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Politics of Nawab of Kalabagh Malik Amir Muhammad Khan (1910-1967)
South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies Vol. 35, No. 1, January – June, 2020, pp. 155 – 170 Politics of Nawab of Kalabagh Malik Amir Muhammad Khan (1910-1967) Javid Raza Naseem Government Postgraduate College, Mianwali, Pakistan. Abdul Basit Mujahid Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ABSTRACT Political ideology of Nawab of Kalabagh Malik Amir Muhammad Khan (1910-67) was based on the perception of a highly educated but conservative feudal. He advocated status quo in almost all the matters including foreign relations. He advised Ayub Khan not to switch over to China because it would antagonise U.S.A. He was not so optimist about the solution of Kashmir issue. His pragmatic approach favoured the peaceful method of negotiation instead of confrontation. General perception portrays him as a typical landlord who was averse to education and freedom of press. Evidences from history reveal that there is a partial truth in it. He liked a responsible press which should not be left unbridled. Bengalis of East Pakistan made the bigger chunk of the total population of Pakistan. He, as a non-Bengali of West Pakistan, was apprehensive of their strength in numbers. Anti-One Unit politicians were secessionists in the eyes of Nawab so were dealt severely. He treated his political rivals according to their strength and ambitions. He was suspicious of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto because he (Bhutto) was too ambitious to be trusted. He allegedly victimized Chaudhri Zahoor Elahi because Chaudhri had desired to replace him. Mawlana A. Sattar Niazi, Habibullah Paracha and Pir of Makhad Sharif used to challenge his supremacy in his native area so Nawab had to deal them harshly. -
PRINT CULTURE and LEFT-WING RADICALISM in LAHORE, PAKISTAN, C.1947-1971
PRINT CULTURE AND LEFT-WING RADICALISM IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN, c.1947-1971 Irfan Waheed Usmani (M.Phil, History, University of Punjab, Lahore) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES PROGRAMME NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2016 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. _________________________________ Irfan Waheed Usmani 21 August 2015 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First I would like to thank God Almighty for enabling me to pursue my higher education and enabling me to finish this project. At the very outset I would like to express deepest gratitude and thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Gyanesh Kudaisya, who provided constant support and guidance to this doctoral project. His depth of knowledge on history and related concepts guided me in appropriate direction. His interventions were both timely and meaningful, contributing towards my own understanding of interrelated issues and the subject on one hand, and on the other hand, injecting my doctoral journey with immense vigour and spirit. Without his valuable guidance, support, understanding approach, wisdom and encouragement this thesis would not have been possible. His role as a guide has brought real improvements in my approach as researcher and I cannot measure his contributions in words. I must acknowledge that I owe all the responsibility of gaps and mistakes in my work. I am thankful to his wife Prof. -
Islamization of Laws in Pakistan During the Rule of General Zia Ul
Islamization of Laws in Islamization of Laws in Pakistan during the Rule of General Zia Ul Haq Dr Nasir Ud Din i Abstract A ceaseless effort was unleashed for Islamization process of the legal system in Pakistan during the regime of Zia ul Haq (1977-88). The legal system developed during this era remained under debate since it left significant impact on Pakistani political, judicial and administrative spheres. Although, the Islamic laws were ordained by Almighty Allah for the benefit the people of Islamic state but did the Zia’s government incorporate them with the same spirit or intentions were otherwise. This paper will critically examine the different aspects of Islamization process and its after-effects on the society. The methodology used in this paper is based upon both primary and secondary sources including books, articles, journals and newspapers. Keywords : Legislation , Zia regime, Pakistan, Islamization, legal system, and politics. Introduction Islamization of laws remained an enigma throughout the legislative history of Pakistan. At the time of its creation, the country inherited the legacy of colonial laws developed through a blend of English legal system and local administrative requirements. Since, Islam remained a dominant factor during the Pakistan Movement; Islamization of legal system was a logical demand after its independence. The Objective Resolution of 1949 brought a pitched battle among various factions of intellectuals for paving the way to their desired legal systems. Although, Pakistan was intended to be a Muslim state, but the mechanism to implement such vision was intentionally weak, vague or ill defined 1. Ulema urged that Sharia should be the only practical form of legal system whereas secular and modernists interpreted merely the broader principles of Islam such as justice equality, equity and consultation as the guiding principles for legal system. -
Pakistan's Domestic Political Developments
Pakistan’s Domestic Political Developments Updated October 5, 2004 K. Alan Kronstadt Analyst in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service { The Library of Congress U.S. sanctions. The September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and Musharraf’s ensuing withdrawal of support for the Afghan Taliban regime, however, had the effect of greatly reducing Pakistan’s international isolation. Congress removed restrictions, and large-scale U.S. aid to the country resumed, in the final months of 2001. The United States views Pakistan as a vital ally in the international anti-terrorism coalition. The Bush Administration has refrained from expressing any significant public criticisms of the Pakistan’s internal political practices, while still asserting that the strengthening of civilian political institutions in Islamabad is “a requirement for the development of a stable, moderate Islamic state.” October 2002 elections in Pakistan nominally fulfilled President Musharraf’s promise to restore the National Assembly that was dissolved in the wake of his extra- constitutional seizure of power. A pro-military alliance won a plurality of seats, while a coalition of Islamist parties made a surprisingly strong showing. Musharraf supporter M.Z. Jamali became Pakistan’s new prime minister. The civilian government was hamstrung for more than one year by fractious debate over the legitimacy of Musharraf’s August 2002 changes to the country’s constitution and his continued status as Army Chief and President. A surprise December 2003 agreement between Musharraf and the Islamist opposition ended the deadlock by bringing the constitutional changes before Parliament and by eliciting a promise from Musharraf to resign his military commission before 2005. -
Pakistan's Domestic Political Developments
Order Code RL32615 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Pakistan’s Domestic Political Developments Updated September 19, 2005 name redacted Analyst in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Pakistan’s Domestic Political Developments Summary Pakistan is a strategically important country and home to one of the world’s largest Muslim populations. In October 1999, Pakistan’s Chief of Army Staff Gen. Pervez Musharraf replaced Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in a bloodless coup. Following the military overthrow of an elected government, Islamabad faced considerable international opprobrium and was subjected to automatic coup-related U.S. sanctions. The September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and Musharraf’s ensuing withdrawal of support for the Afghan Taliban regime, however, had the effect of greatly reducing Pakistan’s international isolation. Congress temporarily removed restrictions, and large-scale U.S. aid to the country resumed, in late 2001. The United States views Pakistan as a vital ally in the international anti- terrorism coalition. The Bush Administration refrains from expressing any significant public criticisms of Pakistan’s internal political practices, while still asserting that the strengthening of civilian political institutions in Islamabad is “a requirement for the development of a stable, moderate Islamic state.” While top-tier U.S. emphases in the region after September 2001 remain combating religious extremism and ending illicit weapons proliferation, the United States expresses a strong interest in the improvement of Pakistan’s human rights situation, especially as regards the restoration and strengthening of democratic institutions. There is a debate among analysts over the exigency of this issue. -
Paula R. Newberg-Judging the State
For almost five decades, Pakistan has encountered frequent, unresolved political crises. They are woven into its concepts of political community, and have underscored uneasy relationships between state institutions and civil society. Pakistan's politics has also been characterised by incomplete constitution-making, a process that has placed the burden of constitutional interpretation and political change on state instruments ranging from the bureaucracy to the military to the judiciary. The superior courts in particular have played unusually important roles in determining the country's fate, often superseding legislatures and execu- tives alike. In a penetrating and comprehensive study of the ways in which the superior judiciary has mediated relationships between state and society, Paula Newberg demonstrates how the courts have influenced the structure of the state, and their evolving jurisprudence has fashioned Pakistan's constitutions and uncertain constitutionalism. By examining judicial decisions, including those that determined the fate of govern- ments, she explores the ways that the courts have affected fundamental rights, the practice of politics, and Pakistan's democratic prospects. Cambridge South Asian Studies Judging the state Cambridge South Asian Studies Editorial Board C.A. Bayly, G.P. Hawthorn, Gordon Johnson, S.J. Tambiah A list of the books in the series will be found at the end of the volume Judging the state Courts and constitutional politics in Pakistan Paula R. Newberg Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011—4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13,28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1995 This book is in copyright. -
Perspectives on the Political Situation in the Subcontinent
Roedad Khan. The American Papers: Secret and Confidential India-Pakistan- Bangladesh Documents 1965-1973. Oxford, New York, and Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999. Index $65.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-19-579190-7. Reviewed by Charles C. Kolb Published on H-Diplo (November, 2000) Perspectives on the Political Situation in the other senior American diplomats located in Islam‐ Subcontinent, 1965-1973: A Pakistani View from abad, Karachi, Dhaka, and Delhi. Also incorporat‐ American Archives ed are the minutes of some meetings held at the [Disclaimer: The opinions expressed herein State Department in Washington, DC. are those of the reviewer and not of his employer Roedad Khan provides brief "Preface," and or any other federal agency.] "Acknowledgements," while a scholarly 23-page This massive compendium, published in "Introduction" written by Ambassador Jamsheed Karachi by Oxford University Press (Pakistan), Marker and dated March 1999, incorporates es‐ contains a rich set of nearly three hundred prima‐ sential background and a content analysis. ry documents selected from recently declassified The papers selected for inclusion in this vol‐ papers dating from 1965 to 1973 that are present‐ ume focus on the 1965 war, the East Pakistan cri‐ ly housed in the National Archives and Records sis of 1971, the breakup of Pakistan, and the ini‐ Administration (NARA) in the Archives II facility tial two years of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's rule. These in College Park, Maryland. The materials in The documents concern the policies and perceptions American Papers were selected and compiled by of the United States government on political and Roedad Khan, a former senior Pakistani civil ser‐ social activities in the Indian Subcontinent from vant. -
Pakistan's Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (1981
Pakistan’s Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (1981-1984) Stephen Zunes 2010 Summary of events related to the use or impact of civil resistance ©2010 International Center on Nonviolent Conflict Disclaimer: Hundreds of past and present cases of nonviolent civil resistance exist. To make these cases more accessible, the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict (ICNC) compiled summaries of some of them between the years 2009-2011. Each summary aims to provide a clear perspective on the role that nonviolent civil resistance has played or is playing in a particular case. The following is authored by someone who has expertise in this particular region of the world and/or expertise in the field of civil resistance. The author speaks with his/her own voice, so the conflict summary below does not necessarily reflect the views of ICNC. Additional ICNC Resources: For additional resources on civil resistance, see ICNC's Resource Library, which features resources on civil resistance in English and over 65 other languages. To support scholars and educators who are designing curricula and teaching this subject, we also offer an Academic Online Curriculum (AOC), which is a free, extensive, and regularly updated online resource with over 40 different modules on civil resistance topics and case studies. To read other nonviolent conflict summaries, visit ICNC’s website: http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/ Pakistan’s Democracy Movement (1981-1984) I 2 Conflict Summary: A coalition of eleven Pakistani political parties known as the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) formed in 1983 to pressure the dictatorial regime of Muhammad Zia-ul Haq to hold elections and suspend martial law. -
Crisis of Governance in the Bureaucracy of Pakistan: a Study of Administrative Ramifications with Apposite Policy Recommendations
CRISIS OF GOVERNANCE IN THE BUREAUCRACY OF PAKISTAN: A STUDY OF ADMINISTRATIVE RAMIFICATIONS WITH APPOSITE POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Ahmad Khawar Shahzad* Abstract This article presents the dynamics and nature of bureaucratic governance in Pakistan during various regimes including some notice of the Colonial period. It discusses the practices and norms of the famous ‘steel frame of administration’ of the British Raj. Bureaucracy embroiled itself in politics and contravened the golden sayings of Quaid-i-Azam. The colonial tradition of primacy of bureaucrats resulted into politicization of bureaucracy after Pakistan became an independent country. Bureau-politic bonhomie led to institutional decay, arbitrary decision-making, corruption scandals, kick-back culture, rent-seeking behavior and lack of accountability, etc. The study endeavors to explicate the grey areas in the bureaucracy of Pakistan with the objective of suggesting reforms to minimize politicization of bureaucracy, gradual institutional decay, estrangement between federal and provincial services, and promoting culture of accountability to achieve cherished goal of a developed Pakistan in 21st Century. Keywords: Governance, Bureaucracy, Politicization, Bureau-politic nexus, Institutional decay, Corruption Introduction t the very outset, it is important to comprehend the term governance A which has been defined differently by different authors. Some believe that it is steering and controlling public affairs. Governance refers to the formation and stewardship of the formal and informal rules that regulate the public realm, the arena in which state as well as societal and economic *Mr. Ahmad Khawar Shahzad holds degree of M.Phil. (Public Policy). He possesses civil service career of more than sixteen years on multifarious administrative positions while serving in Punjab. -
Compliance and Defiance in Patron-Client State Relationships: a Case Study of Pakistan‘S Relationship with the United States, 1947-2013
COMPLIANCE AND DEFIANCE IN PATRON-CLIENT STATE RELATIONSHIPS: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN‘S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE UNITED STATES, 1947-2013 A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY ALY ZAMAN AUGUST 2015 © Copyright by Aly Zaman 2015 Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work and, to the best of my knowledge, does not contain material previously written or published by any other person except where due acknowledgment is made in the text or footnotes. Aly Zaman 2 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my parents for their prayers and their unwavering faith in me even as I myself often struggled to overcome those twin evils of self-doubt and despair. It is also dedicated to my wife Sahar for the constancy of her love, encouragement and support, and to my daughter Fatima, my pride and joy. 3 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I must express my profound gratitude to Almighty Allah for having blessed me with the ability to complete this project. An undertaking of this magnitude inevitably throws up a variety of challenges, some of them quite formidable, of which I faced my fair share. Whatever success I achieved in overcoming them I owe overwhelmingly to Allah‘s boundless grace and generosity. I thank the members of my supervisory panel for their comments and suggestions, particularly my thesis supervisor, Professor Amin Saikal, who was always generous and forthcoming in providing advice, encouragement and support. Dr Samina Ahmed, my former employer at the International Crisis Group, was an advisor on my panel and provided valuable feedback and suggestions on many occasions. -
Implication for Democratic Crisis in Pakistan (1990-1993)
J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. , 7(10)260-271, 2017 ISSN: 2090-4274 Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences © 2017, TextRoad Publication www.textroad.com Power Elite Model, Factors of Political Dissonance, and Power Elites: Implication for Democratic Crisis in Pakistan (1990-1993) Muhammad Ilyas Khan 1, Atif Iqbal 2, Beenish Khan 3 1PhD Candidate, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University Islamabad 2PhD Candidate, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University Islamabad 3BS Shariah & Law, Department of Sharia and Law, International Islamic University Islamabad Received: May 31, 2017 Accepted: August 23, 2017 ABSTRACT Democracy takes roots in a state in the presence of true democratic culture. And democracy without democrats is a thought that cannot be realized. The democratic culture of Pakistan is of conspiracy and counter conspiracy. This culture is elites ridden. The elites out of personal interests are engaged in perpetual political dissonance. This political dissonance revolves around factors of political and economic gains. This paper seeks to find out the pragmatics of the dismissals of Nawaz Sharif's term in office in 1993, and attempts to bring to the front the political crisis the political elites suffered from in the struggle for personal gains. It also attempts to point out how democratic and non-democratic elites as a group of power elites played their role in deepening the crisis among the main political elites. The period of Nawaz Sharif provides a sorrowful picture of the politics in the polity. He was mandated with majority in the elections of 1990 and became able to form government in the center. -
The Pakistan National Bibliography 2007
THE PAKISTAN NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 2007 A Subject Catalogue of the new Pakistani books deposited under the provisions of Copyright Law or acquired through purchase, etc. by the National Library of Pakistan, Islamabad, arranged according to the Dewey Decimal Classification, 22nd edition and catalogued according to the Anglo American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd revised edition, 1988, with a full Author, Title, Subject Index and List of Publishers. Government of Pakistan Department of Libraries National Library of Pakistan Constitution Avenue, Islamabad © Department of Libraries (National Bibliographical Unit) ⎯ 2008. Patron : CH. MUHAMMAD NAZIR Director General EDITORIAL COMMITTEE ZULFIQAR AHMED Director M. IRSHAD ALI KHAN Editor COMPOSER MUHAMMAD NAZIM ANILA ASGHAR PRICE: Within Pakistan Rs. 1300.00 ISSN 1019-0678 ISBN 978-969-8014-41-4 Outside Pakistan .US $ 60.00 Cataloguing in Publication 015.5491 Pakistan. Department of Libraries , Islamabad The Pakistan National Bibliography 2007/ ed. by M. Irshad Ali Khan .- Islamabad : The Department, 2008. 350p. ISBN 978-969-8014-41-4 1. Bibliography, National – Pakistan I. Editor II. Title Available from: National Book Foundation, 6-Mauve Area, Taleemi Chowk, Sector G-8/4, ISLAMABAD P A K I S T A N. II PREFACE The Pakistan National Bibliography aims to list literary materials published in Pakistan and deposited at National Library of Pakistan under Copyright Ordinance 1962 as amended by Copyright (Amendment) Act 1973 and 1992. Scope This bibliography covers materials published in Urdu, English and other Pakistani languages. In the volume of 2007 of the Pakistan National Bibliography, 477 English, 993 Urdu and 83 Other languages books are Included. Arrangement The arrangement of Bibliography is subject-wise.