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Development of a Bi-Functional 3D Scaffold Composed by Glucomannan and Biphasic Calcium Phosphates for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

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Development of a Bi-Functional 3D Scaffold Composed by Glucomannan and Biphasic Calcium Phosphates for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications Development of a bi-functional 3D scaffold composed by glucomannan and biphasic calcium phosphates for bone tissue engineering applications. Inês Maria Rodrigues Pintão Dissertation for the Degree of Master of Science in Bioengineering at Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto and Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto Integrated Master in Bioengineering Page intentionally left in blank Development of a bi-functional 3D scaffold composed by glucomannan and biphasic calcium phosphates for bone tissue engineering applications. Inês Maria Rodrigues Pintão Dissertation for the Degree of Master of Science in Bioengineering at Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto and Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto Integrated Master in Bioengineering Supervisor: Aureliana Sousa, PhD Co-supervisors: Susana Olhero, PhD and Manuel Barros, MSc October 2020 © Inês Maria Rodrigues Pintão, October 2020 “Science have no idea how much it owes to the imagination” - Ralph Emerson vi Page intentionally left in blank vii Acknowledgments First, I want to thank to the person who taught me almost everything I learnt in the last few months. Filipa thought me not only what it takes to be a scientist but also how to take advantage from all that was happening, including when things did not work as planned. Even when I was more discouraged, Filipa always knew what to say and supported me in everything I needed, always bearing great ideas to surpass all the hardship. A big thank you for never stopping to believe in my capabilities and for your kind compliments, always welcome with great affection. Second, I would like to thank to Manel, who accompanied me since the beginning and who thaught me the basis of working on a lab, always with a smile on his face. Thank you for being this fantastic and supportive person who I had the pleasure to work with. An acknowledgment also to Rafaela who was always available to help me whenever necessary. To Marta, for her everyday companionship and support. It was a great pleasure to have the opportunity to get to know her a little bit more. Thank you for your joyful spirit and for being someone with whom I could share the good and the bad moments. Also, I would like to thank to the people who shared the lab with me and were always available to help me, especially Marco that helped me in develop my work. It would not have been so complete without your help. An acknowledgment to Susana Olhero for providing the robocasting and to Ana Filipa Rodrigues who gave me a huge help on the robocasting and made me feel welcome every time I went to Aveiro. I have to acknowledge the support of Maria Lazaro from the Bioimaging i3S Scientific Platform, member of the national infrastructure PPBI - Portuguese Platform of Bioimaging (PPBI-POCI-01-0145- FEDER-022122), José da Neves and Ana Baião from the Nanomedicines and Translational drug delivery group and Frederico Silva from the Biochemical and Biophysical Technologies Scientific Platform. Finally, I want to thank to the persons I love the most in this world. My parents and my sister who were the most supportive they could be, always cheering me up and motivating me to do my best every day. To Tiago that never stopped believing in me and for understanding the long hours of working, especially in those final moments. The research described in this thesis was financially supported in the framework of FCT- Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia project 2BBone - Sintering-free Bifunctional CaP-based Biomaterials for Bone Cancer Treatment and Regeneration (PTDC/CTM-CER/29940/2017) viii Page intentionally left in blank ix Abstract Due to the accelerated growth of human population and the consecutive increase of life expectancy, several problems related to aging have started to arise in the last decades. Therefore, there is a demand for strategies capable to address problems like osteoporosis, bone cancer and bone infections. One of those strategies is based on the use of materials that are similar to the real bone so, the first step to succeed in finding a good bone substitute is to choose the best suitable material. Since the natural bone is composed by an organic and an inorganic part, the use of a hybrid polymeric-ceramic material sounds promising. The polymeric part gives the material its biocompatibility and biodegradability, besides acting as a supportive matrix, and the ceramic part confers the properties that mimic the mineral phase of bone. In this work, Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) and powders of Hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) were used to develop 3D scaffolds via an additive manufacturing technique (robocasting) because its ability to produce scaffolds with predefined morphology and structure, such as 3D porous scaffolds that are ideal for bone ingrowth. The goal is that these scaffolds can promote bone regeneration and at same time treat bone infections or kill cancer cells. In the first part of this work the hybrid polymeric-ceramic 3D scaffolds were submitted to in vitro tests, to evaluate their capacity to promote the adherence and proliferation of human Mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The results obtained confirmed this hypothesis, but further tests would have been necessary to evaluate if the cells were able to differentiate into the osteogenic lineage. After, nanoparticles incorporated with a drug, levofloxacin, were developed to be incorporated on the scaffolds in order to grant them anti-microbial properties. Polydopamine particles were also included in the scaffolds’ materials as a strategy to provide a multi- functional material with hyperthermic properties for cancer treatment applications. However, it was not possible to see the incorporation of the drug into the nanoparticles, which lead us to a new strategy to develop a bi-functional scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. This strategy consisted on the incorporation of polydopamine (PDA) particles into the scaffolds since their proven potential in the field of photothermal therapy to treat cancer cells. The in vitro tests revealed improved adherence and proliferation of hMSCs throughout the entire time of culture. In addition, an U20S osteosarcoma cell line was also used on the in vitro tests of these scaffolds and the results demonstrate that these cells had a better adhesion on the scaffolds that did not include the PDA in their constitution. However further assays need to be performed, to evaluate the ability of these scaffolds increase their temperature under laser irradiation. A simulated body fluid (SBF) assay revealed that the developed material could form a carbonated apatite-like layer at their surface, showing promising properties for future in vivo applications. Taking together all the results obtained during this work and the previously demonstrated features of the PDA particles, we can conclude that the hybrid organic-inorganic 3D scaffolds x developed are promising candidates to be used in bone tissue engineering approaches and, in particular, may act as a bi-functional material. xi List of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................... viii Abstract ................................................................................................. x Abbreviation list ...................................................................................... xv List of figures ........................................................................................ xvii List of tables ......................................................................................... xix Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 1. Bone tissue ................................................................................... 1 1.1. Bone tissue – composition ............................................................ 1 1.1.1. Cellular composition ............................................................... 1 1.1.2. Extracellular matrix ................................................................ 3 1.2. Bone Tissue - structure ............................................................... 4 1.3. Bone Remodelling and Regeneration ............................................... 5 2. Bone diseases and current approaches ................................................... 8 2.1. Bone fractures and therapeutic approaches ....................................... 8 2.2. Bone cancers and therapeutic approaches ........................................ 11 2.3. Bone infections and therapeutic approaches ..................................... 12 3. New solutions – Development of bone substitutes ..................................... 14 3.1. Important features of the new bone substitutes ................................. 15 3.2. Ceramic-based scaffolds ............................................................. 16 3.2.1. Calcium Phosphate-based scaffolds ............................................. 18 3.3. Polymer-based scaffolds ............................................................. 21 3.3.1. Konjac Glucomannan-based scaffolds .......................................... 28 3.4. Other agents .......................................................................... 29 3.5. Scaffolds production - Additive manufacturing .................................. 30 3.5.1. Robocasting ......................................................................... 32 3.6. Drug Delivery .........................................................................
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