Biohistory Emaki 1/2 birth of human beings Cainozoic

Extinction 1 of dinosaurs

Modern

2

common 3 ancestor of mammals fungi angiosperms

gymnosperms present day hundred million years ago mammals (China) 1 pteridophytes protists (Argentina) bryophytes (England) chordates (China) sponges (metazoa) insects eubacteria

(primitive fungi) (Namibia) chytrids (Canada) land plants common ancestor of metazoa and fungi (USA) (Gabon) seaweeds common ancestor of plants 5 sponges common ancestor of protists eukaryotes prokaryotes 10 hundred million 1 years ago 5 10 20 30 38 multicellular

present day beginning of life colonial

Estimated age of the first appearance archaea protists fungi 20 eubacteria plants animals (Canada) traces of eukaryotes and algae by DNA study (Greenland)

4 30 microfossils

side│History of of life viewed from DNA and fossils

Comparing DNA sequences between species tells changes in DNA accumulated biogenic substance

after the two species were divided. These changes estimate the age when 38 these species arose. This method calculates the age older than when they really Time of the oldest fossils found appeared, because it shows the time when they were first divided. Fossils tell beginning of life us the shape and the living age of ancient . Combination DNA and fossils estimates the age of old life more accurate.

references : Bioinformatics vol.22 2971-2972(2006) 5 TIMETREE http://www.timetree.org back│Genome size and body size Genomes contain many genes, however, genome size does not depend on the number of genes but the size of regions without genes. The relationships between the organisms and their genome size remain an open question. The animals which have the largest genomes are lungfishes, familiar at the BRH, and the beginning organisms which have largest bodies are surprisingly fungi. The of life of life fungus covering the Oregon Mountain was found an individual by its DNA analysis. references : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_organisms eukaryotes Biohistory Emaki 2/2

gigantic meteorite

Mesozoic 6 landing life of the Cretaceous

7 life of the Devonian Paleozoic

Cambrian explosion

life of the Cambrian 8

multicellularity

Proterozoic

birth of eukaryotes

9

genome size (million base pairs) 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 archaea eubacteria algae land plants fungi mollusks insects teleosts amphibians birds mammals

body size（mm） 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10,000 1,000,000 100,000,000 genome size and body size