DOCSLIB.ORG

Gulf Literacy: a Marine Science-Based Model of Scientific Literacy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gulf Literacy: a Marine Science-Based Model of Scientific Literacy Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1995 Gulf Literacy: A Marine Science-Based Model of Scientific Literacy. John Edward Trowbridge Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Trowbridge, John Edward, "Gulf Literacy: A Marine Science-Based Model of Scientific Literacy." (1995). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6140. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6140 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Bach original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 GULF LITERACY: A MARINE SCIENCE-BASED MODEL OF SCIENTIFIC LITERACY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Curriculum and Instruction by John E. Trowbridge B.S., University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 1976 M.S., University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 1987 December 1995 UMI Number: 9618330 UMI Microform 9618330 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A doctoral program does not happen without the support and help of many people. I want to thank my committee members, Dr. Ron Good, Dr. William Pinar, Dr. William Kelso, and Dr. Catherine Cummins. All of these people encouraged me plus gave me a solid course base for my study. My committee chair and major professor, Dr. James Wandersee, helped me chart this course of study and research. He indeed has been "oh captain my captain." With him I learned the ropes, navigation, and how to take the helm and steer within science education. I want to thank all my friends and colleagues especially those who have gone before me. In their wake, a high standard was set for research in science education—another integral part of the doctoral program experience. I worked with many teachers and students who became partners in science education research. Those people who I told would remain anonymous, I am indeed indebted to them for their help and support. Mary Mitchell and Chuck Killibrew of the Department of Environmental Quality responded favorably to a proposal to partially fund this research and booklet production. I am grateful for that help. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 Definition of Terms ................................................................. 6 Research Questions .................................................................. 7 Limitations ................................................................................ 8 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................. 9 Theoretical Base for Research ............................................... 9 Scientific Literacy ......................................................... 9 Current Definitions of Scientific Literacy ............................ 11 Project 2061 ............................................................................ 13 Biological Literacy ................................................................. 14 The Gulf of Mexico and Marine Education .......................... 16 Meaningful Learning .............................................................. 21 Conceptual Change ................................................................. 23 Graphics ................................................................................... 25 Interviewing ............................................................................. 27 METHODS .................. 33 Overview .................................................................................. 33 Gulf Literacy Booklet Development ..................................... 34 Survey Coastal Newspapers’ Archives ........................ 34 Search for Graphics .......................................................35 Interview of Key Marine Scientists and Marine Educators ............................................... 36 Treatment ................................................................................... 36 Subjects ............................................................................ 36 Teacher Preparation ..................................................... 37 Pretreatment Coconstruction of Concept M aps .................... 37 Pretreatment Clinical Interview ............................................ 37 Interview Protocol ....................................................... 38 Posttreatment Clinical Interviews ............................................39 Concept Mapping ................................................................... 39 Posttreatment Coconstruction of Concept M aps ................... 41 Posttreatment Questionnaire ................................................ 42 RESULTS ......................................................................... 43 Model Development ............................................................... 43 Content Analysis of Coastal Newspapers .............................. 43 Corpus Christi Caller .................................................. 43 Times Picayune ........................................................... 43 Mobile Register ........................................................... 45 Tampa Tribune ............................................................ 46 All Cities ...................................................................... 47 Expert Interviews ................................................................... 49 Booklet as the Treatment ...................................................... 50 Pretreatment Interviews ........................................................ 51 General Knowledge of the G ulf ................................. 51 Boundaries ................................................................... 51 Size and Depth of the G ulf ........................................ 51 Concept Estuary ........................................................... 52 Rivers ............................................................................. 52 Recent Information About the G ulf ............................ 52 Environmental Problems ............................................. 53 Personal Connections .................................................. 53 Commercial Fishing ..................................................... 53 Storms ............................................................................ 53 Dead Zones .................................................................. 53 Plankton ........................................................................... 54 Staying Informed About the G ulf .............................. 54 Photograph of a Manatee ........................................... 54 Photograph of a Shrimp Boat .................................... 54 Photograph of a Salt Marsh ....................................... 54 Photographs of a Sand Dune and a Developed Barrier Island .................................. 55 Photograph of a Tern Colony ..................................... 55 Post Teaching Assessment ..................................................... 55 Physical Features ........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cleaning Symbiosis Among California Inshore Fishes
    CLEANING SYMBIOSIS AMONG CALIFORNIA INSHORE FISHES EDMUNDS. HOBSON' ABSTRACT Cleaning symbiosis among shore fishes was studied during 1968 and 1969 in southern California, with work centered at La Jolla. Three species are habitual cleaners: the seAoriF, Ozyjulis californica; the sharpnose seaperch, Phanerodon atripes; and the kelp perch, Brachyistius frenatus. Because of specific differences in habitat, there is little overlap in the cleaning areas of these three spe- cies. Except for juvenile sharpnose seaperch, cleaning is of secondary significance to these species, even though it may be of major significance to certain individuals. The tendency to clean varies between in- dividuals. Principal prey of most members of these species are free-living organisms picked from a substrate and from midwater-a mode of feeding that favors adaptations suited to cleaning. Because it is exceedingly abundant in a variety of habitats, the seiiorita is the predominant inshore cleaning fish in California. Certain aspects of its cleaning relate to the fact that only a few of the many seiioritas present at a given time will clean, and that this activity is not centered around well-defined cleaning stations, as has been reported for certain cleaning fishes elsewhere. Probably because cleaners are difficult to recognize among the many seiioritas that do not clean, other fishes.generally do not at- tempt to initiate-cleaning; rather, the activity is consistently initiated by the cleaner itself. An infest- ed fish approached by a cleaner generally drifts into an unusual attitude that advertises the temporary existence of the transient cleaning station to other fish in need of service, and these converge on the cleaner.
    [Show full text]
  • Relative Gut Lengths of Coral Reef Butterflyfishes (Pisces
    Relative gut lengths of coral reef butterflyfishes (Pisces: Chaetodontidae) ML Berumen1, 2 *, MS Pratchett3, BA Goodman4 1. Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA 3. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia 4. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309 * Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] Phone: +966 544700019 Keywords: Chaetodontidae; corallivory; Papua New Guinea; relative gut length Abstract Variation in gut length of closely related animals is known to generally be a good predictor of dietary habits. We examined gut length in 28 species of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae), which encompass a wide range of dietary types (planktivores, omnivores, corallivores). We found general dietary patterns to be a good predictor of relative gut length, although we found high variation among groups and covariance with body size. The longest gut lengths are found in species that exclusively feed on the living tissue of corals, while the shortest gut length is found in a planktivorous species. Although we tried to control for phylogeny, corallivory has arisen multiple times in this family, confounding our analyses. The butterflyfishes, a speciose family with a wide range of dietary habits, may nonetheless provide an ideal system for future work studying gut physiology associated with specialisation and foraging behaviours. Introduction Relative gut lengths of vertebrates have long been studied and compared within and among species (e.g., Al-Hussaini 1949). The most common explanations for relatively longer guts in herbivores focus on the chemical defences of plants (e.g., Levin 1976; Hay and Fenical 1988), the indigestibility of plant fibre (e.g., Stevens 1989; Karasov and Martinez del Rio 2007), or the poor nutritional quality of plants as food.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gulf of Mexico Workshop on International Research, March 29–30, 2017, Houston, Texas
    OCS Study BOEM 2019-045 Proceedings: The Gulf of Mexico Workshop on International Research, March 29–30, 2017, Houston, Texas U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Gulf of Mexico OCS Region OCS Study BOEM 2019-045 Proceedings: The Gulf of Mexico Workshop on International Research, March 29–30, 2017, Houston, Texas Editors Larry McKinney, Mark Besonen, Kim Withers Prepared under BOEM Contract M16AC00026 by Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi 6300 Ocean Drive Corpus Christi, TX 78412 Published by U.S. Department of the Interior New Orleans, LA Bureau of Ocean Energy Management July 2019 Gulf of Mexico OCS Region DISCLAIMER Study collaboration and funding were provided by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, under Agreement Number M16AC00026. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the US Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management website at https://www.boem.gov/Environmental-Studies-EnvData/, click on the link for the Environmental Studies Program Information System (ESPIS), and search on 2019-045. CITATION McKinney LD, Besonen M, Withers K (editors) (Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Corpus Christi, Texas).
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Island—Historical Background
    Chapter 1 Fire Island—Historical Background Brief Overview of Fire Island History Fire Island has been the location for a wide variety of historical events integral to the development of the Long Island region and the nation. Much of Fire Island’s history remains shrouded in mystery and fable, including the precise date at which the barrier beach island was formed and the origin of the name “Fire Island.” What documentation does exist, however, tells an interesting tale of Fire Island’s progression from “Shells to Hotels,” a phrase coined by one author to describe the island’s evo- lution from an Indian hotbed of wampum production to a major summer resort in the twentieth century.1 Throughout its history Fire Island has contributed to some of the nation’s most important historical episodes, including the development of the whaling industry, piracy, the slave trade, and rumrunning. More recently Fire Island, home to the Fire Island National Seashore, exemplifies the late twentieth-century’s interest in preserving natural resources and making them available for public use. The Name. It is generally believed that Fire Island received its name from the inlet that cuts through the barrier and connects the Great South Bay to the ocean. The name Fire Island Inlet is seen on maps dating from the nineteenth century before it was attributed to the barrier island. On September 15, 1789, Henry Smith of Boston sold a piece of property to several Brookhaven residents through a deed that stated the property ran from “the Head of Long Cove to Huntting
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10. a First Look at Nunatsiavut Kangidualuk ('Fjord') Ecosystems
    Chapter 10. A first look at Nunatsiavut Kangidualuk (‘fjord’) ecosystems Lead author Tanya Brown1,2,3, Ken Reimer3, Tom Sheldon4, Trevor Bell5 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC; 2Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC; 3Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON; 4Nunatsiavut Government, Nain, NF; 5Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NF Contributing authors S. Bentley, R. Pienitz, M. Gosselin, M. Blais, M. Carpenter, E. Estrada, T. Richerol, E. Kahlmeyer, S. Luque, B. Sjare, A. Fisk, S. Iverson Abstract Long marine inlets that are classified as either fjords or fjards indent the Labrador coast. Along the moun- tainous north coast a classic fjord landscape dominates, with deep (up to ~300 m) muddy basins separated by rocky sills and flanked by high (up to 1,000 m), steep sidewalls. In contrast, the fjards of the central and southern coast are generally shallow (150 m), irregularly shaped inlets with gently sloping sidewalls and large intertidal zones. These fjords and fjards are important feeding grounds for marine mammals and seabirds and are commonly used by Inuit for hunting and travel. Despite their ecological and socio-cultural importance, these marine ecosystems are largely understudied. The Nunatsiavut Nuluak project has, as a primary goal, to undertake baseline inventories and comparative assessments of representative marine ecosystems in Labrador, including benthic and pelagic community composition, distribution and abun- dance, fjord processes, and oceanographic conditions. A case study demonstrating ecosystem resilience to anthropogenic disturbance is examined. This information provides a foundation for further research and monitoring as climate change and anthropogenic pressures alter recent baselines.
    [Show full text]
  • A Detailed District Survey Report of Amravati
    DSR- AMRAVATI A Detailed District Survey Report of Amravati Collector office; Amravati. 1 DSR- AMRAVATI Index Preface 1. Introduction 2. Overview of mining activity in the district 3. List of the Mining Leases in the district 4. Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years 5. Details of Production of sand or minor mineral in last three years 6. Deposition of sediments in the rivers of the district 7. General profile of the district 8. Land utilization pattern in the district 9. Physiography of the district 10. Rainfall 11. Geology and Mineral wealth 12. Major and Minor Rivers of the District 13. General recommendation 2 DSR- AMRAVATI Preface In Compliance to the Notification Issued by the Ministry Of Environment, Forest and Climate change Dated 15.01.2016, the preparation of District survey report of River bed mining and other minor minerals is in accordance appendix 10 of the notification. It is also mentioned here that the procedure of preparation of District Survey Report is as per notification guidelines. Every efforts have been made to cover sand mining locations, area & overview of mining activity in the district with all its relevant features pertaining to geology & mineral wealth in replenish able and non- replenish able areas of rivers, stream and other sand sources. This report will be a model and guiding document which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and ecological set up of the district and is based on data of various departments, published reports, and websites. The data may vary due to floods, heavy rains and other natural calamities.
    [Show full text]
  • OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
    OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 143-148 (2010)
    CICIMAR Oceánides, 25(2): 143-148 (2010) GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS OF Anadara tuberculosa (SOWERBY, 1833) THROUGH HISTOLOGICAL SECTIONS Análisis del contenido intestinal de exploited and when a bank is depleted the fishery Anadara tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) a moves on to other areas. Most investigations on A. través de cortes histológicos tuberculosa have focused on anthropological sub- jects (Flores-Mendoza, 1971). Because there is no RESUMEN. Se examinó el contenido intestinal de information regarding the feeding habits of A. tu- 30 especímenes de Anadara tuberculosa recolecta- berculosa, this study aims at providing information dos en la costa pacífica de la Península de Baja Ca- on the gut content of A. tuberculosa. Additionally, a lifornia en abril, mayo, junio y octubre de 2000 y se hi- cieron cortes histológicos de intestino y estómago; se histological technique is proposed as an alternative encontraron 1002 estructuras. De éstas, 917 corres- method to conduct investigations on the gut and in- pondieron a diatomeas (91.5%), de las cuales, la testinal content of bivalve and other mollusks. diatomea bentónica Paralia sulcata (45.3%) y las di- Bahia Magdalena is a shallow lagoon located atomeas planctónicas Thalassiosira spp. (42.9%) y on the western coast of Baja California Sur (24°15´ Thalassionema nitzschioides (2.7%) fueron las más frecuentes. El silicoflagelado Dictyocha sp. (1.6%) -25°20´ N, 111°30´-112°12´ W). This lagoon sys- fue poco abundante. Asimismo, se encontraron 85 tem may be divided into three zones. The northern estructuras (8.5%) que consistieron en huevos de zone consists of a series of channels with a mean bivalvos (1.8%), espículas de esponjas (0.4%) y ma- depth of 3.5 m.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesozooplankton Grazing in the Southern California Bight. I
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 115: 55-71,1994 Published December 1 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Mesozooplankton grazing in the Southern California Bight. I. Population abundances and gut pigment contents ' Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu. Hawaii 96822, USA School of Oceanography. University of Washington. Seattle, Washington 98195, USA ABSTRACT: Gut pigment content of the mesozooplankton community in Santa Monica Basin, Califor- nia, USA was examined on 3 winter-spring and 3 autumn cruises between October 1985 and February 1988. Mean chlorophyll concentrations for the upper 70 m varied from 0.30 to 0.32 mg m-3 for autumn cruises and from 0.35 to 1.7 mg m-3 for winter-spring cruises. Larger crustacean zooplankton species, particularly the copepod Calanus pacificus, were more abundant in the winter-spring, and this trend was also evident in size structure of pelagic tunicates. Gut pigments of larger, migratory taxa (C. paci- ficus, Metridia lucens, Pleuromamma spp., large euphausiids, and ostracods) and often some of the smaller, non-migratory forms (Clausocalanus spp., Acartia spp , and appendicularians) indicated die1 periodicity in feeding intensity with highest gut pigments generally at night or in the early morning. Feeding periodicity was weakest when chlorophyll concentration and mean gut pigment content (ng chl equ. ind:') was highest in the spring. The night:day ratio of community gut pigment (CGP) varied from 1.02 to 1.95 for the winter-spring period and from 1.77 to 3.39 for the autumn period. Migrating taxa explained most of the day-night difference in the winter-spring but relatively little of the difference in the autumn.
    [Show full text]
  • A Statistical Approach for Estimating Fish Diet Compositions
    Ecological Applications, 20(8), 2010, pp. 2188–2202 Ó 2010 by the Ecological Society of America A statistical approach for estimating fish diet compositions from multiple data sources: Gulf of California case study 1,4 2 2 3 CAMERON H. AINSWORTH, ISAAC C. KAPLAN, PHILLIP S. LEVIN, AND MARC MANGEL 1Marine Resources Assessment Group (MRAG) Americas Inc., Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC-NOAA), 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112 USA 2National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC-NOAA), 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112 USA 3Center for Stock Assessment Research and Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Jack Baskin School of Engineering, University of California–Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064 USA Abstract. Trophic ecosystem models are one promising tool for providing ecosystem- based management advice. Diet and interaction rate parameters are critical in defining the behavior of these models, and will greatly influence any predictions made in response to management perturbations. However, most trophic ecosystem models must rely on a patchwork of data availability and must contend with knowledge gaps and poor quantification of uncertainty. Here we present a statistical method for combining diet information from field samples and literature to describe trophic relationships at the level of functional groups. In this example, original fieldwork in the northern Gulf of California, Mexico, provides gut content data for targeted and untargeted fish species. The field data are pooled with diet composition information from FishBase, an online data repository. Diet information is averaged across stomachs to represent an average predator, and then the data are bootstrapped to generate likelihood profiles.
    [Show full text]
  • Annexure-Brief Summary of Project
    Subject: Environmental/CRZ Clearance for Proposed Development of Outer Harbour at Cochin Port, Kerala Cochin Port, a major port under the Government of India, is located on the south-west coast of India, in the state of Kerala with coordinates 9058’N Latitude and 76016’E Longitude. The port is located on the artificially created Willingdon Island, in the vast expanse of Vembanad backwaters, discharging into the seas through the opening in the shore. Cochin Port is facing issue of heavy siltation in Inner Harbour and Approach Channels and erosion of shoreline on Puthuvypeen and Fort Kochi sides. Combination of siltation and erosion is leading to CoPT needing to spend large amount of money on annual maintenance dredging needed to maintain required depths for safe vessel operations. In past, several attempts/studies were made to address this issue scientifically and some groynes have been made on southern side of the Gut. Presence of such groynes along with seawalls on south of the mouth has reduced erosion to some extent and this has given confidence for further comprehensive studies to work towards a permanent solution for sea erosion problems. A study in this regard conducted by IIT, Madras on methods of reducing erosion and siltation, recommends the need for developing an Outer Harbour. As per the findings/recommendations of the study, the Outer Harbour is needed for following reasons: Minimizing maintenance dredging requirements Prevention of neighbourhood shoreline erosion, and Facilitating development activities at the Port in future Accordingly, a conceptual layout has been prepared by M/s i-maritime Consultancy Pvt.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Toxicity of Plastics Pollution to Aquatic Life and Aquatic-Dependent Wildlife
    United States EPA-822-R-16-009 Environmental Protection December 2016 Agency State of the Science White Paper A Summary of Literature on the Chemical Toxicity of Plastics Pollution to Aquatic Life and Aquatic-Dependent Wildlife Photographs courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Office of Science and Technology Health and Ecological Criteria Division [this page intentionally left blank] Page 2 of 50 Authors (alphabetical) Joe Beaman, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Washington DC (co-lead) Christine Bergeron, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Washington DC (co-lead) Robert Benson, Office of Water, Office of Watersheds Oceans and Wetlands, Washington DC Anna-Marie Cook, EPA Region 9, Superfund, San Francisco, CA Kathryn Gallagher, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Washington DC Kay Ho, Office of Research and Development, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI Dale Hoff, Office of Research and Development, Mid Continent Ecology Division, Duluth MN Susan Laessig, on detail to the Office of Water. Home office: Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, EPA HQ, Washington DC Page 3 of 50 Notices This document provides a summary of the state of the science on the potential chemical toxicity of ingested plastic and associated chemicals on aquatic organisms and aquatic-dependent wildlife. While this document reflects EPA’s assessment of the best available science for plastics pollution, it is not a regulation and does not impose legally binding requirements on EPA, states, tribes, or the regulated community, and might not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances.
    [Show full text]