DOCSLIB.ORG

Deciphering Multitrophic Interactions for Aphid Control on Okra in Cameroon Akanksha Singh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Deciphering Multitrophic Interactions for Aphid Control on Okra in Cameroon Akanksha Singh WISSENSCHAFTZENTRUM WEIHENSTEPHAN FÜR ERNÄHRUNG, LANDNUTZUNG UND UMWELT LEHRSTUHL FÜR TERRESTRISCHE ÖKOLOGIE Deciphering multitrophic interactions for aphid control on okra in Cameroon Akanksha Singh Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftzentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt Der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.- Prof. Dr. J. Kollmann Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. W. W. Weisser 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. H. Schäfer Die Dissertation wurde am 04.07.2016 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Wissenschaftzentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 14.09.2016 angenommen. To my parents Table of Contents Summary .................................................................................................................................... 1 Zusammenfassung...................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: General Introduction ................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Biological control ......................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Integrated pest management (IPM) ............................................................................ 11 1.3 Potential multitrophic interactions in agroecosystems ............................................... 12 1.4 Research objective ...................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 2: Methods .................................................................................................................. 23 2.1 The study system and study species ........................................................................... 23 2.2 Method summary ........................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 3: Manuscript Overview and Author Contribution .................................................... 35 3.1 Manuscript I ................................................................................................................ 36 3.2 Manuscript II .............................................................................................................. 38 3.3 Manuscript III ............................................................................................................. 40 3.4 Manuscript IV ............................................................................................................. 42 Chapter 4: General Discussion................................................................................................. 44 4.1 Enhance natural predators .......................................................................................... 44 4.2 Utilize different plant traits ......................................................................................... 45 4.3 Manipulate plant density ............................................................................................ 46 4.4 Enhance ant abundance .............................................................................................. 47 4.5 Utilize plant defense traits and their variation across varieties .................................. 48 4.6 Higher emphasis on leaf beetle than aphid reduction ................................................. 49 4.7 Future research ........................................................................................................... 50 4.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 51 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 53 References ................................................................................................................................ 55 Appendix A: Manuscripts Included in the Thesis.................................................................... 71 Summary It is well established that intensive agricultural measures such as pesticide application reduce environmental quality and are therefore not sustainable. With crop pests being one of the dominant causes of crop productivity loss, it is crucial to develop environment friendly pest control measures. Numerous interspecific interactions occur in agroecosystems, which in turn can significantly affect pest abundances and plant yield. Understanding multitrophic interactions in agroecosystems may help in development of more resilient pest control measures. Okra is an economically important vegetable in Cameroon, often grown by small- scale farmers in intercropped fields. Many different okra plant varieties are grown in Cameroon. The main pest species of okra include aphids, leaf beetles and whiteflies. Natural predators such as spiders and syrphids larvae are also observed okra. In addition, ants are commonly found attending the cotton aphid on okra for their honeydew and are also observed carrying okra produced pearl bodies back to their nests. Multiple interspecific interactions can occur in such diverse okra-associated invertebrate community. My thesis aims to understand these interactions and their effect on okra yield. During my thesis field and controlled experiments were conducted in Germany and in Cameroon. The first chapter examined the role of additional crops on the okra-associated multitrophic interactions by intercropping okra with bean and maize at different plant densities (high and low). Crop identity and plant density were found to significantly affect okra pests, their predators and okra yield. Leaf beetles were the only pests that affected okra yield and their abundance reduced at high plant density. Overall, okra grown with bean at high plant density was found to be the most productive and profitable combination. Additional crop species did affect the okra-associated invertebrates therefore, to decipher the 1 okra-specific interactions; I focused only on the monocultures of okra in the second chapter. The field experiment showed that ants did not protect aphids in the field and syrphid larvae predators significantly reduced aphid numbers. Moreover, aphids were not found to reduce okra yield. Instead, ant attraction by aphids was beneficial for okra plants as ants reduced chewing herbivore damage. In the controlled experiment Pheidole ants even reduced aphids, but their reduction of aphids varied across different okra varieties; this was potentially mediated by okra pearl bodies. Therefore, these ant-aphid-plant interactions were further explored in the third chapter where I used 4-5 okra varieties and tested: (a) ant preference of okra pearl bodies over aphid honeydew, (b) effect of aphid presence on pearl body production and, (c) effect of pearl body removal on pearl body production. Only ants of genus Pheidole were found to favour okra pearl bodies over aphid honeydew. Additionally, pearl body production was higher, and was not affected by aphids when these were artificially removed. Interestingly, aphids were found to increase plant growth. Further, pearl body production and presence of Pheidole ants also varied across okra varieties. Thus, plant variety did mediate the ant-aphid interactions on okra. Belowground biota may also affect these interactions. To test the effect of plant genetic variation on the aboveground-belowground interactions, a controlled experiment using an earthworm-plant-aphid system was conducted. Effect of belowground earthworms on aboveground black bean aphid was mediated by plant genetic variation. Overall, my thesis provides evidence that species interactions vary with several factors such as plant variety, crop identity, plant density, presence of other species such as ants and belowground organisms. I suggest that farmers practicing intercropping can grow okra-bean at high densities to derive high yield and low pest numbers. Farmers growing okra in monocultures can enhance syrphid larvae abundance. Further, ant presence in okra fields should be enhanced, e.g. by growing varieties with pearl bodies favourable to ants. Finally, 2 more studies are needed to link aboveground-belowground interactions in agriculture as belowground biota can strongly affect plant yield. Understanding multitrophic interactions can help to suggest various pest control measures to farmers and provide vast opportunities to develop more resilient agroecosystems. 3 Zusammenfassung Es ist allgemein bekannt, dass die derzeitigen intensiven landwirtschaftlichen Maßnahmen, wie die Anwendung von Pestiziden, die Umwelt schädigen und somit nicht nachhaltig sind. Da Pflanzenschädlinge eine der Hauptursachen für Einbußen beim Ernteertrags von Nutzpflanzen sind, ist es wichtig, umveltverträgliche Maßnahmen zur Schädlingsbekämpfung zu entwickeln. In Agrarökosystemen existieren zahlreiche interspezifische Interaktionen, die das Vorkommen von Schädlingen und den Pflanzenertrag signifikant beeinflussen können. Ein besseres Verständnis der multitrophischen Interaktionen in agrarökologischen Systemen kann dabei helfen, belastbarere Schädlingsbekämpfungsmaßnahmen zu entwickeln. Okra ist ein wirtschaftlich bedeutendes Gemüse in Kamerun, das oft in Mischkultur von Kleinbauern angebaut wird. In Kamerun gibt es verschiedene Okra-Sorten, welche von
Load more

Recommended publications
  • David Fairchild's Plant Hunting Expeditions in Haiti
    Working Papers Series David Fairchild’s plant hunting expeditions in Haiti Javier Francisco‐Ortega Marianne Swan William Cinea Natacha Beaussejour Nancy Korber Janet Mosely Latham Brett Jestrow LACC Working Paper No. 2/2017 Miami, FL Kimberly Green Latin American and Caribbean Center Florida International University 2 LACC Working Papers Edited by the Kimberly Green Latin American and Caribbean Center, School of International and Public Affairs, Florida International University The LACC Working Papers Series disseminates research works in progress by FIU Faculty and by scholars working under LACC sponsored research. It aims to promote the exchange of scientific research conducive to policy‐oriented debate in Latin America and the Caribbean. LACC and/or FIU are not responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this Working Paper. The views and opinions expressed are solely those of the author or authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Center. KIMBERLY GREEN LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN CENTER School of International and Public Affairs • College of Arts and Sciences Modesto A. Maidique Campus, DM 353 • Miami, FL 33199 • Tel: 305‐348‐2894 • Fax: 305‐348‐3593 • [email protected] • http://lacc.fiu.edu Florida International University is an Equal Opportunity/Access Employer and Institution • TDD via FRS 800‐955‐8771 3 David Fairchild’s plant hunting expeditions in Haiti Javier Francisco‐Ortega1,2,*, Marianne Swan2, William Cinea3, Natacha Beaussejour3, Nancy Korber2, Janet Mosely Latham4,2,
    [Show full text]
  • Amanda Leitão Gindri
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA MARIA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DA SAÚDE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS FARMACÊUTICAS Amanda Leitão Gindri ANÁLISE DAS ATIVIDADES FARMACOLÓGICAS E TOXICIDADE DE Urera baccifera GAUDICH Santa Maria, RS 2016 Amanda Leitão Gindri ANÁLISE DAS ATIVIDADES FARMACOLÓGICAS E TOXICIDADE DE Urera baccifera GAUDICH Tese apresentada ao curso de Doutorado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Área de Concentração em Farmacognosia, Fitoquímica e Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais e Bioativos, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM, RS), como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sydney Hartz Alves Santa Maria, RS 2016 ©2016 Todos os direitos autorais reservados a Amanda Leitão Gindri. A reprodução de partes ou do todo deste trabalho só poderá ser feita mediante a citação da fonte. Endereço: Rua Ipiranga, n°370, Centro, São Francisco de Assis. CEP: 97.610-000. Fone: (0XX) 55 9653-7163. E-mail: [email protected] DEDICATÓRIA À professora Doutora Margareth Linde Athayde, querida mestre, minha eterna orientadora! AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço inicialmente à professora Margareth Linde Athayde, que me acolheu gentilmente em meu mestrado e doutorado, acreditando e confiando em mim. Querida professora Marga, jamais esquecerei de seus conselhos, amizade, parceria e sorrisos. Muito obrigada por tudo! Ao professor Sydney, que carinhosamente “me adotou” depois do momento difícil que todos passamos. Muito obrigada por todo apoio, palavras de incentivo e amizade! Certamente este trabalho não teria sido finalizado sem sua ajuda e apoio. Aos amigos do PPGCF, professores, técnicos do departamento de Farmácia Industrial e colegas do Labfito, muito obrigada pelo conhecimento compartilhado e amizade.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts Obtained from Urera Baccifera (L.) Gaudich
    Advances in Life Sciences 2012, 2(5): 139-143 DOI: 10.5923/j.als.20120205.03 Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts Obtained from Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich Sideney Becker Onofre *, Patricia Fe rnanda He rke rt UNIPAR , Unit of Francisco Beltrão , PR. Av. Julio Assis Cavalheiro, 2000, Bairro Industrial , 85601-000 , Francisco Beltrão , Paraná , Brazil Abstract The purpose of this work was to assess the antimicrobial activity of extracts from Urera baccifera. Aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts made from the leaves, bark and roots of U. baccifera were tested, at different concentrations using the disk diffusion method, against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). Inoculated plates were incubated at 35º C ± 1 C for 24 hours and the inhibition halos were assessed and interpreted. The methanol extracts from the leaves (ML) and roots (MR) had greatest antimicrobial activity against the three bacteria tested. The MICs of the ML and MR extracts against E. coli were 6.25 and 0.19 mg/L, respectively, and against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus they were 3.12 and 0.19 mg/L (for both species). The results show that the methanol extracts of the leaves and roots of U. baccifera are antimicrobially active against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S . aureus. Ke ywo rds Antimicrobial, Natural Products, Medicinal Plants, Secondary Metabolites medications. Considering the high biodiversity in Brazil, the 1. Introduction popular know-how about the properties of medicinal plants and the unknown chemical characteristics of most species, Since antiquity medicinal plants have been used in the the scientific assessment of the therapeutic value of plants treatment of several illnesses that afflict humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Ecology, Chemistry and Toxicology of Plant Stinging Hairs
    toxins Review Distribution, Ecology, Chemistry and Toxicology of Plant Stinging Hairs Hans-Jürgen Ensikat 1, Hannah Wessely 2, Marianne Engeser 2 and Maximilian Weigend 1,* 1 Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; [email protected] 2 Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53129 Bonn, Germany; [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (M.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-0228-732121 Abstract: Plant stinging hairs have fascinated humans for time immemorial. True stinging hairs are highly specialized plant structures that are able to inject a physiologically active liquid into the skin and can be differentiated from irritant hairs (causing mechanical damage only). Stinging hairs can be classified into two basic types: Urtica-type stinging hairs with the classical “hypodermic syringe” mechanism expelling only liquid, and Tragia-type stinging hairs expelling a liquid together with a sharp crystal. In total, there are some 650 plant species with stinging hairs across five remotely related plant families (i.e., belonging to different plant orders). The family Urticaceae (order Rosales) includes a total of ca. 150 stinging representatives, amongst them the well-known stinging nettles (genus Urtica). There are also some 200 stinging species in Loasaceae (order Cornales), ca. 250 stinging species in Euphorbiaceae (order Malphigiales), a handful of species in Namaceae (order Boraginales), and one in Caricaceae (order Brassicales). Stinging hairs are commonly found on most aerial parts of the plants, especially the stem and leaves, but sometimes also on flowers and fruits. The ecological role of stinging hairs in plants seems to be essentially defense against mammalian herbivores, while they appear to be essentially inefficient against invertebrate pests.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemistry and Biological Activity of Family "Urticaceae": a Review (1957- 2019) 1 1 1 2* 2,3
    J. Adv. Biomed. & Pharm. Sci. 3 (2020) 150- 176 Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal Homepage: http://jabps.journals.ekb.eg Phytochemistry and biological activity of family "Urticaceae": a review (1957- 2019) 1 1 1 2* 2,3 Hamdy K. Assaf , Alaa M. Nafady , Ahmed E. Allam , Ashraf N. E. Hamed , Mohamed S. Kamel 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, 71524 Assiut, Egypt 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 61111 New Minia, Egypt Received: February 20, 2020; revised: April 17, 2020; accepted: April 20, 2020 Abstract Family Urticaceae is a major family of angiosperms comprises 54 genera and more than 2000 species of herbs, shrubs, small trees and a few vines distributed in the tropical regions. Family Urticaceae has many biological importance of angiosperms due to its various phytoconstituents and valuable medicinal uses. Reviewing the current available literature showed many reports about the phytoconstituents present in many plants of the family Urticaceae. These constituents include triterpenes, sterols, flavonoids, lignans, sesquiterpenes, alkaloids, simple phenolic compounds and miscellaneous compounds which are responsible for its biological activities such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral) anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti- benign prostatic hyperplasia, hepatoprotective, antioxidant as well as wound healing. Genus Urtica is the most investigated (phytochemically and biologically) in all genera of family "Urticaceae". Very few literature was found in phytochemical and biological studies on many genera of family "Urticaceae". This provoked the researchers to carry out extensive studies on these plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Behavior of the Early Stages of the Skipper, Urbanus Esmeraldus, on Urera Baccifera, an Ant—Visited Host Plant Author(S): Alice R
    Morphology and Behavior of the Early Stages of the Skipper, Urbanus esmeraldus, on Urera baccifera, an Ant—Visited Host Plant Author(s): Alice R. Moraes, Harold F. Greeney, Paulo S. Oliveira, Eduardo P. Barbosa and André V.L. Freitas Source: Journal of Insect Science, 12(52):1-18. 2012. Published By: University of Wisconsin Library DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.012.5201 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1673/031.012.5201 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 12 | Article 52 Moraes et al. Morphology and behavior of the early stages of the skipper, Urbanus esmeraldus, on Urera baccifera, an ant–visited host plant Alice R. Moraes1a, Harold F. Greeney2b, Paulo S. Oliveira3c, Eduardo P. Barbosa1,3d, and André V.L. Freitas3e* 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Puerto Rico's Forests, 2009
    Puerto Rico's Forests, 2009 Thomas J. Brandeis and Jeffery A. Turner United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service D E E P R A U R T TMENT OF AGRICU L Southern Research Station Resource Bulletin SRS–191 About the Authors Thomas J. Brandeis is a Research Forester with the Forest Inventory and Analysis Research Work Unit, Southern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Knoxville, TN 37919. Jeffery A. Turner is a Forester with the Forest Inventory and Analysis Research Work Unit, Southern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Knoxville, TN 37919. All photos by Thomas J. Brandeis, Southern Research Station, unless otherwise noted. Front cover: top left, forest tree roots bind the soil to steep slopes, protecting them from erosion.; top right, the view from El Yunque National Forest towards the town of Luquillo on the northeast coast of Puerto Rico.; bottom, Playa Escondida in the Northeast Ecological Corridor, Puerto Rico. Back cover: top left, El Yunque National Forest.; top right, a freshwater seep in the El Yunque National Forest.; bottom, lower montane forest understory. The native island peacock orchid (Psychilis macconnelliae). (photo by Dr. Humfredo Marcano, Southern Research Station) www.srs.fs.usda.gov Puerto Rico's Forests, 2009 Thomas J. Brandeis and Jeffery A. Turner Subtropical wet forest in northeastern Puerto Rico. Welcome... We are pleased to announce the publication of the 2009 forest inventory for Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico’s Forests, 2009, published by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program of the U.S. Forest Service, is a valuable resource for managers of the island’s forests.
    [Show full text]
  • From Phylogenetics to Host Plants: Molecular and Ecological Investigations Into the Native Urticaceae of Hawai‘I
    FROM PHYLOGENETICS TO HOST PLANTS: MOLECULAR AND ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE NATIVE URTICACEAE OF HAWAI‘I A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BOTANY (ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY) DECEMBER 2017 By Kari K. Bogner Thesis Committee Kasey Barton, Chairperson Donald Drake William Haines Clifford Morden Acknowledgements The following thesis would not have come to fruition without the assistance of many people. Above all, I thank my graduate advisor, Dr. Kasey Barton, for her incredible support, knowledge and patience throughout my graduate career. She has been a wonderful advisor, and I look forward to collaborating with her on future projects. I also thank my other committee members: Drs. Will Haines, Don Drake, and Cliff Morden. Thank you for being such a wonderful committee. I have learned so much from everyone. It has been an amazing journey. In addition, I am thankful to Mitsuko Yorkston for teaching me so much about DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. I also want to thank Rina Carrillo and Dr. Morden’s graduate students for assisting me in his lab. I thank Tarja Sagar who collected Hesperocnide tenella in California for me. I am grateful to the National Tropical Botanical Garden and Bishop Museum for providing me plant material for DNA sequencing. I also thank Drs. Andrea Westerband and Orou Gauoe who helped me learn R and advance my statistical knowledge. I also thank the volunteers of the Mānoa Cliffs Forest Restoration Site. Thank you for allowing me to collect leaves from the site and for being the breath of fresh air throughout my graduate career.
    [Show full text]
  • EDIBLE LEAVES of the TROPICS 2Nd Edition
    TF,,,, EDIBLE LEAVES OF THE TROPICS 2nd Edition Franklin W. Martin and Ruth M. Rubert6 Mayagiiez Institute of Tropical Agriculture C) Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico Agricultural Research Service, Southern Region U.S. Department of Agriculture Published by Agricultural Research, Southern Region, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture Printed by Antillian College -tess Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico 1979 111 FOREWORD Under tropical conditions, green leaves are everywhere, providing that soil and water conditions are not limiting. These leaves can be considered as highly organized factories that convert local crude materials, carbon dioxide, water, and minerals, to food. Green plants are tile beginning of tile food chain, and on them depends the life of other terrestrial organisms. Man, as an example of an advanced or predator species of the food chain, would be sorely pressed in tile absence of green leaves. Green leaves in the tropics serve as direct food sources to ,nan under the most civilized Jircunlstailces. The important species are grown and pre­ served on both home and commercial scales. In primitive areas green leaves from wild plants are used as regllar U iinportant items of the diet. In times of emergency green leaves provide nuitritious and ieadily available sources of food. Yet, these usages harl V touch on the potentials that exist in most en­ vironments. The green factories are underutilized and r 2glected, or depre­ cia ted and destroyed. Amovg the reasons for such neglect are ignorance and prejudice. Both cciditions are Ilard to c11rc. BCcause lmany people live in cities, they have not had tile opp )rtullitV to try the wild herbs and other green leaves around them.
    [Show full text]
  • Network Scan Data
    Selbyana 13: 99-114 USES OF EPIPHYTES, LlANAS, AND PARASITES BY THE SHUAR PEOPLE OF AMAZONIAN ECUADOR BRADLEY C. BENNETTl Institute of Economic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458-5126 lCurrent address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199 ABsTRACT. Among the 670 documented plant species used by the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador are 97 non-cultivated, mechanically-dependent taxa: vines, epiphytes, hemi-epiphytes, and parasites. The most common uses of these plants are for medicine, animal forage, and food. Twenty-five percent or more of craft, fiber, personal, and poison plants are mechanically-dependent species. The Shuar use six or more species of Araceae, Bignoniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ericaceae and Orchidaceae. The 17 useful species of Araceae ar the most provided by any family. Despite their abundance, Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae are of limited importance, providing mostly ornamentals and minor medicines. Mechanically-dependent spe­ cies constitute 15% of the plant species used by the Shuar. Analysis of data from other studies of native Amazonian people in Ecuador show that epiphytes and lianas comprise 10-22% ofthe species used. Twenty­ one epiphyte and liana species are reported in two or more studies from this region. Three lianas are among the most important non-food plants for the Shuar and other native people of northwest Amazonia. Lon­ chocarpus nicou provides a fish poison, Strychnos tomentosa an arrow poison, and Banisteriopsis caapi the principal hallucinogen of northwest Amazonia. Usos de las epifitas, lianas, y parasitas por las poblaciones Shuar del Ecuador amazonico. REsUMEN. Entre las 670 especies registradas de plantas usadas por los Shuar del Ecuador Amazonico, 97 son taxa no cultivadas y mecitnicamente dependientes: trepadoras, epifitas, semi-epifitas, y parasitas.
    [Show full text]
  • 56T00590 UDCTFC.Pdf
    ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DE CHIMBORAZO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ESCUELA DE BIOQUÍMICA Y FARMACIA “DETERMINACIÓN Y COMPARACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIBACTERIANA IN VITRO DE EXTRACTOS DE DOS ESPECIES DE ORTIGA SOBRE BACTERIAS DE IMPORTANCIA CLINICA” Trabajo de titulación presentado para optar al grado académico de: BIOQUÍMICO FARMACÉUTICO AUTOR: FRANKLIN VINICIO GUAMÁN PILCO TUTOR: DR. GERARDO EMILIO MEDINA RAMÍREZ RIOBAMBA-ECUADOR 2015 ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DE CHIMBORAZO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ESCUELA DE BIOQUÍMICA Y FARMACIA El tribunal certifica que: El trabajo de titulación : “DETERMINACIÓN Y COMPARACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIBACTERIANA IN VITRO DE EXTRACTOS DE DOS ESPECIES DE ORTIGA SOBRE BACTERIAS DE IMPORTANCIA CLINICA” de responsabilidad del Sr. Franklin Vinicio Guamán Pilco ha sido prolijamente revisado por los Miembros del Tribunal de Trabajo de Titulación, quedando autorizada su presentación. FIRMA FECHA Dr. Gerardo Medina DIRECTOR DE TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN ----------------------- ----------------------- Dr. Félix Andueza MIEMBRO DE TRIBUNAL ------------------------ ----------------------- BQF. Diego Vinueza MIEMBRO DE TRIBUNAL ------------------------ ----------------------- DOCUMENTALISTA SISBIB – ESPOCH ------------------------ ------------------------ ii Yo, Franklin Vinicio Guamán Pilco soy responsable de las ideas, doctrinas y resultados expuestos en el trabajo, y el patrimonio intelectual del trabajo de titulación, pertenece a la ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DE CHIMBORAZO -------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    RICE UNIVERSITY Context Dependent Species Interaction Outcomes in Ant-plant Protection Mutualisms by Scott Alan Chamberlain A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE Master of Arts APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE: J. Nathaniel Holland Assistant Professor & Committee Chair Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Jennifer A. Rudgers resistant Professor Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Evan Siemann Professor Ecology and Evolutionary Biology HOUSTON, TEXAS DECEMBER, 2008 UMI Number: 1466764 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform 1466764 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Context Dependent Species Interaction Outcomes in Ant-plant Protection Mutualisms by Scott Alan Chamberlain We often study the outcomes of species interactions, whether they be predation, competition, or mutualism, at one site in a single year. However, we increasingly recognize that species interaction outcomes are not static, but context dependent by varying along many ecological axes. Here, I asked to what extent and along what axes are ant-plant protection interactions, in which plants provide rewards for ants that in turn defend plants from herbivores, context dependent.
    [Show full text]