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Indicateurs Pour L'évaluation De La Condition Des Communautés Épibenthiques De L'estuaire Et Du Golfe Du Saint-Laurent

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Indicateurs Pour L'évaluation De La Condition Des Communautés Épibenthiques De L'estuaire Et Du Golfe Du Saint-Laurent Indicateurs pour l'évaluation de la condition des communautés épibenthiques de l'estuaire et du golfe du Saint-Laurent Mémoire Laurie Isabel Maîtrise en biologie - avec mémoire Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) Québec, Canada © Laurie Isabel, 2020 Résumé Depuis les dernières années, les pressions anthropiques et climatiques sont en constante augmentation dans les écosystèmes marins et les invertébrés benthiques, ayant une mobilité réduite ou absente, sont particulièrement susceptibles d’en être affectés. Face à ces potentielles répercussions, le développement d’outils de gestion permettant de caractériser l’impact de ces pressions sur les communautés benthiques est essentiel. Dans ce projet, une exploration de la distribution des communautés épibenthiques et ainsi qu’une quantification de l’importance des pressions sur l’assemblage de ces espèces dans l’estuaire et le golfe du Saint-Laurent ont été menées pour parvenir à sélectionner des taxons indicateurs de la condition de cette communauté. Les données utilisées proviennent d’un relevé écosystémique mené chaque année par le ministère des Pêches et Océans Canada avec pour objectif, entre autres, d’inventorier les espèces épibenthiques. Les résultats montrent que la profondeur, la salinité, l’oxygène et la température sont les variables les plus importantes pour expliquer les variations observées dans l’assemblage des communautés. L’oxygène, plus particulièrement l’hypoxie, joue un rôle particulièrement important pour les communautés benthiques. On observe un important seuil de changement en biomasse des taxons lorsque les concentrations en oxygène s’approchent de 50-100 -1 μmol O2 L , correspondant à une diminution de l’abondance des espèces sensibles à l’hypoxie vers une communauté dominée par des espèces opportunistes. Ces informations ont ainsi permis la sélection de quatre taxons indicateurs des conditions hypoxiques pour l’estuaire et le golfe du Saint-Laurent : Actinostola callosa, Actinauge cristata, Ctenodiscus crispatus et Brisaster fragilis. Ces indicateurs traduisent la réaction des communautés benthiques et permettront de détecter l’impact des conditions hypoxiques. Ils pourront ainsi servir d’outils aux scientifiques et aux gestionnaires qui désirent faire le suivi spatial et temporel de la condition de ces communautés. ii Abstract In recent years, anthropogenic and climate pressures have been increasing constantly in marine ecosystems and benthic invertebrates, having reduced or absent mobility, are particularly likely to be affected. Faced with these potential repercussions, the development of management tools to characterize the impact of these pressures on benthic communities is increasingly necessary. In this project, I explore the distribution of epibenthic communities and quantify the importance of pressures on the assembly of epibenthic species from the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence in order to select indicator taxa reflecting changes of the benthic condition. The estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence form a vast inland sea whose conditions are changing. Benthic data come from an ecosystem survey conducted each year by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. One of the aims of this research survey is to inventory the biodiversity of benthic communities. Using these data, analyses identified depth, salinity, oxygen and temperature as the most important predictors explaining variations in community assembly. Oxygen and specifically hypoxic conditions play a major role for benthic communities. A significant threshold of community composition is observed when oxygen concentration approaches 50-100 μmol -1 O2 L . These changes correspond to a modification of dominant taxa. Taxa sensitive to hypoxia decrease in abundance as concentrations get closer the threshold while opportunistic taxa increase in abundance as concentrations reach hypoxia. Thus, this enables the selection of four indicator taxa reflecting the impact of hypoxic conditions on benthic communities: Actinostola callosa, Actinauge cristata, Ctenodiscus crispatus and Brisaster fragilis. These indicators of benthic conditions can be used to establish the impact of hypoxia on epibenthic communities. They may also indicate the condition of epibenthic communities in the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence and serve as tools for scientists and managers to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation in communities’ conditions. iii Table des matières Résumé ................................................................................................................................ ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table des matières .............................................................................................................. iv Liste des tableaux ............................................................................................................... vi Liste des figures ................................................................................................................ vii Liste des abréviations ....................................................................................................... viii Remerciements ................................................................................................................... ix Avant-propos ....................................................................................................................... x Introduction générale .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Intégrité des écosystèmes marins .............................................................................. 1 1.2 Pressions multiples .................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Communautés benthiques ......................................................................................... 3 1.4 Indicateurs écologiques ............................................................................................. 4 1.5 Le Saint-Laurent marin ............................................................................................. 6 1.7 Objectifs et hypothèses ............................................................................................ 10 Chapter 1: Detection of ecological thresholds and selection of indicator taxa for epibenthic communities exposed to multiple pressures .................................................... 11 Résumé .............................................................................................................................. 12 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 13 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 14 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Benthic data ............................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Environmental data ................................................................................................. 19 2.4 Data analysis ........................................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Epibenthic communities’ structure and potential habitats ....................................... 20 2.4.2 Random forest and gradient forest ........................................................................... 21 2.4.3 Indicator taxa ........................................................................................................... 22 Results ............................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 Communities structure ............................................................................................ 22 3.2 Benthic habitats ....................................................................................................... 25 iv 3.3 Detection of thresholds ............................................................................................ 27 3.4 Taxa reactions to oxygen thresholds ....................................................................... 31 3.5 Indicator taxa ........................................................................................................... 34 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 35 4.1 Epibenthic communities of the EGSL ..................................................................... 35 4.2 Predictors’ importance and community thresholds ................................................. 37 4.3 Ecological indicators ............................................................................................... 40 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 42 Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................ 42 Annexe (Supporting information) ..................................................................................... 44 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................
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