Persistent Misunderstandings of Inclusive Fitness and Kin Selection Park, Justin H
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Kin Selection Definition Otherwise Known As Inclusive Fitness Theory
KinSelection Definition Otherwiseknownasinclusivefitnesstheory,kinselectionreferstothetheorythatpeople haveevolvedtofavorotherswhoaregeneticallyrelatedtothem.Thelogicofthetheoryisthata genecanpropagateitselfthroughtworoutes.Thefirstisbyincreasingthelikelihoodthatbody inwhichitresides(theself)willsurviveandreproduce(e.g.,byleadingtotheselectionof nutritiousfoodsandfertilemates).Thesecondisbyincreasingthereproductionofclose relatives(kin)whoalsopossesscopiesofthesamegene(e.g.,byleadingtheselftohelpkinin waysthatincreasethechancesthattheywillreproduceandthegenewillbepassedon).Someof yourkinaremorecloselyrelatedtoyouthanothersandthereforearemorelikelytocarryyour genes.Thus,becauseyoushare50%ofyourgeneswithyoursiblingsbutonly12.5%withyour cousins,youshouldbemuchmorelikelytohelpsiblingsthancousins.Accordingtothetheory ofinclusivefitness,parentalcareforoffspringisaspecialcaseofkinselection,asitisyet anothercaseofpeople(oranimals)providingcareforcloselyrelatedkinwhocarryshared geneticmaterial. HistoryandModernUsage Thetheoryofkinselectioniswidelyregardedasthemostimportanttheoreticaldevelopment inevolutionarythinkingsinceDarwin,asitproposesamechanismthatexplainswhyindividuals wouldaltruisticallyhelpothers(thatis,whytheywouldprovideresourcestosomeoneelseata costtothemselves).Theideaofaltruismseemscounter-intuitivefromaDarwinianperspective, asanybehaviorthatincreasesthelikelihoodthatanotherindividualwillsurviveorreproduceat acosttoone’sownsurvivalorreproductionshouldbeselectedagainst.Butifthisaltruistic behaviorenhancesthesurvivalorreproductionofarelatedindividualtoagreaterdegreethanit -
Cultural Group Selection Plays an Essential Role in Explaining Human Cooperation: a Sketch of the Evidence
BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2016), Page 1 of 68 doi:10.1017/S0140525X1400106X, e30 Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence Peter Richerson Emily K. Newton Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California– Department of Psychology, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA Davis, Davis, CA 95616 94901 [email protected] [email protected] http://emilyknewton.weebly.com/ www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/richerson/richerson.htm Nicole Naar Ryan Baldini Department of Anthropology, University of California–Davis, Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA 95616 Davis, CA 95616 [email protected] https://sites.google.com/site/ryanbaldini/ [email protected] Adrian V. Bell Lesley Newson Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California– [email protected] http://adrianbell.wordpress.com/ Davis, Davis, CA 95616 [email protected] [email protected] Kathryn Demps https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lesley_Newson/ Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 [email protected] Cody Ross http://sspa.boisestate.edu/anthropology/faculty-and-staff/kathryn- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501 demps/ [email protected] http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xSugEskAAAAJ Karl Frost Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA 95616 Paul E. Smaldino [email protected] https://sites.google.com/site/karljosephfrost/ Department of Anthropology, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA 95616 [email protected] http://www.smaldino.com/ Vicken Hillis Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California– Timothy M. -
Gene-Culture Coevolution, Group Selection, and the Evolution of Cooperation
EC_2018_A12 Gene-Culture coevolution, group selection, and the evolution of Cooperation The Evolution of Cooperation How can altruism / cooperation evolve? 1 EC_2018_A12 Levels of Selection "although a high standard of morality gives but a slight or no advantage to each individual man and his children over the other men of the same tribe (...) an advancement in the standard of morality will certainly give an immense advantage to one tribe over another.” (C. Darwin, Descent of Man, 1871) Levels of Selection Individuals (“basic” [Neo]Darwinism) Genes (“Selfish-gene” Sociobiology) Groups? Multilevel selection? Higher-level adaptations? Genetic Group Selection? “Naïve group selectionism”: The probability of survival of individual living things, or of populations, increases with the degree with which they harmoniously adjust themselves to each other and to their environment. This principle is basic to the concept of the balance of nature, orders the subject matter of ecology and evolution, underlies organismic and developmental biology, and is the foundation for all sociology. (Allee et al. 1949) “The good of the species” (Wynne-Edwards) 2 EC_2018_A12 Levels of Selection Migration, genetic drift, etc: Intergroup effects weaker than intragroup, interindividual selection. Intra x intergroup differences X Wilson DS & Wilson EO (2007) Rethinking the theoretical foundation of sociobiology Multi-level selection/ limits in kin selection theory/ “major transitions” Eusociality: Kin Selection X Individual selection + preadaptations. (communal nests) Nowak, Tarnita & Wilson, “The Evolution of Eusociality”, Nature 2010 (X Abbot et al [+100!], Nature 2011) “Major Transitions” in Evolution Maynard Smith & Szathmáry 1997 “Apart from the evolution of the genetic code, all these transitions involve the coming together of previously independent replicators, to cooperate in a higher-level assembly that reproduces as a single unit.” 3 EC_2018_A12 Natural selection & the evolution of cooperation Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. -
A Group Selection Perspective on Economic Behavior, Institutions and Organizations Jeroen C.J.M
A Group Selection Perspective on Economic Behavior, Institutions and Organizations Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh, John M. Gowdy To cite this version: Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh, John M. Gowdy. A Group Selection Perspective on Economic Behavior, Institutions and Organizations. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Elsevier, 2009, 72 (1), pp.1. 10.1016/j.jebo.2009.04.017. hal-00695532 HAL Id: hal-00695532 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00695532 Submitted on 9 May 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Title: A Group Selection Perspective on Economic Behavior, Institutions and Organizations Authors: Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh, John M. Gowdy PII: S0167-2681(09)00125-5 DOI: doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2009.04.017 Reference: JEBO 2384 To appear in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization Received date: 8-4-2008 Revised date: 30-4-2009 Accepted date: 30-4-2009 Please cite this article as: van den Bergh, J.C.J.M., Gowdy, J.M., A Group Selection Perspective on Economic Behavior, Institutions and Organizations, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization (2008), doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2009.04.017 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. -
|||GET||| Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development 2Nd Edition
EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2ND EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Robert L Burgess | 9780761927907 | | | | | Evolutionary developmental psychology In David M. His research interests are in social and cultural factors affecting human growth and Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development 2nd edition evolution of the human growth pattern. Debra Lieberman similarly objected to the characterization of evolutionary psychology as ignorant of developmental principles. Kevin MacDonald. Pub date Apr O'Rourke Editor. DeWitte, and James W. Already purchased in store? Biological Reviews. Undetected location. Stress and Human Biology Gillian H. Developmental Psychology. Leonard 8. Adaptation Altruism Coevolution Cultural group selection Kin selection Sexual selection Evolutionarily stable strategy Social selection. By continuing to use this site you consent to receive cookies. Comparing and integrating approaches Further Reading References. Some authors argue that childhood environment and early life experiences are highly influential in determining an individual's life history strategy. Undetected location. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Theodore Steegmann, Jr. Book Add to list Added to list. Nature versus nurture Morphogenetic field. More information Less information icon angle. Would you like to change to the site? Thomas; Ellis, Bruce J Evolutionary Psychology. Human Nutritional Evolution William R. Edition: 2 Edited by: Robert L. Retrieved Evolutionary Why a species evolved the structures adaptations it has. Developmental plasticity and evolution. Clark Description Index About the author Evolutionary theory is Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development 2nd edition of the most wide- ranging and inspiring of scientific ideas. Clark Barrett have refuted claims that mainstream evolutionary psychology neglects development, arguing that their discipline is, in reality, exceptionally interested in and highly considerate of development. -
Altruism Researchers Must Cooperate Biologists Studying the Evolution of Social Behaviour Are at Loggerheads
COMMENT PHYSICS How the media COLLECTIVES Leadership EXHIBITION New show EVOLUTION Responses to misconstrued Steven tips learned from house- highlights 300 years of recent reappraisal of kin Hawking’s latest book p.657 hunting bees p.658 science in Berlin p.660 selection p.661 Altruism researchers must cooperate Biologists studying the evolution of social behaviour are at loggerheads. The disputes — mainly over methods — are holding back the field, says Samir Okasha. ast month, 30 leading evolutionary now calling for a radical rethink, arguing that I contend that there is little to argue about. biologists met in Amsterdam to discuss kin selection is theoretically problematic, and Much of the current antagonism stems a burgeoning controversy. The question has insufficient empirical support, and that from the fact that different researchers are PARKINS D. Lof how altruistic behaviour can arise through alternative models better account for the evo- focusing on different aspects of the same phe- natural selection, once regarded as settled, is lution of social behaviour2. Others regard kin nomenon, and are using different methods. In again the subject of heated debate. selection as solid, and the rethink as unneces- allowing a plurality of approaches — a healthy The question dividing biologists is the sary and potentially retrograde. thing in science — to descend into tribal- degree to which inclusive fitness theory, or kin Rival camps have emerged, each endors- ism, biologists risk causing serious damage selection, explains the evolution of altruism ing a different approach to social evolution. to the field of social evolution, and potentially — in which an animal provides a benefit to Heated exchanges have occurred at confer- to evolutionary biology in general. -
Kin Selection, Group Selection, and the Varieties of Population Structure
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PhilSci Archive Kin Selection, Group Selection, and the Varieties of Population Structure Jonathan Birch Abstract: Various results show the ‘formal equivalence’ of kin and group selec- tionist methodologies, but this does not preclude there being a real and useful distinction between kin and group selection processes. I distinguish individual- and population-centred approaches to drawing such a distinction, and I proceed to develop the latter. On the account I advance, the differences between kin and group selection are differences of degree in the structural properties of popula- tions. A spatial metaphor (‘K-G space’) provides a useful framework for thinking about these differences: kin and group selection may be conceptualized as large, overlapping regions of K-G space. I then consider some implications of the ac- count, defend it from possible objections, and further argue that the structural features characteristic of both kin and group selection may recur at multiple levels of biological organization. 1 Introduction 2 2 Equivalence Results and Their Limitations 3 2.1 An example of an equivalence result . 3 2.2 Limitations . 6 3 Individual- and Population-Centred Approaches 8 4 Two Influences: Hamilton and Godfrey-Smith 11 5 K and G 14 5.1 K ..................................... 15 5.2 G ..................................... 16 5.3 K-G space . 18 6 The rb , 0 Requirement 20 1 7 Levels of Organization 23 8 The Key Substantive Questions 24 1 Introduction The relationship between kin selection and group (or multi-level) selection is a longstanding source of controversy in the social evolution literature. -
Kin Selection Is the Key to Altruism
Update TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol.21 No.2 February 2006 57 but is necessary, given the fact that ants, bees and wasps 10 Tallmon, D.A. et al. (2004) The alluring simplicity and complex reality include some of the most beneficial insects on Earth and of genetic rescue. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 489–496 provide crucial ecosystem services, such as pollination. 11 Beye, M. et al. (1999) Unusually high recombination rate detected in the sex locus region of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Genetics 153, Thus, their extinction could have a widespread impact. 1701–1708 12 Woyke, J. (1963) What happens to diploid drone larvae in a honeybee References colony? J. Apic. Res. 2, 73–75 1 Hedrick, P.W. et al. (1996) Directions in conservation biology: 13 Castric, V. and Vekemans, X. (2004) Plant self-incompatibility in comments on Caughley. Conserv. Biol. 10, 1312–1320 natural populations: a critical assessment of recent theoretical and 2 Hedrick, P.W. (2001) Conservation genetics: where are we now? Trends empirical advances. Mol. Ecol. 13, 2873–2889 Ecol. Evol. 16, 629–636 14 Young, A.G. et al. (2000) Genetic erosion, restricted mating and 3 Caughley, G. (1994) Directions in conservation biology. J. Anim. Ecol. reduced viability in fragmented populations of the endangered 63, 215–244 grassland herb: Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides.InGenetics, Demo- 4 DeMauro, M.M. (1993) Relationship of breeding system to rarity in the graphy and Viability of Fragmented Populations (Young, A.G. and lakeside daisy (Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra). Conserv. Biol. 7, Clarke, G.M., eds), pp. 335–359, Cambridge University Press 542–550 15 Garrigan, D. -
Kin Selection Raymond Hames University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected]
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthropology Faculty Publications Anthropology, Department of Summer 8-2015 Kin Selection Raymond Hames University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Biological Psychology Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Hames, Raymond, "Kin Selection" (2015). Anthropology Faculty Publications. 128. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub/128 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published (as Chapter 19) in Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Second Edition, edited by David M. Buss, pp 505-523. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Used by permission. digitalcommons.unl.edu Kin Selection Raymond Hames University of Nebraska-Lincoln Introduction When Hamilton (1964) published his theory of inclusive fitness it had no immediate im- pact in the social and behavioral sciences, even though ethnographers knew kinship to be a universally fundamental factor in human social organization, especially in egalitarian so- cieties in which humans have spent nearly all their evolutionary history. In many ways, it was a theory that perhaps anthropologists should have devised: Anthropologists knew kinship fundamentally structured cooperation, identity, coalition formation, resource ex- change, marriage, and group membership in traditional societies. -
An Introduction to Sociobiology: Inclusive Fitness and the Core Genome Herbert Gintis
An Introduction to Sociobiology: Inclusive Fitness and the Core Genome Herbert Gintis June 29, 2013 The besetting danger is ...mistaking part of the truth for the whole...in every one of the leading controversies...both sides were in the right in what they affirmed, though wrong in what they denied John Stuart Mill, On Coleridge, 1867 A Mendelian populationhas a common gene pool, whichis itscollective or corporate genotype. Theodosius Dobzhansky, Cold Springs Harbor Symposium, 1953. The interaction between regulator and structural genes... [reinforces] the concept that the genotype of the individual is a whole. Ernst Mayr, Populations, Species and Evolution, 1970 Abstract This paper develops inclusive fitness theory with the aim of clarifying its appropriate place in sociobiological theory and specifying the associated principles that render it powerful. The paper introduces one new concept, that of the core genome. Treating the core genome as a unit of selection solves problems concerning levels of selection in evolution. 1 Summary Sociobiology is the study of biological interaction, both intragenomic, among loci in the genome, and intergenomic, among individuals in a reproductive popula- tion (Gardner et al. 2007). William Hamilton (1964) extended the theory of gene frequencies developed in the first half of the Twentieth century (Crow and I would like to thank Samuel Bowles, Eric Charnov, Steven Frank, Michael Ghiselin, Peter Godfrey-Smith, David Haig, David Queller, Laurent Lehmann, Samir Okasha, Peter Richerson, Joan Roughgarden, Elliot Sober, David Van Dyken, Mattijs van Veelen and Edward O. Wilson for advice in preparing this paper. 1 Kimura 1970, B¨urger 2000, Provine 2001) to deal with such behavior. -
The Natures of Universal Moralities, 75 Brook
Brooklyn Law Review Volume 75 Issue 2 SYMPOSIUM: Article 4 Is Morality Universal, and Should the Law Care? 2009 The aN tures of Universal Moralities Bailey Kuklin Follow this and additional works at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr Recommended Citation Bailey Kuklin, The Natures of Universal Moralities, 75 Brook. L. Rev. (2009). Available at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol75/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at BrooklynWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Brooklyn Law Review by an authorized editor of BrooklynWorks. The Natures of Universal Moralities Bailey Kuklin† One of the abiding lessons from postmodernism is that reason does not go all the way down.1 In the context of this symposium, one cannot deductively derive a universal morality from incontestible moral primitives,2 or practical reason alone.3 Instead, even reasoned moral systems must ultimately be grounded on intuition,4 a sense of justice. The question then † Professor of Law, Brooklyn Law School. I wish to thank the presenters and participants of the Brooklyn Law School Symposium entitled “Is Morality Universal, and Should the Law Care?” and those at the Tenth SEAL Scholarship Conference. Further thanks go to Brooklyn Law School for supporting this project with a summer research stipend. 1 “Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives.” JEAN-FRANCOIS LYOTARD, THE POSTMODERN CONDITION: A REPORT ON KNOWLEDGE xxiv (Geoff Bennington & Brian Massumi trans., 1984). “If modernity is viewed with Weberian optimism as the project of rationalisation of the life-world, an era of material progress, social emancipation and scientific innovation, the postmodern is derided as chaotic, catastrophic, nihilistic, the end of good order.” COSTAS DOUZINAS ET AL., POSTMODERN JURISPRUDENCE 16 (1991). -
Sociobiology Is a Controversial New Field of Study, Defined by Its Most
28 SELFiSH GENES, AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: A BlO-CULTURAL CRITIQUE Jon Marks Sociobiology is a controversial new field of study, defined by its most prolific spokesman as "the systematic study of thebiological basis of all social behavior" (Wilson 1975a:k). Although much excellent work has been done in this field within the areas of entomology and ornithology, the application of sociobiology to humans (Wilson 1975a:5k7ff;Wilson1975b; Hamilton 1975;etc.)has generated considerable acrimonious debate (Caplan 1978), This paper represents an attempt to present sociobiology and social anthropology fairly, and to evaluate the central arguments of sociobiology within a synthetic framework of biology and social anthropology. My purpose in this paper is to explore the foundations upon which human sociobiology is constructed; to demonstrate that human sociobiology is not so much a more scientific approach to anthropology as itis a novel philosophical ap- proach; and to evaluate critically the value of such an approach in the study of human behavior. The Genesis of Sociobiology Classical evolutionary works tended to see natural selection, and thus evolution occurring primarily with respect to the individual: the original definition of natural selection was "this preservation of indivi- dual differences and variations, and the destruction of those which are injurious" (Darwin 1962 [18721:91). However, selection also operated at higher levels: "Natural selection. ..will adapt the structure of each indi- vidual for the benefit of the community;if the community profits by the selected change" (Darwin 1962 [18721:96), With the introduction of genetics Marks 29 into evolutionary theory, this posed a problem. Evolutionary geneticists viewed evolution in terms of altered gene frequencies across generations: however, those genes are expressed in individuals, ft is the individual (i.e., the phenotype) which is exposed to the rigors of the environment, resulting in different fitnesses between individuals.