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Nudging Cooperation in Public Goods Provision
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Barron, Kai; Nurminen, Tuomas Article — Accepted Manuscript (Postprint) Nudging cooperation in public goods provision Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Barron, Kai; Nurminen, Tuomas (2020) : Nudging cooperation in public goods provision, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, ISSN 2214-8043, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol. 88, Iss. (Article No.:) 101542, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2020.101542 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/216878 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von -
Competition and Cooperation on Predation: Bifurcation Theory of Mutualism Author: Srijana Ghimire Xiang-Sheng Wang University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Competition and Cooperation on Predation: Bifurcation Theory Of Mutualism Author: Srijana Ghimire Xiang-Sheng Wang University of Louisiana at Lafayette Introduction Existence and Stability of E1,E+ and E− Existence and property of Hopf bifurcation 3. R > 1 and R > 3R − 2R2. In this case, Q = Q , 1 2 1 1 c 1 points We investigate two predator-prey models which take into con- xc = 1/R1, E1 always exists, E1 is locally asymptotically H E + H E E sideration the cooperation between two different predators and stable if and only if Q < Q1, E− does not exist, and E+ exits + + R H within one predator species, respectively. Local and global dy- if and only if Q > Q1. 2.0 E E E - namics are studied for the model systems. By a detailed bi- - - Q Q Q Q Q Q furcation analysis, we investigate the dependence of predation + + h + h1 h2 1.5 no Hopf bifurcation Existence conditions of positive equilibria. (a) case 1(a) (b) case 1(b) (c) case 1(c) dynamics on mutualism (cooperative predation). H H E R + 2 E E two supercritical + + 1.0 R2 > 1 Q H E+ E - E Q1 - E y y - First Predator-Prey Model with Competition 1 E 1 E 1 1 y 1 E 1 0.5 one supercritical NA Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q and Co-operation 1 + 1 + 1 h + h1 1 h2 R2 < one Q R1 NA if Q < Q1 (d) case 2(a) (e) case 2(b) (f) case 2(c) E± subcritical E+ if Q ≥ Q1 E+ d 0 H 0 2 4 6 8 E x = 1 − x − p xy − p xz − 2qxyz, (1) + 1 2 Q+ E Q1 + 0 Figure: Existence and property of Hopf bifurcation points in the (d, R) y = p xy + qxyz − d y, (2) 2 1 1 R2 = 3R1 − 2R NA 1 H parameter space. -
Game-Theoretic Analysis of Cooperation Incentive Strategies in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
1 Game-Theoretic Analysis of Cooperation Incentive Strategies in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Ze Li and Haiying Shen Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 fzel,[email protected] F Abstract—In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), tasks are conducted nodes will decrease the throughput of cooperative nodes and lead based on the cooperation of nodes in the networks. However, since the to complete network disconnection [6]. Therefore, encouraging nodes are usually constrained by limited computation resources, selfish nodes to be cooperative and detecting selfish nodes in packet nodes may refuse to be cooperative. Reputation systems and price-based transmission is critical to ensuring the proper functionalities of systems are two main solutions to the node non-cooperation problem. A reputation system evaluates node behaviors by reputation values and uses MANETs. a reputation threshold to distinguish trustworthy nodes and untrustworthy Recently, numerous approaches have been proposed to deal nodes. A price-based system uses virtual cash to control the transactions with the node non-cooperation problem in wireless networks. of a packet forwarding service. Although these two kinds of systems have They generally can be classified into two main categories: reputa- been widely used, very little research has been devoted to investigating the tion systems and price-based systems. The basic goal of reputation effectiveness of the node cooperation incentives provided by the systems. systems [7–18] is to evaluate each node’s trustworthiness based In this paper, we use game theory to analyze the cooperation incentives provided by these two systems and by a system with no cooperation on its behaviors and detect misbehaving nodes according to rep- incentive strategy. -
A Value-Based Framework for Understanding Cooperation
CDPXXX10.1177/0963721420906200Pärnamets et al.Value-Based Framework for Cooperation 906200research-article2020 ASSOCIATION FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Current Directions in Psychological Science A Value-Based Framework for 2020, Vol. 29(3) 227 –234 © The Author(s) 2020 Article reuse guidelines: Understanding Cooperation sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420906200 10.1177/0963721420906200 www.psychologicalscience.org/CDPS Philip Pärnamets1,2, Anastasia Shuster3, Diego A. Reinero2 , and Jay J. Van Bavel2 1Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet; 2Department of Psychology, New York University; and 3Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai Abstract Understanding the roots of human cooperation, a social phenomenon embedded in pressing issues including climate change and social conflict, requires an interdisciplinary perspective. We propose a unifying value-based framework for understanding cooperation that integrates neuroeconomic models of decision-making with psychological variables involved in cooperation. We propose that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex serves as a neural integration hub for value computation during cooperative decisions, receiving inputs from various neurocognitive processes such as attention, memory, and learning. Next, we describe findings from social and personality psychology highlighting factors that shape the value of cooperation, including research on contexts and norms, personal and social identity, and intergroup relations. Our approach advances theoretical debates about cooperation by highlighting how previous findings are accommodated within a general value-based framework and offers novel predictions. Keywords cooperation, preferences, norms, social neuroscience, neuroeconomics Cooperation is a central feature of group living and map for psychologists and help promote cumulative involves any action that benefits other people while science. -
International Cooperation Among Botanic Gardens
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AMONG BOTANIC GARDENS: THE CONCEPT OF ESTABLISHING AGREEMENTS By Erich S. Rudyj A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of elaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration May 1988 © 1988 Erich S. Rudyj INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION~ AMONG BOTANIC GARDENS: THE CONCEPT OF EsrtBllSHING AGREEMENTS 8y Erich S. Rudyj Approved: _ James E. Swasey, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: _ James E. Swasey, Ph.D. Coordinator of the Longwood Graduate Program Approved: _ Richard 8. MLfrray, Ph.D. Associate Provost for Graduate Studies No man is an /land, intire of it selfe; every man is a peece of the Continent, a part of the maine; if a Clod bee washed away by the Sea, Europe is the lesse, as well as if a Promontorie '-"Jere, as well as if a Mannor of thy friends or of thine owne were; any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee. - JOHN DONNE - In the Seventeenth Meditation of the Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions (1624) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincerest thanks to Donald Crossan, James Oliver and James Swasey, who, as members of my thesis committee, provided me with the kind of encouragement and guidance needed to merge both the fields of Public Horticulture and International Affairs. Special thanks are extended to the organizers and participants of the Tenth General Meeting and Conference of the International Association of Botanical Gardens (IABG) for their warmth, advice and indefatigable spirit of international cooperation. -
Animal Behavior Facilitates Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics
Animal behavior facilitates eco-evolutionary dynamics The EcoEvoInteract Scientific Network Authors: Gotanda, K.M.1* ([email protected]), Farine, D.R.2,3,4*, Kratochwil, C.F.5,6*, Laskowski, K.L.7*, Montiglio, P.O.8* 1Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge; www.kiyokogotanda.com @photopidge 2Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz 3Department of Biology, University of Konstanz 4Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behavior, University of Konstanz 5Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz 6Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany 7Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis 8Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal *All authors contributed equally Keywords: evo-evolutionary dynamics, Hamilton's Rule, functional response, predator-prey cycles, dispersal, selfish herd theory 1 Abstract The mechanisms underlying eco-evolutionary dynamics (the feedback between ecological and evolutionary processes) are often unknown. Here, we propose that classical theory from behavioral ecology can provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying eco- evolutionary dynamics, and thus improve predictions about the outcomes of these dynamics. 2 Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics The recognition that ecological and evolutionary processes can occur on the same timescale, and thus interact with each other, has led to a field of interdisciplinary research often called eco- evolutionary dynamics. Eco-evolutionary dynamics are feedbacks that occur when changes in ecological processes influence evolutionary change, which then in turn feedback onto the ecology of the system. For example, dispersal rates can increase or decrease due to ecological changes (e.g. resource fluctuations) altering species (meta-)population dynamics through source- sink dynamics or shifts in gene flow and ultimately changing the selection pressures that population experiences [1]. -
University of Tartu Sign Systems Studies
University of Tartu Sign Systems Studies 32 Sign Systems Studies 32.1/2 Тартуский университет Tartu Ülikool Труды по знаковым системам Töid märgisüsteemide alalt 32.1/2 University of Tartu Sign Systems Studies volume 32.1/2 Editors: Peeter Torop Mihhail Lotman Kalevi Kull M TARTU UNIVERSITY I PRESS Tartu 2004 Sign Systems Studies is an international journal of semiotics and sign processes in culture and nature Periodicity: one volume (two issues) per year Official languages: English and Russian; Estonian for abstracts Established in 1964 Address of the editorial office: Department of Semiotics, University of Tartu Tiigi St. 78, Tartu 50410, Estonia Information and subscription: http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/sss.htm Assistant editor: Silvi Salupere International editorial board: John Deely (Houston, USA) Umberto Eco (Bologna, Italy) Vyacheslav V. Ivanov (Los Angeles, USA, and Moscow, Russia) Julia Kristeva (Paris, France) Winfried Nöth (Kassel, Germany, and Sao Paulo, Brazil) Alexander Piatigorsky (London, UK) Roland Posner (Berlin, Germany) Eero Tarasti (Helsinki, Finland) t Thure von Uexküll (Freiburg, Germany) Boris Uspenskij (Napoli, Italy) Irina Avramets (Tartu, Estonia) Jelena Grigorjeva (Tartu, Estonia) Ülle Pärli (Tartu, Estonia) Anti Randviir (Tartu, Estonia) Copyright University of Tartu, 2004 ISSN 1406-4243 Tartu University Press www.tyk.ut.ee Sign Systems Studies 32.1/2, 2004 Table of contents John Deely Semiotics and Jakob von Uexkiill’s concept of um welt .......... 11 Семиотика и понятие умвельта Якоба фон Юксюолла. Резюме ...... 33 Semiootika ja Jakob von Uexkülli omailma mõiste. Kokkuvõte ............ 33 Torsten Rüting History and significance of Jakob von Uexküll and of his institute in Hamburg ......................................................... 35 Якоб фон Юкскюлл и его институт в Гамбурге: история и значение. -
On the Evolutionary and Behavioral Dynamics of Social Coordination: Models and Theoretical Aspects
On the Evolutionary and Behavioral Dynamics of Social Coordination: Models and Theoretical Aspects Ezequiel Alejandro Di Paolo Submitted for the degree of DPhil University of Sussex January, 1999 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis has not been submitted, either in the same or different form, to this or any other University for a degree. Signature: Acknowledgements During the period I spent in Sussex I have learnt a lot, explored a lot and met a lot of interesting people who were always keen to take each other seriously in a relaxed environment. Many of the ideas presented in this thesis have matured within this context. I would like to thank my supervisor during the last three years, Phil Husbands, for providing guidance, help and being always open to new ideas no matter how strange they may have sounded initially. I would also like to thank Inman Harvey, who often played a role of supervisor himself by being always available to discuss problems and make useful suggestions which often were strangely radical and down-to-earth at the same time. Seth Bullock and Jason Noble contributed a lot to this thesis. The many opportunities in which we discussed our work and the work of others have often been key moments in the development of my research. I am very grateful to them. I must also thank the help I got from other people inside and outside COGS in the form of comments on my work, discussions and suggestions: Guillermo Abramson, Ron Chrisley, Dave Cliff, Kerstin Dautenhahn, Joe Faith, Ronald Lemmen, Matt Quinn, Lars Risan, Anil Seth, Oli Sharpe and Mike Wheeler. -
Cooperation in the Finitely Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma
Cooperation in the Finitely Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma Matthew Embrey Guillaume R. Fr´echette Sevgi Yuksel U. of Sussex ................................ NYU ................................... UCSB June, 2017 Abstract More than half a century after the first experiment on the finitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma, evidence on whether cooperation decreases with experience–as suggested by backward induction–remains inconclusive. This paper provides a meta-analysis of prior experimental research and reports the results of a new experiment to elucidate how coop- eration varies with the environment in this canonical game. We describe forces that a↵ect initial play (formation of cooperation) and unraveling (breakdown of cooperation). First, contrary to the backward induction prediction, the parameters of the repeated game have a significant e↵ect on initial cooperation. We identify how these parameters impact the value of cooperation–as captured by the size of the basin of attraction of Always Defect–to account for an important part of this e↵ect. Second, despite these initial di↵erences, the evolution of behavior is consistent with the unraveling logic of backward induction for all parameter combinations. Importantly, despite the seemingly contradictory results across studies, this paper establishes a systematic pattern of behavior: subjects converge to use threshold strategies that conditionally cooperate until a threshold round; and conditional on establishing cooperation, the first defection round moves earlier with experience. Sim- ulation results generated from a learning model estimated at the subject level provide insights into the long-term dynamics and the forces that slow down the unraveling of cooperation. We wish to thank the editor, anonymous referees, James Andreoni, Yoella Bereby-Meyer, Russell Cooper, Pedro Dal B´o, Douglas DeJong, Robert Forsythe, Drew Fudenberg, Daniel Friedman, P.J. -
Caring Economics, Cooperation, and the Covid-19 Pandemic
Volume 8, Issue 1 Spring pubs.lib.umn.edu/ijps CARING ECONOMICS, COOPERATION, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Silvia Hedenigg, PhD Abstract For centuries, Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations shaped profit maximization as the standard of economic action. The concept of caring economics published by the feminist law and systems scientist Riane Eisler under the title The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics (2007) contrasts this neoliberal, dominance-oriented model of society with the idea of partnership-oriented societies. The concept of caring economics was widely influenced by the social, economic, and welfare systems of the Nordic countries. In 2015-2016, the author of this article conducted a pilot study interviewing scientists from different disciplines with the aim of investigating whether the conditions in these countries reflect Eisler’s theoretical model (Hedenigg, 2019). While Eisler emphasized empathy and care as essential orientations of partnership societies, several of the interviewed scholars, in contrast, stressed cooperation, trust, solidarity, and functioning institutions as essential elements in addition to Eisler’s concept. This article hypothesizes that Eisler’s conception of caring economics should be supplemented by the elements mentioned above, in particular, cooperation. The aim is to identify, in a theory-guided manner, the elements that constitute the central operative mechanisms of the extended conception of caring economics. Resulting conclusions are discussed in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Norway and Finland are among the 10 most successful nations in epidemic containment. This article assumes that the extended conceptualization of caring economics does not only allow us to gain insight into the complexity of the pandemic, but also to identify various successful containment mechanisms. -
Real-Time Monitoring in a Public Goods Game*
Real-time Monitoring in a Public Goods Game* Simin He† and Xun Zhu‡ July 28, 2020 Abstract Public goods problems are prevalent in economics and are challenging to resolve. In this study, we investigate a novel continuous-time incremental commitment mecha- nism. Within a fixed time period, people can choose when to stop their contributions from increasing exogenously, and their actions are observed by others. We show both theoretically and experimentally that it is a very effective mechanism to help improve contribution. Moreover, we compare this mechanism with other mechanisms under similar real-time environment, and find that the mechanism becomes ineffective when the incremental commitment feature is absent. Our findings can be potentially extended to other social dilemma situations. Keywords: Public goods, continuous time, incremental commitment, cheap talk. JEL codes: C72, C92, D82. *The authors sincerely thank Syngjoo Choi, Bin Miao, Lan Yao, and the participants of the Nottingham CeDEx China Workshop on Behavioral and Experimental Economics and the Virtual East Asia Experimental and Behavioral Experimental Seminar Series for their helpful comments. †School of Economics, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, 111 Wuchuan Rd, 200433 Shanghai, China. E-mail: [email protected]. ‡School of Management, Fudan University, 670 Guoshun Rd, 200433 Shanghai, China. E-mail: zhuxun [email protected]. 1 Introduction Public goods games are very prevalent in economics, and their desired outcome requires people to contribute to a public pool efficiently. For example, building a dam that benefits people living around it requires everyone to contribute; fighting global warming problem requires all countries to reduce their carbon emissions. -
Between Species: Choreographing Human And
BETWEEN SPECIES: CHOREOGRAPHING HUMAN AND NONHUMAN BODIES JONATHAN OSBORN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN DANCE STUDIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO MAY, 2019 ã Jonathan Osborn, 2019 Abstract BETWEEN SPECIES: CHOREOGRAPHING HUMAN AND NONHUMAN BODIES is a dissertation project informed by practice-led and practice-based modes of engagement, which approaches the space of the zoo as a multispecies, choreographic, affective assemblage. Drawing from critical scholarship in dance literature, zoo studies, human-animal studies, posthuman philosophy, and experiential/somatic field studies, this work utilizes choreographic engagement, with the topography and inhabitants of the Toronto Zoo and the Berlin Zoologischer Garten, to investigate the potential for kinaesthetic exchanges between human and nonhuman subjects. In tracing these exchanges, BETWEEN SPECIES documents the creation of the zoomorphic choreographic works ARK and ARCHE and creatively mediates on: more-than-human choreography; the curatorial paradigms, embodied practices, and forms of zoological gardens; the staging of human and nonhuman bodies and bodies of knowledge; the resonances and dissonances between ethological research and dance ethnography; and, the anthropocentric constitution of the field of dance studies. ii Dedication Dedicated to the glowing memory of my nana, Patricia Maltby, who, through her relentless love and fervent belief in my potential, elegantly willed me into another phase of life, while she passed, with dignity and calm, into another realm of existence. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my phenomenal supervisor Dr. Barbara Sellers-Young and my amazing committee members Dr.