A publication of the Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation Coolidge

November 2016 • volume 1 • issue 3

The little known History of Coolidge and Civil Rights By Kurt Schmoke

A few years back I wrote a piece for the online magazine Politico.com in which I referenced President Calvin Coolidge as one of this country’s early civil rights pioneers. After my article was published I received a number of letters from people who were unaware of and surprised by President Coolidge’s record. Indeed, our nation’s thirtieth president played an im- portant role in advancing the cause of civil rights for African Americans during the fraught years of the 1920s. Like much about Calvin Coolidge’s administration, this story has long been glossed over. Yet the historical record testifies of Coolidge’s commitment to the ideal outlined in the Declaration of Independence: that all men Calvin Coolidge greets an African American are created equal. He worked in many man on the grounds of the White House in 1925 (Courtesy of the Library of Congress). quiet ways to advance that ideal during his six years in the White House. In the aftermath of the Civil War As a result of these actions, newly en- enslaved blacks were set free. Not only franchised African Americans joined the that, they were also empowered by Republican Party in droves. Their political amendments to the Constitution that influence in the South increased at aston- gave them citizenship rights, voting ishing rates: Mississippi appointed the rights, and the right to equal protection first two African Americans, Hiram R. and due process under the law. We tend Revels and Blanche K. Bruce, both Re- to forget this, but all of those protections publicans, to the United States Senate in were added to our governing document the 1870s (Senators were appointed by by a Republican Congress. Abraham state legislatures at the time). African Lincoln, the first Republican president, Americans were elected to offices up and issued the Emancipation Proclamation in down the ballot throughout the South. 1863, and helped enact the 13th Amend- They even held a majority of seats in the ment, which abolished slavery, although South Carolina Legislature for a period he was assassinated before it came into of time in the 1870s, taking their place as force in late 1865. heirs to the promise of freedom.

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Unfortunately, the Compromise of 1877, which ensured the election of Rutherford B. Hayes to the White House, led to the effective revocation of those previously enacted rights. Union troops were withdrawn from the South as a consequence of the compromise, and the former Confederate states were left free to “redeem” themselves from the African American political and social empow- erment of the previous decade through the establishment of the Jim Crow seg- regation system. Black participation in Southern political life, which had reached impressive levels in the decade to 1877, gradually began to decline due to a campaign of terror and intimidation Heirs to Lincoln carried out by racists. In the wake of this revanchist trend The Harding-Coolidge ticket receives the heav- enly benediction of the martyred President Abra- the Republican Party lost nearly all ham Lincoln, whose action in the Civil War saved power and influence in the South, but the Union and freed enslaved African Americans GOP presidents like Theodore Roos- (Courtesy of the Library of Congress). evelt made symbolic gestures to maintain the support of African Americans in the North. In 1901 Roosevelt invited his Southern politicians used even more friend Booker T. Washington, a pioneer inflammatory language. For instance, of African American improvement, to Mississippi Senator James K. Vardaman dine with the First Family at the White remarked that, as a result of Washington’s House. This was a revolutionary gesture. visit, the White House had become “so Despite the fact that African American saturated with the odor of nigger that the slave labor had constructed the Execu- rats had taken refuge in the stable.” tive Mansion nearly one-hundred years More than ten years later Woodrow earlier, no African American had ever Wilson, a man whom we acknowl- been invited to dine there with the presi- edge was a great president in many dent and his family. One day after the ways, outdid himself in promoting racist dinner the White House issued a press policies. He refused to support a law statement entitled “Booker T Washing- criminalizing lynching, even after thou- ton of Tuskegee, Alabama, dined with the sands of African American soldiers who President last evening.” had fought valiantly in the First World Northern newspapers posited that War came home facing harassment; some Roosevelt’s gesture signaled his inten- of those African American veterans were tion to govern on behalf of all the people, lynched in the late 1910s and early 1920s. including blacks. The Southern papers Wilson also actively moved to segregate were nowhere near as circumspect in the Federal civilian workforce. To make their reactions. For instance, the Memphis matters worse Wilson held a screen- Scimitar announced the meeting by ing at the White House of the film “The saying “the most damnable outrage which Klansmen,” also known as “The Birth of has ever been perpetrated by any citizen a Nation,” which glorifies the infamous of the United States was committed yes- white supremacist terrorist organization terday by the President.” the Ku Klux Klan.

2 The little known history of Coolidge and Civil Rights

Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge’s efforts matched both his Coolidge succeeded Wilson in the presi- commitment to civil rights and to educa- dency. During his two years in the White tion as a means of social uplift for African House, Harding made a few laudatory Americans. Coolidge’s $500,000 foun- statements about African Americans, dation helped improve medical care and but did not go very far in attempting health outcomes for African Americans. to improve their plight. It was Calvin It also laid the groundwork for future Coolidge who, surveying the landscape of presidents to build upon, sending more the country, thought we could do better. Federal dollars to Howard. This enabled In particular, Coolidge recognized an the university to catalyze the creation of opportunity in historically black Howard a middle class in the African American University in Washington, D.C. Howard community. To this day Howard is con- University was founded in the years fol- sidered the “Harvard” of historically lowing the Civil War by members of the black universities, granting more PhDs to First Congregational Church of Wash- African Americans than any other higher ington, D.C., the house of worship the education institution in the country. Coolidges attended during their White Howard has produced an impressive House years. President Coolidge’s com- array of African American leaders in all mitment to self-improvement and self- areas of life, from Supreme Court Justice determination prompted him to call for Thurgood Marshall to Nobel Laureate a major appropriation for Howard in his Toni Morrison. Coolidge’s appropriation 1923 State of the Union message, the helped lay the groundwork for that im- first of his presidency. In that speech, pressive record. Coolidge said: “Already a considerable Beyond providing financial support sum is appropriated to give the negroes for Howard, Coolidge wanted to make a vocational training in agriculture. About bold statement about his commitment to half a million dollars is recommended for the equality of African Americans. In this medical courses at Howard University to spirit, on June 6, 1924, Coolidge went to help contribute to the education of 500 Howard University to deliver the spring colored doctors needed each year.” commencement address.

President Calvin Coolidge delivers the commencement address to an open-air assembly at Howard University on June 6, 1924 (Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress).

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Coolidge began his address by refer- Many of America’s black veterans encing the sad history of slavery and the received honors from the French gov- importance of religious leaders in ending ernment, but their sacrifices and con- that wretched period tributions to their in American history. homeland were He highlighted “Numbered among our met with disre- the importance of population are some gard when they small business in the 12,000,000 colored people. sought a remedy African American Under our Constitution to their plight. In community, giving their rights are just as his Howard speech both legitimacy to sacred as those of any Coolidge acknowl- these businesspeople other citizen. It is both a edged the patrio- and also recognizing public and a private duty tism of African the vital role small to protect those rights.” Americans, even in businesses played in the face of contrary the building of the President Calvin Coolidge, voices, who tried African American First Annual Message to to persuade them Congress on the State of the middle class. Then that they shouldn’t Union, December 6, 1923. he looked out at the fight for the United Howard graduates States. African and said the follow- Americans had not ing: failed their country, but their country had The nation has need of all that definitely failed them. can be contributed to it through As Coolidge’s speech continued, the best efforts of all its citizens. he praised Howard and the leadership The colored people have repeat- role its graduates played in America. He edly proved their devotion to the ended by returning to the theme of the high ideals of our country. They national crisis which the United States gave their services to the war was bound to encounter in the future: with the same patriotism and We cannot go out from this readiness that other citizens did. place and occasion without re- The propaganda of prejudice and freshment of faith and renewal hatred which sought to keep the of conscience, that in every colored men from supporting the exigency, our negro citizens national cause completely failed. will render the best and fullest The black man showed himself measure of service wherefore the same kind of citizen, moved they are capable. by the same kind of patriotism Race relations were by no means as the white man. They were perfect in the 1920s. The Klan was re- tempted, but not one betrayed surgent in the early part of the decade, his country. They came home even overshadowing the Democratic with many decorations, and National Convention in 1924. Coolidge their conduct repeatedly won gave his most pointed rebuke to the high commendation from both Klan spirit during his 1925 speech to the American and European com- American Legion in Omaha, where he manders. said “whether one traces his Americanism The words Coolidge spoke in this back three centuries to the Mayflower, or speech were astonishing. Many African three years of the steerage, is not half so Americans who had fought in the First important as whether his Americanism of World War came home from that conflict to-day is real and genuine. No matter by to a society woefully in thrall to state- what various crafts we came here, we are sanctioned segregation. all now in the same boat.”

4 The little known history of Coolidge and Civil Rights

Reported black victims of lynching; 1882-1963

Year Number Year Number Year Number Year Number 1882 49 1903 84 1924 16 1945 1 1883 53 1904 76 1925 17 1946 6 1884 51 1905 57 1926 23 1947 1 1885 74 1906 62 1927 16 1948 1 1886 74 1907 58 1928 10 1949 3 1887 70 1908 89 1929 7 1950 1 1888 69 1909 69 1930 20 1951 1 1889 94 1910 67 1931 12 1952 0 1890 85 1911 60 1932 6 1953 0 1891 113 1912 61 1933 24 1954 0 1892 161 1913 51 1934 15 1955 8 1893 118 1914 51 1935 18 1956 0 1894 134 1915 56 1936 8 1957 0 1895 113 1916 50 1937 8 1958 0 1896 78 1917 36 1938 6 1959 1 1897 123 1918 60 1939 2 1960 0 1898 101 1919 70 1940 4 1961 1 1899 85 1920 53 1941 4 1962 0 1900 106 1921 59 1942 6 1963 1 1901 105 1922 51 1943 3 1964 1 1902 85 1923 29 1944 2

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States: From Colonial Times to the Present (1975)

As Coolidge biographer Amity In his speech, Johnson committed Shlaes has noted, “Under Coolidge… himself to binding up the nation’s racial lynchings themselves became less wounds and finally enforcing the consti- frequent and Ku Klux Klan membership tutional guarantees of equal protection dropped by millions.” Famous African and due process Abraham Lincoln and American civil rights icon W.E.B. his collaborators placed in the Constitu- DuBois remarked that in the 1924 pres- tion one-hundred years before. idential election Coolidge received a Calvin Coolidge forged the path million votes in the black community. He that led to Johnson’s actions four decades was worthy of them all. on. It was Calvin Coolidge who led the Nearly forty-one years later to the way and helped the country on its long day after Coolidge’s address, President road to improving race relations and Lyndon B. Johnson went to Howard shaping a more perfect union. Reared in University to give the commencement an age where prejudice against blacks was address. In that memorable graduation standard fare, Calvin Coolidge stood firm speech President Johnson proclaimed: “... for the principle of equal protection under it is not enough just to open the gates of law for which Abraham Lincoln died. For opportunity. All our citizens must have that, we must applaud the 30th president the ability to walk through those gates.” of the United States.

Kurt Schmoke is president of the University of Balti- more. He served as mayor of Baltimore from 1987 to 1999 and was Baltimore City State’s Attorney from 1982-1987. Prior to joining the University of Baltimore, he was dean of the Howard University School of Law in Washington, D.C., from 2003 to 2012. Following that, he was appointed general counsel for Howard and also served as the institution’s interim provost. Schmoke earned his undergraduate degree in history from Yale University. He pursued graduate studies on a Rhodes Scholarship at Oxford University and earned his Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School.

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The Museum of African American History: Coolidge’s Vision fulfilled By Rushad L. Thomas

The Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, overlooked by the Washington Monument. (Photo courtesy of Alan Karchmer/NMAAHC).

On September 24, 2016 America’s Unfortunately, the legislation was first African American president, Barack signed without any funding attached, Obama, presided at the ceremony to due to the demands of recalcitrant inaugurate the National Museum of southern Democrats in Congress. With African American History and Culture the onset of the Great Depression on the National Mall in Washington, during Herbert Hoover’s presidency D.C. This living monument to Amer- the project eventually fizzled out. It ica’s black heritage was many decades wasn’t until the 1960s Civil Rights era in the making, and in some respects the that African American lawmakers and effort can be traced back to our own leaders reignited the plan. After many President Calvin Coolidge. On his final years of struggle, President George day in office, March 4, 1929, President W. Bush signed the authorizing leg- Coolidge signed Public Resolution 107 islation for the museum in 2003. The which initiated a commission to design National Museum of African American and construct a national monument History and Culture now stands as the to the Negro, which would stand as a fulfillment of the initiative President “tribute to the Negro’s contributions to Coolidge launched in 1929. the achievements of America.”

6 First Congregational Church: a Proud Civil Rights Legacy By Rushad L. Thomas

Marian Anderson is a civil rights Everett O. Alldredge’s “Centennial icon, known to history as one of the History of First Congregational Church greatest African American musical artists 1865-1965” tells the story of this tremen- of the 20th century. In 1939 Anderson dous house of worship. He notes that at was kept from singing at Constitution its founding in 1865, First Congregation- Hall by the Daughters of the American al Church was well ahead of its time on Revolution due to her skin color, prompt- issues of race and civil rights. Indeed, a ing then-First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt major internal feud in the church’s early to resign her membership of the DAR. years made strikingly clear that First Then, in dramatic fashion, Mrs. Roosevelt Church would tolerate no racial biases organized a concert on the steps of the whatsoever. On one side of the feud was Lincoln Memorial, where Anderson sang General Oliver Otis Howard, a charter before a crowd of 75,000 people. member of First Church and a powerful This famous event looms large in our man in Washington as head of the Freed- collective memory of Marian Anderson. men’s Bureau. On the other side was Rev. Yet a decade and a half before her famous Charles Boynton, the church’s first pastor. Lincoln Memorial concert, Anderson On a fundraising trip to St. Louis in sang in another presidential venue: 1867, Howard made remarks stating that Washington, D.C.’s First Congregation- First Church would be open to members al Church. What made First Church a of all races, including African Ameri- presidential venue? It was the church of cans. This message was well received by Calvin and Grace Coolidge. Howard’s racially tolerant audiences.

First Congregational Church on Easter Sunday 1925

President and Mrs. Coolidge were thronged by adoring crowds as they attended Easter Ser- vices at the First Congregational Church in 1925 (Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress).

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While Howard was away, Rev. It is notable that when the Coolidg- Boynton preached a sermon entitled “A es arrived in Washington in 1921 they Duty Which the Colored People Owe to selected First Church as their own house Themselves,” in which he presented two of worship. After all, First Church’s repu- alternative paths for newly-emancipated tation as one that welcomed people of African Americans. The first path, pre- color was well-known, given its history. ferred by Gen. Howard, involved what Certainly any church in Washington Rev. Boynton called “racial intermin- would have been happy to count among gling,” with blacks and whites integrat- its worshipers the Vice President and ing together. The second path, which his family, but the Coolidges chose First Rev. Boynton advocated, would see Church. Their decision to worship there African Americans may have been pursuing their own influenced by independent path, the Rev. Jason completely divorced Noble Pierce, a from social and fellow Amherst economic integra- man who served tion with whites. as pastor of First Several African Church. Pierce Americans had led congregations wanted to join in Massachusetts First Church, but before coming to withdrew their ap- First Church in plications after September 1920. hearing the sermon. He would serve When General as an important Howard returned spiritual adviser to Washington he to the President. was taken aback by In late 1925 Boynton’s sermon. First Church He strongly sup- was approached ported equality for Marian Anderson sings The National An- by the College African Ameri- them at the dedication of a mural com- Alumnae Club, cans and the inte- memorating her concert on the steps of a scholarship or- the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday, gration of schools 1939. The ceremony was held at the De- ganization led by and churches. partment of Interior on January 6, 1943 educated African The row eventu- (Courtesy of the Library of Congress). American women ally led to a split for the benefit of in the congrega- young black girls tion, with Boynton leading a rump out seeking to attend Howard University and of the Congregational Church entirely other eastern black institutions. The Club and into the Presbyterian Church. Those wanted to sponsor a fundraising recital who remained at First Church were de- at the church. First Church, being one termined that their next minister would of the few integrated congregations in be “free of every kind of racial bias.” Washington, readily obliged, and the date That commitment to racial inclusiv- was set: November 10, 1925. But as the ity continued to shape the character of event approached, the originally scheduled First Church. Over the course of many singer, Charlotte Wallace Murray, took years First Church helped found several ill, forcing the club to find another head- Congregational parishes that welcomed liner. They called upon an up-and-coming African Americans in the Washington, soprano from Philadelphia named Marian D.C. area, several of which still gather for Anderson, certain that she would shine as worship to this very day. a more than capable fill-in.

8 First Congregational Church: a Proud Civil Rights Legacy

Anderson was born in Philadel- The historical record does not phia in 1897. She grew up singing in her disclose any major blowback for First church, and faced racial discrimination Church from hosting Anderson’s recital. when she applied to the Philadelphia Nonetheless, it was daring for the church Music Academy. Nonetheless, she perse- of the president to host such a concert in vered, taking lessons privately. Anderson’s the mid-1920s. These were the years of first major break occurred in June 1925 state-enforced segregation, of lynchings when she bested more than 300 competi- and a resurgent Ku Klux Klan. It took tors in a singing competition put on by courage and conviction on the part of the New York Philharmonic, leading the Dr. Pierce and his congregation to open Washington Post to report that Anderson’s their doors to Anderson and the College performance received rave reviews “from Alumnae Club. leading musical critics and journals.” Neither does the record reveal any Anderson’s star was rising as she was thoughts of the Coolidges regarding invited to sing at First Church. The recital Anderson’s recital at their family church, featured great pieces including “Before yet we know from President Coolidge’s My Window” by Rachmaninoff, “O Del own letters and speeches just how he felt Mio Dulce Ardor” by Gluck, and the about the equality of African Americans. spiritual “Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho.” When he received a letter of complaint “Schubert’s ‘Wohin’ was especially good,” in August 1924 about a black Republi- the Preston News reported. “There was a can Congressional candidate in Harlem, large audience of both white and colored Coolidge responded in part “…I quote people,” the wire service noted. Acclaim- my great predecessor, Theodore Roo- ing Anderson’s musical style, the paper sevelt: ‘. . . I cannot consent to take the continued: position that the door of hope—the door …it seemed as though each suc- of opportunity—is to be shut upon any cessive song showed a successful man, no matter how worthy, purely upon answer to the various obstacles the grounds of race or color.’” which have beset Marian An- It is no coincidence the Coolidges derson’s path. Her tone is beauti- worshipped at an integrated church. fully resonant in every note of a Doing so reflected their deepest values: wide range from lowest contralto fairness, justice, and equality under the to soprano heights. Her breath law. Coolidge’s example reminds us that control is intelligent and without even in those dark days of segregation effort. All her energies are put there were men in high places willing into the pronunciation of her to stand up for human dignity. Calvin words and interpretation. Coolidge was one of those men, nurtured The article closes “there is undoubt- by the faith preached by the Rev. Dr. edly a progressively great future before Jason Noble Pierce at Washington, D.C.’s a singer with the voice and training that First Congregational Church. Marian Anderson possesses.”

Rushad Thomas is the Program and Editorial As- sociate at the Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation. In this capacity he coordinates all programming for the Foun- dation, including lectures, the debate program, and other events. He is also in charge of the Foundation’s social media outreach and is responsible for the website and the blog. Ad- ditionally, Rushad manages the Foundation’s research and scholarship efforts.

Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation • coolidgefoundation.org • 802-672-3389 9 Coolidge quarterly Calvin Coolidge and Civil Rights: the Rest of the Story By David Pietrusza

In August 1924, Harlem Republi- are any others. The suggestion cans nominated a black dentist and former of denying any measure of their city alderman, Dr. Charles H. Roberts, for full political rights to such a Congress in New York’s 21st District. Not great group of our population as everyone approved. Among the critics was the colored people is one which, Army Sgt. Charles F. Gardner, stationed however it might be received in at Brooklyn’s Fort Hamilton. Gardner, some other quarters, could not not revealing his army status, wrote to possibly be permitted by one who Coolidge in protest. feels a responsibility for living up Regarding Dr. Roberts’ Harlem con- to the traditions and maintaining gressional bid President Coolidge re- the principles of the Republican sponded to Sgt. Gardner on August 9. Party. Two days later he released his response Our Constitution guarantees to the press. Said the black Brooklyn equal rights to all our citizens, Daily Times: “The President has made without discrimination on the clearest, quietest and most convincing account of race or color. I have statement on this subject yet made.” taken my oath to support that President Coolidge responded to Sgt. Constitution. It is the source Gardner as follows: of your rights and my rights. I purpose to regard it, and admin- My dear sir, ister it, as the source of the rights Your letter is received, accom- of all the people, whatever their panied by a newspaper clipping belief or race. A colored man which discussed the possibility is precisely as much entitled to that a colored man may be the submit his candidacy in a party Republican nominee from one of primary, as is any other citizen. the New York districts. Referring The decision must be made by the to this newspaper statement, you constituents to whom he offers say: himself, and by nobody else. You have suggested that in some “It is of some concern whether fashion I should bring influence a Negro is allowed to run for to bear to prevent the possibility Congress anywhere, at any time, of a colored man being nominat- in any party, in this, a white man’s ed for Congress. country. Repeated ignoring of the growing race problem does not In reply, I quote my great pre- excuse us for allowing encroach- decessor, Theodore Roosevelt: “. ments . . .” . . I cannot consent to take the position that the door of hope— Leaving out of consideration the the door of opportunity—is to manifest impropriety of the Pres- be shut upon any man, no matter ident intruding himself in a local how worthy, purely upon the contest for nomination, I was grounds of race or color.” amazed to receive such a letter. During the war 500,000 colored Yours very truly, etc. men and boys were called up Calvin Coolidge under the draft, not one of whom sought to evade it. They took The NAACP’s W. E. B. DuBois es- their places wherever assigned in timated that Silent Cal received a million defense of the nation of which black votes in the 1924 election. He they are just as truly citizens as deserved every single one of them.

A version of this article originally appeared at TheBlaze.com

10 A Christmas Appeal

Dear Coolidge Friend, Every year at this time, those of us at Last year, donors who contributed the Calvin Coolidge Presidential Founda- $100 or more to the annual appeal received tion reflect on the coming year. In 2017, we a wonderful Christmas ornament depicting will do much to share President Coolidge’s all the stages of Coolidge’s life. This year we values and legacy with a national audience. continue that tradition, and offer a brand Our Coolidge new ornament fea- Cup National turing the Union Debate Tourna- Christian Church, ment will continue the Coolidges’ to grow, teaching historic church here hundreds of high at the Notch. This school students beautiful ornament, about Calvin made of pewter, was Coolidge and the produced by the lessons of his presi- world-famous firm dency. We’ll award Danforth, and was our second class of Coolidge Scholars, sponsored by the Coolidge Foundation and and in the process reach thousands of am- the Vermont Division for Historic Preser- bitious high school students across the vation. United States who will write essays on the We’re pleased to offer an ornament values Coolidge cherished. We’ll welcome complimentary to those donors who give hundreds of school children who will visit $100 and over. Plymouth Notch for the first time. And An envelope for donations is enclosed. of course we’ll continue to enjoy longtime We hope you’ll find it in your heart to traditions at Plymouth Notch when we cel- support our annual fund in whatever way ebrate Calvin Coolidge’s birthday on the you can. All support is welcome and appre- Fourth of July and the anniversary of Presi- ciated. Thank you for all you do to keep the dent Coolidge’s “Homestead Inauguration” memory of President Coolidge alive today. in August. We appeal to you for support of these worthy projects, and humbly ask that you consider making a tax-deductible end-of- year donation to the Calvin Coolidge Pres- Amity Shlaes, Chairman idential Foundation’s exciting ventures. Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation

coolidge quarterly Editor Designer Printer Rushad Thomas Brittney Nichole Designs Red House Press coolidge foundation Chairman Executive Director Program and Editorial Associate Amity Shlaes Matthew Denhart Education Director Accounting Manager Rushad Thomas Program Associate Diane Kemble Jonathan Guy Rob Hammer

How to reach us P.O. Box 97, 3780 Route 100A Plymouth Notch, VT 05056 Phone: 802.672.3389 Email: [email protected]

Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation • coolidgefoundation.org • 802-672-3389 11 nonprofit A Coolidge Christmas U.S. postage December 14, 2016 paid wht riv jct, vt P.O. Box 97 permit no. 86 Plymouth Notch, VT 05056

The Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation Annual New York Dinner December 14, 2016 3 West Club | New York City

keynote speaker

Steve Forbes “Faith & Economics”

For more information contact Matthew Denhart [email protected] | 802.672.3389