 IP over ISDN IPX-IP IPX over IP IRQ interrupt request ISA international standard interface ISDN integrated services digital network IS-IS immediate system to intermediate system ISO International Standards Organization ISP internet service provider ITOT ISO transport service on top of TCP ITU International Telecommunications Union JANET joint academic network JFIF jpeg file interchange format JISC Joint Information Systems Committee JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group KDC key distribution centre KERBEROS Kerberos network authentication service LAN local area network LAPB link access procedure balanced LAPD link access procedure LCN logical channel number LDAP-URL LDAP URL Format LD-CELP low-delay code excited linear prediction LED light emitting diode LGN logical group number LIP large IPX packets LLC logical link control LRC longitudinal redundancy check LSL link support level LSP link state protocol LSRR loose source and record route LZ Lempel-Ziv LZW LZ-Welsh MAC media access control MAIL-MIS mail monitoring MIS MAN metropolitan area network MAP messaging API MAU multi-station access unit MD message digest MDCT modified discrete cosine transform MDI media dependent interface MHS message handling service MIS-II management information base-II

408 Mastering Networks MIC media interface connector MIME multi-purpose internet mail extension MUD multi-link interface driver modulation/demodulator MaS metal oxide semiconductor MPEO motion picture experts group MPI multi-precision integer MSL maximum segment lifetime MTP multicast transport protocol NAK negative acknowledge NCP netware control protocols NCSA National Center for Supercomputer Applications NDIS network device interface standard NDS Novell Directory Services NETBEUI NetBIOS extended user interface NETFAX network file format for the exchange of images NHRP next hop resolution protocol NIC network interface card NICNAME whois protocol NIS network information system NLSP netware link-state routing protocol NNTP network news transfer protocol NRZI non-return to zero with inversion NSAP access point NSCA National Center for Supercomputing Applications NSM-MIB network services monitoring MIB NSS named service server NTE network terminal equipment NTFS NT file system NTP network NTSC National Television Standards Committee ODI open data-link interface OH off-hook ONE-PASS one-time password system OSI open systems interconnection OSI-UDP OSI TS on UDP OSPF OUI originators unique identifier PA point of attachment PAL phase alternation line PAP password authentication protocol PC personal computer PCM pulse code modulation PCT personal communications technology PDN public data network POP pretty good privacy PHY protocol

Abbreviations 409 PING packet internet PI SO parallel-in-serial-out PKP public key partners PLL phase-locked loop PLS physical signalling PMA physical medium attachment PMD physical medium dependent POP3 , Version 3 POP-URL POP URL Scheme PPP point-to-point protocol PPP-AAL PPP over AAL PPP-CCP PPP compression control protocol PPP-CHAP PPP challenge handshake authentication PPP-EAP PPP extensible authentication protocol PPP-HDLC PPP in HDLC framing PPP-IPCP PPP control protocol PPP-ISDN PPP over ISDN PPP-LINK PPP link quality monitoring PPP-MP PPP multilink protocol PPP-NBFCP PPP NetBIOS frames control protocol PPP-SNACP PPP SNA control protocol PPP-SONET PPP over SONET/SDH PPP-X25 PPP in X.25 PPSDN public packet-switched data network PS postscript PSDN packet-switched data network PSE packet switched exchange PSK phase-shift keying PSTN public-switched telephone network QAM quadrature amplitude modulation QCIF quarter common interface format QIC quarter inch cartridge QoS quality of service QT quicktime QUOTE quote of the day protocol RADIUS remote authentication dial-in service RAID redundant array of inexpensive disks RAM random-access memory RD receive data REJ reject RFC request for comment RGB red, green and blue RI ring in RIF routing information field RIP routing information protocol RIP2-MD5 RIP-2 MD5 Authentication RIP2-MIB RIP Version 2 MIB Extension

410 Mastering Networks RIPNG-IPV6 RIPng for IPv6 RIP-TRIG Trigger RIP RLE run-length encoding RMON remote monitoring RMON-MIB remote network monitoring MIB RNR receiver not ready RO ring out ROM read-only memory RPC remote procedure call RPSL routing policy specification language RR receiver ready RSA Rivest, Shamir and Adleman RSVP resource reservation protocol RTF rich text format RTMP routing table maintenance protocol RTP real-time transport protocol RTSP real-time streaming protocol S/PDIF SonylPhilips digital interface format SA source address SABME set asynchronous balanced mode extended SAC single attachment concentrator SAP service advertising protocol SAPI service access point identifier SAR segment and reassemble SARPDU segmentation and reassembly protocol data unit SAS single attachment station SASL simple authentication and security layer SASL-ANON anonymous SASL mechanism SB-ADCMP sub-band ADPCM SCMS serial copy management system SCSI small computer systems interface SCSP server cache synchronisation protocol SD sending data SD start delimiter SDH synchronous digital hierarchy SDIF Sony digital interface SDLC synchronous data link control SDNSDU secure domain name system dynamic update SDP session description protocol SECAM sequential couleur a memoire SEL selector/extension local address SHEFC Scottish Higher Education Funding Council SIPO serial-in parallel-out SIPP simple internet protocol plus SLM-APP system-level managed objects for applications SLP service location protocol SMDS switched multi-bit data stream

Abbreviations 411 SMI structure of management information SMP symmetrical mUltiprocessing SMT station management SMTP simple mail transfer protocol SNA serial number arithmetic SNA systems (IBM) SND send SNMP simple network management protocol SNMP-AT SNMP over AppleTalk SNMP-IPX SNMP over IPX SNMP-OSI SNMP over OSI SNR signal-to-noise ratio SONET synchronous optical network SPKM simple public-key GSS-API mechanism SPX sequenced packet exchange SQTV studio-quality television SRAM static RAM SSL secure socket layer SSM single sequence message SSRR strict source and record route STA spanning-tree architecture STM synchronous transfer mode STP shielded twisted-pair SVGA superVGA TCB transmission control block TCC transmission control code TCP transmission control protocol TDAC time-division aliasing cancellation TDM time-division multiplexing TEl terminal equipment identifier Telnet Protocol TFTP trivial file transfer Protocol TIFF tag image file format TIFF tagged input file format TIME time server protocol TIP transaction internet protocol TMUX transport multiplexing protocol TOS type of service TP-TCP ISO transport service on top of the TCP TR transmit data TSR terminate and stay resident TTL time-to-live TUBA TCP and UDP with bigger addresses UDP UI unnumbered information UNI universal network interface UNI user network interface

412 Mastering Networks UPS uninterruptable power supplies URI universal resource identifier URL uniform resource locator USB universal serial bus USERS active users protocol UTF-8 UTF -8 transformation format of ISO 10646 UTP unshielded UV ultra violet VCI virtual circuit identifier VCO voltage controller oscillator VCR cassette recorder VDD virtual device driver VGA variable graphics adapter VIM vendor-independent messaging VLC-LZW variable-length-code LZW VLM virtualloadable modules VMM virtual machine manager VRC vertical redundancy check VRRP virtual router redundancy protocol WAIS wide area information servers WAN wide area network WIMPs windows, icons, menus and pointers WINS windows internet name service WINSOCK windows sockets WORM write-once read many WWW World Wide Web XDR external data representation XOR exclusive-OR

Abbreviations 413 ® Glossary of Common Terms

100Base-FX IEEE-defined standard for 100 Mbps Ethernet using multimode fibre• optic cable. 100Base-TX (802.3u) IEEE-defined standard for 100Mbps Ethernet using two pairs of Cat-5 twisted-pair cable. 100VG-AnyLAN HP-derived network architecture based on the IEEE 802.12 standard that uses 100Mbps transmission rates. It uses a centrally controlled access method referred to as the Demand Priority Protocol (DPP), where the end node requests permission to transmit and the hub determines which node may do so, depending on the priority of the traffic. 10Base-T IEEE-defined standard for 10Mbps Ethernet using twisted-pair cables.

802.10 IEEE-defmed standard for LAN security. It is sometimes used by net• work switches as a VLAN protocol and uses a technique where frames on any LAN carry a virtual LAN identification. For large networks this can be modified to provided security over the Internet. 802.12 Demand Priority Protocol IEEE-defined standard of transmitting 100Mbps over voice grade (tele• phone) twisted-pair cabling. See 100VG-AnyLAN. 802.1 d IEEE-defined bridging standard for Spanning Tree protocol that is used to determine factors on how bridges (or switches) forward packets and avoid networking loops. Networks which use redundant loops (for alter• native routes) need to implement the IEEE 802.1d standard to stop packets from looping forever. 802.2 A set of IEEE-defined specifications for Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. It provides some network functions and interfaces the IEEE 802.5, or IEEE 802.3, standards to the . 802.3 IEEE-defined standard for CSMA/CD networks. IEEE 802.3 is the most popular implement of Ethernet. 802.3u IEEE-defined standard for 100Mbps Fast Ethernet. It also covers a tech• nique called autosensing which allows 100 Mbps devices to connecting to 10 Mbps devices. 802.4 IEEE-defined token bus specifications. 802.5 IEEE-defined standard for networks. Adapter Device which usually connects a node onto a network, normally called a network interface adapter (NIC). Adaptive cut-through switching A forwarding technique on a switch which determines when the error count on frames received has exceeded the pre-configured limits. When this count is exceed, it modifies its own operating state so that it no

414 longer performs cut-through switching and goes into a store-and-forward mode. The cut-through method is extremely fast but suffers from the in• ability to check the CRC field. Thus if incorrect frames are transmitted they could have severe effects on the network segment. This is overcome with an adaptive cut-through switch by checking the CRC as the frame moves through the switch. When errors become too great the switch im• plements a store-and-forward method. Adaptive PCM Similar to delta modulation PCM, but uses a number of bits to code the slope of the signal. Adaptive Uses a variable Huffman coding technique which responds to local changes in probabilities. Address A unique label for the location of data or the identity of a communica• tions device. This address can either be numeric or alphanumeric. Address aging The time that a dynamic address stays in the address routing table of a bridge or switch. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) A TCP/IP process which dynamically binds an IP address to a hardware address (such as an Ethernet MAC address). It can only operate across a single network segment. Address tables These are used routers, switches and hubs to store either physical (such as MAC addresses) or higher-level addresses (such as IP addresses). The tables map node addresses to network addresses or physical domains. These address tables are dynamic and change due to nodes moving around the network. Agent A program which allows users to configure or fault-find nodes on a net• work. Aging The removing of an address in the address table of a router or switch that is no longer referenced to forward a packet. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI is a non-profit organisation which is made up of expert commit• tees that publish standards for national industries. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) An ANSI-defined character alphabet which has since been adopted as a standard international alphabet for the interchange of characters. Amplitude modulation (AM) Information is contained in the amplitude of a carrier. Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Uses two, or more, amplitudes to represent binary digits. Typically used to transmit binary over speech-limited channels. The highest layer of the OSI model. Asynchronous Communication which does not depend on a clock.

Glossary 415 Asynchronous transmission Transmission where individual characters are sent one-by-one. Normally each character is delimited by a start and a stop bit. With asynchronous communications the transmitter and receiver only have to be roughly synchronised. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Networking technology which involves sending 53-byte fast packets (A TM cell), as specified by the ANSI Tl S 1 subcommittee. The first 5 bytes are the header and the remaining bytes are the information field which can hold 48 bytes of data. Optionally the data can contain a 4-byte A TM adaptation layer and 44 bytes of actual data. The A TM adaptation layer field allows for fragmentation and reassembly of cells into larger packets at the source and destination respectively. The control field also contains bits which specifY whether this is a flow control cell or an ordi• nary data cell, a bit to indicate whether this packet can be deleted in a congested network, and so on. AUI Connection between the network adapter and an external transceiver. Automatic broadcast control Technique which minimises broadcast and multicast traffic flooding through a switch. A switch acts as a proxy server and screens previously resolved ARP. This eliminates broadcasts associated with them. Autonegotiation Technique used by a IEEE 802.3u node which determines whether a device that it is receiving or transmitting data in one of a number of Ethernet modes (lOOBase-TX, 100Base-TX Full Duplex, 10Base-T, I OBase-T Full Duplex or 100Base-T4). When the mode is learned, the device then adjusts to either transmission mode. Autosensing Used by a I OOBase-TX device to determine if the incoming data is transmitted at 10Mbps or 100Mbps. Back pressure Technique which slows the incoming data rate into the buffer of a 802.3 port preventing it from receiving too much data. Switches which imple• ment back pressure will transmit a jam signal to stop data input. Backbone network The portion of a communications facility that connects primary nodes. A primary shared communications path that serves multiple users at desig• nated jumping-off points. Bandwidth In an analogue system it is defined as the range of frequencies contained in a signal. As an approximation it is the difference between the highest and lowest frequency in the signal. In a digital transmission system it is normally quoted as bits per second. Bandwidth allocation control protocol (BACP) Protocol which monitors network traffic and allows or disallows access to users, depending on their needs. [t is awaiting approval by the IETF. Baseband Data transmission using unmodulated signals. Basic rate interface (BRI) Connection between ISDN and the user. It has three separate channels, one D-channel (which carries control information) and two B channels

416 Mastering Networks (which carry data). Baud rate The number of signalling elements sent per second with RS-232, or mo• dem, communications. In RS-232 the baud rate is equal to the bit-rate. With , two or more bits can be encoded as a single signalling element, such as 2 bits being represented by four different phase shifts (or one signalling element). The signalling element could change its am• plitude, frequency or phase-shift to increase the bit-rate. Thus the bit• rate is a better measure of information transfer. Bit stuffing The insertion of extra bits to prevent the appearance of a defined se• quence. In HDLC the bit sequence 01111110 delimits the start and end of a frame. Bit stuffing stops this bit sequence from occurring anywhere in the frame by the receiver inserting a 0 whenever there are five con• secutive I 's transmitted. At the receiver if five consecutive 1's are fol- lowed by a 0 then the 0 is deleted. BNC A commonly used connector for coaxial cable. BOOTP A standard TCP/IP protocol which allows nodes to be dynamically allo• cated an IP address. Bridge A device which physically links two or more networks using the same communications protocols, such as Ethernetl Ethernet or token ring! to• ken ring. It allows for the filtering of data between network segments. Broadband Data transmission using multiplexed data using an analogue signal or high-frequency electromagnetic waves. Broadcast Message sent to all users on the network. Broadcast domain Network where broadcasts can be reported to all nodes on the network bounded by routers. Broadcast packets cannot traverse a router. Broadcast storm Flood of broadcast packets generated by a broadcast transmission where high numbers of receivers are targeted for a long period of time. Buffer A temporary-storage space in memory. Bus A network topology where all nodes share a common transmission me- dium. Byte A group of eight bits, see octet. Capacity The maximum data rate in Mbps. Carrier Sense Multiple Accessl Carrier Detect (CSMA/CD) A network where all nodes share a common bus. Nodes must contend for the bus and if a collision occurs then all colliding nodes back off for a random time period. Cat-3 cable An EIA/TIA-568 wiring standard for unshielded or shielded twisted pair cables. Cat-5 cable An EIA/TIA-568 wiring standard for unshielded or shielded twisted pair cables for the transmission of over 100 Mbps. CHAP (challenge-handshake authentication protocol) Identification method used by PPP to determine the originator of a con- nection. checksum An error-detection scheme in which bits are grouped to form integer values and then each of the values are summated. Normally, the negative

Glossary 417 of this value is then added as a checksum. At the receiver, all the grouped values and the checksum are summated and, in the absence of errors, the result should be zero. Client Node or program that connects to a server node or program. Coaxial cable A transmission medium consisting of one or more central wire conduc• tors surrounded by an insulating layer and encased in either a wire mesh or extruded metal sheathing. It supports RF frequencies from 50 to about 500 MHz. It comes in either a IO-mm diameter (thick coax) or a 5-mm diameter (thin coax). Collision Occurs when one or more devices try to transmit over an Ethernet net• work simultaneously. Copper distributed data interface (CDDI) FDDI over copper. Cost An arbitrary value used by routers to compare different routes. Typically it is measured by hop counts, typical time delays or bandwidth. CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check. An error-detection scheme. Used in most HDLC-related data link applications. Cross-talk Interference noise caused by conductors radiating electromagnetic ra• diation to couple into other conductors. Cut-through switching Technique where a switching device directs a packet to the destination port(s) as soon as it receives the destination and source address scanned from the packet header. Data Communications Equipment (DCE) Devices which establish, maintain and terminate a data communications conversation. Data Second layer of the OSI model which is responsible for link, error and flow control. It normally covers the framing of data packets, error con• trol and physical addressing. Typical data link layers include Ethernet and FDDI. Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Device at the end of the data communications connection. Delta modulation PCM Uses a single-bit code to represent the analogue signal. A I is transmis• sion when the current sample increases its level, else a 0 is transmitted. Delta modulation PCM requires a higher sampling rate that the , but the actual is normally lower. Destination MAC address A 6-byte data unique of the destination MAC address. It is normally quoted as a 12-digit hexadecimal number (such as A5:B2: 10:64:01 :44). Destination network address A unique Internet Protocol (lP) or Internet Packet Exchange (lPX) ad• dress of the destination node. Differential encoding Source coding method which is used to code the difference between two samples. Typically used in real-time signals where there is limited

418 Mastering Networks change between one sample and the next, such as in audio and speech. Dynamic host control protocol (DHCP) It manages a pool of IP addresses for computers without a known IP address. This allows a finite number of IP addresses to be reused quickly and efficiently by many clients. Entropy coding Coding scheme which does not take into account the characteristics of the data and treats all the bits in the same way. It produces lossless cod• ing. Typical methods used are statistical encoding and suppressing re• petitive sequences. Ethernet A local area network which uses coaxial, twisted-pair or fibre optic ca• ble as a communication medium. It transmits at a rate of 10 Mbps and was developed by DEC, Intel and Xerox Corporation. The IEEE 802.3 network standard is based upon Ethernet. Ethernet address A 48-bit number that identifies a node on an Ethernet network. Ethernet addresses are assigned by the Xerox Corporation. Even parity An error-detection scheme where defined bit-groupings have an even number of 1'So Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) An 8-bit code alphabet developed by IBM allowing 256 different bit patterns for character definitions. Fast Ethernet See IEEE 802.3u standard. Fat pipe Term used to indicate a high level of bandwidth the defined port. Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) A standard network technology that uses a dual counter-rotating token• passing fibre ring. It operates at 100 Mbps and provides for reliable backbone connections. File server Computer that allows the sharing of files over a network. File transfer protocol (FTP) A protocol for transmitting files between host computers using the TCP/IP protocol. Device which filters incoming and outgoing traffic. Flow control Procedure to regulate the flow of data between two nodes. Forward adaptive bit allocation This technique is used in audio compression and makes bit allocation decisions adaptively, depending on signal content. Fragment free cut-through switching A modified cut-through switching technique where a switch or switch module waits until it has received a large enough packet to determine if it is error free. Frame Normally associated with a packet which has layer 2 information added to it. Packets are thus contained within frames. Frames and packets have variable lengths as opposed to cells which have fixed lengths. Frame check sequence (FCS) Standard error detection scheme.

Glossary 419 Frequency-shift Keying (FSK) Uses two, or more, frequencies to represent binary digits. Typically used to transmit binary data over speech-limited channels. Full duplex Simultaneous, two-way communications. Gateway A device that connects networks using different communications proto• cols, such as between Ethernet and FOOl. It provides protocol transla• tion, in contrast to a bridge which connects two networks that are of the same protocol. GIF Standard technique which is copyrighted by Compu• Serve Incorporated. It uses LZW compression and supports a palette of 256 24-bit colours (16.7M colours). GIF support local and global colour tables and animated images. Half-duplex (HOX) Two-way communications, one at a time. Handshaking A reliable method for two devices to pass data. HOLe ISO standard for the . Hello packet Message transmitted from a root bridge to all other bridges in the net• work to constantly verify the Spanning Tree setup. Hop The number of gateways and routers in a transmission path. Hop count Used by the RIP routing protocol to measure the distance between a source and a destination. Host A computer that communicates over a network. A host can both initiate communications and respond to communications that are addressed to it. Huffman coding Uses a variable length code for each of the elements within the data. It normally analyses the probability of the element in the data and codes the most probable with fewer bits than the least probable. Hub A hub is a concentration point for data and repeats data from one node to all other connected nodes. Hypertext markup language (HTML) Standard language that allows the integration of text and images over a distributed network. Integrated systems digital network (ISDN) Communication technology that contains two data channels (28) and a control channel (H). It supports two 64 kbps data channels and sets up a circuit-switched connection. International Telegraph Union Telecommunications Standards Sector (lTU-TSS) Organization which has replaced the CCITT. Internet Connection of nodes on a global network which use a DARPA-defined Internet address. internet Two or more connected networks that may, or may not, use the same . Internet address An address that conforms to the DARPA-defined Internet protocol. A unique, four byte number identifies a host or gateway on the Internet.

420 Mastering Networks This consists of a network number followed by a host number. The host number can be further divided into a subnet number. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) A committee that reviews and supports Internet protocol proposals. IP (Internet Protocol) Part of the TCP/IP which provides for node addressing. IP address An address which is used to identifY a node on the Internet. IP multicast Addressing technique that allows IP traffic to be propagated from one source to a group of destinations. IPX (Internet Packet Exchange) Novell NetWare communications protocol which is similar to the IP protocol. The packets include network addresses and can be routed from one network to another. IPX address Station address on a Novell NetWare network. It consists of two fields: a network number field and a node number field. The node number is the station address of the device and the network number is assigned to the network when the network is started up. It is written in the form: NNNNNNNN:XXXXXX-XXXXXX, where N's represent the network number and X's represent the station address. An example of an IPX ad• dress is: DCI05333:542CIO-FFI432. ISO International Standards Organisation. ITU-T The Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph (now known at the ITU-TSS) is an advisory committee established by the United Nations. They attempt to establish standards for inter-country data transmission on a worldwide basis. Jabber Occurs when the transmission of network signals exceeds the maximum allowable transmission time (20 ms to 150 ms). The medium becomes overrun with data packets. This is caused by a faulty node or wiring connection. Jitter Movement of the edges of pulse over time, that may introduce error and loss of synchronisation. JPEG Image compression technique defined by the Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), a subcommittee of the ISO/IEC. It uses a DCT, quanti• sation, run-length and Huffinan coding. Latency Defines the amount of time between a device receiving data and it being forwarded on. Hubs have the lowest latency (less than 1Of,ls), switches the next lowest (between 40f,ls and 60f,ls), then bridges (200f,ls to 300f,ls) and routers have the highest latency (around 1000 f,ls). Learning bridge Bridge which learns the connected nodes to it. It uses this information to forward or drop frames. Leased line A permanent telephone line connection reserved exclusively by the leased customer. There is no need for any connection and disconnection procedures. Lempel-Ziv coding Coding method which takes into account repetition in phases, words or parts of words. It uses pointers to refer to previously defined sequences.

Glossary 421 Lempel-Ziv Welsh (LZW) coding Coding method which takes into account repetition in phases, words or parts of words. It builds up a dictionary of previously sent (or stored) sequences. Line driver A device which converts an electrical signal to a form that is transmitta• ble over a transmission line. Typically, it provides the required power, current and timing characteristics. Link layer Layer 2 of the OSI model. Link segment A point-to-point link terminated on either side by a repeater. Nodes can• not be attached to a link segment. Where information, once uncompressed, is identical to the original un• compressed data. Where information, once uncompressed, cannot be fully recovered. MAC address A 6-byte data unique data-link layer address. It is normally quoted as a 12-digit hexadecimal number (such as A5:B2:10:64:01:44). Masking effect Where noise is only heard by a person when there are no other sounds to mask it. MDI (Medium Dependent Interface) The IEEE standard for the twisted-pair interface to 1OBase- T (or 1OOBase- TX). Media Access Control (MAC) Media-specific access-control for Token Ring and Ethernet. Media Interface Controller (MIC) Media-specific access-control for Token Ring and Ethernet. Medium Attachment Unit (MAU) Method of converting digital data into a form which can be transmitted over a band-limited channel. Methods use either ASK, FSK, PSK or a mixture of ASK, FSK and PSK. Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) A device which converts binary digits into a form which can be trans• mitted over a speech-limited transmission channel. MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) The largest packet that the IP protocol will send through the selected interface or segment. Multicast Packets which are sent to all nodes on a subnet of a group within a net• work. This differs from a broadcast which forwards packet to all users on the network. Multimode fibre Fibre-optic cable that has the ability to carry more than one frequency (mode) oflight at a time. N-series connectors Connector used with thick coaxial cable.

422 Mastering Networks Network driver interface specification (NDIS) Software specification for network adapter drivers. It support multiple protocols and multiple adapters, and is used in many operating systems, such as Windows 95/88/NT/2000. Third layer of the OSI model, which defines is responsible for ensuring that data passed to it from the transport layer is routed and delivered through the network. It provides end-to-end addressing and routing. It provides support for a number of protocols, including IP, IPX, CLNP, X.25, or DDP. Network termination (NTl) Network termination for ISDN. Node Any point in a network which provides communications services or where devices interconnect. Intranet A company specific network which has additional security against exter• nal users. Octet Same as a byte, a group of eight bits (typically used in communications terminology). Odd parity An error-detection scheme where a defined bit-grouping has an odd number of l's. Open Data-Link Interface (ODLI) Software specification for network adapter drivers used in NetWare and Apple networks. It supports multiple protocols and multiple adapters. Optical Repeater A device that receives, restores, and re-times signals from one optical fibre segment to another. Packet A sequence of binary digits that is transmitted as a unit in a . A packet usually contains control information and data. They normally are contained with data link frames. Packet switching Network switching in which data is processed in units of whole packets rather than attempting to process data by dividing packets into fixed• length cells. Password authentication protocol (PAP) Protocol which checks a user's password. Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Tunes into a small range of frequencies in a signal and follows any variations in them. Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) Uses two, or more, phase-shifts to represent binary digits. Typically used to transmit binary data over speech-limited channels. Physical layer Lowest layer of the OSI model which is responsible for the electrical, mechanical, and handshaking procedures over the interface that connects a device to a transmission medium Ping Standard protocol used to determine if TCP/IP nodes are alive. Initially a node sends an ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo request packet to the remote node with the specified IP address and waits for

Glossary 423 echo response packets to return. Point of presence (POP) Physical access point to a long distance carrier interchange. Point-to-point protocol (PPP) Standard protocol to transfer data over the Internet asynchronously or synchronously. Port Physical connection on a bridge or hub that connects to a network, node or other device. Protocol A specification for coding of messages exchanged between two commu• nications processes. Quadrature modulation Technique used in PAL and NSTC where the U and V information are add€d to the carrier with a 90° phase difference between them. Quantisation Involves converting an analogue level into a discrete quanti sed level. The number of bits used in the quantization process determines the number of quantisation levels. Quartet signalling SignalIing technique used in 100VG-AnyLAN networks that alIows data transmission at 100 Mbps over frame pairs of UTP cabling. Repeater A device that receives, restores, and re-times signals from one segment of a network and passes them on to another. Both segments must have the same type of transmission medium and share the same set of proto• cols. A repeater cannot translate protocols. Reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) The opposite of ARP which maps an IP address to a MAC address. RJ-45 Connector used with US telephones and with twisted-pair cables. It is also used in ISDN networks, hubs and switches. RMON An SNMP MIB that specifies the types of information listed in a number of special MIB groups that are commonly used for traffic management. Some of the popular groups used are Statistics, History, Alarms, Hosts, Hosts Top N, Matrix, Filters, Events, and Packet Capture. Routing node A node that transmits packets between similar networks. A node that transmits packets between dissimilar networks is calIed a gateway. RS-232C EIA-defmed standard for serial communications. RS-422, 423 EIA-defined standard which uses higher transmission rates and cable lengths than RS-232. RS-449 EIA-defined standard for the interface between a DTE and DCE for 9- and 37-way D-type connectors. RS-485 EIA-defined standard which is similar to RS-422 but uses a balanced connection. Run-length encoding (RLE) Coding technique which represents long runs of a certain bit sequence with a special character. SAP Service Access Point. Field defined by the IEEE 802.2 specification that is part of the address specification.

424 Mastering Networks SAP Service Advertisement Protocol. Used by the IPX protocol to provide a means of informing network clients, via routers and servers of available network resources and services. Segment A segment is any length of LAN cable terminated at both ends. In a bus network, segments are electrically continuous pieces of the bus, con• nected at by repeaters. It can also be bounded by bridges and routers. Serial line internet protocol (SLIP) A standard used for the point-to-point serial connections running TCP/IP. Simplex One-way communication. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Standard protocol for managing network devices, such as hubs, bridges, and switches. Source encoding Coding method which takes into account the characteristics of the in• formation. Typically used in motion video and still image compression. Statistical encoding Where the coding analyses the statistical pattern of the data. Commonly occurring data is coded with a few bits and uncommon data by a large number of bits. Suppressing repetitive sequences Compression technique where long sequences of the same data is com• pressed with a short code. Switch A very fast, low-latency, mUltiport bridge that is used to segment local area networks. Synchronous Data which is synchronised by a clock. TCP Part of the TCP/IP protocol which provides an error-free connection between two cooperating programs. TCP/IP Internet An Internet is made up of networks of nodes that can communicate with each other using TCP/lP protocols. Telnet Standard program which allows remote users to log into a station using the TCP/lP protocol. TIFF Graphics format that supports many different types of images in a num• ber of modes. It is supported by most packages and, in one mode, pro• vides for enhanced high-resolution images with 48-bit colour. Time to live A field in the IP header which defines the number of routers that a packet is allowed to traverse before being discarded. Token A token transmits data around a token ring network. Topology The physical and logical geometry governing placement of nodes on a network. Transceiver A device that transmits and receives signals. Transform encoding Source-encoding scheme where the data is transformed by a mathemati• cal transform in order to reduce the transmitted (or stored) data. A typi• cal technique is the discrete cosine transform (OCT) and the fast Fourier

Glossary 425 transfonn (FFT). Transport layer Fourth layer of the OSI model. It allows end-to-end control of transmit• ted data and the optimised use of network resources. Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) Device which converts parallel data into a serial fonn, which can be transmitted over a serial line, and vice-versa. V.24 ITU-T -defined specification, similar to RS-232C. V.25bis ITU-T specification describing procedures for call set-up and discon• nection over the DTE-DCE interface in a PSDN. V.32 ITU-T standard for bi-directional data transmis• sions at speeds of 4.8 or 9.6 Kbps. V.34 Improved v.32 specification with higher transmission rates (28.8 Kbps) and enhanced . Variable-length-code LZW (VLC-LZW) code Uses a variation of LZW coding where variable-length codes are used to replace patterns detected in the original data. Virtual circuit Logical circuit which connects two networked devices together. X-ON/X-OFF The Transmitter Onl Transmitter Off characters are used to control the flow of infonnation between two nodes. X.21 ITU-T-defined specification for the interconnection of DTEs and DCEs for synchronous communications. X.25 ITU-T -defined specification for packet-switched network connections.

426 Mastering Networks @) HOLe

I C.I Introduction

The data link layer is the second layer in the OSI seven-layer model and its protocols define rules for the orderly exchange of data information between 2 adjacent nodes connected by a data link. Final framing, flow control between nodes, and error detec• tion and correction are added at this layer. In previous chapters the data link layer was discussed in a practical manner. In this chapter its functions will be discussed with ref• erence to HOLC. The two types of protocol are:

• Asynchronous protocol. • Synchronous protocol.

Asynchronous communications uses start-stop method of communication where char• acters are sent between nodes, as illustrated in Figure C.I. Special characters are used to control the data flow. Typical flow control characters are End of Transmission (EaT), Acknowledgement (ACK), Start of Transmission (STX) and Negative Ac• knowledgement (NACK). Synchronous communications involves the transmission of frames of bits with start and end bit characters to delimit the frame. The most popular are IBM's synchronous data link communication (SOLC) and high-level data link control (HOLC). Many net• work data link layers are based upon these standards, examples include the LLC layer in lEE 802.x LAN standards and LAPB in the X.25 packet switching standard. Synchronous communications normally uses a bit-oriented protocol (BOP), where data is sent one bit at a time. The data link control information is interpreted on a bit-by-bit basis rather than with unique data link control characters.

Asynchronous communications

END 10101011101001 ..•... 01011101010 START

Synchronous communications

Figure C.1 Asynchronous and synchronous communications

427 HDLC is a standard developed by the ISO to provide a basis for the data link layer for point-to-point and multi-drop connections. It can transfer data either in a simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex mode. Frames are generally limited to 256 bytes in length and a single control field performs most data link control functions.

IC.2 HDLC protocol In HDLC, a node is either defined as a primary station or a secondary station. A pri• mary station controls the flow of information and issues commands to secondary stations. The secondary station then sends back responses to the primary. A primary station with one or more secondary stations is known as unbalanced configuration. HDLC allows for point-to-point and multi-drop. In point-to-point communications a primary station communicates with a single secondary station. For multi-drop, one primary station communications with many secondary stations. In point-to-point communications it is possible for a station be operate as a primary and a secondary station. At any time, one of the stations can be a primary and the other the secondary. Thus, commands and responses flow back and forth over the transmis• sion link. This is known as a balanced configuration, or combined stations. C.2.1 HDLC modes of operation HDLC has three modes of operation. Unbalanced configurations can use the normal response mode (NRM). Secondary stations can only transmit when specifically in• structed by the primary station. When used as a point-to-point or multi-drop configuration only one primary station is used. Figure C.2 shows a multi-drop NRM configuration. Unbalanced configurations can also use the asynchronous response mode (ARM). It differs from NRM in that the secondary is allowed to communicate with the primary without receiving permission from the primary.

Primary station 1------+-

Normal response Asynchronous mode (NRM) balanced mode (ABM)

Secondary station N

Figure C.2 NRM and ABM mode

428 Mastering Networks In asynchronous balanced mode (ABM) all stations have the same priority and can perform the functions of a primary and secondary station. C.2.2 HDLC frame format

HDLC frames are delimited by the bit sequence 01111110. Figure C.3 shows the standard format of the HDLC frame, the 5 fields are the:

• Flag field. • Address field. • Control field. • Information field. • Frame check sequence (FCS) field.

Flag Flag Address Control Information FCS 011 11110 01 11111 0

8 bts i 8/1 6/24 8 o r 16 Multiple of 16 bits 8 bits bits bits 8 bits I CRC·16 I .. Spa n of CRC calculation · 1 S~an or zero insertion .. - •

Figure C.3 HOLe frame structure

C.2.3 Information field The information fields contain data, such as OSI level 3, and above, information. It contains an integer number of bytes and thus the number of bits contained is always a multiple of eight. The receiver determines the number of bytes in the data because it can detect the start and end flag. By this method, it also finds the FCS field. Note that the number of characters in the information can be zero as not all frames contain data. C.2,4 Flag field

A unique flag sequence, 01111110 (or 7Eh), delimits the start and end of the frame. As this sequence could occur anywhere within the frame a technique called bit-insertion is used to stop this happening except at the start and end of the frame. C.2.5 Addressfield The address field is used to address connected stations an, in basic addressing, it con• tains an 8-bit address. It can also be extended, using extended addressing, to give any multiple of 8 bits. When it is 8 bits wide it can address up to 254 different nodes, as illustrated in Fig• ure CA. Two special addresses are 00000000 and 11111111. The 00000000 address defines the null or void address and the 11111111 broadcasts a message to all secon• daries. The other 254 addresses are used to address secondary nodes individually.

HDLC 429 Secondary station '--'" 254 Figure C.4 HOLe addressing range

If there are a large number of secondary stations then extended address can be used to extend the address field indefmitely. A 0 in the first bit of the address field allows a continuation of the address, or a 1 ends it. For example:

XXXXXXX1 xxxxxxxo xxxxxxxo xxxxxxxo C.2.6 Controlfleld The control field can either be 8 or 16 bits wide. It is used to identity the frame type and can also contain flow control information. The first two bits of the control field define the frame type, as shown in Figure C.5. There are three types of frames, these are:

• Information frames. • Supervisory frames. • Unnumbered frames.

When sent from the primary the pi F bit indicates that it is polling the secondary sta• tion. In an unbalanced mode a secondary station cannot transmit frames unless the primary sets the poll bit. When sending frames from the secondary, the PI F bit indicates whether the frame is the last of the message, or not. Thus if the P IF bit is set by the primary it is a poll bit (p), if it is set by the secondary it is a final bit (F). The following sections describe 8-bit control fields. Sixteen-bit control fields are similar but reserve a 7-bit field for the frame counter variables N (R) and N (S) . Information frame An information frame contains sequenced data and is identified by a 0 in the first bit position ofthe control field. The 3-bit variable N (R) is used to confirm the number of transmitted frames received correctly and N ( S ) is used to number an information frame. The first frame transmitted is numbered 0 as (000), the next as 1 (001), until the eighth which is numbered 111. The sequence then starts back at 0 again and this gives a sliding window of eight frames.

430 Mastering Networks , , , -- , , --- , , -- , , , , ----- , , 0 : N(S) : I PIF : N(R) : ) Information frame I 1

[ 1 IPIF : N(R) : Supervisory frame 1 0 I f I

[ 1 11 1PIF : M I Unnumbered frame I r : b7 be b s b 4 b3 b 2 b1 bo

Figure C.5 Format of an 8-bit control field

Supervisory frame Supervisory frames contain flow control data. They confirm or reject previously re• ceived information frames and also can indicate whether a station is ready to receive frames. The N (S) field is used with the S bits to acknowledge, or reject, previously trans• mitted frames. Responses from the receiver are set in the S field, these are receiver ready (RR), ready not to receive (RNR), reject (REJ) and selectively reject (SREJ). Table C.l gives the format of these bits. RR informs the receiver that it acknowledges the frames sent up to N (R) • RNR tells the transmitter that the receiver cannot receive any more frames at the present time (RR will cancel this). It also acknowledges frames up to N (R). The REJ control rejects all frames after N (R) . The transmitter must then send frames starting at N (R) .

Table C.1 Supervisory bits

Receiver status o o Receiver ready (RR) 1 o Receiver not ready (RNR) o 1 Reject (REJ) 1 1 Selectively reject (SREJ)

Unnumbered frame If the first two bits of the control field are 1's then it is an unnumbered frame. Apart from the P / F flag the other bits are used to send unnumbered commands. When send• ing commands, the P / F flag is a poll bit (asking for a response), and for responses it is a flag bit (end of response). The available commands are SARM (set asynchronous response mode), SNRM (set normal response mode), SABM (set asynchronous balance mode), RSET (reset), FRMR (frame reject) and Disconnect (DISC). The available responses are UA (un-

HDLC 431 numbered acknowledge), CMOR (command reject), FRMR (frame reject) and OM (disconnect mode). Bit definitions for some of these are:

SABM llllPllO OM llllFOOO DISC llOOP010 UA llOOFllO FRMR lll0F001 C.2.7 Frame check sequence field The frame check sequence (FCS) field contains an error detection code based on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) polynomials. It is used to check the address, control and in• formation fields, as previously illustrated in Figure C.2. HOLC uses a polynomial specified by CCITT VAl, which is G(x)=xI6+ x I2+x5+ x l. This is also known as CRC-16 or CRC-CCITT.

IC.3 Transparency

The flag sequence OllllllO can occur anywhere in the frame. To prevent this a transparency mechanism called zero-bit insertion or zero stuffing is used. There are two main rules that are applied, these are:

• In the transmitter, a 0 is automatically inserted after five consecutive I's, except when the flag occurs. • At the receiver, when five consecutive I's are received and the next bit is a 0 then the 0 is deleted and removed. Ifit is a 1 then it must be a valid flag.

In the following example a flag sequence appears in the data stream where it is not supposed to (spaces have been inserted around it). Notice that the transmitter detects five l's in a row and inserts a 0 to break them up.

Message: 00111000101000 OllllllO 010lllll llll010101 Sent: 00111000101000 011111010 010llll10llll010101

IC.4 Flow control Supervisory frames (s [1) send flow control information to acknowledge the reception of data frames or to reject frames. Unnumbered frames (u [ 1) set up the link between a primary and a secondary, by the primary sending commands and the secondary reply• ing with responses. Information frames (r [1) contain data. CA.l Link connection Figure C.6 shows how a primary station (node A) sets up a connection with a secon• dary station (node B) in NRM (normal response mode). In this mode one or many secondary stations can exist. First the primary station requests a link by sending an unnumbered frame with: node B's address (ADDR_B), the set normal response mode

432 Mastering Networks (SNRM) command and with poll flag set (P=l), that is, U [SNRM, ABBR _ B, P=lJ. If the addressed secondary wishes to make a connection then it replies back with an unnum• bered frame containing: its own address (ADDR _B), the unnumbered acknowledge (UA) response and the final bit set (F=l), i.e. U[UA,ABBR_B,F=lJ. The secondary sends back its own address because many secondaries can exist and it thus identifies which station has responded. There is no need to send the primary station address as only one primary exists. Once the link is set up data can flow between the nodes. To disconnect the link, the primary station sends an unnumbered frame with: node B's address (AD DR_B), the dis• connect (DISC) command and the poll flag set (P=l), that is, U [DISC, ABBR _ B, P=lJ. If the addressed secondary accepts the disconnection then it replies back with an un• numbered frame containing: its own address (ADDR _B), the unnumbered acknowledge (UA) response and the fmal bit set (F=l), i.e. U [UA, ABBR _ B, F=lJ. When two stations act as both primaries and secondaries then they use the asyn• chronous balanced mode (ABM). Each station has the same priority and can perform the functions of a primary and secondary station. Figure C.7 shows a typical connec• tion. The ABM mode is set up initially using the SABM command (u [SABM, ABBR _ B, P=lJ). The connection between node A and node B is then similar to the NRM but, as node B operates as a primary station, it can send a disconnect command to node A (u [DISC, ABBR _ B, P=lJ).

Primary Secondary ....-_ Nod_e_A______NodeS

~ F~ll U\UI' , I'DDR_" ,

I ,Data flow

Primary Secondary

Figure C.6 Connection between a primary and secondary in NRM

Node A NodeS

Primaryl Primaryl Secondary Seconda

Primaryl Primaryl Secondary Secondary

Figure C.7 Connection between a primary/secondary in SABM

HDLC 433 The SABM, SARM and SNRM modes set up communications using an 8-bit con• trol field. Three other commands exist which set up a l6-bit control field, these are SABME (set asynchronous balanced mode extended), SARME and SNRME. The for• mat of the 16-bit control field is given in Figure C.8 .

...... I------1.~ " .' 16 bits , , , , , , , , , , I I I I I I I I I I I I N(S) N(R) Information frame

11 10I t I :~ : I~/ I : : :N+: : : ISUpeN i SO~ frame

11 11I ~ I~/ I :M: I~/ I : : :-: : : :l unnUmbered frame

Figure C.S Extended control field.

Figure C.9 shows an example conversation between a sending station (node A) and a receiving station (node B). Initially three information frames are sent numbered 2, 3 and 4 (r [N (S) =2] , r [N (S) =3] and r [N (S) =4, P=1]). The last of these frames has the poll bit set, which indicates to node B that node A wishes it to respond, either to acknowledge or reject previously unacknowledged frames. Node B does this by sending back a supervisory frame (s [RR, N (R) =5]) with the receiver ready (RR) acknowledgement. This informs node A that node B expects to receive frame number 5 next. Thus it has acknowledged all frames up to and including frame 4. In the example in Figure C.9 an error has occurred in the reception of frame 5. The recipient informs the sender by sending a supervisory frame with a reject flow com• mand (s [REJ, N (R) =5]). After the sender receives this it resends each frame after and including frame 5. If the receiver does not want to communicate, at the present, it sends a receiver not ready flow command. For example S [RNR, N (R) =5] tells the transmitter to stop sending data, at the present. It also informs the sender that all frames up to frame 5 have been accepted. The sender will transmit frames once it has received a receiver ready frame from the receiver. Figure C.9 shows an example of data flow in only the one direction. With ABM both stations can transmit and receive data. Thus each frame sent contains receive and send counter values. When stations send information frames the previously received frames can be acknowledged, or rejected, by piggy-I?acking the receive counter value. In Figure C.IO, node A sends three information frames with r [N (S) =0, N (R) =0], r [N (S) =1, N (R) =0], and r [N (S) =2, N (R) =0]. The last frame informs node B that node A expects to receive frame 0 next. Node B then sends frame 0 and acknowledges the reception of all frames up to, and including frame 2 with r [N (S) =0, N (R) =3] , and so on.

434 Mastering Networks IC.S Derivatives of HDLC

There are many derivatives ofHDLC, including:

• LAPB (link access procedure balanced) is used in X.25 packet switched networks; • LAPM(link access procedure for modems) is used in error correction modems; • LLC (logical link control) is used in Ethernet and Token Ring networks; • LAPD (link access procedure D-channel) is used in Integrated Services Digital Networks (lSDNs).

Node A NodeB I(N(S) b2]

I(N(S) qJ]

Error in reception

Figure C.9 Example flow

Node A NodeB

------.---.-

Acknowledgement o up to and including frame 2

Acknowledgement L-~~ up to and including frame 4

Figure C.1 0 Example flow with piggy-backed acknowledgement

HDLe 435 ® Cable Specifications

ID.I Introduction

The cable type used to transmit a signal depends on several parameters, including:

• The signal bandwidth. • The reliability of the cable. • The maximum length between nodes. • The possibility of electrical hazards. • Power loss in the cables. • Tolerance to harsh conditions. • Expense and general availability of the cable. • Ease of connection and maintenance. • Ease of running cables, and so on.

The main types of networking cables are twisted-pair, coaxial and fibre-optic. Twisted• pair and coaxial cables transmit electric signals, whereas fibre-optic cables transmit light pulses. Twisted-pair cables are not shielded and thus interfere with nearby cables. Public telephone lines generally use twisted-pair cables. In LANs they are generally used up to bit rates of 10 Mbps and with maximum lengths of 100 m. Coaxial cable has a grounded metal sheath around the signal conductor. This limits the amount of interference between cables and thus allows higher data rates. Typically, they are used at bit rates of 100 Mbps for maximum lengths of 1 km. The highest specification of the three cables is fibre-optic. This type of cable al• lows extremely high bit rates over long distances. Fibre-optic cables do not interfere with nearby cables and give greater security, give more protection from electrical dam• age by external equipment and greater resistance to harsh environments; they are also safer in hazardous environments. D.1.1 Cable characteristics The main characteristics of cables used in video communication are attenuation, crosstalk and characteristic impedance. Attenuation defines the reduction in the signal strength at a given frequency for a defined distance. It is normally defined in dB/100 m, which is the attenuation (in dB) for 100 m. An attenuation of 3 dBIlOO m gives a signal voltage reduction of 0.5 for every 100 m. Table 0.1 lists some attenua• tion rates and equivalent voltage ratios; they are illustrated in Figure 0.1. The characteristic impedance of a cable and its connectors are important, as all parts of the transmission system need to be matched to the same impedance. This im• pedance is normally classified as the characteristic impedance of the cable. Any

436 differences in the matching result in a reduction of signal power and also produce sig• nal reflections (or ghosting).

0.1

:8 I!! 0.01 iii c: .2' !I)

0.001 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -- ::::::::::::::: -_ ...... _--- _--_ .- .._---_ __ .... _-__----_ ...... _- ..... _- - .. ----_.

0.0001

Figure 0.1 Signal ratio related to attenuation Crosstalk is important as it defines the amount of signal that crosses from one sig• nal path to another. This causes some of the transmitted signal to be received back where it was transmitted. Capacitance (pFI1 00 m) defines the amount of distortion in the signal caused by each signal pair. The lower the capacitance value, the lower the distortion. The main types of cable used in networking and data communications are:

• Coaxial cable - cables with an inner core and a conducting shield having a charac• teristic impedance of either 750 for TV signal or 50 a for other types. • Cat-3 UTP cable - level 3 cables have non-twisted-pair cores with a characteristic impedance of 100 a (±15 0) and a capacitance of 59 pF/m. Conductor resistance is around 9.2 all 00 m.

Cable specifications 437 • Cat-4 UTP cable - level 4 cables have twisted-pair cores with a characteristic im• pedance of 1000 (±150) and a capacitance of 49.2 pF/m. Conductor resistance is around 9 nil 00 m. • Cat-5 UTP cable - level 5 cables have twisted-pair cores with a characteristic im• pedance of 1000 (±15 0) and a capacitance of 45.9 pF/m. Conductor resistance is around 9 nil 00 m.

The Electrical Industries Association (EIA) has defined five main types of cables. Lev• els 1 and 2 are used for voice and low-speed communications (up to 4 Mbps). Level 3 is designed for LAN data transmission up to 16 Mbps and level 4 is designed for speeds up to 20 Mbps. Level 5 cables, have the highest specification of the UTP cables and allow data speeds of up to 100 Mbps. The main EIA specification on these types of cables is EIAlTIA568 and the ISO standard is ISO/IEC 1180 I. Coaxial cables have an inner core separated from an outer shield by a dielectric. They have an accurate characteristic impedance (which reduces reflections), and be• cause they are shielded they have very low crosstalk levels. UTPs (unshielded twisted-pair cables) have either solid cores (for long cable runs) or are stranded patch cables (for shorts run, such as connecting to workstations, patch panels, and so on). Solid cables should not be flexed, bent or twisted repeatedly, whereas stranded cable can be flexed without damaging the cable. Coaxial cables use BNC connectors while UTP cables use either the RJ-ll (small connector which is used to connect the handset to the telephone) or the RJ-45 (larger connector which is used to connect LAN networks to a hub). Table D.2 and Figure D.2 show typical attenuation rates (dB/100m) for the Cat-3, Cat-4 and Cat-5 cables. Notice that the attenuation rates for Cat-4 and Cat-5 are ap• proximately the same. These two types of cable have lower attenuation rates than equivalent Cat-3 cables. Notice that the attenuation of the cable increases as the fre• quency increases. This is due to several factors, such as the skin effect, where the electrical current in the conductors becomes concentrated around the outside of the conductor, and the fact that the insulation (or dielectric) between the conductors actual starts to conduct as the frequency increases. The Cat-3 cable produces considerable attenuation over a distance of 100 m. The table shows that the signal ratio of the output to the input at 1 MHz, will be 0.76 (2.39 dB), then, at 4 MHz it is 0.55 (5.24 dB), until at 16 MHz it is 0.26. This differing attenuation at different frequencies produces not just a reduction in the signal strength but also distorts the signal (because each frequency is affected differently by the cable. Cat-4 and Cat-5 cables also produce distortion but their effects will be lessened be• cause attenuation characteristics have flatter shapes. Coaxial cables tend to have very low attenuation, such as 1.2 dB at 4 MHz. They also have a relatively flat response and virtually no crosstalk (due to the physical structure of the cables and the presence of a grounded outer sheath). Table D.3 and Figure D.3 show typical near end crosstalk rates (dB/lOO m) for Cat- 3, Cat-4 and Cat-5 cables. The higher the figure, the smaller the crosstalk. Notice that Cat-3 cables have the most crosstalk and Cat-5 have the least, for any given frequency. Notice also that the crosstalk increases as the frequency of the signal increases. Thus, high-frequency signals have more crosstalk than lower-frequency signals.

438 Mastering Networks Table 0.2 Attenuation rates (dB/100 m) for Cat-3, Cat-4 and Cat-5 cable

Attenuation rate (dB/100m) Frequency Cat-3 Cat-4 Cat-5 (MHz) I 2.39 1.96 2.63 4 5.24 3.93 4.26 10 8.85 6.56 6.56 16 1l.8 8.2 8.2

Table 0.3 Near-end crosstalk (dB/1 00 m) for Cat-3, Cat-4 and Cat-5 cable

Frequency Near end crosstalk (dB/lOOm) (MHz) Cat-3 Cat-4 Cat-5 I 13.45 18.36 21.65 4 10.49 15.41 18.04 lO 8.52 13.45 15.41 16 7.54 12.46 14.17

12

10 E 0 8 0 -+-Cat3 ~ iii ___ Cat 4 :!:!. 6 c: 0 ...... -Cat5 "".. 4 c:" 2 ~ 0 0 10 15 20 Frequency (MHz)

Figure 0.2 Attenuation characteristics for Cat-3, Cat-4 and Cat-5 cables

o+-----,------+----~-----; o 10 15 20 Frequency (MHz)

Figure 0.3 Near-end crosstalk characteristics for Cat-3, Cat-4 and Cat-5 cables

Cable specifications 439 ® RFCs

The lAB (Internet Advisor Board) has published many documents on the TCP/IP pro• tocol family. They are known as RFC (request for comment) and can be obtained using FTP from the following:

• Internet Network Information Center (NIC) at nic ddn mil, or one of several other FTP sites, such as from the InterNIC Directory and Database Services server ruds.internic.net • Through electronic mail from the automated InterNIC Directory and Database Services mail server at mailserv@ds. internic. net The main body of the message should contain the command:

document-by-name rfcNNNN

where NNNN is the number of the RFC MUltiple requests can be made by sending a single message with each specified document separated by comma-separated list.

The main RFC documents are:

RFC768 User Datagram Protocol RFC775 Directory-Oriented FTP Commands RFC781 Specification of the Internet Protocol Timestamp Option RFC783 TFTP Protocol RFC786 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) RFC791 Internet Protocol (IP) RFC792 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) RFC793 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) RFC799 Internet Name Domains RFC813 Window and Acknowledgment in TCP RFC815 IP Datagram Reassembly Algorithms RFC821 Simple Mail-Transfer Protocol (SMTP) RFC822 Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages RFC823 DARPA Internet Gateway RFC827 Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) RFC877 Standard for the Transmission ofIP Datagrams over Public Data Networks RFC879 TCP Maximum Segment Size and Related Topics RFC886 Proposed Standard for Message Header Munging RFC893 Trailer Encapsulations RFC894 Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet Networks RFC895 Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over Experimental Ethernet Networks RFC896 Congestion Control in TCP/IP Internetworks RFC903 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RFC904 Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specifications RFC906 Bootstrap Loading Using TFTP

440 RFC919 Broadcast Internet Datagram RFC920 Domain Requirements RFC932 Subnetwork Addressing Schema RFC949 FTP Unique-Named Store Command RFC950 Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure RFC951 Bootstrap Protocol RFC959 File Transfer Protocol RFC974 Mail Routing and the Domain System RFC980 Protocol Document Order Information RFClO09 Requirements for Internet Gateways RFCIOll Official Internet Protocol RFC 10 13 X Windows System Protocol RFCI014 XDR: External Data Representation Standard RFC1027 Using ARP to Implement Transparent Subnet Gateways RFC1032 Domain Administrators Guide RFCI033 Domain Administrators Operation Guide RFCI034 Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities RFC1035 Domain Names - Implementation and Specifications RFCI041 Telnet 3270 Regime Option RFCI042 Standard for the Transmission ofIP Datagrams over IEEE 802 Networks RFCI043 Telnet Data Entry Terminal Option RFCI044 Internet Protocol on Network System's HYPERchannel RFCI053 Telnet X 3 PAD Option RFCI055 Nonstandard for Transmission of IP Datagrams over Serial Lines RFC1056 PCMAIL: A Distributed Mail System for Personal Computers RFCI058 Routing Information Protocol RFCI068 Background File Transfer Program (BFTP) RFClO72 TCP Extensions of Long-Delay Paths RFC1073 Telnet Window Size Option RFC1074 NSFNET Backbone SPF-based Interior Gateway Protocol RFCI079 Telnet Terminal Speed Option RFCI080 Telnet Remote Flow Control Option RFC1084 BOOTP Vendor Information Extensions RFCI088 Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over NetBIOS Network RFCI089 SNMP over Ethernet RFC1091 Telnet Terminal-Type Option RFCI094 NFS: Protocol Specification RFCllOl DNS Encoding of Network Names and Other Types RFCl102 Policy Routing in Internet Protocols RFCll04 Models of Policy-Based Routing RFCll 12 Host Extension for IP Multicasting RFCl122 Requirement for Internet Hosts - Communication Layers RFC1123 Requirement for Internet Hosts - Application and Support RFCl124 Policy Issues in Interconnecting Networks RFCl125 Policy Requirements for Inter-Administrative Domain Routing RFCl127 Perspective on the Host Requirements RFC RFCl129 Internet Time Protocol RFCl143 Q Method ofImplementing Telnet Option Negotiation RFCl147 FYI on a Network Management Tool Catalog RFCl149 Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over Avian Carriers RFC1l55 Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-Based RFC1l56 Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-Based

RFCs 441 Internets RFC1157 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) RFCl163 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) RFCII64 Application of the Border Gateway Protocol in the Internet RFCl166 Internet Numbers RFC1l71 Point-to-Point Protocol for the Transmission of Multi-Protocol Datagrams RFCll72 Point-to-Point Protocol Initial Configuration Options RFC1l73 Responsibilities of Host and Network Managers RFC1l75 FYI on Where to Start: A Bibliography of Internetworking Information RFC II 78 Choosing a Name For Your Computer RFCl179 Line Printer Daemon Protocol RFCl184 Telnet Linemode Option RFC1l87 Bulk Table Retrieval with the SNMP RFCl188 Proposed Standard for the Transmission ofTP Datagrams over FDDI Networks RFC1l95 Use of OS I IS-IS for Routing in TCPIIP and Dual Environments RFC II 96 Finger User Information Protocol RFC II 98 FYI on the X Windows System RFCl201 Transmitting IP Traffic over ARCNET Networks RFCl205 520 Telnet Interface RFCl208 Glossary of Networking Terms RFCl209 Transmission ofIP Datagrams over the SMDS Service RFC1212 Concise MIB Definitions RFC1213 MIB for Network Management of TCPIIP-Based Internets RFCl214 OSI Internet Management: Management Information Base RFCl215 Convention for Defining Traps for Use with the SNMP RFCl219 On the Assignment of Subnet Numbers RFCl220 Point-to-Point Protocol Extensions for Bridges RFCl224 Techniques for Managing Asynchronous Generated Alerts RFCl227 SNMP MUX Protocol and MIB RFCl228 SNMP-DPI: Simple Network Management Protocol Distributed Program Interface RFC1229 Extensions to the Generic-interface MIB RFCl230 IEEE 802 4 Token Bus MIB RFCl231 IEEE 802 5 Token Ring MIB RFCl232 Definitions of Managed Objects for the DS 1 Interface Type RFCl233 Definitions of Managed Objects for the DS3 Interface Type RFCl236 IP to X 121 Address Mapping for DDN IP RFCl238 CLNS MIB for Use with Connectionless Network Protocol RFCl239 Reassignment of Experiment MIBs to Standard MIBs RFCl243 Appletalk Management Information Base RFCl245 OSPF Protocol Analysis RFCl246 Experience with the OSPF Protocol RFCl247 OSPF Version2 RFCl253 OSPF Version2: Management Information Base RFCl254 Gateway Congestion Control Survey RFCl267 A Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-3) RFCl271 Remote Network Monitoring Management Information Base RFC1321 The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm RFC1340 Assigned Numbers RFC1341 MIME Mechanism for SpecifYing and Describing the Format ofInternet Message Bodies RFC1360 lAB Official Protocol Standards RFC1522 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Two: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text

442 Mastering Networks RFCl521 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for Specitying and Describing the Format of Internet Mail Message Bodies) RFCl583 OSPF Version2 RFCl630 Universal Resource Identifiers in WWW RFCl738 Uniform Resource Identifiers (URL) RFCl752 The Recommendation for the IP Next-Generation Protocol RFCl771 A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4) RFCl808 Relative Uniform Resource Identifiers RFCl809 Using the Flow Label in IPv6 RFCl825 Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol RFCl826 IP Authentication Header RFCl827 IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) RFCl828 IP Authentication Using Keyed MD5 RFCl829 The ESP DES-CBC Transform RFCl883 Internet Protocol, Version 6 Specification RFCl884 IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture RFCl885 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version-6 (IPv6) Specification RFCl886 DNS Extensions to Support IP Version 6 RFCl887 An Architecture for IPv6 Unicast Address Allocation RFCl901 Introduction to Community-Based SNMPv2 RFCl902 Structure of Management Information for SNMPv2 RFCl903 Textual Conventions for SNMPv2 RFCl904 Conformance Statements for SNMPv2 RFCl905 Protocol Operations for SNMPv2 RFCl906 Transport Mappings for SNMPv2 RFCl907 Management Information Base for SNMPv2 RFCl908 Coexistence Between Version I and Version2 ofthe Internet-Standard Network Management Framework RFCl909 An Administrative Infrastructure for SNMPv2 RFCl910 User-based Security Model for SNMPv2 RFCI911 Voice Profile for Internet Mail RFCl912 Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors RFCI913 Architecture of the Whois++ Index Service RFCl914 How to Interact with a Whois++ Mesh RFCl915 Variance for The PPP Connection Control Protocol and The PPP Encryption Control Protocol RFCl916 Enterprise Renumbering: Experience and Information Solicitation RFCl917 An Appeal to the Internet Community to Return Unused IP Networks (Prefixes) to the lANA RFCl918 Address Allocation for Private Internets RFCl919 Classical versus Transparent IP Proxies RFC1920 INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS RFC I 922 Chinese Character Encoding for Internet Messages RFCl923 RIPvl Applicability Statement for Historic Status RFCl924 A Compact Representation of IPv6 Addresses RFCl925 The Twelve Networking Truths RFCl926 An Experimental Encapsulation ofIP Datagrams on Top of ATM RFCl927 Suggested Additional MIME Types for Associating Documents RFCl928 SOCKS Protocol Version 5 RFCl929 UsernamelPassword Authentication for SOCKS V5 RFCl930 Guidelines for creation, selection, and registration of an Autonomous System (AS) RFCl931 Dynamic RARP Extensions for Automatic Network Address Acquisition

RFCs 443 RFC1932 IP over ATM: A Framework Document RFC1933 Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers RFC1934 Ascend's Multilink Protocol Plus (MP+) RFC1935 What is the Internet, Anyway? RFC1936 Implementing the Internet Checksum in Hardware RFCI937 "LocallRemote" Forwarding Decision in Switched Data Link Subnetworks RFCI938 A One-Time Password System RFC1939 Post Office Protocol- Version 3 RFC1940 Source Demand Routing: Packet Format and Forwarding Specification (Version I) RFCI941 Frequently Asked Questions for Schools RFCI942 HTML Tables RFCI943 Building an X 500 Directory Service in the US RFC1944 Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices RFCI945 Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/l 0 RFCI946 Native ATM Support for ST2+ RFC1947 Greek Character Encoding for Electronic Mail Messages RFCI948 Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks RFC1949 Scalable Multicast Key Distribution RFC1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification version 3 3 RFCI951 Compressed Data Format Specification version 1 3 RFCI952 GZIP file format specification version 4 3 RFC1953 Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol Specification for IPv4 Version I 0 RFC1954 Transmission of Flow Labelled IPv4 on ATM Data Links Ipsilon Version I 0 RFC1955 New Scheme for Internet Routing and Addressing (ENCAPS) for IPNG RFC1956 Registration in the MIL Domain RFCI957 Some Observations on Implementations of the Post Office Protocol (POP3) RFCI958 Architectural Principles ofthe Internet RFCI959 An LDAP URL Format RFC1960 A String Representation ofLDAP Search Filters RFCI961 GSS-API Authentication Method for SOCKS Version 5 RFC1962 The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP) RFC1963 PPP Serial Data Transport Protocol (SDTP) RFC1964 The Kerberos Version 5 GSS-API Mechanism RFC1965 Autonomous System Confederations for BGP RFC1966 BGP Route Reflection An alternative to full mesh IBGP RFC1967 PPP LZS-DCP Compression Protocol (LZS-DCP) RFC1968 The PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP) RFC1969 The PPP DES Encryption Protocol (DESE) RFC1970 Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (lPv6) RFC1971 IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration RFC1972 A Method for the Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks RFC1973 PPP in Frame Relay RFC1974 PPP Stac LZS Compression Protocol RFC1975 PPP Magnalink Variable Resource Compression RFC1976 PPP for Data Compression in Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE) RFC1977 PPP BSD Compression Protocol RFC1978 PPP Predictor Compression Protocol RFCI979 PPP Deflate Protocol RFCI980 A Proposed Extension to HTML : Client-Side Image Maps RFCI981 Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6 RFCI982 Serial Number Arithmetic RFC1983 Internet Users' Glossary RFCI984 lAB and IESG Statement on Cryptographic Technology and the Internet

444 Mastering Networks RFC1985 SMTP Service Extension for Remote Message Queue Starting RFC1986 Experiments with a Simple File Transfer Protocol for Radio Links using Enhanced Trivial File Transfer Protocol (ETFTP) RFC1987 Ipsilon's General Switch Management Protocol Specification Version 1 1 RFC1988 Conditional Grant of Rights to Specific Hewlett-Packard Patents In Conjunction With the Internet Engineering Task Force's Internet-Standard Network Manage• ment Framework RFC1989 PPP Link Quality Monitoring RFC1990 The PPP Multilink Protocol RFC1991 PGP Message Exchange Formats RFC1992 The Nimrod Routing Architecture RFC1993 PPP GandalfFZA Compression Protocol RFC1994 PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) RFC1995 Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS RFC1996 A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes RFC1997 BGP Communities Attribute RFC1998 An Application of the BGP Community Attribute in Multi-home Routing RFC1999 Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers 1900-1999 RFC2000 INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS RFC2001 TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast RFC2002 IP Mobility Support RFC2003 IP Encapsulation within IP RFC2004 Minimal Encapsulation within IP RFC2005 Applicability Statement for IP Mobility Support RFC2006 The Definitions of Managed Objects for IP Mobility Support using SMIv2 RFC2007 Catalogue of Network Training Materials RFC2008 Implications of Various Address Allocation Policies for Internet Routing RFC2009 GPS-Based Addressing and Routing RFC2010 Operational Criteria for Root Name Servers RFC2011 SNMPv2 Management Information Base for the Internet Protocol using SMIv2 RFC2012 SNMPv2 Management Information Base for the Transmission Control Protocol using SMIv2 RFC2013 SNMPv2 Management Information Base for the User Datagram Protocol using SMIv2 RFC2014 IRTF Research Group Guidelines and Procedures RFC2015 MIME Security with Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) RFC2016 Uniform Resource Agents (URAs) RFC2017 Definition of the URL MIME External-Body Access-Type RFC2018 TCP Selective Acknowledgement Options RFC2019 Transmission oflPv6 Packets Over FDDI RFC2020 IEEE 802 12 Interface MIB RFC2021 Remote Network Monitoring Management Information Base Version2 using SMIv2 RFC2022 Support for Multicast over UNI 30/3 I based ATM Networks RFC2023 IP Version 6 over PPP RFC2024 Definitions of Managed Objects for Data Link Switching using SMIv2 RFC2025 The Simple Public-Key GSS-API Mechanism (SPKM) RFC2026 The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3 RFC2027 lAB and IESG Selection, Confirmation, and Recall Process: Operation ofthe Nominating and Recall Committees RFC2028 The Organizations Involved in the IETF Standards Process RFC2029 RTP Payload Format of Sun's CellB Video Encoding RFC2030 Simple (SNTP)

RFCs 445 RFC2031 lETF-ISOC relationship RFC2032 RTP Payload Format for H 261 Video Streams RFC2033 Local Mail Transfer Protocol RFC2034 SMTP Service Extension for Returning Enhanced Error Codes RFC2035 RTP Payload Format for JPEG-compressed Video RFC2036 Observations on the use of Components of the Class A Address Space within the Internet RFC2037 Entity MIB using SMlv2 RFC2038 RTP Payload Format for MPEGlIMPEG2 Video RFC2039 Applicability of Standards Track MIBs to Management of World Wide Web Serv• ers RFC2040 The RC5, RC5-CBC, RC5-CBC-Pad, and RC5-CTS Algorithms RFC2041 Mobile Network Tracing RFC2042 Registering New BGP Attribute Types RFC2043 The PPP SNA Control Protocol (SNACP) RFC2044 UTF-8, a transformation format of Unicode and ISO 10646 RFC2045 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format ofinternet Message Bodies RFC2046 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types RFC2047 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Ex• tensions for Non-ASCII Text RFC2048 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures RFC2049 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Five: Conformance Criteria and Examples RFC2050 INTERNET REGISTRY IP ALLOCATION GUIDELINES RFC2051 Definitions of Managed Objects for APPC using SMlv2 RFC2052 A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV) RFC2053 The AM (Armenia) Domain RFC2054 WebNFS Client Specification RFC2055 WebNFS Server Specification RFC2056 Uniform Resource Locators for Z39 50 RFC2057 Source Directed Access Control on the Internet RFC2058 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) RFC2059 RADIUS Accounting RFC2060 INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION 4revl RFC2061 IMAP4 COMPATIBILITY WITH IMAP2BIS RFC2062 Internet Message Access Protocol - Obsolete Syntax RFC2063 Traffic Flow Measurement: Architecture RFC2064 Traffic Flow Measurement: Meter MIB RFC2065 Domain Name System Security Extensions RFC2066 TELNET CHARSET Option RFC2067 IP over HIPPI RFC2068 Hypertext Transfer Protocol-- HTTP/l 1 RFC2069 An Extension to HTTP: Digest Access Authentication RFC2070 Internationalization ofthe Hypertext Markup Language RFC2071 Network Renumbering Overview: Why would I want it and what is it anyway? RFC2072 Router Renumbering Guide RFC2073 An IPv6 Provider-Based Unicast Address Format RFC2074 Remote Network Monitoring MIB Protocol Identifiers RFC2075 IP Echo Host Service RFC2076 Common Internet Message Headers RFC2077 The Model Primary Content Type for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions RFC2078 Generic Security Service Application Program Interface, Version2

446 Mastering Networks RFC2079 Definition of an X 500 Attribute Type and an Object Class to Hold Unifonn Re• source Identifiers (URIs) RFC2080 RIPng for IPv6 RFC2081 RIPng Protocol Applicability Statement RFC2082 RIP-2 MD5 Authentication RFC2083 PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification RFC2084 Considerations for Web Transaction Security RFC2085 HMAC-MD5 IP Authentication with Replay Prevention RFC2086 IMAP4 ACL extension RFC2087 IMAP4 QUOTA extension RFC2088 IMAP4 non-synchronizing Hterals RFC2089 V2ToVI Mapping SNMPv2 onto SNMPvl within a bi-lingual SNMP agent RFC2090 TFTP Multicast Option RFC2091 Triggered Extensions to RIP to Support Demand Circuits RFC2092 Protocol Analysis for Triggered RIP RFC2093 Group Key Management Protocol (GKMP) Specification RFC2094 Group Key Management Protocol (GKMP) Architecture RFC2095 IMAPIPOP AUTHorize Extension for Simple ChallengelResponse RFC2096 IP Forwarding Table MIB RFC2097 The PPP NetBIOS Frames Control Protocol (NBFCP) RFC2098 Toshiba's Router Architecture Extensions for ATM : Overview RFC2099 Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers2000-2099 RFC2100 The Naming of Hosts RFC2101 IPv4 Address Behavior Today RFC2102 Multicast Support for Nimrod: Requirements and Solution Approaches RFC2103 Mobility Support for Nimrod: Challenges and Solution Approaches RFC2104 HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication RFC2105 Cisco Systems' Tag Switching Architecture Overview RFC21 06 Data Link Switching Remote Access Protocol RFC2107 Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol - ATMP RFC2108 Definitions of Managed Objects for IEEE 802 3 Repeater Devices using SMIv2 RFC2109 HTIP State Management Mechanism RFC2110 MIME E-mail Encapsulation of Aggregate Documents, such as HTML (MHTML) RFC2111 Content-ID and Message-ID Unifonn Resource Locators RFC2112 The MIME MultipartiRelated Content-type RFC2113 IP Router Alert Option RFC2114 Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol RFC2115 Management Infonnation Base for Frame Relay DTEs Using SMIv2 RFC2116 X 500 Implementations Catalog-96 RFC2117 Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol RFC2118 Microsoft Point-To-Point Compression (MPPC) Protocol RFC2119 Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Level RFC2120 Managing the X 500 Root Naming Context RFC2121 Issues affecting MARS Cluster Size RFC2122 VEMMI URL Specification RFC2123 Traffic Flow Measurement: Experiences with NeTraMet RFC2124 Cabletron's Light-weight Flow Admission Protocol Specification RFC2125 The PPP Bandwidth Allocation Protocol (BAP) / The PPP Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP) RFC2126 ISO Transport Service on top ofTCP (ITOT) RFC2127 ISDN Management Infonnation Base using SMIv2 RFC2128 Dial Control Management Infonnation Base using SMIv2 RFC2129 Toshiba's Flow Attribute Notification Protocol (FANP)

RFCs 447 RFC2130 The Report of the lAB Character Set Workshop held29 February - 1 March, 1996 RFC2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol RFC2132 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions RFC2133 Basic Socket Interface Extensions for Ipv6 RFC2134 Articles of Incorporation of Internet Society RFC2135 Internet Society By-Laws ISOC Board of Trustees RFC2136 Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE) RFC2137 Secure Domain Name System Dynamic Update RFC2138 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) RFC2139 RADIUS Accounting RFC2140 TCP Control Block Interdependence RFC2141 URN Syntax RFC2142 Mailbox Names for Common Services, Roles and Functions RFC2143 Encapsulating IP with the Small Computer System Interface RFC2145 Use and Interpretation ofHTTP Version Numbers RFC2146 U S Government Internet Domain Names Federal Networking RFC2147 TCP and UDP over IPv6 Jumbograms RFC2148 Deployment of the Internet White Pages Service RFC2149 Multicast Server Architectures for MARS-based ATM multicasting RFC2150 Humanities and Arts: Sharing Center Stage on the Internet RFC2151 A Primer On Internet and TCP/IP Tools and Utilities RFC2152 UTF-7 A Mail-Safe Transformation Format of Unicode RFC2153 PPP Vendor Extensions RFC2154 OSPF with Digital Signatures RFC2155 Definitions of Managed Objects for APPN using SMIv2 RFC2165 Service Location Protocol RFC2166 APPN Implementer's Workshop Closed Pages Document DLSw v2 0 Enhance• ments RFC2167 Referral Whois (RWhois) Protocol VI 5 RFC2168 Resolution of Uniform Resource Identifiers using the Domain Name System RFC2169 A Trivial Convention for using HTTP in URN Resolution RFC2170 Application REQuested IP over ATM (AREQUIPA) RFC2171 MAPOS - Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH Version 1 RFC2172 MAPOS Version 1 Assigned Numbers RFC2173 A MAPOS version I Extension - Node Switch Protocol RFC2174 A MAPOS version 1 Extension - Switch-Switch Protocol RFC2175 MAPOS 16 - Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH with 16 Bit Addressing RFC2176 IPv4 over MAPOS Version 1 RFC2177 IMAP4 IDLE command RFC2178 OSPF Version2 RFC2179 Network Security For Trade Shows RFC2180 IMAP4 Multi-Accessed Mailbox Practice RFC2181 Clarifications to the DNS Specification RFC2182 Selection and Operation of Secondary DNS Servers RFC2183 Communicating Presentation Information in Internet Messages: The Content• Disposition Header Field RFC2184 MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Lan• guages, and Continuations RFC2185 Routing Aspects of IPv6 Transition RFC2186 Internet Cache Protocol (ICP), version2 RFC2187 Application oflnternet Cache Protocol (lCP), version2 RFC2188 AT&T/Neda's Efficient Short Remote Operations (ESRO) Protocol Specification Version 1 2

448 Mastering Networks RFC2189 Core Based Trees (CBT version2) Multicast Routing RFC2190 RTP Payload Format for H 263 Video Streams RFC2191 VENUS - Very Extensive Non-Unicast Service RFC2192 IMAP URL Scheme RFC2193 IMAP4 Mailbox Referrals RFC2194 Review of Roaming Implementations RFC2195 IMAPIPOP AUTHorize Extension for Simple Challenge/Response RFC2196 Site Security Handbook RFC2197 SMTP Service Extension for Command Pipe lining RFC2198 RTP Payload for Redundant Audio Data RFC2200 INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS RFC2201 Core Based Trees (CBT) Multicast Routing Architecture RFC2202 Test Cases for HMAC-MD5 and HMAC-SHA-I RFC2203 RPCSEC _ GSS Protocol Specification RFC2204 ODETTE File Transfer Protocol RFC2205 Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version I Functional Specification RFC2206 RSVP Management Information Base using SMIv2 RFC2207 RSVP Extensions for IPSEC Data Flows RFC2208 Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version I Applicability Statement Some Guidelines on Deployment RFC2209 Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version I Message Processing Rules RFC22 10 The Use of RSVP with IETF Integrated Services RFC22 I I Specification of the Controlled-Load Network Element Service RFC22 I 2 Specification of Guaranteed Quality of Service RFC22 13 Integrated Services Management Information Base using SMIv2 RFC2214 Integrated Services Management Information Base Guaranteed Service Extensions using SMIv2 RFC2215 General Characterization Parameters for Integrated Service Network Elements RFC2216 Network Element Service Specification Template RFC2217 Telnet Com Port Control Option RFC2218 A Common Schema for the Internet White Pages Service RFC2219 Use ofDNS Aliases for Network Services RFC2220 The Application/MARC Content-type RFC222I IMAP4 Login Referrals RFC2222 Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) RFC2223 Instructions to RFC Authors RFC2224 NFS URL Scheme RFC2226 IP Broadcast over ATM Networks RFC2227 Simple Hit-Metering and Usage-Limiting for HTTP RFC2228 FTP Security Extensions RFC2229 A Dictionary Server Protocol RFC2230 Key Exchange Delegation Record for the DNS RFC223 I MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Lan• guages, and Continuations RFC2232 Definitions of Managed Objects for DLUR using SMIv2 RFC2233 The Interfaces Group MIB using SMIv2 RFC2234 Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF RFC2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline RFC2236 Internet Group Management Protocol, Version2 RFC2237 Japanese Character Encoding for Internet Messages RFC2238 Definitions of Managed Objects for HPR using SMIv2 RFC2239 Definitions of Managed Objects for IEEE 802 3 Medium Attachment Units (MAUs) using SMIv2

RFCs 449 RFC2240 A Legal Basis for Domain Name Allocation RFC2241 DHCP Options for Novell Directory Services RFC2242 NetWare/IP Domain Name and Information RFC2243 OTP Extended Responses RFC2244 ACAP -- Application Configuration Access Protocol RFC2245 Anonymous SASL Mechanism RFC2247 Using Domains in LDAPIX 500 Distinguished Names RFC2248 Network Services Monitoring MIB RFC2249 Mail Monitoring MIB RFC2250 RTP Payload Format for MPEGlIMPEG2 Video RFC2251 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3) RFC2252 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3): Attribute Syntax Definitions RFC2253 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3): UTF-8 String Representation of Dis• tinguished Names RFC2254 The String Representation ofLDAP Search Filters RFC2255 The LDAP URL Format RFC2256 A Summary of the X 500(96) User Schema for use with LDAPv3 RFC2257 Agent Extensibility (AgentX) Protocol Version 1 RFC2258 Internet NomencIator Project RFC2259 Simple NomencIator Query Protocol (SNQP) RFC2260 Scalable Support for Multi-homed Multi-provider Connectivity RFC2261 An Architecture for Describing SNMP Management Frameworks RFC2262 Message Processing and Dispatching for the Simple Network Management Proto• col (SNMP) RFC2263 SNMPv3 Applications RFC2264 User-based Security Model (USM) for version 3 ofthe Simple Network Manage• ment Protocol (SNMPv3) RFC2265 View-based Access Control Model (V ACM) for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) RFC2266 Definitions of Managed Objects for IEEE 802 12 Repeater Devices RFC2267 Network Ingress Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source Address Spoofing RFC2268 A Description of the RC2(r) Encryption Algorithm RFC2269 Using the MARS model in non-ATM NBMA networks RFC2270 Using a Dedicated AS for Sites Homed to a Single Provider RFC2271 An Architecture for Describing SNMP Management Frameworks RFC2272 Message Processing and Dispatching for the Simple Network Management Proto• col (SNMP) RFC2273 SNMPv3 Applications RFC2274 User-based Security Model (USM) for version 3 ofthe Simple Network Manage• ment Protocol (SNMPv3) RFC2275 View-based Access Control Model (V ACM) for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) RFC2276 Architectural Principles of Uniform Resource Name Resolution RFC2277 IETF Policy on Character Sets and Languages RFC2278 lANA Charset Registration Procedures RFC2279 UTF-8, a transformation format ofISO 10646 RFC2280 Routing Policy Specification Language (RPSL) RFC2281 Cisco Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) RFC2282 lAB and IESG Selection,Confirmation, and Recall Process: Operation of the Nominating and Recall Committees RFC2283 Mu1tiprotoco1 Extensions for BGP-4 RFC2284 PPP Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)

450 Mastering Networks RFC2285 Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching Devices RFC2286 Test Cases for HMAC-RIPEMDl60 and HMAC-RIPEMDI28 RFC2287 Definitions of System-Level Managed Objects for Applications RFC2288 Using Existing Bibliographic Identifiers as Uniform Resource Names RFC2289 A One-Time Password System RFC2290 Mobile-IPv4 Configuration Option for PPP IPCP RFC229 I Requirements for a Distributed Authoring and Versioning Protocol for the World Wide Web RFC2292 Advanced Sockets API for IPv6 RFC2293 Representing Tables and Subtrees in the X 500 Directory RFC2294 Representing the OIR Address hierarchy in the X 500 Directory Information Tree RFC2295 Transparent Content Negotiation in HTTP RFC2296 HTTP Remote Variant Selection Algorithm -- RVSAlI RFC2297 Ipsilon's General Switch Management Protocol Specification Version2 0 RFC2298 An Extensible Message Format for Message Disposition Notifications RFC2300 INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS RFC2301 File Format for Internet Fax RFC2302 Tag Image File Format (TIFF) - image/tiffMIME Sub-type Registration RFC2303 Minimal PSTN address format in Internet Mail RFC2304 Minimal FAX address format in Internet Mail RFC2305 A Simple Mode of Facsimile Using Internet Mail RFC2306 Tag Image File Format (TIFF) - F Profile for Facsimile RFC2307 An Approach for Using LDAP as a Network Information Service RFC2308 Negative Caching ofDNS Queries (DNS NCACHE) RFC2309 Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet RFC23 10 The Safe Response Header Field RFC23 I I SIMIME Version2 Message Specification RFC23 12 SIMI ME Version2 Certificate Handling RFC2313 PKCS #1: RSA Encryption Version 15 RFC23 14 PKCS # I 0: Certification Request Syntax Version I 5 RFC23 15 PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version I 5 RFC2316 Report of the lAB Security Architecture Workshop RFC23 17 Classless IN-ADDR ARPA delegation RFC2318 The text/css Media Type RFC23 19 Ukrainian Character Set K0I8-U RFC2320 Definitions of Managed Objects for Classical IP and ARP Over ATM Using SMIv2 (IPOA-MIB) RFC232 I RITA -- The Reliable Internetwork Troubleshooting Agent RFC2322 Management of IP numbers by peg-dhcp RFC2323 IETF Identification and Security Guidelines RFC2324 Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCPIl 0) RFC2325 Definitions of Managed Objects for Drip-Type Heated Beverage Hardware De• vices using SMIv2 RFC2326 Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) RFC2327 SDP: Session Description Protocol RFC2328 OSPF Version2 RFC2329 OSPF Standardization Report RFC2330 Framework for IP Performance Metrics RFC2331 ATM Signalling Support for IP over ATM - UNI Signalling 40 Update RFC2332 NBMA Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) RFC2333 NHRP Protocol Applicability Statement RFC2334 Server Cache Synchronization Protocol (SCSP)

RFCs 451 RFC2335 A Distributed NHRP Service Using SCSP RFC2336 Classical IP to NHRP Transition RFC2337 Intra-LIS IP multicast among routers over ATM using Sparse Mode PIM RFC2338 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol RFC2339 An agreement between the Internet Society, the IETF and Sun Microsystems, Inc in the matter ofNFS V 4 protocols RFC2340 Nortel's Virtual Network Switching (VNS) Overview RFC234 I Cisco Layer Two Forwarding (Protocol) 'L2F' RFC2342 IMAP4 Namespace RFC2343 RTP Payload Format for Bundled MPEG RFC2344 Reverse Tunneling for Mobile IP RFC2345 Domain Names and Company Name Retrieval RFC2346 Making Postscript and PDF International RFC2347 TFTP Option Extension RFC2348 TFTP Blocksize Option RFC2349 TFTP Timeout Interval and Transfer Size Options RFC2350 Expectations for Computer Security Incident Response RFC235 I Mapping of Airline Reservation, Ticketing, and Messaging Traffic over IP RFC2352 A Convention For Using Legal Names as Domain Names RFC2353 APPNIHPR in IP Networks APPN Implementers' Workshop Closed Pages Docu• ment RFC2354 Options for Repair of Streaming Media RFC2355 TN3270 Enhancements RFC2356 Sun's SKIP Firewall Traversal for Mobile IP RFC2357 IETF Criteria For Evaluating Reliable Multicast Transport and Application Proto• cols RFC2358 Definitions of Managed Objects for the Ethernet-like Interface Types RFC2359 IMAP4 UIDPLUS extension RFC2360 Guide for Internet Standards Writers RFC2361 WAVE and A VI Registries RFC2362 Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification RFC2363 PPP Over FUNI RFC2364 PPP over AAL5 RFC2365 Administratively Scoped IP Multicast RFC2366 Definitions of Managed Objects for Multicast over UNI 30/3 I based ATM Net• works RFC2367 PF _KEY Key Management API, Version2 RFC2368 The mail to URL scheme RFC2369 The Use ofURLs as Meta-Syntax for Core Mail List Commands and their Trans• port through Message Header Fields RFC2370 The OSPF Opaque LSA Option RFC237 I Transaction Internet Protocol Version 3 0 RFC2372 Transaction Internet Protocol - Requirements and Supplemental Information RFC2373 IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture RFC2374 An IPv6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Format RFC2375 IPv6 Multicast Address Assignments RFC2376 XML Media Types RFC2377 Naming Plan for Internet Directory-Enabled Applications RFC2378 The CCSO Nameserver (Ph) Architecture RFC2379 RSVP over A TM Implementation Guidelines RFC2380 RSVP over ATM Implementation Requirements RFC2381 Interoperation of Controlled-Load Service and Guaranteed Service with ATM RFC2382 A Framework for Integrated Services and RSVP over ATM

452 Mastering Networks RFC2383 ST2+ over A TM Protocol Specification - UNI 3 I Version RFC2384 POP URL Scheme RFC2385 Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5 Signature Option RFC2386 A Framework for QoS-based Routing in the Internet RFC2387 The MIME MultipartlRelated Content-type RFC2388 Returning Values from Forms: multipart/form-data RFC2389 Feature negotiation mechanism for the File Transfer Protocol RFC2390 Inverse Address Resolution Protocol RFC2391 Load Sharing using IP Network Address Translation (LSNAT) RFC2392 Content-ID and Message-ID Uniform Resource Locators RFC2396 Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax RFC2397 The 'data' URL scheme RFC2398 Some Testing Tools for TCP Implementors RFC2400 INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS RFC2401 Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol RFC2402 IP Authentication Header RFC24 10 The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its Use With IPsec RFC2411 IP Security Document Roadmap RFC2413 Dublin Core Metadata for Resource Discovery RFC2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window RFC2415 Simulation Studies of Increased Initial TCP Window Size RFC24 I 6 When TCP Starts Up With Four Packets Into Only Three Buffers RFC2417 Definitions of Managed Objects for Multicast over UNI 3 0/3 1 based ATM Net• works RFC2418 IETF Working Group Guipelines and Procedures RFC2419 The PPP DES Encryption Protocol, Version2 (DESE-bis) RFC2420 The PPP Triple-DES Encryption Protocol (3DESE) RFC242 I Voice Profile for Internet Mail - version2 RFC2422 Toll Quality Voice - 32 kbitls ADPCM MIME Sub-type Registration RFC2423 VPIM Voice Message MIME Sub-type Registration RFC2424 Content Duration MIME Header Definition RFC2425 A MIME Content-Type for Directory Information RFC2426 vCard MIME Directory Profile RFC2427 Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay RFC2428 FTP Extensions for IPv6 and NATs RFC2429 RTP Payload Format for the 1998 Version ofITU-T Rec H 263 Video (H 263+) RFC2430 A Provider Architecture for Differentiated Services and Traffic Engineering (PASTE) RFC2431 RTP Payload Format for BT 656 Video Encoding RFC2432 Terminology for IP Multicast Benchmarking RFC2433 Microsoft PPP CHAP Extensions RFC2434 Guidelines for Writing an lANA Considerations Section in RFCs RFC2435 RTP Payload Format for JPEG-compressed Video RFC2436 Collaboration between ISOC/IETF and ITU-T RFC2437 PKCS # I : RSA Cryptography Specifications Version2 0 RFC2438 Advancement of MIB specifications on the IETF Standards Track RFC2439 BGP Route Flap Damping RFC2440 OpenPGP Message Format RFC2441 Working with Jon Tribute delivered at UCLA RFC2442 The Batch SMTP Media Type RFC2443 A Distributed MARS Service Using SCSP RFC2444 The One-Time-Password SASL Mechanism RFC2445 Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification (iCalendar)

RFCs 453 RFC2446 iCalendar Transport-Independent Interoperability Protocol (iTIP) Scheduling Events, BusyTime, To-dos and Journal Entries RFC2447 iCalendar Message-based Interoperability Protocol (iMIP) RFC2448 AT&T's Error Resilient Video Transmission Technique RFC2449 POP3 Extension Mechanism", RFC2453 RIP Version2 Carrying Additional Information", RFC2455 Definitions of Managed Objects for APPN", RFC2456 Definitions of Managed Objects for APPN TRAPS RFC2457 Definitions of Managed Objects for Extended Border Node RFC2458 Toward the PSTN/lnternet Inter-Networking --Pre-PINT Implementations RFC2468 I REMEMBER lANA

Quick Guide 802. 12-MIB RFC2020 802.3-MIB RFC2108 802.5-MIB RFC1748 ABNF RFC2234 ACAP RFC2244 AGENTX RFC2257 APPN-MIB RFC2155 ARCH-SNMP RFC2271 ARP RFC26 ATM-ENCAP RFC831169511755 BGP RFC17711174511772/1657119971126911403 BOOTP RFC95112132 CLDAP RFC1798 CON-MD5 RFC1864 CONTENT RFC1049 DAA RFC2069 DASS RFC1507 DAYTIME RFC867 DC-MIB RFC2128 DECNET-MIB RFC1559 DHCP RFC213111534/2132/2241 DISCARD RFC863 DNS RFC218111886/1995/2163/974/23081199611612/206511611/2136 DOMAIN RFC103411035 DSN RFC1894 ECHO RFC862 ENTITY-MIB RFC2037 ESP RFC1827 ETHER-MIB RFC1643 FDDI-MIB RFC128511512 FFIF RFC2301 FINGER RFC1288 FRAME-MIB RFC2115 FTP RFC959/238911415/2228 GQOS RFC2212

454 Mastering Networks GSSAP RFC207811509/196411961 HOST-MIB RFC1514 HTML RFC 1866/2070 HTTP-1.1 RFC2068/2109 IARP RFC2390 ICMP RFC7921125611885 IDENT RFC141311414 IGMP RFC223611112 IMAP RFC20861173112177 12088/222112193/2342/2087 235912195/219212060 IP-ARC RFC1 IP-ARPA RFC22 IP-ATM RFC25 IP-FDDI RFC90 IP-FR RFC2427 IP-IEEE RFC42 IP-IPX RFC32 IP-NETBIOS RFC88 IPNG RFC1752 IP-SLIP RFC55 IP-SMDS RFC1209 IPV6 RFC 18831182611971 11972/2019/214711970/2023 IP RFC7/561155211234 ISDN-MIB RFC2127 IS-IS RFCl195 KERB EROS RFC1510 LDAP RFC2252/22531196011959/2255/2251 MAIL RFC822/2249/2142 MHTML RFC2110 MIB RFC 1212/121312011/20121201311239 MIME RFC2045/2422/2049/176711847/223112046/2077 2047/2015/2387/1892/1848/2426/242112423 MOBILEIP RFC2005/2006/2002/2344 MODEM-MIB RFC1696 NETBIOS RFC100111002 NETFAX RFC1314 NETWAREIP RFC2242 NHRP RFC2332/2333/2335 NICNAME RFC954 NNTP RFC977 NTP RFC 1119/1305 ONE-PASS RFC2289 OSI-NSAP RFC1629 OSI-UDP RFC1240 OSPF RFC232811793/23701185011584/1587 PEM RFC 1423114221142111424 POP3 RFC 193911734/2384

RFCs 455 PPP RFC16611166211474114731147111472/2364 137811638119621199411762/22841196811973 2363/133211618/15701198911990/209711377 204311619/166311598 QUOTE RFC865 RADIUS RFC2138 RARP RFC3 RIP RFC 172311722/20821172411582 RIPNG RFC2080/2091 RMON-MIB RFC20211207411757 RPC RFC 1831/2203 RPSL RFC2280 RREQ RFC1812 RSVP RFC2205/2208/2207 12210/2206/2209 RTP RFC 188911890/2029/2032/2035/2250/2198 RTSP RFC2326/2222 SDP RFC2327 SIP-MIB RFC1694 SLM-APP RFC2287 SLP RFC2165 SMFAX-IM RFC2305 SMI RFC115511902 SMTP RFC821 I 187011869/21971165211891 120341 1985 SNA RFC 19821205111666 SNMP RFC 1157113511141911420/13811141811353 13 521144111907/227311382/2274 SOCKSV5 RFC1928 SONET-MIB RFC1595 STR-LDAP RFC2254 TABLE-MIB RFC2096 TCP RFC793/20 1811323/200 1 TELNET RFC854/855 TFTP RFC 1350/2347/2348/2349 TIFF RFC2302 TIME RFC868 TIP RFC2371 TMUX RFC1692 TOS RFC1349 TP-TCP RFCI006 TRANS-IPV6 RFC1933 TRANS-MIB RFC1906 TXT-DIR RFC2425 UDP RFC768 UPS-MIB RFC1628 URI RFC2079/2396 URL RFC173811808/2017/2368/2056 USERS RFC866

456 Mastering Networks UTF-8 RFC2279 VRRP RFC2338 WHOIS++ RFC18351191311914 X.500 RFC17771177811567 X25-MIB RFC1461 XDR RFC1832

RFCs 457 ® ASCII

IF.l International alphabet No.5

ANSI defined a standard alphabet known as ASCII. This has since been adopted by the CCITT as a standard, known as IA5 (International Alphabet No.5). The following tables define this alphabet in binary, as a decimal value, as a hexadecimal value and as a character.

Bina Decimal Hex Character Bina Decimal Hex Character 00000000 0 00 NUL 00010000 16 10 OLE 00000001 1 01 SOH 00010001 17 11 OC1 00000010 2 02 STX 00010010 18 12 OC2 00000011 3 03 ETX 00010011 19 13 OC3 00000100 4 04 EaT 00010100 20 14 OC4 00000101 5 05 ENQ 00010101 21 15 NAK 00000110 6 06 ACK 00010110 22 16 SYN 00000111 7 07 BEL 00010111 23 17 ETB 00001000 8 08 BS 00011000 24 18 CAN 00001001 9 09 HT 00011001 25 19 EM 00001010 10 OA LF 00011010 26 1A SUB 00001011 11 OB VT 00011011 27 1B ESC 00001100 12 OC FF 00011100 28 1C FS 00001101 13 00 CR 00011101 29 10 GS 00001110 14 OE SO 00011110 30 IE RS 00001111 15 OF SI 00011111 31 IF US

Binar:g Decimal Hex Character Bina Decimal Hex Character 00100000 32 20 SPACE 00110000 48 30 0 00100001 33 21 00110001 49 31 1 00100010 34 22 00110010 50 32 2 00100011 35 23 # 00110011 51 33 3 00100100 36 24 $ 00110100 52 34 4 00100101 37 25 % 00110101 53 35 5 00100110 38 26 & 00110110 54 36 6 00100111 39 27 / 00110111 55 37 7 00101000 40 28 ( 00111000 56 38 8 00101001 41 29 ) 00111001 57 39 9 00101010 42 2A * 00111010 58 3A 00101011 43 2B + 00111011 59 3B 00101100 44 2C 00111100 60 3C < 00101101 45 20 00111101 61 3D 00101110 46 2E 00111110 62 3E > 00101111 47 2F / 00111111 63 3F ?

458 Bina Decimal Hex Character Bina Decimal Hex Character 01000000 64 40 @ 01010000 80 50 P 01000001 65 41 A 01010001 81 51 Q 01000010 66 42 B 01010010 82 52 R 01000011 67 43 C 01010011 83 53 S 01000100 68 44 0 01010100 84 54 T 01000101 69 45 E 01010101 85 55 U 01000110 70 46 F 01010110 86 56 V 01000111 71 47 G 01010111 87 57 W 01001000 72 48 H 01011000 88 58 X 01001001 73 49 I 01011001 89 59 Y 01001010 74 4A J 01011010 90 5A Z 01001011 75 4B K 01011011 91 5B [ 01001100 76 4C L 01011100 92 5C \ 01001101 77 40 M 01011101 93 50 1 01001110 78 4E N 01011110 94 5E 01001111 79 4F 0 01011111 95 5F

Bina Decimal Hex Character Bina Decimal Hex Character 01100000 96 60 01110000 112 70 P 01100001 97 61 a 01110001 113 71 q 01100010 98 62 b 01110010 114 72 r 01100011 99 63 c 01110011 115 73 s 01100100 100 64 d 01110100 116 74 t 01100101 101 65 e 01110101 117 75 u 01100110 102 66 f 01110110 118 76 v 01100111 103 67 g 01110111 119 77 w 01101000 104 68 h 01111000 120 78 x 01101001 105 69 i 01111001 121 79 Y 01101010 106 6A j 01111010 122 7A z 01101011 107 6B k 01111011 123 7B { 01101100 108 6C 1 01111100 124 7C 01101101 109 60 m 01111101 125 70 01101110 110 6E n 01111110 126 7E 01101111 111 6F 0 01111111 127 7F DEL

ASCII 459 IF.2 Extended ASCII code

The standard ASCII character has 7 bits and the basic set ranges from 0 to 127. This code is rather limited as it does not contains symbols such as Greek letters, lines, and so on. For this purpose the extended ASCII code has been defined. This fits into char- acter numbers 128 to 255. The following four tables define a typical extended ASCII character set.

Bina'1!. Decimal Hex Character Bina Decimal Hex Character 10000000 128 80 C; 10010000 144 90 E 10000001 129 81 U 10010001 145 91 CE 10000010 130 82 e 10010010 146 92 lE 10000011 131 83 a 10010011 147 93 6 10000100 132 84 a 10010100 148 94 ij 10000101 133 85 a 10010101 149 95 0 10000110 134 86 a 10010110 150 96 U 10000111 135 87 c:;; 10010111 151 97 U 10001000 136 88 e 10011000 152 98 Y 10001001 137 89 e 10011001 153 99 c) 10001010 138 8A e 10011010 154 9A (j 10001011 139 8B 1. 10011011 155 9B ¢ 10001100 140 8C i 10011100 156 9C £ 10001101 141 8D i 10011101 157 9D ¥ 10001110 142 8E A 10011110 158 9E rl 10001111 143 8F A 10011111 159 9F f

Bina'1!. Decimal Hex Character Bina'1!. Decimal Hex Character 10100000 160 AO a 10110000 176 BO'------10100001 161 A1 i 10110001 177 B1 10100010 162 A2 6 10110010 178 B2 10100011 163 A3 U 10110011 179 B3 10100100 164 A4 fi 10110100 180 B4 10100101 165 A5 N 10110101 181 B5 10100110 166 A6 a 10110110 182 B6 10100111 167 A7 0 10110111 183 B7 10101000 168 A8 G 10111000 184 B8 10101001 169 A9 [J 10111001 185 B9 10101010 170 AA ...., 10111010 186 BA 10101011 171 AB ~ 10111011 187 BB 10101100 172 AC ~ 10111100 188 BC 10101101 173 AD i 10111101 189 BD 10101110 174 AE « 10111110 190 BE 10101111 175 AF » 10111111 191 BF

460 Mastering Networks Bina Decimal Hex Character Bina Decimal Hex Character 11000000 192 CO 11010000 208 DO 11000001 193 C1 11010001 209 D1 11000010 194 C2 11010010 210 D2 11000011 195 C3 11010011 211 D3 11000100 196 C4 11010100 212 D4 11000101 197 C5 11010101 213 D5 11000110 198 C6 11010110 214 D6 11000111 199 C7 11010111 215 D7 11001000 200 C8 11011000 216 D8 11001001 201 C9 11011001 217 D9 11001010 202 CA 11011010 218 DA 11001011 203 CB 11011011 219 DB 11001100 204 CC 11011100 220 DC 11001101 205 CD 11011101 221 DD 11001110 206 CE 11011110 222 DE 11001111 207 CF 11011111 223 DF

Bina Decimal Hex Character Bina Decimal Hex Character 11100000 224 EO 11110000 240 FO 11100001 225 E1 11110001 241 F1 11100010 226 E2 11110010 242 F2 11100011 227 E3 11110011 243 F3 11100100 228 E4 11110100 244 F4 11100101 229 E5 11110101 245 F5 11100110 230 E6 11110110 246 F6 11100111 231 E7 11110111 247 F7 11101000 232 E8 11111000 248 F8 11101001 233 E9 11111001 249 F9 11101010 234 EA 11111010 250 FA 11101011 235 EB 11111011 251 FB 11101100 236 EC 11111100 252 FC 11101101 237 ED 11111101 253 FD 11101110 238 EE 11111110 254 FE 11101111 239 EF 11111111 255 FF

ASCII 461 o Index

01111110,128,129,131,138,417,429, 4Mbps,62, 66, 69,438 432 500,437 1.536Mbps, 124, 125 62.5/125, 79, 82 1.544 Mbps, 135, 226 622Mbps, 103 1.544Mbps, 125, 135, 137,226 64kbps,90, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134, 1.920Mbps, 124, 125 135, 137, 138,226,420 10 Mbps, 39, 57 6MHz,89, III 100 Mbps, 40, 41, 42, 45, 57, 71 750,437 1000, 437, 438 8kHz, 110, 123, 134, 135,366 100BASE-FX, 40 802.2,33,58,212,371,372,414 100BASE-TX, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 56 8B6T,42 100Mbps,21, 25,26, 29,40-42,44-47, 8-to-14 bit modulation, 405 59,71,82,83,86, II3, 414, 416, 417, 96Mbps, 41, 44 419,424,436,438 100VG-AnyLAN, 40-45, 48,59,414,424 AA, 308, 332, 340, 403 IOBASE2, 23, 37, 39, 57-59 AAL functionality, 107 IOBASE5, 37-39, 57-59 service levels, 106, III IOBASE-FL, 38 services, 107 IOBASE-T, 23, 37-41, 44,58,59 type 2,107 10Mbps, 23,29, 32, 37, 39,40, 41,46, 47, type 3/4, 108, 109 59,86,414,416,419,436 type 5,109 128kbps, 125,226 AALI,107 128-bit code, 309 AC, 63, 126,362,403 128-bit key, 30 I, 307, 308, 316 accuracy, 89 128kbps, 125, 137,226 ACK, 133, 168-170, 176, 178-180,403, 12MHz,89 427 1500,68 acknowledgement, 34, 62, 63, 70, 97, 131, I 55Mbps, 45, 47, 103, 113, 118, 121 169,170,171,174,176,177,179,182, 16kbps, 123-128, 138 215,216,352,357,434,435,436 16.7M,420 active, 37, 65-fJ7, 175, 180,201,208,269, 16kbps, 123-128, 134, 135, 137, 138 376,394,399,413 16Mbps,20, 47,62, 66, 67,69,438 active X, 348 192kbps, 125, 127 adaptation layer, 92, 102,416 2.048 Mbps, 125 adaptive Huffman, 415 2.4Gbps, 103 ADC, 90, 403 2000,18,211,247,248,284 address field, 24, 31, 36, 78, 93, 128, 129, 200Mbps, 71, 86 143,372,429,430 28.8 kbps, 226 address field, 128,429 28.8kbps, 123,226 address filtering, 251, 258 32 kbps, 125 ADPCM, 107, 135,403,411,453 3DES,301 AES,403 4 kHz, 110, III, 134, 135 AFI,99, 100, 102,403 400Mbps, 41, 44 algorithm, 23, 24, 53, 66, 143,280,281, 44. 1kHz, 89, 110, 138 284,285,295,301,302,307,312,314, 4B/5B, 74, 75, 77,87 316-318,325,327,331-333,379,407

462 alphabet shifting, 288 routing cells, 93 AM, 403, 415, 446 routing, 93 American, 403, 415 switches, 93, 97, 98, 104, 120 AMI, 126, 137,403 TCP/IP, 29, 33, 102, 139-141, 147, amplitude modulation, 403, 410 162,168,201,203,211,212,217, analogue, 89,90,124,416,417,418,424 221,223,256,257,353,356,402 angle, 79, 320 UNI, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99, 102,412,445, animation, 224, 229, 256 451, 452, 453 anonymous, 231, 411 attachment stations, 80 ANSI, 56, 58, 73, 80, 83, 89,92,232,371, attenuation, 22, 82, 85, 87, 436, 437--439 403,415,416 attributes, 18, 183, 375 API, 182, 183,354,364,403,408,451, AU, 224, 236, 242 452 audio, 72, 82, 89, 107, 110, 111, 113, 135, Apple, 219, 354, 387, 423 138,256,268,277,278,285,340,363, AppleTalk, 117, 183,200,412 366,386,403,404,418,419 application level gateway, 262, 263 digital, 404 arp, 106, 157, 158, 161, 167,403,407, authentication, 206, 252, 275, 279, 281, 415,416,424,441,451,454 294,316,327,329,330,333,335-342, arrays, 282 348,404,408--411,417,423 ASCII, 203, 289, 292, 293, 294, 317, 319, A VI, 224, 452 321,323,324,356,358,363-372,377, 403,415 backbone, 16, 17,38,39,46,54,56,59, CR, 358, 359 79,80,92,419 EOT, 360, 374, 406, 427 backbone network, 54, 79, 80, 92 FF, 51,65, 77,368,406 bank cards, 281 LF, 358, 359 BASIC, 325 ASK, 403, 415, 422 baud, 417 assembly, 142 baud rate, 417 asynchronous, 72, 77, 130,403,411,416, BCC, 356, 403 426,428,429,431,433,434 BCD, 403 AT, 403, 448, 454 bee-sting, 38 ATM, 45, 47, 48, 53, 84, 88-121, 403, binary, 31, 42, 75, 87, 102, 126, 131, 135, 407,416,443--453 136,182,203,217,242,280,292,294, adaptation layer, 92, 102,403,416 324,363,366,368,372,373,377,403, adaptation layer, 92, 102, 416 405,415,419,422,423 backbone, 92 BIOS, 403 cells, 92, 102, 111 B-ISDN, 124, 125 class A, 107, III Bit rate, 20-26, 29, 35, 40, 41, 42, 56, 57, class B, 107, III 59,62,68-70,79,86,90,103,104, class C, 107, III 107-109, 123, 127, 128, 134, 135, 138, data link, 102 418,425,436 flow control, 96 bit shift, 293 gateway, 102 bit stuffing, 129, 138,417 header (GFC), 94, 374 bitstream, 36, 42, 43, 49, 74, 75, 77, 126, header (VPI), 94, 95, 103 129,131,368 header, 34, 92, 94, 103-110, 141-144, bitwise, 295 161,163,168-173,197,206,207, AND, 295 208,215,269-279,302,341,356, OR, 295 361,363-366,372,373,399,404, black-box, 386 416,418 blue, 44, 410 OSI model, 102 BMP,403 physical layer, 103 BNC,23, 38, 39,49, 59,403,417,438 pipe, 96 bold, 360, 361, 383

Index 463 bootp, 153, 154, 199,403,417,441,448, CERN, 223, 235, 277 454 CGI,404 bps, 403 CGM,404 bridge, 16, 17,21-23,27,45,55,71,92, channel identification, 132 103, 104, 139, 140, 155, 156, 167,202, character alphabet, 415 204,217,222,251,403,415,420,421, characteristic impedance, 36, 68, 436--438 424,425,414,420,421,425,442 characters, 53, 87, 189,233,247,252, filtering rate, 22 253,254,280,285,286,288-290,293, forward rate, 22 294,317,320,323,356,358,359,363, source route, 23 366,368,371,377,391,399,415,426, source routing, 23 427,429 spanning tree, 17,23, 167 cheapernet, 37, 38, 58, 59 broadband ISDN, 124 checksum, 171, 173, 215, 444 browser, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, 233, CIF, 404, 406 234,256,259,268,269,338-342,346, circuit-switched, 82, 83, 91, 123, 124,226, 349,386,387,400 404,420 buffer, 48, 49,51,52,62,78, 109, 146, cladding, 79 174,181,188,190,331,416 classes, 56,107,148, 163, 171,393,394 bus network, 19,21,27,29,425 client, 17,27,46,106,183,193-195,199, button, 17 211,212,217,219,226,231,240,244, bytecodes,386 245,249,256,257,267-279,337,338, 341,353,354,371-373,279,337, C, 16,48,63,66,75,107,129, 140, 147- 386-389,392,393,402,418,446,447 149,150,162,199,201,203,230,240, client/server, 17,27, 199,201,226,240, 262,286,288,290,293,295,309,310, 268,353,354,371,372,373,386,392, 319-325,331-335,368,376,386,402, 393 427--435 clipper chip, 281 C++, 199, 386, 402 CMC, 354, 404 cable CMOS, 404 characteristics, 436 coaxial, 20, 21, 25, 26, 29, 36, 49, 54, 57, impedance, 39 58,66,67,417--419,422,436--438 types, 25,26, 39, 68, 436 codes cabling, 54-56,68,414,424 digital, 89 cache, 117,234,268,271,272,411,448, mappings, 288 451 feedback, 50, 97 CAD, 79, 403 coding calling party number, 132 source, 425 CAN, 39, 404 collision, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, capacitance, 437 4~53,5~8~ 131,40~417 carriage return, 358, 368, 404 collision detection, 29, 404 cartridge, 410 colour, 43, 44 cat-3, 40--42, 62, 68, 69, 417, 437--439 combinations, 247, 249, 288 cat-4, 40, 62, 438, 439 comments, 236, 237, 445, 447 cat-5, 40, 41, 45, 55, 56, 62, 68, 69, 414, common words 417,438,439 standard English, 280 CATNIP, 206, 404 communicator, 342 cc: Mail, 355, 367 compact, 404 CCITT, 123, 124, 126, 132, 137,362,404, compatibility, 41,53, 182,338 420,432 compress, 277 CD, 29, 30, 36, 53, 404 compressed images, 224 CDFS,404 compression, 134, 135,271,273,277, CD-R, 17, 404 317,410,419,420,421,425 CD-ROM, 17,53, 138,381,384,404 CompuServe, 226, 420

464 Mastering Networks Computational Difficulty, 282 data rate, 39, 82 concatenated, 317 databases, 240 concentrator, 19, 80, 404, 411 datastream-oriented, 168 connection-oriented, 107, 108, 168,215 date, 272, 275, 321, 322, 326, 361, 362, connectors, 29, 38, 44, 62, 67, 68, 422, 364,369,370,392 424,436,438 dB, 404, 436,437, 438,439 consecutive zeros, 74, 75, 77, 86 DC, 37, 42, 43, 49,51,126,127,128, content advisor, 344, 345 405,407 control field, 33, 34, 64, 65, 77, 92, 94, DC balancing, 127 128,130,131,404,416,428,430,431, DCD,405 434 DCE, 405, 418, 424, 444 control field, 77, 130, 131,272,429,430 D-channel contention, 131 control token, 62, 63, 65, 70 OCT, 405, 421, 425 correction, 198,427,435 DO, 332, 340, 405 cosine, 405 DEC, 29, 167,419 courier, 200, 280 decimal, 419 CPU, 404 decryption, 282 CR, 358, 359 demand priority access method, 43 CR character, 359 demodulator, 409 CRC, 30, 31, 53, 64, 78, 108-110, 132, DES, 282, 284, 300-307, 311, 312, 405, 404,415,418,432 444,453 CRC-16,432 mangler function, 301, 305, 307, 309 CRC-CCITT, 432 s-box, 305-307 crosstalk, 57, 70, 418, 436, 438, 439 triple DES, 307 CRT,404 destination address, 29-31, 33, 36, 62, 64- cryptographic keys, 281 66, 78, 146, 165, 216, 251, 258, 265, cryptographics, 280 404 CSDN,404 DHCP, 405, 419, 448, 450, 454 CS~A,29,30,36,45,46,53, 104,404, DIB, 152, 405 414,417 dictionary, 247, 249, 421 CS~AlCA, 404 dielectric, 438 CS~AlCD, 29, 30, 36,45,46,53, 104, differential encoding, 418 404,414,417 Diffie-Hellman, 312, 328 CTS, 404 digital, 55, 90, 103, 284, 330, 338, 349, 351,435,448 DA, 64, 78, 404 digital audio tape, 404 DAC, 80, 404 digital Certificate, 351, 338 DARPA, 139, 149,404,440 digital code, 89 DAS, 80, 81, 404 digital Compact Cassette, 99, 100, 405 OAT, 17,404 digital signatures, 330 Data secret-key, 330 compression, 426, 444 digital-to-analogue, 404 computer-type, 72, 88,90,91, 111, digitized video, 88 113, 123 DISC, 130, 131,405,432,433 decryption, 282 disconnect mode, 130, 131 Encryption, 282, 284, 300, 302, 307 discrete, 312, 405, 424, 425 frame, 21, 22, 34, 62, 63, 65, 70, 72, discrete cosine transform, 405, 425 73, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 86, 87, 106, discriminate, 65 138, 140,432 distributed clock, 72 integrity, 72 division, 90, 134, 135,351,406 link, 139,444,445,447 D~, 131,405,432 data link layer, 21, 30, 34, 35, 102, 103, D~A, 405 128,139,215,418,420,427,428 DNS, 117, 151-155, 161, 162, 195, 199,

Index 465 203,259,346,391,402,405,441-451, keys, 313 454 program, 290 DOC, 230 program, 290 domain names, 151, 162,346 tunnels, 263 domains, 415 end delimiter, 63, 64, 70, 77, 87, 129 DOS, 203, 211, 212, 376, 379, 405 end-to-end flow control, 96 DOS-based, 211, 261 England, 112, 113, 122,254,406 DPCM,405 english language, 285 DPSK,405 enhanced parallel port, 406 DQDB, 93, 405 ENQ,405 DR, 405 Entropy coding, 419 DRAM, 405 EOT,406 DSS, 284, 312, 405 EPROM, 406 DTE, 405, 418, 424 error, 30, 31, 34, 47, 51, 64, 73, 86, 91, DTR,405 94, 109, 110, 128, 132, 138, 141, 143, D-type, 38, 424 145,146,168,184-191,196,198,215, dynamic range, 405 216,268,272,279,357-360,391,394, 396,400,414,418,419,421,427,432, EaStMAN, 84, 85, 87, 100, Ill, 113, 434,435 115-118,204,236,405 control, 34, 94, 143,418 EBCDIC, 371, 405, 419 detection, 30, 31, 64, 128, 132, 143, EBU,405 215,419,427,432 Edinburgh, 84, 100, 101, 112, 113, 116, ETB,406 151,202,204,236,254,405 ether, 37, 49, 154 eece.napier.ac.uk, 151, 153,202,203,204, ethernet, 16,21,22,23,29-71,79,88,92, 209,210,360,364,389,390,391 98, 104, 112, 139, 140, 147, 155-159, EEPROM, 405 161,167,212,215,222,236,354, EGB,24 414-422,435,440,441,444 EIA,58,405,417,438 100BASE-4T, 41, 42,59 EISA, 405 100BASE-FX, 40 electronic commerce, 351 100BASE-T, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48,53,56, electronic mail, 201, 207, 226, 228-231, 59 238,240,245,250,256,258,263,265, 100BASE-TX, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44,56 267,269,270,271,280,284,294,317, 100Mbps,40,59,414 319,321,323,326,352-354,360, 100VG-AnyLAN, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 362-366,373,378,383,440,444 45,48,59,414,424 API, 354 lOBASE2, 23, 37, 39, 45, 57, 58, 59 clients, 354 10BASE5, 37-39, 57, 58, 59 mail address, 230 lOBASE-FL, 38, 57 mail client, 353 lOBASE-T connections, 41 messaging protocol, 354 lOBASE-T, 23, 37, 38, 39,40,41,44, overview, 354 53,57,58,59 overview, 354 AU!, 35, 403 post office, 353, 354, 371, 410 cheapernet, 37, 38, 57, 58, 59 shared-file approach, 353 DSAP,33 electronic token, 20, 62 fast ethernet, 38, 40-45, 55-57, 60, elliptic curve, 312 414,419 EMF, 405 II, 32, 212, 222 encrypted tunnels, 263 imp lementation, 51 encryption, 206, 242, 263, 271, 280-285, LLC protocol, 34 288-295,297,300-302,306-313, MDI,35 316-319,325-327,333,337,338,340, migration, 44 341,342,405,407 PLS,35,36

466 Mastering Networks SNAP, 33, 59,212 HPFS,406 SSAP,33 NTFS, 376,409 thick-wire, 37-39, 58 finger, 170, 406, 454 thinnet, 37, 39 firewall, 252, 256-267 thin-wire, 37-39, 57, 58 floppy disks, 384 transceiver, 36, 37, 51, 54 flow, 34, 53,92, 96,97,102,103,123, types, 37 130, 132, 133, 138, 144, 146, 169,207, ETSI, 89, 92 208,209,215,225,250,381,416,418, ETX,406 419,426,427,428,430-435 european, 125,223,405 flow control, 34, 53, 92, 96, 97, 102, 103, event-driven, 375, 383 130,132,215,416,418,427,430,431, events, 176, 193,262,358,375 432 explorer, 23, 227, 233, 234, 342 FM,406 extended capability port, 142,405,444 font Symbol, 75 fast ethernet, 38, 40-45, 55, 56, 57, 60, form feed, 368 414,419 forms, 453 fast packet, 92, 416 forward error correction, 406 fault tolerance, 62, 76, 79 fragment, 141, 143, 145,419 FAX, 406, 451 fragmentation, 92, 145, 163-169,416 FC, 77, 78, 406 Frame check sequence, 31, 33, 64, 78, FCS, 31, 34, 36, 64,132,406,419,429, 128, 132,215,406,419,429,432 432 frame format, 77, 126 FDDI, 22, 45, 47, 48,53,56,71-88,92, frame reject, 131 9~ 112, 113, 11~ 118, 139,236,354, framing bits, 34, 125 406,407,418,419,420,442,445 frequency, 42, 49, 51, 57, 89, 91, Ill, applications, 79 134, 135,406,416,417,422,436,438 attachments, 56, 80 F~R, 131,406,432 backbone network, 79, 80 FSK, 406, 419, 422 DAC,80 ftp, 140, 168, 169, 170, 175, 198, 199, DAS, 80, 81, 404 201,207,223,228,229-231,244,258, data frame format, 77, 78 259,265,267,338,342,366,391,392, frame format, 77 406,419,440,441,445,449,453,454 layers, 73 FTPS, 342 management, 72, 406 full-duplex, 53-55, 428 media, 79 network, 71, 74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, G.711, 135 87,407 G.722, 134, 135 SAC, 80, 411 G.728, 134, 135 SAS, 80, 81,411 gateway, 16, 102, 113, 139-147, 154-156, specification, 82, 83 159,162-165,165-167,171,203,204, timed token, 72 211,214,217,222,236,257,258,262, token format, 77, 87 263,267,271,272,279,354,355,362, token-passing, 71, 72, 79, 86, 419 371,404,407,420,424,440-443 FDM,406 Germany, 161 FDX,406 GFI,406 FF, 51, 65, 77, 368 GIF,224, 235,273, 366, 406,420 fiber optic, 38, 40, 67, 103 GMT, 275, 276, 278, 319, 335, 360, 369, single-mode, 79 370 FIFO, 51, 52, 406 gopher, 199,201,223,228,229,232,259, file system, 217, 229, 353, 404, 406, 407, 409 409 government, 241, 248, 254, 280, 281, 448 FAT, 376, 406 graphical user interface, 256, 406

Index 467 graphics, 234, 245, 340, 386, 397, 403, IeMP, 143, 144, 161, 162, 166, 168, 184, 404,406,413,425,447 201,202,204,207,407,423,440,455 Greek, 280, 444 Iep,226 ground, 49 IDE, 310, 324 group address, 65 IDEA, 282, 284, 300, 301, 307, 308-310, groupware, 256 312,317,318,324,407 GUI, 256, 406 IDI, 99, 100, 102, 407 GZ,224 IDLE, 75, 448 IDP, 99, 407 hackers, 242-244,247, 262, 337,401 lEe, 99, 438 half-duplex, 41, 53, 420, 428 IEEE, 23,29-36,40,41, 43, 52-56, 58, HALT, 75 62-64,69,77,86,93, 104, 151, 159, handshaking, 44, 198,360,420,423 371,372,407,414,416,419,422,424, HO,406 441,442,445,447,449,450 HOLe, 406, 410, 417, 420, 427--432, 435 802.3 frame format, 31, 32 HOTV,406 802.6,77,93 HOX,406 802.3,29-36,40,41,43,52-55,58, Heriot-Watt University, 84, 100, 101, 113, 69,86, 104,384,414,416,419, 117 447,449 hertz, 407 802.3u, 40, 41, 416, 419 hexadecimal, 31, 117,331,368,418,422 802.12,41,43,414,445 hi-fi, 89, 91, 110, 138 802.4,58,69,86,384,442 high-frequency, 57,417,438 802.2,33,58,69,86,371,372,424 hosts, 140, 143,147-151,156,158-164, 802.5,43,58,62-64,69,86,104,384, 168,169,171,183,192,201,203,207, 414,442 246,356,357,396 standards, 30 HP,167 IETF, 268, 340, 416, 420, 445, 449, 450, HTML, 224, 226, 229-232, 238, 241, 269, 451,452,453 270,366,387,406,420,444,447,455 ILO,407 links, 234 images, 224, 249, 256, 268, 352, 353, 363, http, 111-113, 122, 198, 199,201,229- 370,409,420,425 237,257-259,267-271,274-276,337, , 153 338,340-342,351,386,387,391,400, initialization, 66 407,444,446-- 449,451 input/output supervisor, 407 entity header fields, 273 install able File System, 407 full requests/responses, 269 integrity check, 281 general header fields, 272 Intel, 29, 52, 151,236,419 message, 269, 274, 341 interactive video, 91 request example, 270 interconnected networks, 17, 23, 95, 140, HTTPS,342 280 hub, 19,30,38,39,41,43--46,47,59,62, interconnection length, 22, 71 120,251,414,415,420,424,425,438 internet, 17,22,24,27,29, 107, 111, 113, Huffman, 415, 420, 421 116, 139-152, 155, 158, 160, 162-168, hypertext, 201, 224, 228, 230, 231, 268, 183,185,199,200,201,203,204,206, 420,444,446 208,211,214,222,223,225-268,276, Hz, 407 301,311,317,319,324,337,340,342, 344,346,348,351,352,353,355,356, IA5,407 363,381,384,386,387,393,394, lAP, 226, 407 404--414,418,420,421,423--425, IBM, 20,62, 66--68, 254, 302,407,412, 440--454 419,427 access Provider, 226 IBM 8228, 66 addresses, 147, 149, 165,393 IBM type A connectors, 67 connectivity provider, 226

468 Mastering Networks datagram, 141, 142 Ireland, 113, 405 address, 230, 231, 355 IRQ, 408 engineering task force, 340, 420, 445 ISA,408 example domain addresses, 151 ISDN, 90-92, 101, 111, 123-138,225, example, 147 226,264,403,408,410,416,420,423, explorer, 227, 233, 342, 346, 348, 351, 424,447 386 basic rate, 123-125, 126, 138 naming structure, 151 B-channel, 124, 125, 128, 132, 136, presence provider, 226 137,138 primary domain names, 151, 162 B-ISDN, 124, 125,403 protocol, 139, 162,208,418,421,440, call clearing, 133 441,443,445,452 call establish, 133, 134 resources, 228 channels, 124, 137 inter-networking, 139 data link layer, 128 interrupt, 27 D-channel contention, 131 request, 408 D-channels, 124, 125, 127, 128, 131, software, 375 132,136-138,416,435 interrupt control port, 226, 407, 448 dial-up, 226 intranets, 223, 242, 256, 266, 311 frame format, 126, 127 IP, 17,21,27,29,33,95,98,99, 102- HO,124 \06,113,117,139,140-173,182,185, HII, 124, 125, 137 192,195-217,221,223,243-245,251, H12, 124, 125, 137 256-259,263-266,346,353,356,386, information messages, 133 391,392,394,396,402,406-408,415, network layer, 124, 132, 138 417-419,421-425,440-455 network messages, 133 address, 17,21,27,95,102,106,117, physical layer, 124, 126 139-143, 146-169, 185, 192, 195- supervisory frame, 130, 138 199,202,203,206,207,209,243- system connections, 126 245,251,258,259,263,264,265, TEl, 129, 131, 133,412 266,346,386,391,392,394,396, ISO, 83, 84, 99, 100, 126, 140,200,371, 402,415,417,419,421,423,424 408,412,413,420,421,428,438,446, address format, 148 447,450 address, 95, 102, 139, 143, 147-156, ISO/lEe, 99, 421, 438 162, 168, 185,202,203,206,207, ISO-IP, 140,207 258,263,391,392,402 Isolator, 49 addressing, 140, 148, 149, 161 ITU, 135,408 class A, 148-150, 161, 162,446 class B, 148-150, 162 jamming signal, 29 class e, 148-150 JANET, 113, 204, 210, 408 data frames, 140 Japan, 135 header, 143, 144, 146, 161-163, 168, Java, 180,224,226,238,241,348,386, 173,206,207,425 387,389,390-397,400-402 header, 143, 144, 168,206,207 applet, 386, 387, 389, 394-397, 400- protocol, 33, 102, 140, 141, 143, 147, 402 203,204,353,356,421,422,440 compiler, 387 time-to-live, 143, 146,204,215,412 interpreter, 390, 402 ver4, 206, 207 script, 224, 226 ver6,168,206-208,443,444,445,452 10K, 387 IPX, 33, 98, 99, 103, 104, 117, 167, 183, JFIF, 366, 408 200,211-218,221,222,407,408,412, JISe,84, 113, 118, 119,408 418,421,423,424 JPEG, 224, 273, 366, 408, 421 IPXODl,220 packet format, 215 key distribution centre, 329, 330, 408

Index 469 key exchange, 328, 329 maintenance, 25, 62, 66, 102, 124, 279, 411,436 LAN, 16, 19,25-31,38,45,48,68,92, MAN, 84, 85, 93, 112-122,403,405,406, 99, 103-105, 110,211,215,381,383, 408 407,408,414,425,427,436,438,451 Manchester LAPD, 128, 132,408,435 coding, 37, 49,50,51,59,64 laser, 54, 407 decoder, 48, 49 last packet indicator, 64 MAP, 354, 408 LCN,408 mathematical, 288, 326, 379, 425 LD-CELP, 135,408 MAU, 36, 66-68, 408 least significant, 293 MD5,294,317,318,330,331,333,410, LED, 408 442,443,447,453 Lempel-Ziv, 277, 408, 421 MDCT,408 Lempel-Ziv-Welsh,277 mean, 375 LF, 358, 359 media access control, 29, 31, 35, 63, 104, LGN,408 408 library, 182,232,245,249,405 media interface connector, 80 light, 25, 32, 70, 74, 79, 91, 408, 422, 436 memory, 27, 48, 51, 52, 62, 66,146,178, line break, 71 234,250,268,377,379,380,381,404, link access procedure, 128 405,410,411,417 Linux, 249, 257 message digests, 330 LLC,31,33-36,58,77,105,408,414, message hash, 294 427,435 metafile, 404, 405 local intranet, 346 methods, 346, 422 logical, 64, 106,414,426 MHS, 354, 355, 408 logical link control, 64, 408, 435 MIC, 80, 408, 422 login, 17, 140, 170,200,201,213,218- Microsoft, 17,204,211,212,219,222, 220,229,231,233,243-249,263,265, 227,233-235,245,248,338,342, 348 348-351,354,355,383,385,447,453 lossless compression, 422 wallet, 348, 349, 350 lossy compression, 422 windows, 211, 212, 219, 222, 227, 245, Lotus Notes, 256 248 LRC,408 migration, 41, 56, 92 LUC,312 military, 151,281,288,318 luminance, 425 MIME, 201, 229, 269, 270, 272, 273, 301, , 152, 153,227,257 353,355,363-370,372,373,393,409, LZS,444 442,443,445-453,455 LZW, 277,408,413,420, 421,426 base64,368 boundary name, 365, 372 MAC, 21, 22, 27, 29-31, 34-36, 48,58, content-description, 364 62,63,65,73,77,82-84,93,98-100, content-id, 363 103,104,139,140,147,153-155,215, content-transfer-encoding, 363, 368 218,220,250,251,407,408,415,418, content-type, 273, 277, 278, 344, 363, 422,424 364,365,367,447,449,453 address, 21, 22, 27, 31, 34, 58, 98, 99, encoded, 269, 365, 366 100, 103, 104, 139, 140, 147, 153- example, 365, 366, 367 155,218,250,251,415,418,422, version, 269, 364, 451 424 MIT, 163,235,252,284 layer, 30, 31, 35, 36, 48, 58,62, 65, 73, MLID, 220, 222, 409 82,93,140,220 modems, 123, 124,264,417,435 protocol, 65, 104 connection, 139, 226 mail fragments, 367 dial-up, 226 mailroom, 352 V.32,426

470 Mastering Networks modified discrete cosine transform, 408 layer, 21, 24, 33, 58,98, 103, 104, 105, modulus, 319 124, 132, 168, 141, 168,211,214 Moray House Institute of Education, 84 malfunctions, 76 MOSS, 301 management, 44, 62, 64, 211, 412 motion video, 235, 236, 353, 425 statistics, 203 MOY,224 topologies, 19 MPEG, 224, 235, 273, 366, 367,409,452 traffic, 37,62, 146,216,268,416 MS Mail, 355 transport protocol, 354 multimedia, 45, 159, 225, 240 NETx, 211, 218, 220 multiplexing, 90, 96, 105, 124, 125, 134, NFS, 207,441,449,452 169,406,412 FlPC,159,202,411,456 multiplexingldemultiplexing, 169 XOR, 413, 441, 457 multi-station access unit, 36, 66, 67, 68, NIC, 48, 104, 150,211,219,221,409, 408 414,440 MUX, 83, 442 NIS, 159,409 NNTPS, 342 NACK,427 noise, 49, 56, 57, 285, 418, 422 NAK, 106,409 non-zero, 208 Napier, 84, 100, 101, 113, 116, 117, 122, NRZI, 74, 75, 409 204,364 NSAP, 99, 100, 101,409 EECE department, 151, 153, 155,202- NSCA, 227, 409 204,209,210,360,364,389,390, nslookup, 153, 203, 209 391 NT, 126, 127, 128, 131,211,212,219, National Bureau of Standards, 302 247,248,249,375,409,422 NCP packet format, 219 NTE,409 NCSA, 223, 227, 409 NTSC,409 NOIS, 104,219,409,422 N-type, 38, 39, 59 NOS, 222, 409 Nyquist, 89, 418 negative, 42, 43, 49, 138, 309, 358, 409, 417 object-oriented, 386 NetBEUI, 404 objects, 213, 214, 442, 445-454 , 226--228, 301, 337, 342, 386 001,211,212,219,221,409 netstat, 199, 203, 204 OH,409 NetWare, 18,33,211-222,247,421,423, operating system, 24, 33, 180,211,212, 450 227,245,250,257,375,381,405,422 4.1,214,217 optical fibre, 84 architecture, 211, 212 orange book, 261 bindery services, 213 OS/2, 211 directory services, 214 OSFP,24 loadable modules, 212 OSI, 21, 30, 35, 58, 73, 99, 102, 103, 126, protocols, 214 139-141, 160, 168,219,220,338,354, SAP, 214, 217, 411 409,412,415,418,422,423,426,427, setup, 219 429,442 Network, 19,25,41,44,48,49,84,90, model, 21, 30, 35, 73, 102, 103, 139, 93,95,99, 100, 104, 112, 139, 142, 140, 141, 168,219,220,338,415, 149,150,157,159,160,199,211,217, 418,422,423,426 218,221,222,226,229,241,250,338, OUI, 78,409 354,417,422,423,425,440,441,442, 443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450, PA, 77,409,448 451,452,453 packet, 21, 22, 23, 24, 53, 54, 64, 82, 83, addresses, 99, 128, 151,394,415,421 92,96, 102, 104, 105, 138, 141, 144, cable types, 25 158,169-171,174,175-180,198, information center, 150, 440 202-204,206,207,211,214-219,222,

Index 471 245,251,258,264,393,408,409,410, PMD, 73, 84, 410 412,415,416,418,419,420,422,423, pointer, 51,165,166,171,176,181,228, 425,427,435 366 filters, 258, 263 Point-to-point protocol, 65, 142,264,408, internet gopher, 201 410,417,424-453,456 switched, 83, 410, 426 polarization, 225 PAL, 409, 424 poll/final bit, 130 palette, 420 polynomial, 132,432 parallel, 45, 282, 283, 366, 384, 406, 410, port number, 169, 170, 172, 175, 185, 426 192,197,229,258,266,393,398 parity ports and sockets, 170 odd, 302 postal service, 280, 352 Pascal, 325, 386 postscript, 224, 452 passive, 66, 67, 175, 180 power supplies, 127 password, 17, 18,229,231,233,242, PPSDN,410 244-249,252-254,263,275,276,443, preamble, 31-34, 36, 37, 50, 59, 77, 87 444,451 precedence, 169 patent laws, 284 presentation, 168,225,233 PC, 152, 153,204,211,242,256,257, primary rate access, 124 353,375-378,380,386,409 printable, 293, 294, 320, 368 PCM, 76, 89, 90, 91, 107, III, 125, 126, priority, 43, 56, 64, 65, 94, 142,207-209, 134, 135, 136,405,409,415 414,429,433 adaptive delta modulation, 415 private, 193, 194, 195, 196, 300, 443 delta modulation, 135, 418 private-key, 282, 284, 300, 307, 310-314, low-delay CELP, 135 317,319-321,324,328,330,333-336, PCM-TDM, 90, 91, III, 125, 134, 135, 341 136,137 probability, 285, 286, 289, 299, 420 PDN,409 profile assistant, 348 peer-to-peer, 17, 18,27,28 PROM, 405, 406 Pentium, 318 proxy, 257-260, 267,271,272, 279,341, permanent connection, 124 346,416 PGP, 285, 310, 316-326, 333-336, 409, PS,220,224,410 445 PSK,405,410,422,423 example, 318 PSTN, 90,410,451,454 key management options, 319 public, 25,272, 282,284, 330, 335,436, phases, 421 440 Philips, 411 Public key, 282, 284, 311, 335 phone, 151, 264 public telephone, 124, 140, 151,226 PHY, 73, 83, 103,409 public telephone network, 124,226 physical, 35, 36, 48, 58, 73, 76, 83, 84, Public Telephone Network, 226 139,241,242,423,424 public-key, 281, 282, 284, 300, 310-313, physical layer, 21, 35, 40, 54, 55, 82, 103, 324,333,335,412 124,126,409 physical media dependent, 73 QAM,410 PIN numbers, 281 QCIF,410 ping, 122, 140, 143,201-203,209 QIC,41O PISO,410 quadrature modulation, 424 PKP, 284, 410 quantization, 421, 424 PKZIP,372 level,424 plaintext, 268, 277, 281, 284, 301, 307, process, 424 312,318,330 Queen Margaret College, 84, 100, 101, platform for internet content selection, 344 112 PLL,50,51,410,423 QUIET,75

472 Mastering Networks QWERTY, 254 ROM, 404, 411 routers, 21, 24, 104, 159,216,251,252, radiation, 418 256,444 RAID, 410 routing protocol ~,51,405,410,412 NLSP,409 random number generators, 285 OSPF, 24, 409, 442, 443, 448, 451, RC41RC5,301 452,455 RD, 60, 410 routing protocols real-time, 43, 55, 72, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, BGP, 24, 403 104, 107, 110, 123, 124,206,207,209, EGP, 24, 405 346,354,370,371,411,418 RIP, 24, 98, 200,214, 216, 217, 222, real-time sampling, 89 410,420,447,454,456 receiver not ready, 35, 130 RPC,202 receiver ready, 35, 130 RR,35,130,411,431,434,446 recreational software advisory council, 351 RS-232, 417, 424 redundancy, 30, 31,64, 72,132,285,408, frame format, 77, 126 413,432 RS-422, 58, 424 reflections, 437, 438 RS-449,424 REJ, 35,130,410,431,434 RS-485,424 remote login, 384 RSA, 282, 284, 300, 301, 311-320, 323, remote Procedure Call, 202 325,334,339,340,353,411,451,453 repeater, 21, 45, 55, 59, 68, 422, 424 key generation, 319 repeaters, 22, 68 RTF, 411 repetitive sequences, 419 Run-length encoding, 411, 424 reservation bits, 65 resistance, 26, 49, 436-438 S/PDIF,411 resolution, 91, 99, 104, 105, 106,403, SABME, 130, 131,411,434 409,424 SAC, 411 restricted sites, 346 SAFER, 301, 302 revision, 445 sampled data, 123 RFC, 106,269,288,301,354,356,361, sampling, 88, 89, 90, 91, 110, 134, 135, 362,363,364,365,366,369,371,372, 366,405,418,425 410,440,441,444,445,447,449 sampling rate, 89, 91, 110, 135,366,418 RFC821, 354,356, 362, 371,372 sampling theory, 89 RFC822, 269,354, 361-366,369, 371, SAP packet format, 218 372 SAPI, 128, 129, 133,411 RG-50, 38, 39 SB-ADCMP, 411 RG-6,39 s-box, 305, 306, 307 RGB,41O scaJeabiJity, 41 RI, 66, 410 SCMS,411 rich text format, 411 Scotland, 84, 113, 114, 118, 121 ring fails, 71 scrambled, 280 ring in, 66, 76, 410 SCSI, 411 ring network, 19,20,21,27,43,62,66, SO, 63, 77, 411 67,70,79, 139, 147,435 SOH, 103, 113, 120,410,411,448 ring out, 66, 411 search, 139, 167,224,226,232,234,235, ring topology, 72 236,250,284,306,309,310,336 RIP, 214, 216,217,222 SECAM,411 RJ-45, 23, 38, 39,43, 49, 59,67,68, 126, secret key, 282, 300, 318-320, 323, 327, 424,438 328,330,333,334,337 RLE,411 sectors, 376, 380 RNR, 35,130,411,431,434 security settings, 347, 348 RO, 66, 374, 411 security zones, 346

Index 473 segment, 21, 29, 32, 38-40, 43, 45-47, 53, Sony, 151,411 55,56,59,60, 108, 110, 139, 147, 158, sound, 224, 227,229, 235, 236, 239, 269, 169-176,178,202,209,409,411,415, 270,301,352 422-425 source address, 33, 64, 65, 78, 165, 208, sequence number, 34, 107, 110, 130, 144, 258,411,418 168,169,170,171,174,176---179,198, source and destination address, 21, 29-31, 215,216,219,245 62,65,98,208 serial, 384, 425, 441, 444 source-encoding, 425 serial communications, 424 SPACE, 275, 287, 291, 296, 297 server, 17-19,26,27,44,46,47,53,55, speech, 43,82,88,89,90,91, 110, 111, 56,106,122,151-154,168,170,175, 123, 134-136, 138,225,345,352,353, 183, 186, 193-199,202,203,211-214, 370,418 217-220,222,224,226,228-232,236, speech compression, 135 244,245,249,256---260,264,267-279, spies, 280 284,337-341,342,346,349,351,353, SPX, 33, 103, 183,211-216,221,222, 354,356,358,360,361,369,371,372, 412 387,390-393,401,402,405,409, packet format, 216 411-413,416,418,419,424,440,446, SPXIIPX, 103, 183, 211, 221 448,449,451 SPX/IPX, 211 server name, 228, 230 SRAM,412 service quality, 91 SREJ,431 set asynchronous balance mode extended, SSL,301, 337,338, 342,344, 349 130 ST connector, 38 SHEFC, 84, 113, 118,411 standalone, 46, 387 shielded twisted pair, 62, 417 standards, 31, 83,100,241,302,408,409, S-HTIP, 337, 340-342 415,420,421,442,445,446,452,453 signal-to-noise ratio, 57, 412 star network, 19,20,26,41 simplex, 425 start and end delimiter, 63, 64, 70, 77, 86, SIPO,411 129 SIPP, 206, 411 start bit, 78 SKIPJACK, 302 start delimiter, 31, 64, 77, 87, 411 slave In, 80 start delimiter, 65, 77, 78 slave Out, 80 stateless protocol, 231, 268 SMA, 38, 59 static, 245, 390, 392, 394, 412 SMDS,204,407,411,442 station management, 73 SMT, 73, 75, 76,84,412 statistical SMTP, 170, 198,201,258,265,267,338, encoding, 419, 425 353-363,369-373,391,412,440,445, multiplexing, 96 446,449,453,456 Stirling, 84, 101, 112, 113,405 example transmission, 360, 361 STM, 91-93, 96, 103, 113,412 MIME, 355 stop bit, 416 responses, 359 STP, 25, 40,66, 68-70,412 transfer, 358, 373 strings, 394 SNMP,170,200,207,412,424,425,441, STS-l, 103 442,447,450,456 sub-band, 411 SNR,412 subnet, 106, 139, 149-151, 153-156, 159, Socket, 183, 184, 186---191,218,337, 162,252,420,422 386---390,392-394,448 subnet masks, 150 connection, 388 subsampling, 425 creating, 389 Sun, 52,369,387,445,452 number, 169, 170 SuperJANET, 84,113, 116, 117, 122,204 programming, 386 supervisory frames, 130, 430, 431, 432 SONET, 103,410,412,448,456 suppressing repetitive sequences, 425

474 Mastering Networks SVGA, 412 441,442,446,449,456 switch, 45-48, 56, 66, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100, terminal, 418, 441 101,204,251,252,414,415,416,419 text, 194, 195, 224, 440, 442, 446, 451 synchronization, 451 based, 232, 274, 280,353, 370 synchronization bits, 125, 127 editor, 230, 293 synchronized, 50, 51, 75, 103, 128,389, thinnet, 37, 39 394 thin-wire, 58 synchronous, 72, 77, 83, 91, 103,411, throughput, 24, 41, 44, 88, 142,250,381 412,426,427 TIFF, 412, 425, 451, 456 timestamp, 144, 146, 166,334 tables, 25, 99, 211, 216, 330,415,444, timing attack, 312 451 Token Ring, 16,20,43,45,47,62,63, TCP, 17,29,33,102-104,109,110,122, 65-73,79,82,86,88,92,98,104,139, 139, 140, 141, 143, 146, 147, 157, 158, 140,147,156,215,414,417,422,425, 160--163,168-182,184,192,196,197, 435,442 198,199,201,203,206,207,209,211, data exchange, 63, 405 212,215,217,221,223,243,245, adding to the ring, 66 256-258,265-268,272,338,353, cable, 62 356-359,386,389,393,402,408,412, deletion from ring, 66 415,417,419,421,423,425,440-442, fault management, 66 445,447,448,453,456 jitter suppression, 69 header format, 170, 171 maintenance, 66 protocol data unit, 170 MAUs,36,62,66-70,408,422,449 TCP/lP, 17,29,33, 102-104, 110, 122, ring initialization, 66 139, 140, 141, 147, 160--162, 168, 182, topology, 17, 19,21,29,41,59,72,111, 199,201,203,209,211,212,217,221, 155,157,224,417 223,243,245,256-258,266,267,338, TR,412 353,356,386,393,402,415,417,419, traceroute, 122,204,205,209 421,423,425,440,441,442,448 tracks, 240 class A, 148, 150 traffic, 17, 19,21,22,24,29,37,39,40, class B, 107, 148-150 46,47,49,62,71-73,79,82,88-93, class C, 107, 148, 150 96,97, 100, 103, 107, 110, 111, 113, commands, 201 117,122,123,146,164,198,206-209, gateway, 140, 147,217 211,216,225,226,251,252,256,258, implementation, 147 261,266,268,353,414,416,419,421, internets, 147 424 ports and sockets, 170 congestion, 97 version number, 141 congestion, 97 TO, 60 profile, 88, 89, 111 TOAC,412 statistics, 75 TOM, 90, 91, 111, 125, 134-136,412 transceiver, 36-39, 43, 48, 49, 51, 54, 416, multi frame, 135, 136 425 TE, 126-128, 131, 133 transform encoding, 425 TEl, 129, 131, 133,412 transmission channel, 359, 422 telephone, 25, 62, 89, 90, 91, 95, 101, 124, transmission line, 49, 422 128, 129, 134, 139, 140, 151,226,327, transport, 82, 103, 139-141, 159, 160, 349,352,410,414,421,436,438 168,214,215,229,254,321,323,334, telephone number, 95, 139, 140, 151,349 414,423,426,443,444,447,452 teletex, 124 tree topology, 20 television, 406, 412 trusted Sites, 346 telnet, 140, 168-170, 175, 197, 199,201, TUBA, 206, 208, 412 203,207,209,223,229,233,240,244, tunnel, 211, 257, 267, 269 258,265,267,338,391,392,412,425, twisted-pair, 19-22,25,29,36,37,39-42,

Index 475 54,57-59,62,66-70,126,412-414, 239-241,256,277,340,353,366,367, 419,422,424,436,437,438 386,413,436,445,446,449,450,453, hubs, 39 454 TXT,224 conferencing, 116, 117, 158, 240, 241 videotex, 124 UI, 35, 130,412 VIM, 354, 413 UK, 100, 112-114, 116, 118, 121, 122, violation, 64, 75, 301 134, 135, 137,202,204,210,224,270, virtual channels, 94, III 361,362 virtual channels, 94 unbalanced, 428 virtual circuit, 92 uncompressed, 318, 378, 422 virtual circuit identifier, 92 UNI, 92, 93, 97, 102,412 virtual device driver, 413 unicast, 207, 208 virtual machine manager, 413 Unicode, 446, 448 virtual path, 89, 93-96, III University College, London, 113, 204 visible, 83, 291 University of Bath, 151, 204, 205 Visual Basic, 192, 196, 199, 383, 402 University of Edinburgh, 84, 100, 101, VLC-LZW, 413, 426 113,116,117,122,151,204 VRC,413 University of Stirling, 84, 101, 113 UNIX, 16,24, 182,200,203,211,222, WAIS, 228, 232, 413 227,242,245-250,256,257,357,360, WAN, 99, 103, Ill, 112,413 370,375,378 WAY, 224, 452 unnumbered Information, 130 waveform, 48, 51 uppercase, 270 WIMPs, 413 UPS, 412 Microsoft Window, 18,211,212,219, URI, 233, 269-273, 275, 276, 278, 279, 227,247-249,387 412,453,456 WINS, 413 URL, 223, 228-233,268, 278, 279, 342, WinSock, 180, 182-184, 192 349,351,386,393,394,398-400,402, WORM, 413 408,410,412,443-445,447,449,450, WWW.17.111.112.117. 122, 151, 198, 452,453,456 199,201,202,223-228,233,235-241, USA, 89, 125, 134, 135, 137,202,204, 253,256,258,259,267,268,269,270, 210,312,319 272,318,321,323,326,337,340,341, USB, 412 344,346,349,351,378,385-387,392, usenet, 223, 228, 232 393,397,398,400-402,413,443,446, user network interfaces, 92 447,451 UTP,25, 36, 38-40, 55, 68, 69, 413,424, 437,438 X-terminals, 156 UUCPS,342 X-Windows, 441, 442 UV,413 X.21,426 X.25, 410, 423, 426, 427, 435 vampire, 38, 374 X.400, 354, 355, 362, 363, 372 variable frequency, 91 X3T9.5, 58, 80, 83 variable length code, 420 Xerox Corporation, 29, 419 VCI, 92-95, 98, 103, 413 X-OFF, 426 header, 94 X-ON, 426 lable, 93, 98 XOR, 289-292, 294-297, 301, 305, 306, VCO, 50, 51, 413 308,413 VCR, 413 VDD,413 zero bit-stuffing, 128, 129 VGA, 412, 413 ZIP, 224, 236,273, 372 video, 43,72,82,88,89,91,92, 107, Ill, Zones, 347 113, 116, 117, 158, 224, 227, 235, 236,

476 Mastering Networks