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153 Tropical Disease W/Cover ���������������� ������������������������ � � � � ����������������������������������������� ��������� ��������������� ���������������� ���������������� ��� ������������������������� ���������������� �������������� ����������� ����������������� ��������������� ��� ������������������� ������������ ���������������������� ������������ ����������� ��������������� ����������������������� ���������������������� ������������������� ���������������� �������������������� ����������������� Report of the Scientific Working Group meeting on Insect Vectors and Human Health Geneva, 12-16 August, 2002 TDR/SWG/VEC/03.1 Copyright © World Health Organization on behalf of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (2003) All rights reserved. The use of content from this health information product for all non-commercial education, training and information purposes is encouraged, including translation, quotation and reproduction, in any medium, but the content must not be changed and full acknowledgement of the source must be clearly stated. A copy of any resulting product with such content should be sent to TDR, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. TDR is a World Health Organization (WHO) executed UNDP/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. This information product is not for sale. The use of any information or content whatsoever from it for publicity or advertising, or for any commercial or income-generating purpose, is strictly prohibited. No elements of this information product, in part or in whole, may be used to promote any specific individual, entity or product, in any manner whatsoever. 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Design: Lisa Schwarb Layout by Inís: www.inis.ie Report of the Scientific Working Group on Insect Vectors and Human Health, 2002 • TDR/SWG/VEC/03.1 v Contents Executive summary . .1 Recommendations . .2 Introduction . .3 1 Objectives and expected outcomes . .5 2 Malaria and Anopheles-transmitted lymphatic filariasis . .7 CURRENT CONTROL METHODS . .7 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES . .7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH . .8 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPACITY AND PARTNERSHIP BUILDING . 11 Table 1: SWG prioritization of needed research . 14 3 Dengue fever and Aedes-transmitted filariasis . 15 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES . 15 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH . 15 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPACITY AND PARTNERSHIP BUILDING . 17 Table 2: SWG prioritization of needed research . .18 4 African trypanosomiasis . 19 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES . 19 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH . 20 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPACITY AND PARTNERSHIP BUILDING . 21 Table 3: SWG prioritization of needed research . .22 5 Chagas disease . 23 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES . 23 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH . 23 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPACITY AND PARTNERSHIP BUILDING . 24 Table 4: SWG prioritization of needed research . .25 6 Leishmaniasis . 27 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES . 27 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH . 27 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPACITY AND PARTNERSHIP BUILDING . 28 Table 5: SWG prioritization of needed research . .29 Report of the Scientific Working Group on Insect Vectors and Human Health, 2002 • TDR/SWG/VEC/03.1 v 7 Lymphatic filariasis, Culex-transmitted . 31 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES . 31 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH . 31 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPACITY AND PARTNERSHIP BUILDING . 33 Table 6: SWG prioritization of needed research . .34 8 Onchocerciasis . 35 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES . 35 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH . 36 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPACITY AND PARTNERSHIP BUILDING . 37 Table 7: SWG prioritization of needed research . .38 Annex 1 AGENDA: SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP ON INSECT DISEASE VECTORS AND HUMAN HEALTH . 39 Insect vectors Insect vectors Annex 2 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS . 43 Annex 3 DISEASE VECTOR CONTROL: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTROL METHODS . 49 Annex 4 GENETIC MODIFICATION OF INSECTS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE . 67 vi Report of the Scientific Working Group on Insect Vectors and Human Health, 2002 • TDR/SWG/VEC/03.1 Report of the Scientific Working Group on Insect Vectors and Human Health, 2002 • TDR/SWG/VEC/03.1 1 Executive summary Vector-borne diseases still represent a significant threat to human health despite considerable national and international control efforts. Population growth, urbanization and migration, and poor environmental sanitation are some of the major causes of the emergence and re- emergence of vector-borne diseases in developing countries. In the past, and today, control of vectors has been a major component of disease management, but the effectiveness of the available vector control methods has been limited by logistic problems, high cost, insecticide resistance and by environmental pollution concerns. Therefore, novel and sustainable approaches to disease-vector control are urgently needed. The Scientific Working Group (SWG), a multidisciplinary group of scientists representing academic and government institutions, was assembled to provide guidance to the UNDP/ World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) and partners regarding their vector research agenda and capacity building necessary for vector-borne disease control for the next five years. The recommendations of the SWG will Insect vectors Insect vectors provide a basis for TDR to define its own vector research programmes, taking into account its comparative advantages in both research and capacity-building activities. vi Report of the Scientific Working Group on Insect Vectors and Human Health, 2002 • TDR/SWG/VEC/03.1 Report of the Scientific Working Group on Insect Vectors and Human Health, 2002 • TDR/SWG/VEC/03.1 1 Recommendations The goal of the meeting was to provide technical guidance for the improvement and diver- sification of vector research in order to meet the needs of expanding and emerging disease situations. TDR-mandated activities on African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, dengue fever, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, malaria and onchocerciasis were critically reviewed and accomplishments were noted. The meeting provided an opportunity to identify areas of knowledge that could be exploit- ed for the improvement of existing tools for the management of disease vectors and the development of new tools. The SWG noted that there were major gaps in knowledge of the biology, ecology and behaviour of many disease vectors, and of vector/pathogen interactions. Research into the discovery and development of new control strategies and the implementa- tion of research in the field is inadequate to meet the needs of many disease-vector control programmes around the world. The group emphasized that expanded research activity in these areas might identify vector weaknesses that could be exploited. It was also noted that TDR had Insect vectors Insect vectors had a successful track record in finding and developing biological vector control measures and that this area of research would provide strategies for the implementation in integrated vector control programmes. The SWG recommended that the following areas of research should receive special attention: • The biology and ecology of vectors in relation to the parasite/pathogen transmission • Improvement of existing vector control tools • The use of innovative approaches to the interruption of the pathogen life cycle • Research capacity strengthening in disease endemic countries, especially in the basic sciences, including bioinformatics and genomics • Co-funding of tropical disease research activities in cooperation with interested partners. Specific recommendations on research, training and implementation priorities for each of the vector-borne diseases on which TDR focuses are included later in this report. 2 Report of the Scientific Working Group on Insect Vectors and Human Health,
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