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Especially As Propounded by D.F. Strauss, A.E. Biedermann, and E.P.W

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Especially As Propounded by D.F. Strauss, A.E. Biedermann, and E.P.W THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PERSON OF CHRIST AND THE PRINCIPLE OF REDEMPTION especially as propounded by D.F. Strauss, A.E. Biedermann, and E.P.W. Troeltsch Hugh Thomson Kerr, Jr., M.A., S.T.B. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Divinity of the University of Edin­ burgh as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. May, 1936 Jt'OREWURU This thesis is a study of the relation of Jesus Christ to redemption. It is essentially an historical study with special reference to the positions of three representative nineteenth century uerman theologians, Strauss, Medermann, and Troeltsch. The thesis does not claim to "be an exhaustive treat­ ment of the doctrine of redemption or of the Person of Christ except as the two are related in the systems of these three thinkers. Only indirectly is it concerned with the history and theological expression of the doctrine of redemption in the Christian uhurch or with such uhristological considerations as the Incarnation and Atonement of Christ. It is primarily a study of a specific problem, within a specific period of time, and as developed by a specific group of theologians. Strauss, iiiedermann, and Troeltsch held a common position in separating the person of Christ from the principle of redemption. They regarded redemption as a principle or eternal truth in its own right apart from the Person of Christ. AS over against this position, this thesis takes its stand without apology upon the evangelical experience of the uhurch which knows only a Redeemer and nothing of a principle. The first two chapters deal with the philosophical and theological tendencies in the nineteenth century as they bear upon the problem of person and principle. The third, fourth, and fifth chapters are devoted to detailed exposition of the positions of Strauss, ±>iedermann, and Troeltsch. chapter six compares and contrasts these three positions. The concluding chapter opposes the principle interpretation of redemption with the Christian experience of the Redeemer. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Christian redemption concerned with the Person of Christ - two main views as to the part He plays in redemption - the Redeemer and the exemplar of redemption Strauss, Biedermann, and 1'roeltsch as representatives of the latter. CHAPTER I PHILOSOPHICAL TENDENCIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY-.....................p. 8 The "background - ICant and the Critical philosophy - the Religion within the jLdmits of Reason alone - Christ as the ideal of human perfection - .b'ichte's philosophical and theological position - the metaphysical, not the historical, saves - Hegel's absolute idealism - the union of the divine and human - the contribution of philosophy to theology. CHAPTER II THEOLOGICAL TENDENCIES IN THE NINETEENTH'CENTURY......................p. 28 A Christological century - eighteenth century theology - Schlei^rmacher - Jesus as Urbild - Strauss and the Tubingen School - the mythical Jesus and New Testament criticism - Biedermann and the Speculative School - theological Hegelianism - Dorner and Thomasius - Ritschl - the ethical and social emphasis - Troeltsch and the religionsgeschichtliche ^chule_ - theological relativism. CHAPTER HI THE CHRISTQLQG-ICAL POSITION OF DAVID FRIEDRIGH STRAUSS .................. .p. 68 Biographical preface - his works - the Leljen Jesu of 1835 - the mythical Jesus - its TThr"istology - redemption an eternal truth - the Glaubenslehre - criticism of traditional doctrines - its conclusion the same as Lefren Je_su - the Lefren Jesu of 1864 - further appTication of the mythical method - the unhistorical Jesus - Per alte und der neue G-laube - Strauss's final position - "break with Christianity - Jesus the G-reat Deceiver. CHAPTER IV THE GHRISTQLQGICAL POSITION OF AIOIS EHANUEL BIEDERMANN ................ .p. 119 Biographical preface - his works - the Freie Theologie - early Hegelian rneta- physic - "some essays and lectures - Unsere Stellung zu Ghristus - separation of Person and principTe - the Dogmatik - attempt at positive Uhristology - Person and principle distinct yet mutually exclusive - his final inconsistency. CHAPTER V THE GHRISTQLQGIGAL POSITION OF ERNST TRQEIfDSCH. ...................... p . 159 Biographical preface - chief works - his theological position - history and Christ­ ianity - the religious principle - Person of Christ - G-od - the world - man - redemption - the Q-eschichtlichkeit Jesu - main Christological work - Jesus "a link in a chain - God the Redeemer - Jesus the symbol of the community - the question of the finality of Christianity - its future problematical - increasing relativism - Christianity one of the religions. CHAPTER VI THE GHRISTQIiQGY OF STRAUSS, BIEDERMAjDT. AND TRQEJLTSJ3H COMPARED AND CONTRASTED. ........... .p. 209 Their common position - the principle of redemption - derived from a common inher­ itance - the philosophical influence of Kant, Fichte, Hegel - the influence of the phil­ osophy of history - the current »Ve 11anschauung - a century of self-confidence - the distinctive features in their common position - the men themselves - their methods - differences in emphasis - the Person of Christ - redemp­ tion - finality of Christianity - their omissions - tradition of the Church - doctrine of God - sin - atonement - however, essentially a common position - this position in the twentieth century - Harnack - American Human­ ism - the opposition of the Barthian theology - recent German revival in National Socialist ideology. CHAPTER VII THE PERSON OF CHRIST ABED THE PRINCIPLE OF REDEMPTION: CONCLUSION. ..................p. 261 Reasons why the common position of otrauss, Biedermann, and Troeltsch is untenable - the verdict of modern theology - the Barthian movement - theology versus philosophy - the post-War Weltanschauung - New Testament criticism to-day - plain teaching of the New Testament on Person and principle - Jesus the Redeemer - the confirmation of the Hew Testament teaching in the writings of the Apostolic Fathers - the testimony of the Christian experience - illustrated in Augustine - Sadhu Sundar Singh - Kagawa - the Hymnal - the secret of the evangelical experience of redemption as personal re­ lationship - Paul's union with Christ. BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION Redemption lies at the very centre and core of religion, without it man has no hope. It is the raison d'etre of religion. It is the road that leads to uod. However, this road, highway that it is, is marked with different and sometimes confusing sign­ posts. AS it is possible to reach a destination "by different routes, so redemption, it would seem, may be approached from different directions and over different paths. Nearly every religion makes the claim to be a religion of redemption. Moham­ medanism, Buddhism, Confucianism (if it is a religion), even Com­ munism which is a substitute for religion, lay down definite programmes which must be followed if the desired goal is to be reached. me cannot here trace the devious and difficult paths to be followed. we are concerned with the Christian way of redemp­ tion. Christianity presents us with a straight thoroughfare, an unbroken avenue, a King's Highway. It makes the claim that all other roads lead astray and that the Gospel of Jesus Christ offers the only adequate redemption. If redemption is the highway that leads to God, where can the pilgrim find it? Who or what is there to guide him along the way? How must he approach the portal? How can he be ad­ mitted? What, finally, must he do to be saved? This is the great question, it is the S.O.S. call of humanity. Christian redemption is bound up with Jesus Christ. Any attempt to interpret Christianity without reference to Him must end in defeat. Whatever we do with Him, wherever we place Him, however we think of Him, we must at least take account of Him. The New Testament points to Him on every page. 1'he Gospels are the/ -3- the record of the good news which He heralded. The Epistles find their content in Him. Any attempt to interpret Christianity without Jesus Christ is impossible. Those who do not honour Him find it necessary, nevertheless, to deal with Him if only to ex­ plain Him away. This is not a point to be argued, it is a simple declaration of fact. Though there is no disagreement that Jesus Christ is the centre of Christianity, there is wide disagreement among those who try to explain and interpret Him. "What think ye of Christ?" - this is the intrusive question which must be answered. It is the great watershed, the Continental Divide, that separates into two camps those who would answer this question. The position of those who make Jesus Christ the object of faith and find redemption in His Person is the traditional evangelical viev/ of the uhureh. To the question, "v/hat must I do to "be saved?" the answer is given, "Believe on the uord Jesus Christ." Through Him and through Him alone is redemption possible. Man is a helpless sinner immeasurably separated from u-od. by a gulf over which there is no bridge. Llan is unable to produce, as the Westminster Confession says, "any spiritual good accompanying salvation." But once-and-for-all Uod, the jeiternal, has entered human history in the Person of Jesus Christ, and through Him re­ demption is made effective. He does not only preach the i>ivine V/ord, He is the nord. Redemption is not only illustrated in Him, He is the Redeemer. On the other hand, there are those who regard Jesus Christ as the subject of faith and the exemplar of redemption. This/ -4- This is the position of all literal speculative theologies. Jesus Christ is not the
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