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Life History, Diagnosis, and Parasitoids of Zale Phaeograpta

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Life History, Diagnosis, and Parasitoids of Zale Phaeograpta Life History, Diagnosis, and Parasitoids of Zale phaeograpta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Author(s): Yadira-Maibeth Vázquez , Ana-Mabel Martínez , Jorge-Manuel Valdez , José-Isaac Figueroa , Ángel Rebollar , Juan Manuel Chavarrieta , José-Antonio Sánchez , Elisa Viñuela , and Samuel Pineda Source: Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 107(1):170-177. 2014. Published By: Entomological Society of America URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/AN13093 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. ARTHROPOD BIOLOGY Life History, Diagnosis, and Parasitoids of Zale phaeograpta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) YADIRA-MAIBETH VA´ ZQUEZ,1 ANA-MABEL MARTI´NEZ,1 JORGE-MANUEL VALDEZ,2 JOSE´ -ISAAC FIGUEROA,1 A´ NGEL REBOLLAR,3 JUAN MANUEL CHAVARRIETA,1 4 5 1,6 JOSE´ -ANTONIO SA´ NCHEZ, ELISA VIN˜ UELA, AND SAMUEL PINEDA Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 107(1): 170Ð177 (2014); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/AN13093 ABSTRACT Lepidopteran erebid Zale phaeograpta (Hampson) has recently been found feeding on blackberry leaves (Rubus sp., cultivar ÔTupiÕ) in two sites of Michoacan, Mexico. The life cycle and several life parameters of this insect, including parasitism, were examined in the laboratory. The egg, larva (seven instars), prepupa, pupa, and adult stages lasted 4.1, 35.9, 3.1, 14.5, and 29.1 d, respectively. Eggs are turquoise blue. The prolegs of Þrst-instar larvae have an enlarged dark area that runs laterally. From second instar onwards, a whitish longitudinal dorsal band is observed along the entire body. Third-instar larvae wear a pair of dorsal protuberances in abdominal segment VIII. The fourth- and Þfth-instar larvae are cream-colored, whereas sixth instars are entirely creamy. Pupa is covered with awaxybloom.Theapicalmarginoftheforewingsinmaleshastwosilverybands,whereasinfemales, adarkbandispresent.Femaleandmalepupaehadthesameweight(0.5g)andmeasured2.21and 2.25 cm, respectively. The adult sex ratio of females to males was 1.1:1. The cumulative number of eggs laid by female during her lifetime was 281, with preoviposition and oviposition periods of 9.9 and 7.3 d, respectively. Maximum oviposition occurred 3.9 d after the start of oviposition (87.7 eggs per female). Larvae of Z. phaeograpta were parasitized by Microplitis sp. (Braconidae) (33%) and a currently unidentiÞed Ichneumonidae species (9%), and pupae were parasitized by Brachymeria comitator (Walker) and another unidentiÞed Brachymeria sp. (Chalcididae). KEY WORDS Zale phaeograpta,lifeparameter,developmentalstage,headcapsule,parasitoid The genus Zale (Hu¨ bner) belongs to the Ophiusini generations per year and enter diapause in late June tribe, one of the seven tribes of the subfamily Erebinae or early July (Wagner et al. 2011). (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) (Lafontaine and Schmidt There have been 37 species described in the genus 2010). This genus is widely distributed in the Amer- Zale (Lafontaine and Schmidt 2010), and all of these ican continent (Lafontaine and Schmidt 2010). Its species feed on several types of pine trees (Pinus spp.) larvae are commonly known as false loopers because (Lafontaine and Schmidt 2010, Wagner et al. 2011). of the reduced or absent prolegs on abdominal seg- Interestingly, caterpillars of the genus Zale have now ments III and IV, which cause their movements to be been observed on commercial blackberry groves (Rubus similar to larvae of the Geometridae family (Toimil sp., cultivar ÔTupiÕ) in Zirimicuaro, Municipality of Zi- 1987). Species of the genus Zale overwinter in the racuaretiro, Michoacan, Mexico, as of 2007, and they pupal stage between the leaf litter of their hosts or in were identiÞed in 2009 by the Spanish expert Dr. A. Vives the few centimeters of soil or humus. In the United (Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopter- States, species of Zale may produce more than two ologõ´a[SHILAP],Madrid,Spain)asZale phaeograpta (Hampson) (Lo´pez 2009). The blackberry crop is the second most important 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Univer- crop after avocados in the state of Michoacan, based sidad Michoacana de San Nicola´sdeHidalgo,Km.9.5Carr,Morelia- Zinape´cuaro, 58880 Tarõ´mbaro, Michoaca´n, Mexico. on its production value and increases in employment. 2 Programa de Entomologõ´ayAcarologõ´a, Colegio de Postgradu- Currently, this state is the worldÕs main producer and ados, Km. 35.5 Carr, Me´xico-Texcoco, 56230 Montecillo, Estado de exporter of blackberry fruit because it is responsible Me´xico, Mexico. for 97% of the total national production, with an area 3 Centro Regional Universitario Centro Occidente, Universidad Auto´noma Chapingo, 58170 Morelia, Michoaca´n, Mexico. of Ϸ9,000 ha (SIAP 2012). Since 2002, Z. phaeograpta 4 A´ rea de Control Biolo´gico, CIIDIR Oaxaca, Instituto Polite´cnico larvae have been observed feeding on the newly Nacional, Hornos No. 1003. 71230 Santa Cruz Xoxocotla´n, Oaxaca, emerged leaves of this crop, causing extensive defo- Mexico. liation if they are not controlled in a timely manner. 5 Proteccio´ndeCultivos,EscuelaTe´cnica Superior de Ingenieros Agro´nomos, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Although the occurrence of this insect is sporadic, to 6 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. control it, growers use synthetic organic insecticides and 0013-8746/14/0170Ð0177$04.00/0 ᭧ 2014 Entomological Society of America January 2014 VA´ ZQUEZ ET AL.: BIOLOGY,MORPHOLOGY, AND PARASITOIDS OF Z. phaeograpta 171 some biorational agents such as spinosad, azadirachtin, plastic boxes (25 by 16 by 4 cm) until larvae emerged, and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. at which point they were reared on the semisynthetic Many aspects of the life histories of the following diet mentioned earlier. The whole rearing process was species of the Erebinea subfamily have been studied: completed in an environmental chamber at 25 Ϯ 2 ЊC Mocis latipes (Guene´e) (Euclidiini) (King and Saun- with 75 Ϯ 5% relative humidity (RH) and a photope- ders 1984), Achaea janata (L.) (Ophiusini) (Leong riod of 16:8 (L:D) h. 2010), Melipotis indomita Walker (Melipotini) (Oda Life History and Diagnosis. Z. phaeograpta devel- and Mau 1974), Catocala nymphaea (Esper) (Toimil opment in the laboratory was determined by record- 1987), Catocala nymphagoga (Esper) (Ca´novas 2004), ing the duration of the different stages (eggs, larva, and Cometaster pyrula (Hopffer) (the last three spe- prepupa, pupa, and adult). To do this, a cohort of 276 cies of Catocalini tribe). However, beyond the early eggs (Ͻ24-h-old) was randomly selected from adults morphological description of adults of Z. phaeograpta of G0.Papersheetscontainingeggswerecutintosmall conducted by Hampson (1913), other characteristics circles (Ϸ15 mm in diameter) and individually placed of this species remain unknown. into the 3.5-cm2 wells already described. After emer- With the goal of contributing to a better under- gence, each larva was kept in the same well and fed a standing of the Z. phaeograpta that are feeding on semisynthetic diet until it completed the pupal molt. blackberries, a survey was taken in two different lo- Each well was examined at 12-h intervals to see if the calities in the state of Michoaca´n, and different aspects larva had molted, and the shed head capsules, if pres- of its morphology (including a diagnosis of life stages) ent, were collected and saved in vials for growth ratio and biology (duration of life cycle) and several life assessment, as described further in the text. From parameters (fecundity, preoviposition and oviposition molting times, the duration and number of larval in- periods, larval size, larval growth ratio, pupal weights stars were determined. The different life stages of Z. and lengths, and sex ratio) were explained. In addition, phaeograpta were described considering the most dis- the parasitoids from both larvae and pupae were re- tinctive morphological aspects of every one. The im- corded. This knowledge is essential to develop a better ages of the different life stages were obtained with a monitoring and management program for the species. photomicroscope Carl Zeiss III Tessovar, equipped with a PAXcam 3 camera, and they were edited using GIMP 2.8.4 photo editing software. Materials and Methods Pupal Weights and Lengths and the Sex Ratio. The Insects and Rearing. In 2009 (22 September and 13 weights and lengths of the 37 female and 26 male October), 14 larvae from the third and fourth instars 3-d-old pupae were individually assessed3dafter and four pupae of Z. phaeograpta were collected from pupation. Pupae were sexed based on an examination aÞeldcropofblackberries(Rubus sp. cultivar Tupi) of the seventh, eighth, and ninth sterno-abdominal
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