26 Евразийский Союз Ученых (ЕСУ) #3(84), 2021

Например: «Но слова «гендер» нет в русском количества трактовок так сложно воспринимать языке» («Комсомольская правда», 08.02.2012) и др. «гендер» как отдельную самостоятельную единицу. Таким образом, термин «гендер» в Современные газетные тексты «пестрят» современных текстах СМИ затрагивает в основном лексемой «гендер», тем самым привлекая еще пейоративные тактики и стратегии («включение в больше читателей. Исследование коммуникативно- круг чужих», дистанцирования), оппозиции функционального статуса, прагматического «хорошо/плохо», «свои/чужие», которые могут потенциала данной единицы языка может реализовываться разными приёмами: включением в способствовать раскрытию специфики данного препозицию или постпозицию к лексеме (гендер) явления, сформировать «языковое чутьё». дистанцирующих оборотов, размещение данного термина в пейоративных конструкциях и др. Список использованной литературы: Как показал материал исследования, 1.Кирилина А.В. О применении понятия преобладает стратегия дистанцирования, не «гендер» в русскоязычном лингвистическом принятия термина «гендер» или принятие его как описании // Филологические науки.2000. № 3. С. 18. инородного. Связано это все в большинстве своем 2.Крысин Л.П. Иллюстрированный толковый с мировоззрением, менталитетом, культурой и словарь иностранных слов / Л. П. Крысин. - М..: духом народа. В картине мира русского человека Эксмо, 2008. 864 с. нет определенного места для столь широкого 3.Шагалова Е.Н. Словарь новейших понятия, именно поэтому зачастую его сужают иностранных слов. – М.: АСТ-ПРЕСС ШКОЛА, просто до всем хорошо известного пола или 2019.-576 с. предпочитают считать его «чужим» и не принимать 4.Шишлова Е.Э. Гендер как инновационный во внимание. Именно из-за наличия большого научный и философский дискурс // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 2013. № 1. С. 148.

SALMAN MUMTAZ’S LITERATURE-STUDY ACTIVITY DOI: 10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2021.5.84.1300 PhD. Gadim Igid oglu Rufullayev Associate professor Lankaran State University

ANNOTATION The article is devoted to Salman Mumtaz, who played an exceptional role in the development of . It is emphasized here that Salman Mumtaz spent his childhood in , but he lived the next part of his life in the native country . Knowing a number of Eastern, including Turkish and Russian languages perfectly Salman had shown interest in the reading of world literature. This enthusiasm pushed him to research-study gradually. Although his first published research work was related to , he later showed interest in the study of Azerbaijani literature. Key words: literary critic, satiric , folklore collector, archive, repression

Thus, Salman Mumtaz begins to study Azerbaijani Of course, this field of science has taken its foundation literature in two directions: written and oral literature. from the thoughts and approaches related to the He collected many stages of the written literature and previous art and craftsmanship unsystematically. literary samples of that period and giving the certain However, these sources were not enough in the explanations published them in newspapers and formation of literary-studies. Finally, at the end of the magazines. He was the first in this field. Salman 19th century Mirza Fatali Akhundzade, Firudin Mumtaz introduced dozens of literary personalities and Kocharli, Yusif Vezir Chamanzaminli, Ahmad bey their literary heritage to science for the first time. He Agayev and others worked tirelessly in this field. introduced those authors to the scientific community in One of the founders of Azerbaijani literary-study twenty books. The materials and manuscripts he science, as well as folklore-study, was Salman Mumtaz obtained were preserved in the largest library created (Asgarov). He dedicated a great part of his life to the by him of his time in the near regions. study of the history of literature, the literary Salman Mumtaz was also a folklorist, closely personalities, the collecting and publication of literary involved in the collection and publication of samples of events unknown to science. However, the literary many genres of folk literature. His two-volume book materials obtained by him were not ready, but consisted “El shairleri” (“Folk poets”) about the as hug art was of the examples collected from the personal addresses, published. memories, semi-professional and unprofessional Salman Mumtaz, a victim of Stalin’s repression manuscripts at the expense of great effort and known to during the 1930s of the last century, was also a poet. science for the first time. Remained forever in the After his arrest his library along with rare examples was memory of the people as a literary scientist, publisher, destroyed. poet Salman Mumtaz was born in 1883, but in other The formation and development of Azerbaijani sources in 1884 (2, p.109-119) in Shaki in a merchant literature-study as an independent science dates back to family. In 1887 after the untimely death of his father the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Mammadamin Asgarov he moved with his family to Евразийский Союз Ученых (ЕСУ) # 3(84), 2021 27

Turkmenistan to his uncle’s place. While his father was successful in that area. He studied almost all genres of still alive, he had gone to Mashhad city and on his way folk literature and achieved its publication. In general, home he had bought land in Ashgabat and built a his books, which he published more than twenty, caravanserai there. Salman Mumtaz’s family moved to contained research materials on both branches of Ashgabat to own their property. Salman got his first literature. However, Salman Mumtaz, who was close to education in Ashgabat. As he had perfect memory, he his nation and literature, was in danger. Dozens of could learn some foreign languages such as , intellectuals such as , , Persian, Urdu very well. Salman had a great interest in Mikayil Mushfig, Amin Abid, Majid Ganizade, reading and had the opportunity to read the works of Teymur bay Bayramalibeyov were called counter- Eastern thinkers. As a result, a great interest in literature revolutionary, arrested and killed for publishing folk awoke in him. The visit of the great satirist poet of literature and heroic epics. Salman Mumtaz, like our Azerbaijan to Ashgabat in 1894 intellectuals, was arrested with a nationalist, counter- and after a while and his meeting with Salman Mumtaz revolutionary stamp, his manuscripts and numerous created good impressions on him. After that, Salman, research works were destroyed. He was arrested on who was interested in native-language poetry, April 4, 1937 and died in prison on December 21, 1941. gradually began to write works in the style of Sabir. After the death of Stalin, who was at the head of the M.A.Sabir was known as an educator and satirist not thirty years’ repression, on November 16, 1956 by the only in Azerbaijan, but also in a number of countries. decision of the Supreme Court the charges relating to In his works backwardness, prejudice and exploitation Salman Mumtaz were annulled and he was fully were criticized in details, but education and democracy exonerated. Only then, in March 1957, his family were propagated. received information about the fate and death of The news coming from Azerbaijan always made Salman Mumtaz. him happy. The arrival of Jalil Mammadguluzade in Prominent literary scholar Salman Mumtaz gave Ashgabat and the meeting with Salman Mumtaz made valuable information and knowledge to the Azerbaijani a new contribution to his creative activity. Co-operation science, culture and readers. He even paid special with the journal “Molla Nasreddin”, which started its attention to the literature examples of the world. It is no publication in under the leadership of Jalil coincidence that his first research works were about the Mammadguluzade, brought not only search, but also a world literature. Knowledge of Arabic, Persian, new chance to the publication opportunities of the Turkish and Russian gave him the opportunity to read future scientist. Salman Mumtaz made his best in order literature of a number of Eastern and European to spread the journal “Molla Nasreddin”, which became countries. As a result, he presented the world-famous a translator of national awakening in people, among writers he read, including Abu-Nasr Farabi, Abu Ali living in and . He Ibn Sina, Jalaladdin Rumi, Amir Khosrov Dahlavi, worked hard to propagandize the new Azerbaijan Abdurrahman Jami, Ilya Chavchavadze, Rabindranat theatre in Ashgabat. The interference of Ashgabat Tagoru to the Azerbaijani readers and created police disturbed his plans to stage the performance important sources for future literary critics with the “The dead” by Jalil Mammadguluzade. information he wrote about. Even during different years Apparently, a new ideology, imported by an in the newspapers and journals such as “Communist”, educated intellectual in Central Asia who was from “Yeni yol” (“New way”) and “Ingilab ve medeniyyet” Baku, the cradle of democratic ideas in the East, began (“Revolution and culture”) Salman Mumtaz gave the to disturb the Ashgabat police. That attitude, as well as extensive information in a series of articles about some the endless love for writing and literary activity poets and writers (Alishir Navayi, Firdovsi, Turkish inspired him to return to his native land. poet Amrah), shared his considerations about them. “It Salman Mumtaz, who returned to Baku with his is interesting that the first book by Salman Mumtaz was family in 1918, began to contribute to Azerbaijani about the Persian poet of the 18th century “Seyid culture, literature and science. Since the beginning of Ahmad Hatif Isfahanin’s poetry and biography (1913)” his work in the newspaper “Azerbaijan” he was (2, p.112). interested in the study of Azerbaijani literature samples. Undoubtedly, the main scientific researches of the In 1919 he became a member of the society “Yashil great scientist were in the direction of Azerbaijani gelem” (“Green pen”) and helped to its activities. After literature-study. The sources studied here are divided the establishment of Soviet government in Azerbaijan into two sections: written and oral literature materials. he was also busy with the problems of the history of The research work carried out by Salman Mumtaz literature. In 1920 he created a commission on the about the history of Azerbaijani literature is restoration of Azerbaijani literature and was the head of remarkable. The work done by him in this direction that organization. Discovering many unknown does not fit into the framework of a person’s life. But literature samples to Azerbaijan science he investigated he worked very hard, with all his might, because of his and published them. Thus, by the end of the 20s, he endless love for the spiritual wealth of the people. could get the collection and publication of more than “Salman Mumtaz was one of the outstanding masters 200 books, articles and manuscripts. The information of our literary-critical mind such as Firudin Bey about the life and activities of their literary personality, Kocharli, writer Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli and others who lived and wounded in different periods was given who for the first time started to create the perfect in the books. Salman Mumtaz also paid attention to the history of our literature, to reveal its representatives and research of oral folk literature materials and was 28 Евразийский Союз Ученых (ЕСУ) #3(84), 2021 their heritage and to save them from oblivion” (2, with the fine, thin chain of poetry rings, literary chain, p.111). which have been worked out and extended by the hands As a result, for the first time in history sixteen of the craftsmen between Nasimi and Vagif for books were published with the name “Azerbaijan centuries” (2, p.114). literature” by Salman Mumtaz. One can see the Thus, Salman Mumtaz became the author of the information about the prominent Azerbaijani poets, book about Nasimi consisting of the first scientific including Aga Masih Shirvani, , researches and works. In addition, he carried out the Govsu Tabrizi, Nasimi, Gasim bey Zakir, Mirza Shafi invaluable services in the collection and publication of Vazeh and other masters in these sources published manuscripts of Muhammad and Shah Ismail during 1925-1927 years. Khatai. On the basis of these manuscripts the divan of The first book by Salman Mumtaz in the study of Shah Ismail Khatai and the poem “Dahname”, three Azerbaijani literature was devoted to Aga Masih volumes of the works of Muhammad Fuzuli were Shirvani. With this research the investigator not only presented to the scientific community. presents Aga Masih Shirvani, who was the literary The researches on the most prominent artists of the master of the 18th century, to the scientific community, new period of Azerbaijan literature (XVII-XVIII) were but also two more word masters - Nishat and Zulalin, not useless either. “The prominent scientist Salman who were his followers. Salman Mumtaz had also Mumtaz published a part of the poems by Govsu, who written about their art achievements in the book. His was a poet of the new epoch, with extensive second book is about Molla Panah Vagif, who was the introduction and explanations in 1925 (4, p.333). One great word artist of Azerbaijan. Of course, till of the poets of this period, Molla Veli Vidadi, as well nowadays there was some information about Vagif in as word masters such as Gasim bey Zakir, Baba bey certain sources, but according to the researcher’s Shakir, Ismail bey Gutgashinli were presented to the thought “they only briefly mentioned the event about scientific community in a new form with Salman Vagif” (8, p.32). But Salman Mumtaz “had studied Mumtaz’s researches. Molla Panah Vagif from a new point of view and “One of the important services of Salman Mumtaz clarified his position in the literature” (4, p.360). was about Mirza Shafi, whose personality and activity Looking through the successful research in the was disputable, but he proved that Mirza Shafi was the direction of the history of literature carried out by author of original works” (2, p.116). It is known that Salman Mumtaz it becomes clear that he had applied to the works by Mirza Shafi, characterized mainly by the the literary sources in all historical stages of glorification of romantic love, were familiar to the word art. Friedrich Bodenstedt, whom he met in the Caucasian The interesting researches carried out by the province. F.Bodenstedt translated those works into researcher on the first stage of the history of several European languages and published them in his Azerbaijani literature - the first great artist of the books “Thousand and one days in the East” (1850) and “Ancient period” Gatran Tabrizi and his epic activity, “Songs by Mirza Shafi” (1851). As a result of the poet’s which is unknown to science, are very interesting. The manuscripts, it became known that the real owner of researcher mentions that poet had to been influenced these works was Mirza Shafi. from the work “Shahname” by Firdovsi and had written Salman Mumtaz was also a folklorist. “He was the poem “Govsname” (7, p.379). He also studied the interested in almost all genres of our folklore. The genius Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi, who lived and eposes “The Book of Dede Gorgud” and “”, created in the 12th century and highly valued his art. proverbs and sayings, ashug activity, folk lyrics, According to his thoughts, Nizami Ganjavi played the especially quatrains and many folklore samples are role of literary school not only for representatives of currently kept in Salman Mumtaz’s personal archive” Azerbaijani literature after him, but also for artists of (3, p.63). literature of many Eastern countries. No one has It shows that the folklore-study scientist was a conquered the peak of Nizami’s art and it will not be man attached to the folk activity. At the beginning of possible in the future. As an Azerbaijani, he mentioned the 20s of the last century publishing and research of that writing in the was a demand of folklore collection and folk art samples were supported that time and many Turkic masters also had written at the state level. The participation of Salman Mumtaz their literary works in Persian that period. Salman in such a benevolent action was doubtless. The great Mumtaz stated these issues in the article “Sheikh scientist visited the regions, listened to people and Nizami” published in the 222nd issue of “Communist” collected samples of oral literature. Then he made newspaper in 1925 (9, p.5). comparisons among those materials. That work, which Representatives of the Middle Ages Azerbaijani required great effort, did not fail either. Several books poetry (the 13th-16th centuries) were also investigated consisting of materials of folk literature were by the great scientist with the same sensitivity. Salman published. Expressing the worldview of the Azerbaijani Mumtaz mentioned that influenced from the poems by people, their views on life, desire and dream, grief and Nasimi the absence of traces of art traditions and sorrow, life and spirituality in a short and compact way, transmitted with the original works to Habibi, Fuzuli, “bayati” (quatrain) genre, which is remembered easily, Khatai and even Molla Panah Vagif (the 18th century), drew his attention and he devoted enough time to his which created later circles and stages of literature. research and analysis. He divided the “bayati”s However, the outstanding literary scientist’s hard (quatrains) into two parts: the nameless and with research and fruitful findings “have been combined pseudonym. Евразийский Союз Ученых (ЕСУ) # 3(84), 2021 29

According to the scientist’s conclusion there is no Azerbaijan since 1908-1909 aroused interest. He author of the nameless “bayati”s (quatrains). They are expressed his views and main ideals he followed in the examples of the centuries-old and co-existence of the life and activity in the satirical poems and topical satires people. The pseudonym “bayati”s begin with the words published in different journals and newspapers such as “men ashig” (“I am an ashug” or “I love”) and was “Molla Nasreddin”, “Zanbur”, “Kelniyet”, “Tuti”, created by a master named Ashug Abdulla, who “Gardash komeyi”, “Seda”, “Güneş”, “Taraggi”, became famous as Sari Ashug in the Middle Ages (3, “Igbal”, “Yeni igbal”, “Achik soz” (8, p.6). “In 1918 p.62). Salman Mumtaz gathered information about Salman Mumtaz dedicated the poem “Oyun millet” Ashug Abdulla’s activity at this point, “after publishing (“Be proud of, nation”) to Nuru Pasha, commander of Ashug’s first book in 1927, interest increased to this the Caucasian Islamic army and the poem “Enveriyye” master in folklore-study, a number of researchers put to Anvar Pasha, the War Minister of the Ottoman forward valuable considerations about him” (5, p.155). Empire”. Most of the materials published by the prominent Salman Mumtaz represented his country at major folklorist belong to ashug literature. He collected and prestigious events properly. He was one of the samples of ashug poets, masters living and creating in representatives of the First Turkology Congress in different regions and periods in Azerbaijan and Baku in 1926 and the Azerbaijani spokesman of the published them in two volumes in the book “El First Congress of Writers of the USSR in Moscow in shairleri” (“Folk poets”) (1927-1928). Salman Mumtaz 1934. His performances and creative views at major gave importance to the epos activity, which is the events have been an interesting finding for both world greatest genre of ashug literature and is part of folk and country art critics. The greatest scientists of his poetry, and expressed his opinion about the conditions time such as Muhammed Fuad Kopruluzade, Vasili of creation of eposes such as “Asli and Kerem”, Bartold, Sergey Oldenburg, Yevgeni Bertels and others “Yakshi and Ashug” in his articles. The articles admired Salman Mumtaz’s scientific research and published by the scientist in the direction of folk potential. Academician Vasili Bartold and Sergey activity such as “Folk poet Gurbani”, “Forgotten Oldenburg admired the scientific structure of “Salman leaves” are also very interesting. The researches on Mumtaz’s personal library in 1926 (Library- Salman Mumtaz’s work on the collection and Mumtaziyya)”, its numerous design and richness of publication of folk literature have not been completed manuscripts (6, p.5). yet. There is a great need for his research in this area. However, it should be noted that this valuable Salman Mumtaz carried out his scientific library created by the great literary critic and the researches not only in Azerbaijan, but also in a number numerous manuscripts there were either destroyed or of foreign countries, in different regions of the “taken in an unknown direction” on the eve of his , in Russia, and Central Asia. In arrest”. addition to carrying out this hard and honorable work, Now the materials belonging to Salman Mumtaz he also managed various responsible tasks. It is known and arriving at us have been obtained from the archives that the outstanding scientist was the head of the of many scientists and on the basis of the remaining Department of Azerbaijani literature of the pre- samples in the press organs. It should be noted that capitalism period of the Azerbaijan State Research scientists such as Rasim Tagiyev, Araz Dadashzade, Institute during 1929-1932 years, since 1932 was the Adalat Tahirzade, Jalal Gasimov, Aida Gasimova, scientific worker of the Azerbaijan State Museum, Najaf Najafov spent a lot of effort in studying Salman since 1933 he was the head of the Department of Mumtaz’s heritage. Najaf Najafov’s dissertation work classical heritage in “Azernashr”. At the same time, he on the theme “Salman Mumtaz’s literary and scientific worked as a scientific worker in the Department of activity” dedicated to the literary scientist in 1975 was literary heritage of the Azerbaijan branch of the USSR successfully defended and in 1987 his monograph with Academy of Sciences, several years later he worked as the same name was published. a director of the Department of literature of the Institute Salman Mumtaz, who has been on guard of of Language and Literature” (6, p.16). national and universal values all his life and tried to Salman Mumtaz was also a poet. The meeting with protect and keep them alive, will live forever in the Mirza Alakbar Sabir created an interest in him from his memory of the people. Literary-artistic materials childhood. It is no coincidence that his literary collected and studied by him make it easier to carry out examples were in the style of Sabir. The journal “Molla further research, as well as to keep the past of literature Nasreddin”, which began its publication in 1906 and alive. Therefore, today’s literary science is obliged to gained the sympathy of readers in a short time, also researchers such as Salman Mumtaz. inspired his poem activity. The magazine “Molla Nasreddin”, which began its publication in 1906 and Literature gained the sympathy of readers in a short time, also 1. History of Azerbaijani literature. In 3 volumes, inspired his poem. With his works the scientist was I volume. Baku: Azerb.EA publishing, 1960, 500 p. going to achieve national awakening, the formation of 2. Dadashzade A. Salman Mumtaz. Caravan of national cognition, to support education, to strike ideas. Baku, Yazichi, 1984, p. 109-119 intellectual darkness. Guided by this ideology he met 3. Afandiyev P. Azerbaijan oral folk literature. his readers through the most popular press organs of his Baku, Maarif, 1981, 407 p. time. The satiric poems and topical satires published by 4. Safarli A, Yusifli Kh. History of Azerbaijani Salman Mumtaz in the press pages of the period of literature. Baku: “Ozan”, 2008, 696 p. 30 Евразийский Союз Ученых (ЕСУ) #3(84), 2021

5. Nabiyev A. Azerbaijan folk literature. In 2 8. Salman Mumtaz. Sources of Azerbaijan volumes. 2 volume. Baku, Elm, 2006, 648 p. literature. Baku, Avrasiya press, 2006, p. 440 6. Tahirzade A. Salman Mumtaz. Biography 9. Salman Mumtaz. Sheikh Nizami. Newspaper essay. Baku: “Kur”, 2002, 16 “Communist”. Baku, 1925, № 222 7. Salman Mumtaz. Sources of Azerbaijan literature. Baku, Yazichi, 1986, 445, p. 32

Гадим Руфуллаев Лянкяранский Государственный Университет

Литературно-исследовательская деятельность Салмана Мумтаза Резюме

Ключевые слова: литературовед, сатирическая поэзия, собиратель фольклора, архив, репрессии.

Статья посвящена Салману Мумтазу, сыгравшему исключительную роль в развитии азербайджанской литературной критики. Подчеркивается, что хотя Салман Мумтаз провел детство в Ашхабаде, остаток жизни он прожил в родном Азербайджане - Баку. Юный Салман, свободно владевший рядом восточных языков, в том числе турецким и русским, интересовался чтением мировой литературы. Эта страсть постепенно привела его к исследованиям. Хотя его первая исследовательская работа была посвящена иранской литературе, позже он заинтересовался исследованиями азербайджанской литературы. Таким образом, Салман Мумтаз начинает исследование азербайджанской литературы в двух направлениях; письменная и устная литература. Он собрал множество этапов письменной литературы и литературных образцов того периода и опубликовал их в газетах и журналах с некоторыми комментариями. Он был одним из первых в этой сфере. Он впервые представил науке десятки литературных личностей и их литературное наследие. В более чем двадцати книгах он представил этих авторов научному сообществу. Полученные им материалы и рукописи хранились в самой большой библиотеке своего времени, которую он создал, и в окрестностях. Салман Мумтаз также был фольклористом. Он принимал непосредственное участие в сборе и издании образцов многих жанров народной литературы. Изданы его двухтомные книги «Поэты народа» по искусству азербайджанского ашуга. Салман Мумтаз, жертва сталинских репрессий 1930-х годов, тоже был поэтом. После ареста его библиотека была уничтожена вместе с редкими экземплярами.

ӘӨЖ 811.512.122 (075) ҒТАМР: 16.21.33

ӘДЕБИ ОНОМАСТИКА ЖӘНЕ ОНОМАСТИКАЛЫҚ КЕҢІСТІК

Сарбасова Қ.Б фил.ғыл.канд. Қазақ тілі мен әдебиеті кафедрасының қауымдастырылған профессоры. Талдықорған қ., Қазақстан.

ЛИТЕРАТУРНАЯ ОНОМАСТИКА И ОНОМАСТИЧЕСКОЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВО

Сарбасова Карлыгаш Базарбековна Канд., фил., наук, ассоциированный профессор кафедры казахского языка и литературы, г. Талдыкорган, Казахстан.

LITERARY ONOMASTICS AND ONOMASTIC SPACE

Sarbasova Karlygash Bazarbekovna Candidate of Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Kazakh Language and Literature, Taldykorgan, .

АННОТАЦИЯ В статье описываются методы исследования ономастики художественной литературы в контексте со стилистикой, семантикой и семиотикой, в результате которой появилось новое направление в ономастике «литературная ономастика», имеющая свои особенности и значения. Определены жанровые виды и функции литературной ономастики.