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Catatan Baru Dan Keanekaragaman Kopepoda Di Perairan Pantai Dan Mangrove Pulau Panaitan, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Banten

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Catatan Baru Dan Keanekaragaman Kopepoda Di Perairan Pantai Dan Mangrove Pulau Panaitan, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Banten Zoo Indonesia 2021 30(1): 10-20 Catatan Baru dan Keanekaragaman Kopepoda di Perairan Pantai dan Mangrove Pulau Panaitan, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Banten CATATAN BARU DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN KOPEPODA DI PERAIRAN PANTAI DAN MANGROVE PULAU PANAITAN, TAMAN NASIONAL UJUNG KULON, BANTEN NEW RECORD AND DIVERSITY OF COPEPODA IN COASTAL AND MANGROVE AREA OF PANAITAN ISLAND, UJUNG KULON NATIONAL PARK, BANTEN Mulyadi, Rena Tri Hernawati, Ujang Nurhaman Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI Gedung Widyasatwaloka, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, Jawa Barat E-mail: [email protected] (diterima Januari 2021, direvisi April 2021, disetujui Juli 2021) ABSTRAK Observasi tentang keragaman, kelimpahan, dan sebaran kopepoda di perairan pantai dan mangrove di Pulau Panaitan dilakukan pada bulan November 2008 (musim hujan). Sampel kopepoda diambil dengan jaring plankton secara horizontal dan vertikal pada siang dan malam hari, kemudian disimpan dan diidentifikasi di MZB LIPI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan kopepoda di musim hujan yang mempunyai suhu dan salinitas tertentu. Ditemukan 72 jenis kopepoda dari 37 marga, 24 suku, dari enam bangsa termasuk dua catatan baru, yaitu Pontella forficula dan Pseudodiaptomus incisester. Keanekaragaman kopepoda di pantai dan mangrove tinggi sekitar 0,9473 dan 0,8345 (rentang 0-1). Akan tetapi, jika keduanya dibandingkan maka keanekaragaman kopepoda di pantai lebih tinggi dibandingkan di mangrove (3,584 vs. 2,431). Pontella denticauda dan Temora discaudata yang merupakan tipe neritik ditemukan mendominasi perairan pantai, sedangkan Corycaeus speciosus dan Oncaea conifera yang merupakan tipe neritik mendominasi perairan mangrove. Dominasi jenis oleh kopepoda neritik terjadi karena perairan Pulau Panaitan bersalinitas tinggi dan bersuhu rendah. Kata kunci: Kopepoda neritik, salinitas, suhu, teknik horizontal, teknik vertikal. ABSTRACT Observations on the diversity of Copepoda, abundance, and distribution in mangrove and coastal area in Panaitan Island, Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten were conducted in November 2008 (rainy season). Copepod samples were taken from along Panaitan Strait using horizontal and vertical plankton nets, day and night, then preserved, identified and deposited in MZB LIPI. This study aimed to estimate the diversity and abundance of Copepoda at certain salinity and temperature in the rainy season. Seventy-two Copepoda were found from 37 genera, 24 families and six orders, including two new records namely Pontella forficula and Pseudodiaptomus incisester. Copepoda diversities in mangrove and coastal are high approximately 0,9473 and 0,8345 (in range 0-1). However, if both habitats were compared, Copepoda diversity in coastal area is higher than in mangrove area (3,584 vs. 2,431). Pontella denticauda (N) and Temora discaudata are neritic species dominating coastal area, whereas Corycaeus speciosus and Oncaea conifera are neritic species dominating mangrove area. Panaitan Island’s marine is dominated by neritic copepods because having high salinity and low temperature. Keywords: Horizontal technique, neritic copepoda, salinity, temperature, vertical technique. PENDAHULUAN Kopepoda berperan penting dalam Panaitan (105°4'–105°14' BT dan 6° kehidupan akuatik karena berfungsi sebagai 32'–6°40' LS) adalah pulau vulkanik yang konsumen primer dan penghubung antara terletak di Selat Sunda, antara Jawa dan fitoplankton dan tingkat trofik yang lebih Sumatra. Pulau seluas 17.500 ha ini adalah tinggi. Kopepoda mendominasi hingga 70- bagian dari Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon 90% dari populasi zooplankton di lautan dan (TNUK), Pandeglang, Banten. Di bagian timur merupakan sumber pakan utama bagi semua pulau terdapat empat lokasi hutan mangrove, jenis ikan pelagis (Nybaken 1982). Banyaknya yaitu Legon Mandar, Legon Kadam, Legon kopepoda di suatu perairan mengindikasikan Lentah, dan Buntu. bahwa lokasi tersebut ideal sebagai tempat 10 Zoo Indonesia 2021 30(1): 10-20 Catatan Baru dan Keanekaragaman Kopepoda di Perairan Pantai dan Mangrove Pulau Panaitan, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Banten pemijahan dan asuhan bagi berbagai organisme kopepoda diharapkan dapat dijadikan sebagai air. Kelimpahan dan sebarannya dipengaruhi bahan pertimbangan dalam pengelolaan oleh faktor fisika, kimia, dan biologi perairan ekosistem mangrove dan pantai di Pulau seperti suhu, salinitas, dan ketersediaan pakan Panaitan pada masa mendatang karena sehingga kelimpahannya sangat fluktuatif kehadiran kopepoda sangat menentukan menurut musim dan lokasi, serta dapat dikaitkan keberlangsungan populasi ikan di perairan dengan kesuburan perairan. tersebut. Pengelolaan yang baik akan Penelitian tentang taksonomi dan ekologi mengembalikan fungsi perairan mangrove kopepoda di perairan mangrove di Indonesia sebagai tempat mencari makan, pemeliharaan telah banyak dilakukan. Dussart (1986) juvenil, dan tempat berlindung bagi mendeskripsikan jenis baru Acartiella nicolae berbagai jenis biota akuatik. dari perairan mangrove Sungai Mahakam. Mulyadi & Ishimaru (1994) melaporkan 55 METODE PENELITIAN jenis termasuk 19 jenis catatan baru kopepoda Pengambilan sampel kopepoda dilakukan dari perairan mangrove Segara Anakan, Cilacap, pada bulan November 2008 (musim hujan) di dan dari lokasi yang sama Mulyadi (1997; dua lokasi, yakni perairan mangrove di Legon 2003) mendeskripsi dua jenis baru Labidocera Mandar, Legon Kadam, Legon Lentah dan muranoi dan Pontella kleini. Sedangkan Buntu, serta perairan pelagis Selat Panaitan. Yuniar dkk. (2007) melaporkan tentang Kopepoda Teknik pengambilan sampel secara horizontal parasit pada delapan jenis ikan komersial penting dan vertikal dilakukan di titik-titik lokasi Selat di Segara Anakan, yaitu Caligus acanthopagri, Panaitan dan di mangrove Legon Lentah, sedangkan C. pipsoni, Cyamatoa sp., Argasilus sp., Neobrachia habitat mangrove lainnya hanya menggunakan cf. polynemi, Nothomolacus sp., Parapetalus teknik horizontal dengan metode penyaringan hirsutus, Peniculus cf. scomberi, dan Pseudocaligus 100 liter air karena keadaan lingkungan hutan sp. Hasil penelitian tahun 2009 menunjukan mangrove yang tipis atau rusak, dangkal, dan adanya penurunan keragaman jenis kopepoda berlumpur sehingga tidak memungkinkan untuk di perairan ini, hanya ditemukan 34 jenis dari menerapkan teknik vertikal. Di setiap lokasi 23 marga dan 17 suku (Mulyadi & Murniati ditetapkan tiga stasiun sebagai tempat 2017). Keragaman jenis kopepoda juga pengambilan sampel dengan jarak antara stasiun dilaporkan oleh Nurdin dkk. (1998) di muara 100 m (Gambar 1). Pengambilan sampel di Sungai Rokan, Riau, muara Sungai masing -masing stasiun dilakukan dengan Mempawah, Pontianak (Rahayu dkk. 2013), ulangan lima kali. Sampel Kopepoda diambil dan laguna Glagah, Kulon Progo (Saputra dkk. dengan cara menarik jaring plankton (diameter 2012). mulut jaring 45 cm dan ukuran mata jaring Tulisan ini membahas tentang sebaran, 0.33 mm) secara horizontal selama lima menit keanekaragaman, dan kelimpahan jenis kopepoda dengan perahu motor berkecepatan rendah (2 di perairan mangrove Pulau Panaitan dan knot), dan pengambilan secara vertikal pada perairan Selat Panaitan, serta kaitan dominansi kedalaman 10–25 m. Di bagian tengah mulut jenis dengan faktor lingkungan, yaitu suhu dan jaring dipasang flowmeter untuk mengetahui salinitas. Informasi tentang struktur komunitas volume air yang tersaring. Sampel yang 11 Zoo Indonesia 2021 30(1): 10-20 Catatan Baru dan Keanekaragaman Kopepoda di Perairan Pantai dan Mangrove Pulau Panaitan, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Banten Gambar 1. Lokasi dan stasiun pengamatan Kopepoda di Pulau Panaitan, Banten. diperoleh diawetkan dengan larutan formalin di Museum Zoologi Bogor (MZB), Pusat 4%. Bersamaan dengan pengambilan sampel Penelitian Biologi LIPI, Cibinong sebagai kopepoda, dilakukan juga pengukuran suhu koleksi acuan. dan salinitas perairan dengan menggunakan Data kelimpahan dan perolehan jenis termometer dan salinometer Sato Shouji YSI dianalisis menggunakan software Past 4.01 33M S-T Meter. Salinitas air digunakan (Hammer et al. 2001). Indeks Shannon sebagai dasar pengelompokan Kopepoda (Shannon 1948) dan indeks Simpson (Mulyadi & Ishimaru 1994). (Simpson 1949) dihitung untuk mengukur Penyortiran dan perhitungan kelimpahan tingkat keanekaragaman jenis. Indeks spesimen Kopepoda dari zooplankton lain dan Shannon (entropi) digunakan untuk detritus dilakukan dibawah mikroskop stereo. membandingkan keanekaragaman di dua Spesimen yang diidentifikasi diambil dari habitat berbeda. Indeks Shannon biasanya botol sampel dengan pinset mikro, lalu diletakkan mengukur ketidakpastian. Ketidakpastian yang di atas kaca objek cekung yang telah diberi tinggi akan mengindikasikan keanekaragaman campuran larutan gliserin-akuades dan yang tinggi sehingga perlu indeks pewarna methylene blue. Seluruh Kopepoda keanekaragaman lain sebagai pembanding. dalam sampel diidentifikasi hingga tingkat Indeks Simpson = 1-D menghitung keanekaragaman jenis berdasarkan panduan Scott (1909), Mori berdasarkan dominansi di area dan nilainya (1937), Huys & Boxshall (1991), dan Mulyadi berkisar 0 sampai 1, makin besar nilai makin (1997; 2002; 2004), lalu dihitung jumlah besar keanekaragaman sampel. Dominansi = individunya berdasarkan jenis kelamin dan 1-Indeks Simpson, berkisar antara 0 (semua tingkat stadianya betina = b, jantan = j, dan taksa sama-sama ada) sampai 1 (satu taksa anakan = a. Kopepoda yang telah diidentifikasi mendominansi komunitas secara penuh). dimasukkan ke dalam botol vial berlabel Indeks Kemerataan
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