WOLEAIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY PALI LANGUAGE TEXTS: MICRONESIA Social Sciences and Linguistics Institute University of Hawaii Donald M. Topping Editor WOLEAIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY HO-MIN SOHN ANTHONY F. TAWERILMANG The University Press of Hawaii Honolulu Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Inter- national (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. The license also permits readers to create and share de- rivatives of the work, so long as such derivatives are shared under the same terms of this license. Commercial uses require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824882273 (PDF) 9780824882266 (EPUB) This version created: 20 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. The publication of this book is subsidized by the government of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Copyright © 1976 by The University Press of Hawaii All rights reserved. CONTENTS Preface vii Arrangement and Conventions of Entries ix Pronunciation Rules xii Woleaian-English Dictionary 20 A, B 22 CH 46 E, F 52 G 84 I 160 K 175 L 190 M 214 N 251 P 265 R 286 S 296 T 331 U 371 W 377 Y 394 English-Woleaian Finder List 414 vi PREFACE This dictionary is a result of more than three years (1971–1975) of our cooperative work on the language of Woleai. Since no dictionary or grammar was available on Woleaian before we started the project, we had to dig out lexical items through a long process of trial and error. At a later stage of our work, we could obtain additional words related to measurements and flora from William H. Alkire’s two papers, “Systems of Mea- surement on Woleai Atoll, Caroline Islands” (Anthropos 69:1–73) and “Native Classification of Flora on Woleai Atoll” (Micronesia 10[1]:1–5). Samuel H. Elbert’s Puluwat Dictionary (Pacific Linguistics C-No. 24, The Australian National University Press, 1972) was very helpful in collecting additional meanings associated with certain Woleaian lexical items. All of the work on this dictionary was conducted at the Uni- versity of Hawaii at Manoa under the Pacific Language Devel- opment Project, a cooperative endeavor of the Culture Learning Institute of the East-West Center, the Pacific and Asian Lin- guistics Institute, the Department of Linguistics, and the De- partment of Education of the Trust Territory government. Time and distance did not allow the manuscript to be suffi- ciently exposed to the senior speakers in Woleai for their input and comments. We especially regret not being able to include those rather archaic words that are not found in the speech of the younger generation. In spite of such weaknesses that are apparent in the present dictionary, we would be more than happy if this dictionary served as the stepping stone to future research leading to a more refined and complete dictionary of Woleaian. One of the most difficult and time-consuming tasks in the course of our work was the design of an orthography for the transcription of Woleaian lexical items. To begin with, we had the problem of selecting symbols that represented the Woleaian sound system most effectively. However, the harder and more controversial job was to devise satisfactory spelling conven- tions. As is the case with any orthographical design, our problem was whether we should adopt a spelling system based purely on linguistic principles, or one that would be acceptable vii PREFACE to the speakers of the language who are largely oriented by their tradition and convenience. We have compromised the two opposing orientations in this dictionary. We have adopted most of the symbols Woleaians prefer to use, with some exceptions that, in our view, are linguistically sounder. In addition to the headwords that are spelled according to the desires of most speakers of the language, we have decided to include base forms for all headwords, which are really significant from the linguistic point of view. In writing this dictionary, we are greatly indebted to Pro- fessor Donald M. Topping, director of the Pacific Language De- velopment Project and of the Social Sciences and Linguistics Institute, and Professor Byron W. Bender, chairman of the De- partment of Linguistics of the University of Hawaii, for their continuous advice, encouragement, and assistance, not only in project-related areas such as dictionary formats and perfor- mance of our work, but in all kinds of personal matters. We would like to express our particular thanks to Professors Robert W. Hsu and Ann M. Peters for their untiring efforts to edit the dictionary through computer programs. A special acknowl- edgement is also due to Mrs. Cynthia Dalrymple for her ex- cellent keypunching of the manuscript. The Woleaian-English side of the dictionary contains some 6,200 entries, while the English-Woleaian Finder List includes some 4,000 entries. The Woleaian Reference Grammar by Ho- min Sohn with the assistance of Anthony F. Tawerilmang (The University Press of Hawaii 1975) is a sister volume of this dic- tionary. HO-MIN SOHN ANTHONY F. TAWERILMANG viii ARRANGEMENT AND CONVENTIONS OF ENTRIES The parts (or bands) of the entries in the Woleaian-English part of the dictionary are arranged in the following order: (1) headword, (2) base form, (3) loan source, (4) alternant forms, (5) part of speech or word-class, (6) grammatical notes, (7) de- finitions, (8) phrase examples, (9) sentence examples, (10) syn- onyms, (11) antonyms, and (12) cross references. Rarely does an entry carry all the above parts. The conventions adopted for each part are described below. The English-Woleaian Finder List is straightforward and does not need explanation. 1. Headword. Headwords (in boldface) are arranged strictly in the following alphabetical order: a, b, c, e, f, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, and y. Proper nouns begin with a capital letter. A hyphen before or after a headword indicates that the headword must be preceded or followed, respectively, by an- other lexical item. Lexical items that share the same spelling but have entirely different meanings are entered as separate headwords with subscript numerals, as in chag1 and chag2. When a lexical item has alternate spellings, they are also en- tered as separate headwords. All headwords represent citation forms. For instance, the word ‘eye’ is spelled mat (e.g., mat gach ‘good eyes’) meta- (e.g., metai ‘my eye’), or mate- (e.g., mate- mam ‘our [excl.] eyes’). Only mat is entered as the headword, because it is the spelling of the form cited indepen- dently. Forms like meta- and mate- are predictable from the base form (mata), and need not be entered as separate head- words. Headwords for transitive verbs are in the form with the third person singular object suffix, as in liiy ‘kill it’. Forms with other suffixes, such as liig ‘kill you’, are not entered. 2. Base Form. Base forms (in italics) are parenthesized. They do not correspond to actual pronunciation, but are the forms from which all the variant or alternating pronunciations are derived by simple sound alternation rules to be given in the next section (Pronunciation Rules). Headwords do not have this function. For instance, meta- and mate- cannot be derived from the headword mat by any means. They can be derived only from the base form (mata). Base forms are also useful for Aus- tronesian comparative linguistics since they are, for the most part, the forms that were actually pronounced in the past. If a base form is composed of more than one meaning el- ement (or morpheme), the meaning elements are demarcated by a hyphen. When the meaning boundary is either too obvious or hard to locate, a hyphen is not inserted. 3. Loan Source. The source languages of loanwords are indi- cated by small capitals: ENG. (English), GERMAN, JAP. (Japanese), KOREAN, LATIN, SATAWALESE, SPANISH, ULITHIAN, and YAPESE. Those loanwords whose origin is not clear are left unspecified. When a loanword is considerably different either in form or meaning from the source word, the original form or meaning is given. 4. Alternant Forms. Any form either in pronunciation or in spelling that alternates with the headword, together with any conditioning factors, is given in roman type in square brackets. Also included here are the relevant pronunciation notes or the archaic nature of the headword. 5. Part of Speech (Word-class). The following parts of speech (shown in small capitals) are used in this dictionary. The defini- tions of them are given in chapter 3 (Word Classification) of the Woleaian Reference Grammar. ADJ. (adjective) ADV. (adverb) ASP. (aspect) CONJ. (conjunction) DEM. (demonstrative) DIR. (directional) N. (noun) NUM. (numeral) PREP. (preposition) PRON. (pronoun) SUBJ. (subjective) VI. (intransitive verb) VN. (neutral verb) VT. (transitive verb) 6. Grammatical Notes. Any grammatical notes associated with the headword are given in roman type in square brackets. Further elaborations of the notes are found in the Woleaian Ref- erence Grammar. 7. Definitions. Definitions of headwords are entered in roman type. Many definitions appear as headwords in the English- Woleaian Finder List. In defining nouns, singular forms are used without an article, as in coconut tree and house. (Remember that a noun in Woleaian may mean one or more objects without any formal marker.) In defining intransitive and neutral verbs, the infinitive marker to precedes the definitions, as in to run and to drink.