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The in Uence of Cascade Reservoir Construction on Labile Phosphorus

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The in Uence of Cascade Reservoir Construction on Labile Phosphorus The Inuence of Cascade Reservoir Construction on Labile Phosphorus in the Sediment of Lancang River Yao Cheng ( [email protected] ) Hebei University of Engineering Yu Li Hebei University of Engineering Jinkun Wu Hebei University of Engineering Mingming Hu State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin Yuchun Wang State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin Zhongjun Wang State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin Xiaoman Jiang Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Research Article Keywords: Phosphorus, Sediment, Release, Cascade reservoirs, Lancang River, Remobilization Posted Date: July 21st, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-614801/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/19 Abstract The inuence of cascade reservoirs construction on labile phosphorus (P) is an important scientic problem in the Lancang River. The concentration of labile P in cascade deep-water reservoirs were determined, and the inuence of cascade reservoirs construction on the DGT-labile P was analyzed. The construction of cascade reservoirs led to signicant differences in concentrations of DGT-labile P, which in the upstream of Xiaowan (XW) Reservoir were differences from that in the downstream Nuozhadu (NZD) Reservoir. The P diffusion uxes in XW Reservoir were − 8.59–250.50 ng·cm− 2·d− 1, and that in NZD Reservoir were 3.82–24.80 ng·cm− 2·d− 1. The P pollution of XW Reservoir was higher, highlighting the importance of controlling P pollution of XW Reservoir. The construction of cascade reservoirs had made the release of DGT-labile P more dependent on the reductive dissolution of Mn oxides. The early diagenesis transformed bio-availability P (BAP) remobilization into DGT-labile P that made the increase of DGT-labile P/BAP with depth. However, the DGT-labile P/BAP of upstream XW Reservoir was 7.8 times larger than that of downstream NZD Reservoir, which indicated that the construction of cascade reservoirs weakened the remobilization of P in sediment. Introduction There are more than 3700 dams on world rivers, which are used for hydropower, water supply or transport (Chen et al. 2019, Li et al. 2012). However, the construction of dams would have a far-reaching inuence on the water balance and river ecosystems in the basin (Li et al. 2013). The upstream reservoir interrupted the continuity of sediment ux and nutrient transport by intercepting suspended solids, while the downstream reservoirs reduced the input of nutrients and sediment, thus affecting the water quality and even the riparian vegetation of the river (Chen et al. 2020, Wei et al. 2011). As an important source of nutrients, sediment plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of nutrients (Marip et al. 2020). Among the nutrients elements in sediment, the circulation of phosphorus (P) in the water environment has been a subject of important scientic signicance (Młynarczyk et al. 2013). Gao et al. (2019) observed that P would be released in sediment if the physical and chemical properties of sediment changed in the aquatic system, and Anschutz et al. (2007) found that the early diagenesis would also make sediment change from the sink of P to the source. Since the release of P in sediment is complex and dynamic (Yang et al. 2020), it is necessary to study the geochemical cycle of P in sediment-water interface (SWI). Giles et al. (2016) observed that P released from sediment in a shallow bay in Lake Champlain (Missisquoi Bay, USA) depended on the reduction of Fe oxides (FeOOH) and Mn oxides (MnOOH) to Fe2+ and Mn2+, which had been conrmed in the sediment of Lake Taihu, China by Zeng et al. (2018). Although the release mechanism of P in sediment of shallow lakes or reservoirs has been widely studied, the migration and transformation of P in sediment of deep-water reservoirs and the inuences of cascade reservoirs on P circulation in sediment have been not clear enough. The Lancang River (LCR) is located on the Lancang-Mekong River upstream. At present, there are eight deep-water cascade hydropower stations in the middle and lower reaches of LCR (Grumbine and Xu Page 2/19 2011). Due to construction of large cascade dams, the interception of sediment and nutrients has been paid more and more attention. In recent years, scholars have made detailed studies on the effect of cascade reservoirs on the composition and distribution of P in LCR (Liu et al. 2015, Mu et al. 2020). However, these studies had ignored the inuence of cascade reservoirs on DGT-labile P. Therefore, this study took the cascade deep-water reservoirs in the LCR as the object to explore the impact of cascade reservoir construction on DGT-labile P. The purposes of this study are: (1) to study the distribution of DGT- labile P in cascade reservoirs sediment; (2) to analyze the inuencing factors of DGT-labile P release in cascade reservoirs; and (3) to discuss the effect of cascade reservoirs on remobilization of P in sediment. Materials And Methods Sampling location The Lancang-Mekong River is the most important transnational river in Asia. It originates from T'ang-ku- la Mountains in Qinghai Province of China, ows through the three provinces of Qinghai, Tibet and Yunnan Province in China, and is called the LCR (Zhang et al. 2020). There is about 2,160 km in length and 5,000 m above sea level, of which 91% of the drop is concentrated in the LCR (Yi et al. 2014). Because of its large altitude span, the river has huge hydropower resources, making hydropower development extremely feasible. The Xiaowan (XW) Reservoir and Nuozhadu (NZD) Reservoir in the study area are multi-functional projects focusing on power generation. Other functions include ood control and navigation. In this study, three sampling points were set up at each reservoir to collect sediment samples for analysis and research (Fig. 1). Water Quality Analysis And Sampling Collection In December 2019, the temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity (Cond) were measured by Multi-parameter controller (Yellow Springs Instruments Inc., Yellow Springs, OH, USA). The sediment cores were collected from each sampling point using a gravity sampler (6 cm in diameter and 100 cm in length). The DGT device was prepared and arranged in the sediment core by the method of Wang et al. (2016). The sediment core was sliced and stored in plastic ziplock bags. The sediment samples were freeze-dried. After fully grinding and sifting with a standard 100 mesh sieve, it could be used for extraction and analysis. Chemical Analysis And Data Analysis The sediment was digested with HNO3-HF-HClO4. ICP-OES was used to measure the content of metal elements—manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al). The grain size of sediment was analyzed by Mastersizer 2000 (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, UK). It was classied into three speciations: <4µm (clay), 4–63µm (silt), > 63µm (sand). The extraction and measurement of DGT-labile P referred to the method of Zeng et al. (2018). The P was extracted with 1.0 mol NaOH, which was Page 3/19 measured by molybdenum blue spectrophotometry. The DGT-labile P concentrations were calculated using the equation by Xu et al. (2018). The diffusion ux of DGT-labile P can be calculated using equation by Sun et al. (2019). Results Physical and chemical properties of the overlying water Table 1 The physical and chemical properties distribution of the overlying water in the two reservoirs XW NZD Temperature (℃) 14.4 ± 1.2 17.7 ± 0.2 pH 8.0 ± 0.2 7.7 ± 0.3 DO (mg·L− 1) 4.2 ± 0.9 1.9 ± 0.9 437.6 ± 4.3 391.2 ± 9.9 Cond (µS·cm− 1) The physical and chemical properties distribution of the overlying water in XW and NZD reservoirs are shown in Table 1. The water temperature in NZD Reservoir was higher than that in XW Reservoir, which was 17.7 ± 0.2°C and 14.4 ± 1.2°C, respectively. Compared with the NZD Reservoir, the pH values in XW Reservoir were higher, and the overlying water was alkaline. The DO in NZD Reservoir was lower than that in XW Reservoir, and the values were 1.9 ± 0.9 and 4.2 ± 0.9 mg·L− 1, respectively. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen less than 2 mg·L− 1 were dened as hypoxic (Alvisi and Cozzi 2016), so the DO of the overlying water at NZD Reservoir was hypoxic. The Cond in XW Reservoir was higher than that in the NZD Reservoir, and the Cond values were 437.6 ± 4.3 and 391.2 ± 9.9 µS·cm− 1, respectively. The physical and chemical properties of sediment According to the soil texture triangle, the grain size from XW Reservoir covered the elds of silt loam, silty clay loam, and silty clay, and the grain size from NZD Reservoir was generally loamy sand or sandy loam (Fig. 2). Due to the regional sediment supply, the sediment grain size of downstream NZD Reservoir was larger than that of upstream XW Reservoir. Previous research results showed that the sediment in the river usually showed a trend of downstream ning trend (Morris and Williams 1999). However, this ning trend might be changed by the replenishment of regional sediment and dam construction (Catalunya et al. 2006). The distribution of metal content at each sampling point is shown in Fig. 3. The Mn content in upstream XW Reservoir was lower than that in downstream NZD Reservoir, while the Ca content in downstream XW Reservoir was much higher.
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