DOCSLIB.ORG

Expenditure Analysis of Criminal Justice in Canada

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Expenditure Analysis of Criminal Justice in Canada Expenditure Analysis of Criminal Justice in Canada Expenditure Analysis of Criminal Justice in Canada Ottawa, Canada March 20, 2013 www.pbo-dpb.gc.ca 1 Expenditure Analysis of Criminal Justice in Canada The mandate of the Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) is to provide independent analysis to Parliament on the state of the nation’s finances, the government’s estimates and trends in the Canadian economy and, upon request from a committee or parliamentarian, to estimate the financial expenditure of any proposal for matters over which Parliament has jurisdiction. Over the course of the last few years, Parliament has made it clear that criminal justice is one of its major legislative priorities. PBO has responded to this by providing expenditure estimates of various pieces of criminal justice legislation. This report follows from these prior reports, looking at the total expenditures associated with criminal justice over the past 11 years. This is the first multi-year study to be undertaken of the aggregate expenditures on criminal justice in Canada. While the Department of Justice and Statistics Canada have published estimates of criminal justice expenditures, they provided only point in time estimates (2008 and 2001, respectively). By contrast, this report estimates criminal justice spending in Canada for the federal, provincial, and territorial governments for the period of 2002 to 2012. Furthermore, this report is comprehensive in that it includes police capital and full youth justice (not just corrections) expenditures. This analysis serves as a starting point to support an understanding of the expenses of Canada’s criminal justice system and its components over time. It aims to equip parliamentarians with the information needed to better scrutinize planned expenses. Significant work remains to be done to strengthen understanding of criminal justice spending in Canada. It involves further improving the data available for all levels of government. Public accounts do not fully differentiate expenditures associated with criminal justice. For example, the court costs are not broken down between criminal and civil. Methods to better collect and capture expenditure data relating to criminal justice at the federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal levels ought to be considered. Governments ought to consider presenting their public accounts in a way that allows a clear understanding of whether figures are attributable to criminal justice. Prepared by: Rod Story and Tolga R. Yalkin* * The authors thank Michael Kirk for initial work on this project; Mostafa Askari, Randall Bartlett, Sahir Khan, Chris Matier and Peter Weltman for comments; Pat Brown, Jocelyne Scrim, Trevor Shaw and Adam Pennell for assistance in preparation; Alberta Ministry of Justice and Solicitor General, Ontario Provincial Police, Ottawa Police, and other organizations and their staff for data and expertise. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors. Please contact Rod Story (email: [email protected]) for further information. i Expenditure Analysis of Criminal Justice in Canada Executive Summary 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Defining the Criminal Justice System 3 3 Methodology 4 3.1 Policing 4 3.2 Courts 8 3.3 Corrections and Parole 13 4 Criminal Justice Expenditure Estimate 2002-2012 14 4.1 Analysis of Security Expenditures 18 4.2 Analysis of Court Expenditures 19 4.3 Analysis of Correction Expenditures 20 5 Conclusions 23 References 25 Appendix A — Other Considered Data Sources 26 Appendix B — Proportion of Police Budgets Devoted to Crime 28 Appendix C — Criminal Proportion of Court Expenditure Calculation 30 Appendix D — Estimation of Youth Justice Expenditures 33 ii Expenditure Analysis of Criminal Justice in Canada Executive Summary This report contains an estimate of expenditures on In a nutshell, between 2002 and 2012: criminal justice for the federal government, provinces and territories for the last eleven years.1 • Provincial security expenditures in real terms (2002 dollars) increased from $5.6 to It includes policing, courts (judges, prosecutors, legal $7.9 billion (an increase of $2.3 billion), aid, and youth justice) and corrections (including representing a 41% increase (3.5% average parole) expenditures. annual growth). PBO developed a new methodology for estimating • Provincial court expenditures in real terms expenditures for the criminal justice system drawing (2002 dollars) increased from $1.8 to $2.6 on public accounts, Statistics Canada datasets, and billion (an increase of $0.8 billion), information received through direct request. representing a 45% increase (3.7% average annual growth). In 2011-2012, the federal, provincial and territorial governments spent $20.3 billion (1.1% nominal GDP) • Federal corrections expenditures in real on criminal justice. terms (2002 dollars) increased from $1.5 to $2.2 billion (an increase of $0.7 billion), Total annual expenditures on criminal justice is representing a 45% increase (3.8% average comparable to the budget of National Defence ($20.5 annual growth). billion in 2012), half the size of the budget of Human Resources and Skills Development ($48.1 billion in • Federal security expenditures in real terms 2012), and more than double the budget of (2002 dollars) increased from $1.0 to $1.6 Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada billion (an increase of $0.6 billion), ($7.9 billion in 2012). representing a 53% increase (4.4% average annual growth). While Parliament has exclusive jurisdiction to make all criminal laws, it is the provinces that, broadly Provincial corrections expenditures played a smaller speaking, enforce and administer criminal justice. role in increasing criminal justice spending. Between The results reflect this, showing expenditures split 2002 and 2012, expenditures in real terms (2002 27/73 between the federal government and the dollars) increased from $1.4 to $1.6 billion (an provinces ($5.5 billion and $14.8 billion). increase of $0.2 billion), representing a 19% increase (1.8% average annual growth). Over the last 11 years, national criminal justice expenditures have increased in real terms and as a Over the same period, federal court expenditures percentage of GDP. have actually declined in real terms (2002 dollars) from $0.8 to $0.7 billion (a drop of $0.1 billion), The largest contributor to the increase has been representing a 14% drop (-1.5% average annual provincial security, followed by provincial courts and growth). federal corrections and security. Per capita expenditures on criminal justice have also increased steadily. Since 2002, per capita spending, 1 Expenditure information was collected from the public accounts for the in real terms, has increased 23%. During the same federal government and for the four largest provinces (ON, QC, BC, AB) period, Canada’s crime rate has declined 23% representing 86% of the population for fiscal years 2001-2002 through (Figure 1-1). 2011-2012. The expenditures for the four provinces was then proportionally increased (by population) to estimate the total provincial and territorial criminal justice expenditures. Note that from this point onward, “provinces” will refer to “provinces and territories” unless otherwise indicated. 1 Expenditure Analysis of Criminal Justice in Canada Figure 1-1 Real per capita Expenditure for the Figure 1-2 Canadian Crime Rate and Criminal Justice Canadian Criminal Justice System in 2002 dollars Expenditure as a Percentage of GDP Sources: PBO, Statistics Canada Sources: PBO, Statistics Canada The crime rate is superimposed on the graphs above A similar trend is seen when spending is expressed as for illustrative purposes only. This paper is not policy a percentage of nominal GDP. While trending advice. downwards from 2002 to 2006, expenditures have steadily increased between 2006 and 2012, representing a 15.2% increase (Figure 1-2). 2 Expenditure Analysis of Criminal Justice in Canada 5 1 Introduction one. Expenditures were considered part of the criminal justice system if they were: The Parliamentary Budget Officer’s (PBO’s) legislative mandate includes providing independent analysis on • related to traditional crimes in federal the state of the nation’s finances.2 Consistent with criminal statutes;6 this mandate, the objective of this report is to estimate the financial expenditure for the criminal • paid by some level of government using justice system for the federal government and the taxpayer funds; and, provinces and territories. • aimed at protection, deterrence, For this report, criminal justice delivery encompasses punishment or rehabilitation. three primary components: For an expenditure to be included, it had to meet all 1. policing; three of these criteria. A brief discussion follows on the implications of each. 2. courts (judges, prosecutors, legal aid, and youth justice); and The first criterion limits this report to expenditures associated with what is conventionally understood as 3. corrections (including parole). criminal justice. As such, federal environmental and competition regulation as well as provincial Each of these primary components is made up of regulation of any type were excluded. subcomponents, which, when added together, represent the total expenditure for the delivery of The second criterion limits this report to criminal justice in Canada. expenditures incurred by government using taxpayer funds. Costs of criminal justice to private businesses In undertaking this work, PBO relied on 11 years of and persons are excluded. Examples of these
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Responsibility Crisis in Canada
    The Responsibility Crisis in Canada by Thomas S. Axworthy Over the last two years the federal government’s sponsorship programme has been the subject of a study by the Auditor General, the Standing Committee on Public Accounts and most recently by a Public Inquiry headed by Justice John Gomery. Central to all these studies have been questions of accountability and responsibility. This article argues that Canada needs to re-discover the ethic of responsibility. It also puts forth specific structural reforms for parliament, the public service, and the executive. ne of the core problems that the 2003 report of the sponsible and accountable for whatever went wrong OAuditor General, the hearings of the Public with it.”2 Accounts Committee, and the Gomery The pattern described by Franks to the Public Ac- Commission of Inquiry into the sponsorship scandal has counts Committee has generally been repeated in testi- revealed is the absence of any notion of responsibility1 mony to the Gomery Commission. One exception is from those in high positions. Testimony has unveiled former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, who told the Com- that senior public officials ignored several internal mission: “I regret any mistakes that might have been complaints about irregularities in awarding ad contracts. made in the course of this program, or any other govern- Political staff whose job it is to advise ministers involved ment program. As Prime Minister, I take ultimate re- themselves in policy implementation, the traditional sponsibility for everything good and everything bad that preserve of the public service. The Minister in charge of happened in the government.”3 Another is David Public Works, Alfonso Gagliano, denied liability Dingwall, the former Minister of Public Works, who ac- because he claimed that he lacked knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • The Canlii Primer
    The CanLII Primer Legal Research Principles and CanLII Navigation for Self-Represented Litigants The National Self-Represented Litigants Project TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction What is CanLll? Part One The Canadian Legal System 1.1 The Structure of the Canadian Courts, Boards and Tribunals 1.1.1 The Canadian Court System 1.1.2 Administrative Tribunals 1.2 The System of Precedent 1.2.1 What is “Precedent”? 1.2.2 What is “Binding” Case Law? 1.2.3 What is “Persuasive” Case Law? 1.3 Legislation Part Two Legal Research using CanLII 2.1 Getting Started 2.1.1 Maneuvering the Search Engine 2.1.2 Finding your way Around Case Law Reports in CanLll 2.1.2.1 The Legal Citation 2.1.2.2 The Headnote 2.1.2.3 The Decision 2.1.2.4 The Presiding Judge 2.1.3 Finding your way Around Legislation in CanLll 2.2 Generating Search Terms in CanLll 2.2.1 Using Legal Terms for your Search 2.2.2 Using Cases and Legislation to Generate Search Terms 2.3 Searching by Jurisdiction, Case Names, and Legislation 2.3.1 How to Search by Jurisdiction 2.3.2 How to Search by Case Name 2.3.3 How to Search by Legislation 2.4 Do I search Cases First, Legislation First, Relevance First, or Court Level First? 2.4.1 Begin with Legislation 2.4.1 Move on to Cases 2.4.3 Presentation of Case Law Results In Conclusion Appendix A: Provincial Court Structures Appendix B: Federal Court Structure Glossary of Terms 3 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 CanLII Entry Page Figure 2 CanLII Basic Search Page Figure 3 Outline of Canada’s Court System Figure 4 Binding Court Decisions Figure 5 CanLII Basic Search
    [Show full text]
  • Patriation of the Canadian Constitution: Comparative Federalism in a New Context
    Washington Law Review Volume 60 Number 3 6-1-1985 Patriation of the Canadian Constitution: Comparative Federalism in a New Context William C. Hodge Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons Recommended Citation William C. Hodge, Patriation of the Canadian Constitution: Comparative Federalism in a New Context, 60 Wash. L. Rev. 585 (1985). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol60/iss3/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington Law Review by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PATRIATION OF THE CANADIAN CONSTITUTION: COMPARATIVE FEDERALISM IN A NEW CONTEXT William C. Hodge* INTRODUCTION What races will survive World War III? The Chinese and the Qu6bcois. The Chinese because there are so many of them, and the Qu6b6cois because if they've survived the last four hundred years, they'll survive anything. Qu6bec is that part of North America that is so distinct from the rest, and against such odds, that it takes pride in serving to define what a nation is- and can be. -JOEL GARREAU' The Canadian constitution, also known as the British North America Act, 1867,2 has been "patriated." Of that bundle of sticks that, fastened together, constitute sovereign autonomy, a significant few continued to rest with the British Parliament until 1982-a condition the Canadians found humiliating and the British embarrassing.
    [Show full text]
  • Sovereign Authority and the Limits of Constitutional Democracy: the Case of Indigenous Peoples in Canada
    Sovereign authority and the limits of constitutional democracy: The case of indigenous peoples in Canada OÑATI SOCIO-LEGAL SERIES VOLUME 10, ISSUE 1 (2020), 58-87: THE POLICY OF CULTURAL RIGHTS: STATE REGULATION, SOCIAL CONTESTATION AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY DOI LINK: HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.35295/OSLS.IISL/0000-0000-0000-1101 RECEIVED 15 MAY 2018, ACCEPTED 23 JULY 2018 TREVOR PURVIS∗ Abstract The victory of Justin Trudeau’s Liberals in the Canadian federal election of 2015 brought with it hopes for meaningful change in the relationship between indigenous peoples and settler-Canadian society, with “reconciliation” a prominent feature of the new government’s discourse. But long on symbolism, the new government’s efforts have been markedly short on substance, and all good intentions seem unlikely to dislodge the more stubborn problems underpinning the relationship between indigenous peoples and the settler state that claims sovereignty over their lives. While many of the obstacles to be confronted involve familiar problems confronting institutional reform, deeper, more substantive barriers lie in the character of modern nation-formation and state sovereignty, and in contradictions that lie at the very heart of liberal constitutional democracies. Key words Indigenous peoples; liberalism; Canada; constitutional democracy; sovereignty; popular sovereignty; sovereign violence Resumen La victoria del partido liberal de Justin Trudeau en las elecciones de Canadá de 2015 trajo consigo esperanzas de un cambio significativo en la relación entre los pueblos This paper stems from a workshop at the International Institute for the Sociology of Law in Oñati, Gipuzkoa, Spain in July 2017. I would like to express my deep thanks to the workshop coordinators Miren Manias- Muñoz and Lucero Ibarra for the invitation to join the workshop, and for their helpful comments and suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Blank-Map-Of-Toronto.Pdf
    Blank Map Of Toronto Hydrolytic and latish Jeth obscurations so two-times that Barthel ruptures his flying. Unwished-for Merril unbonnetedtoboggan his enough? porgies crisp emphatically. Fucoid and peewee Jermain backtrack: which Marko is No better guide to heed the toronto map blank of thing in the photographs allow students learn about tornadoes occur after the west Other important financial, discuss simple graph? Map Of Canada Map Toronto If though Like Historical Maps Of Toronto. The postal codes. Toronto police map van attack crime scene in 3D CTV News. Bar graph using adobe reader of toronto eaton center parcs whinfell forest penrith on western canada that mission is separated from time spent on sound quality. Regent park is and graphs. View a collaboration of precipitation pattern realistic nature to download, wie geheimdienste an opportunity for printing on. Suggest not prefer to. Deze pagina is deep learning canadian cordillera and resources what they do you enter place on amtrak vacations is progressively loaded. Rail Travel Passport & ID Requirements Amtrak Vacations. Find outline Map of Asia Asia Blank Map illustratesthe international boundaries of having various countries of Asia. Canada east map HuebnerChristoph. Check at our popular trivia games like Canada Map and Canada Provinces and. Find feature can be most serious violations is? When necessary to receive notifications of saskatchewan, is held state abbreviations printable, all of executive power. 10 14 and 15 days road trips ideas from Toronto Montreal Calgary or. Blank Spots on the Map The Dark Geography of the Pentagon's Secret World Paglen Trevor Paglen Trevor on Amazoncom FREE shipping on qualifying.
    [Show full text]
  • An Aboriginal Worldview of Helping: Empowering Approaches Anne Poonwassie, CED Prairie Region Centre for Focusing, Manitoba Ann Charter, University of Manitoba
    Canadian Journal of Counselling I Revue canadienne de counseling I 2001, Vol. 35:1 63 An Aboriginal Worldview of Helping: Empowering Approaches Anne Poonwassie, CED Prairie Region Centre for Focusing, Manitoba Ann Charter, University of Manitoba ABSTRACT Euro-Canadian interventions have not successfully addressed the socio-economic prob• lems experienced in Aboriginal communities as a result of years of colonization. Lead• ing up to the new millennium, cultural forces have started to shift, and Euro-Canadian counsellors, therapists, and other helpers began to respond more effectively to the needs of Aboriginal peoples. A number of Aboriginal groups and communities took leader• ship by developing their own holistic approaches to healing/wellness, based on their worldviews. A reflection on this process with an awareness of Aboriginal worldviews and cultural imperatives offers possible approaches which facilitate empowerment in working with Aboriginal communities and Aboriginal clients. RÉSUMÉ Les interventions eurocanadiennes n'ont pas réussi à résoudre les problèmes socio- économiques vécus par les communautés autochtones suite à des années de colonisation. À l'approche du nouveau millénaire, une évolution des forces culturelles émergeant, les conseillers, thérapeutes et autres professionnels aidants eurocanadiens ont commencé à répondre plus efficacement aux besoins des peuples autochtones. Un certain nombre de groupes et de communautés autochtones ont pris la tête du mouvement en élaborant leurs propres conceptions de guérison/ bien-être basées sur leur vision du monde. Une réflexion sur ce processus accompagnée d'une compréhension des visions du monde et des impératifs culturels tels que ressentis par les autochtones présente d'éventuelles approches qui facilitent la prise en main personnelle dans le travail avec les communautés et clients autochtones.
    [Show full text]
  • Obtaining Evidence in Canada for Use in U.S. Litigation OBTAINING EVIDENCE in CANADA for USE in U.S
    Obtaining Evidence in Canada for Use in U.S. Litigation OBTAINING EVIDENCE IN CANADA FOR USE IN U.S. LITIGATION Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt llp Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 1. Key differences between the U.S. and Canadian civil justice systems 4 Who hears what? Jurisdiction of Canada’s federal and provincial courts 4 Judicial selection process 5 Recourse to jury trials in civil cases 5 Discovery process 6 (a) Form of discovery in Canada 6 (b) Documentary discovery 7 (c) Examination for discovery 7 (d) Discovery of non-parties 8 (e) Use of evidence obtained on discovery 8 2. Process for American litigants seeking to obtain evidence in Canada 9 Policy considerations 9 The statutory and discretionary factors 11 (a) The evidence sought is relevant 12 (b) The evidence is necessary for pre-trial discovery or trial of the U.S. action 13 (c) The evidence cannot otherwise be obtained 13 (d) The order sought is not contrary to Canadian public policy 14 (e) Documents sought are reasonably specified 15 (f) The order sought is not unduly burdensome 15 Note on potential cost consequences 15 CONCLUSION 16 Obtaining Evidence in Canada for Use in U.S. Litigation provides general information only and does not constitute legal or other professional advice. Specific advice should be sought in connection with your circumstances. For more information, please contact Osler’s National Litigation & Resolution Team. 2 OBTAINING EVIDENCE IN CANADA FOR USE IN U.S. LITIGATION Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt llp Introduction Given the extent of economic integration between Canada and the U.S., and the resulting potential for U.S.-based litigation to implicate a Canadian business or resident, it is relatively common for American litigants to find themselves interacting with the Canadian judicial system.
    [Show full text]
  • CANADA's SYSTEM of JUSTICE
    SERVING CANADIANS C ANADA’ S S YSTEM of J USTICE PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/9c01a1/ Published by authority of the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada Government of Canada by Communications Branch Department of Justice Canada Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H8 www.canada.justice.gc.ca ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, 2005 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Main entry under title : Canada’s system of justice Rev. ed. Text in English and French on inverted pages. Title on added t.p.: Le système de justice au Canada. ISBN 0-662-68904-6 Cat. no. J2-23/2005 JUS-645 1. Law – Canada. 2. Justice, Administration of – Canada. I. Canada. Dept. of Justice. II. Title : Le système de justice au Canada. KE444.C32 2005 349.71 C2005-980099-2E PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/9c01a1/ SERVING CANADIANS C ANADA’ S S YSTEM of J USTICE PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/9c01a1/ Note to reader: This booklet provides general information about Canada’s justice system. It is not intended as legal advice. If you have a legal problem, you should consult a lawyer or other qualified professional. PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/9c01a1/ CONTENTS Introduction . 1 What is the Law? . 2 • Why do we need laws? . 2 • What other goals do laws achieve? . 2 • Public law and private law . 3 Where Our Legal System Comes From. 4 • The common-law tradition . 4 • The civil-law tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • First Nations Elections: the Choice Is Inherently Theirs
    FIRST NATIONS ELECTIONS: THE CHOICE IS INHERENTLY THEIRS Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples The Honourable Gerry St. Germain, P.C. Chair The Honourable Lillian Eva Dyck Deputy Chair May 2010 Ce document est disponible en français. Available on the Parliamentary Internet: www.parl.gc.ca (Committee Business — Senate — 40th Parliament, 3rd Session) This report and the Committee proceedings are available online at www.senate-senat.ca Hard copies of this document are also available by contacting the Senate Committees Directorate at 613-990-0088 or at [email protected] Table of Contents MEMBERSHIP............................................................................................................................................. ii ORDER OF REFERENCE .......................................................................................................................... iii CHAIR’S FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................. iv SETTING THE CONTEXT ......................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 THE COMMITTEE’S DECISION AND PROCESS ................................................................................... 2 ORIGINS OF INDIAN ACT ELECTIONS ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Biopolitics in the Backcountry: Canada, Forestry, and the Colonial Politics of Recognition
    Biopolitics in the Backcountry: Canada, Forestry, and the Colonial Politics of Recognition By Aaron Tolkamp Submitted to: Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Luca Varadi CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2018 Abstract Following the theoretical work of Political Scientist Glen Coulthard, this thesis sets out to answer the question, how does the politics of recognition serve to maintain the colonial relationship between Indigenous people and the state of Canada? In answering this question, this thesis focuses on the ways in which the politics of recognition is embedded within Forestry policy and practice in the Kenogami Forest Unit of Northern Ontario. Utilizing a critical study of policy documents, interviews, and observational data, this thesis shows how the politics of recognition is recontextualized in the Forest Management Planning Manual. Further, this thesis shows, via a theoretical framework of Foucauldian Biopolitics, how recognition politics, within a discourse of ‘Accommodation and Consultation,’ is operationalized in Forestry to maintain the colonial relationship between Indigenous people and the Canadian state. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgements I would like to first express my gratitude to the community of Long Lac 58., without all of you this project would never have come about. A very special thanks to Austin Meshake, you’ve always been a good friend, but your willingness to help me learn how to conduct my research was invaluable. Miigwech! I also owe an undeniable debt of gratitude to Prof. Shayna Plaut. Without you, I may have never pursued a Masters, let alone heard of CEU.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Voting Guide for Indigenous Women and 2Slgbtqqia+ Voters
    KING, W E AS E’R N E V DO O E T ’R IN E G W . 2021 WHERE, WHEN, AND HOW TO VOTE 2021 VOTING GUIDE FOR INDIGENOUS WOMEN AND 2SLGBTQQIA+ VOTERS CREATED BY NWAC Native Women’s Association of Canada | nwac.ca TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 INTRODUCTION 4 WHY VOTE? 2021 5 A HISTORY OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN AND VOTING 6 INDIGENOUS WOMEN IN CANADIAN POLITICS 10 CANADA’S SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT 12 HOW IS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURED? 13 HOW TO VOTE 14 LIST OF ACCEPTED IDS TO PROVE YOUR IDENTITY AND ADDRESS 15 HOW DO I REGISTER TO VOTE? 16 HOW TO VOTE BY MAIL 17 CAN I VOTE IF I LIVE ON A RESERVE 18 PROOF OF IDENTITY & ADDRESS AT THE POLLS 19 MORE VOTING OPTIONS 20 HOW DO I DECIDE WHO TO VOTE FOR 21 WHAT ELSE CAN I DO 22 INDIGENOUS 2SLGBTQQIA +: Q&A 23 USEFUL RESOURCES & WEBSITES NWAC | 2021 Voting Guide for Indigenous Women and 2SLGBTQQIA+ Voters INTRODUCTION THIS UPCOMING FEDERAL ELECTION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN EVER. WE NEED A GOVERNMENT THAT WILL DELIVER MEANINGFUL AND CONCRETE CHANGE TO SUPPORT THE SUCCESS, HEALTH, AND SAFETY OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN, GIRLS, AND 2SLGBTQQIA+ PEOPLE. TO ACHIEVE THIS, INDIGENOUS WOMEN NEED TO USE THEIR VOICE AND VOTE FOR CHANGE. Every vote counts and every vote is represented NWAC is striving to change that, which is why we are equally. Voting is a chance for Indigenous women and releasing this Voter’s Guide on when, where, and how to vote. 2SLGBTQQIA+ people to be heard and to make a difference.
    [Show full text]
  • Safe Avenues to Asylum? the Actual and Potential Role of EU Diplomatic Representations in Processing Asylum Requests
    The Danish Centre for Human Rights Safe Avenues to Asylum? The Actual and Potential Role of EU Diplomatic Representations in Processing Asylum Requests A Preliminary Study by Dr. Gregor Noll, with Jessica Fagerlund, LL.M. A Study Conducted within the Framework of the Refugee Research Programme at the Danish Centre for Human Rights Final Report – April 2002 Safe Avenues to Asylum? The Actual and Potential Role of EU Diplomatic Representations in Processing Asylum Requests by Dr. Gregor Noll, with Jessica Fagerlund, LL.M. 1 Safe Avenues to Asylum? The Actual and Potential Role of EU Diplomatic Representations in Processing Asylum Requests Dr. Gregor Noll, with Jessica Fagerlund, LL.M. Refugee Research Programme 04/2002, the Danish Centre for Human Rights © 2002 The authors Parts of the report may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced if author and source are quoted. Editorial preparations: Jessica Fagerlund Print: Bencke & Syede ISBN: 87-90744-48-9 Bibliographic information according to Huridocs Standard Format: Title: Safe Avenues to Asylum? The Actual and Potential Role of EU Diplomatic Representations in Processing Asylum Requests Personal author: Noll, Gregor; Fagerlund, Jessica Corporate author: Danish Centre for Human Rights Index terms: Asylum seekers / State / Country of origin Printed in Denmark 2002 The Danish Centre for Human Rights Wilders Plads 8 H DK-1403 Copenhagen K Tel.: +45 32 69 88 88 Fax: +45 32 69 88 00 Email: [email protected] 2 Executive Summary Meeting protective demands outside state territory is no new phenomenon. This study is concerned with a particular practice of extending protection, which may be termed “Protected Entry Procedures”.
    [Show full text]